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Incognito C, Hedley J, Posadas KT, Wang X, Desai M. Pathogenic BCS1L Mutation Resulting in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Unique Presentation of Nuclear Mitochondrial Disease. Tex Heart Inst J 2023; 50:491744. [PMID: 37001142 PMCID: PMC10178648 DOI: 10.14503/thij-21-7730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A 21-year-old man with sensorineural hearing loss and glaucoma presented with severely limited exercise capacity since childhood. He was found to have biventricular concentric hypertrophy with greatest wall thickening at the posterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle apex (1.7 cm) and the free wall of the right ventricle (1.1 cm). There was no inducible left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Metabolic testing revealed marked lactic aciduria (1,650.1 μmol/mmol creatinine) and plasma lactate (3.9 mmol/L). A sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy gene panel was unremarkable, but mitochondrial gene analysis revealed a homozygous c.385G>A (p.Gly129Arg) pathogenic mutation in the BCS1L gene. This gene is responsible for an assembly subunit of cytochrome complex III in the respiratory transport chain and is the rarest respiratory chain defect. This gene has not frequently been implicated in cardiomyopathy. Mitochondrial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is more rare than hypertrophic cardiomyopathy resulting from sarcomeric mutations and is more likely to be symmetric, less frequently results in left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and is more likely to progress to dilated cardiomyopathy. Evidence-based screening protocols have not been established; treatment follows guideline-directed medical therapy for congestive heart failure, including evaluation for heart transplantation. This report expands the phenotype of the BCS1L mutation and suggests that affected patients may need screening for underlying cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey Hedley
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Xiangling Wang
- Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic Community Care, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Kidney Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Molecular Medicine program, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Milind Desai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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2
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Li F, Liu J, Tang S, Yan J, Chen H, Li D, Yan X. Quercetin regulates inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial structure and function in H9C2 cells by promoting PVT1 expression. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151819. [PMID: 34844154 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and potential mechanism of quercetin on inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial structure and function in H9C2 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS H9C2 cells were obtained from the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, and randomly divided into six groups: control, model, PVT1 overexpression (OV), quercetin, OV + quercetin, and NAC groups. The CCK-8 assay was performed to examine cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was used to examine cell apoptosis, cell membrane potential, and ROS levels. The expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was measured by ELISA and a Biochemical kit. Western blotting was used to determine the levels of p-DRP1 (s637), MFN2, NF-kB, p-NF-kB, IkB, and p-IkB. IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA expression was examined by RT-PCR. Electron microscopy was used to observe the structure of mitochondria in H9C2 cells. RESULTS MDA, p-NF-κB, p-IKB, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression levels, and the cell apoptosis rate were significantly higher in the model group than in the control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, the cell proliferation rate and IL-10, SOD, eNOS, and ATP levels were significantly lower in the model group (P < 0.05). Moreover, MDA expression was significantly lower in the OV, quercetin, quercetin + OV, and NAC groups than in the model group (P < 0.05), while SOD, eNOS, and ATP levels were higher. The electron microscopy results showed that PVT1 overexpression or quercetin treatment could inhibit inflammation-induced mitochondrial fission and promote mitochondrial fusion. CONCLUSION Quercetin promotes the proliferation of H9C2 cells, while inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis, and alleviating the structural and functional dysfunction of mitochondria. These effects are achieved by promoting PVT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Li
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jianguang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Shifan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, Changsha, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jianghan University, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, China.
| | - Xisheng Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, China.
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3
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Mazzaccara C, Mirra B, Barretta F, Caiazza M, Lombardo B, Scudiero O, Tinto N, Limongelli G, Frisso G. Molecular Epidemiology of Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy: A Search Among Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115742. [PMID: 34072184 PMCID: PMC8197938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy (MCM) is a common manifestation of multi-organ Mitochondrial Diseases (MDs), occasionally present in non-syndromic cases. Diagnosis of MCM is complex because of wide clinical and genetic heterogeneity and requires medical, laboratory, and neuroimaging investigations. Currently, the molecular screening for MCM is fundamental part of MDs management and allows achieving the definitive diagnosis. In this article, we review the current genetic knowledge associated with MDs, focusing on diagnosis of MCM and MDs showing cardiac involvement. We searched for publications on mitochondrial and nuclear genes involved in MCM, mainly focusing on genetic screening based on targeted gene panels for the molecular diagnosis of the MCM, by using Next Generation Sequencing. Here we report twelve case reports, four case-control studies, eleven retrospective studies, and two prospective studies, for a total of twenty-nine papers concerning the evaluation of cardiac manifestations in mitochondrial diseases. From the analysis of published causal mutations, we identified 130 genes to be associated with mitochondrial heart diseases. A large proportion of these genes (34.3%) encode for key proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS), either as directly OXPHOS subunits (22.8%), and as OXPHOS assembly factors (11.5%). Mutations in several mitochondrial tRNA genes have been also reported in multi-organ or isolated MCM (15.3%). This review highlights the main disease-genes, identified by extensive genetic analysis, which could be included as target genes in next generation panels for the molecular diagnosis of patients with clinical suspect of mitochondrial cardiomyopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mazzaccara
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (B.M.); (F.B.); (B.L.); (O.S.); (N.T.); (G.F.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817-462-422
| | - Bruno Mirra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (B.M.); (F.B.); (B.L.); (O.S.); (N.T.); (G.F.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Barretta
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (B.M.); (F.B.); (B.L.); (O.S.); (N.T.); (G.F.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Caiazza
- Monaldi Hospital, AO Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (G.L.)
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Lombardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (B.M.); (F.B.); (B.L.); (O.S.); (N.T.); (G.F.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Scudiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (B.M.); (F.B.); (B.L.); (O.S.); (N.T.); (G.F.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Tinto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (B.M.); (F.B.); (B.L.); (O.S.); (N.T.); (G.F.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Monaldi Hospital, AO Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (G.L.)
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Frisso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (B.M.); (F.B.); (B.L.); (O.S.); (N.T.); (G.F.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80145 Naples, Italy
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Comprehensive non-invasive assessment of electrocardiographic abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias in patients with genetically confirmed mitochondrial diseases. J Electrocardiol 2021; 65:136-142. [PMID: 33618294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited data on cardiac arrhythmias and ventricular repolarization and dispersion abnormalities in patients with mitochondrial diseases (MitD). METHODS Consecutive 40 patients with genetically proven MitD and 35 healthy controls were studied. Among other examinations all subjects underwent 24-h Holter recording and 12‑lead electrocardiography (ECG) with corrected QT (QTc), QT dispersion (QTd), Tp-e and Tp-e/QT ratio assessment. RESULTS Patients with MitD were 55.4 ± 15.7 years old, the disease duration was 18.5 ± 10.3 years, presented 6 clinical syndromes while mitochondrial and nuclear DNA type of mutation was present in 40 and 60% of cases, respectively. In MitD more frequently 1st degree atrioventricular block and intraventricular conduction defects were observed and also QRS complex duration was increased. Mean values of QTc (p = 0.001), QTd (p = 0.02), Tp-e (p < 0.00001) and Tp-e/QT (p < 0.00001) were significantly higher in MitD than in controls. Correlations between disease duration and PR interval duration (p = 0.003) and Creatine Kinase MB isoenzyme activity (p = 0.02) were found. No differences in depolarization and dispersion parameters were observed according to type of mutation or dominant clinical syndromes. In addition to supraventricular extrasystoles, nonsustained supraventricular tachycardias occurred more frequently in MitD (in 45.0 vs 14.3%, p = 0.0004). Ventricular arrhythmias were rare and observed almost exclusively in subjects with mitochondrial DNA mutation. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to healthy controls, in MitD patients intraventricular, repolarization and dispersion disturbances were more frequently observed. In addition to bradyarrhythmias observed in some defined MitD syndromes, supraventricular rather than ventricular arrhythmias are more common.
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5
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Genes, the brain, and artificial intelligence in evolution. J Hum Genet 2020; 66:103-109. [PMID: 32719359 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three important systems, genes, the brain, and artificial intelligence (especially deep learning) have similar goals, namely, the maximization of likelihood or minimization of cross-entropy. Animal brains have evolved through predator-prey interactions in which maximizing survival probability and transmission of genes to offspring were the main objectives. Coordinate transformation for a rigid body necessary to win predator-prey battles requires a huge amount of matrix operations in the brain similar to those performed by a powerful GPU. Things (molecules), information (genes), and energy (ATP) are essential for using Maxwell's demon model to understand how a living system maintains a low level of entropy. However, while the history of medicine and biology saw molecular biology and genetics disciplines flourish, the study of energy has been limited, despite estimates that >10% all human genes code energy-related proteins. Since there are a large number of molecular and genetic diseases, many energy-related diseases must exist as well. In addition to mitochondrial disease, common diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, muscle diseases, cardiomyopathy, and diabetes are candidates for diseases related to cellular energy shortage. We are developing ATP enhancer, a drug to treat such diseases. I predict that in the future, the frontier of medicine and biology will involve energy and entropy, and the frontier of science will be about the cognitive processes that scientists' brains use to study mathematics and physics. That will be understood by comparing the abilities that were necessary to survive battles between predators and prey during evolutionary history.
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A QIL1 Variant Associated with Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death in the Juvenile Rhodesian Ridgeback Dog. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020168. [PMID: 30795627 PMCID: PMC6409531 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The QIl1 gene produces a component of the Mitochondrial Contact Site and Cristae Organizing System that forms and stabilizes mitochondrial cristae junctions and is important in cellular energy production. We previously reported a family of Rhodesian Ridgebacks with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we performed whole genome sequencing on a trio from the family. Variant calling was performed using a standardized bioinformatics approach. Variants were filtered against variants from 247 dogs of 43 different breeds. High impact variants were validated against additional affected and unaffected dogs. A single missense G/A variant in the QIL1 gene was associated with the cardiac arrhythmia (p < 0.0001). The variant was predicted to change the amino acid from conserved Glycine to Serine and to be deleterious. Ultrastructural analysis of the biceps femoris muscle from an affected dog revealed hyperplastic mitochondria, cristae rearrangement, electron dense inclusions and lipid bodies. We identified a variant in the Q1l1 gene resulting in a mitochondrial cardiomyopathy characterized by cristae abnormalities and cardiac arrhythmias in a canine model. This natural animal model of mitochondrial cardiomyopathy provides a large animal model with which to study the development and progression of disease as well as genotypic phenotypic relationships.
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7
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Song J, Yang R, Yang J, Zhou L. Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Associated Arrhythmogenic Substrates in Diabetes Mellitus. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1670. [PMID: 30574091 PMCID: PMC6291470 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that diabetic cardiomyopathy increases the risk of cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. While the detailed mechanisms remain incompletely understood, the loss of mitochondrial function, which is often observed in the heart of patients with diabetes, has emerged as a key contributor to the arrhythmogenic substrates. In this mini review, the pathophysiology of mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus is explored in detail, followed by descriptions of several mechanisms potentially linking mitochondria to arrhythmogenesis in the context of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Song
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ruilin Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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8
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Lewis SA, Takimoto T, Mehrvar S, Higuchi H, Doebley AL, Stokes G, Sheibani N, Ikeda S, Ranji M, Ikeda A. The effect of Tmem135 overexpression on the mouse heart. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201986. [PMID: 30102730 PMCID: PMC6089435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissues with high-energy demand including the heart are rich in the energy-producing organelles, mitochondria, and sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction. While alterations in mitochondrial function are increasingly recognized in cardiovascular diseases, the molecular mechanisms through which changes in mitochondria lead to heart abnormalities have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that transgenic mice overexpressing a novel regulator of mitochondrial dynamics, transmembrane protein 135 (Tmem135), exhibit increased fragmentation of mitochondria and disease phenotypes in the heart including collagen accumulation and hypertrophy. The gene expression analysis showed that genes associated with ER stress and unfolded protein response, and especially the pathway involving activating transcription factor 4, are upregulated in the heart of Tmem135 transgenic mice. It also showed that gene expression changes in the heart of Tmem135 transgenic mice significantly overlap with those of aged mice in addition to the similarity in cardiac phenotypes, suggesting that changes in mitochondrial dynamics may be involved in the development of heart abnormalities associated with aging. Our study revealed the pathological consequence of overexpression of Tmem135, and suggested downstream molecular changes that may underlie those disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Aileen Lewis
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tetsuya Takimoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Institute for Innovation, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shima Mehrvar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hitoshi Higuchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna-Lisa Doebley
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Giangela Stokes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sakae Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Akihiro Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Daunert S, Sittampalam GS, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. Twenty-First Century Diseases: Commonly Rare and Rarely Common? Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:511-516. [PMID: 28482684 PMCID: PMC5567869 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's drugs are failing at a rate of 99.6%, and success rate for drugs designed to help patients with this form of dementia is 47 times less than for drugs designed to help patients with cancers ( www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-alzheimer-s-drugs-keep-failing/2014 ). How can it be so difficult to produce a valuable drug for Alzheimer's disease? Each human has a unique genetic and epigenetic makeup, thus endowing individuals with a highly unique complement of genes, polymorphisms, mutations, RNAs, proteins, lipids, and complex sugars, resulting in distinct genome, proteome, metabolome, and also microbiome identity. This editorial is taking into account the uniqueness of each individual and surrounding environment, and stresses the point that a more accurate definition of a "common" disorder could be simply the amalgamation of a myriad of "rare" diseases. These rare diseases are being grouped together because they share a rather constant complement of common features and, indeed, generally respond to empirically developed treatments, leading to a positive outcome consistently. We make the case that it is highly unlikely that such treatments, despite their statistical success measured with large cohorts using standardized clinical research, will be effective on all patients until we increase the depth and fidelity of our understanding of the individual "rare" diseases that are grouped together in the "buckets" of common illnesses. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 511-516.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Daunert
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
| | | | - Pascal J Goldschmidt-Clermont
- 3 Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, and Strategic International Projects, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
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10
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Lee SR, Han J. Mitochondrial Mutations in Cardiac Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:81-111. [PMID: 28551783 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria individually encapsulate their own genome, unlike other cellular organelles. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular, double-stranded, 16,569-base paired DNA containing 37 genes: 13 proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs; 12S and 16S), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The mtDNA is more vulnerable to oxidative modifications compared to nuclear DNA because of its proximity to ROS-producing sites, limited presence of DNA damage repair systems, and continuous replication in the cell. mtDNA mutations can be inherited or sporadic. Simple mtDNA mutations are point mutations, which are frequently found in mitochondrial tRNA loci, causing mischarging of mitochondrial tRNAs or deletion, duplication, or reduction in mtDNA content. Because mtDNA has multiple copies and a specific replication mechanism in cells or tissues, it can be heterogenous, resulting in characteristic phenotypic presentations such as heteroplasmy, genetic drift, and threshold effects. Recent studies have increased the understanding of basic mitochondrial genetics, providing an insight into the correlations between mitochondrial mutations and cardiac manifestations including hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death with a syndromic or non-syndromic phenotype. Clinical manifestations of mitochondrial mutations, which result from structural defects, functional impairment, or both, are increasingly detected but are not clear because of the complex interplay between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, even in homoplasmic mitochondrial populations. Additionally, various factors such as individual susceptibility, nutritional state, and exposure to chemicals can influence phenotypic presentation, even for the same mtDNA mutation.In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding of mtDNA mutations and their role in cardiac involvement. In addition, epigenetic modifications of mtDNA are briefly discussed for future elucidation of their critical role in cardiac involvement. Finally, current strategies for dealing with mitochondrial mutations in cardiac disorders are briefly stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ryul Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 47392, South Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 47392, South Korea.
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Finsterer J, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. Levels of nitric oxide pathway parameters may depend on heteroplasmy rates of the m.3243A>G mutation. Int J Cardiol 2017; 229:26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Masarone D, Ammendola E, Rago A, Gravino R, Salerno G, Rubino M, Marrazzo T, Molino A, Calabrò P, Pacileo G, Limongelli G. Management of Bradyarrhythmias in Heart Failure: A Tailored Approach. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1067:255-269. [PMID: 29280096 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with heart failure (HF) may develop a range of bradyarrhythmias including sinus node dysfunction, various degrees of atrioventricular block, and ventricular conduction delay. Device implantation has been recommended in these patients, but the specific etiology should be sought as it may influence the choice of the type of device required (pacemaker vs. implantable cardiac defibrillator). Also, pacing mode must be carefully set in patients with heart failure (HF) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction.In this chapter, we summarize the knowledge required for a tailored approach to bradyarrhythmias in patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Masarone
- Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Unit-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.
| | - Ernesto Ammendola
- Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Unit-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Rago
- Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Unit-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Gravino
- Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Unit-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Gemma Salerno
- Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Unit-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Rubino
- Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Unit-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Tommaso Marrazzo
- Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Unit-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Molino
- First Division of Pneumology Monaldi Hospital-University "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,UOC Pneumotisiologia - Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabrò
- Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pacileo
- Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Unit-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure Unit-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.,Department of Cardiothoracic Sciences, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences - University College of London, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Masarone
- Second University of Naples-AORN Colli, Ospedale Monaldi, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pacileo
- Second University of Naples-AORN Colli, Ospedale Monaldi, Naples, Italy
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de Oliveira MR, Nabavi SF, Habtemariam S, Erdogan Orhan I, Daglia M, Nabavi SM. The effects of baicalein and baicalin on mitochondrial function and dynamics: A review. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:296-308. [PMID: 26318266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in cell survival by providing energy, calcium buffering, and regulating apoptosis. A growing body of evidence shows that mitochondrial dysfunction and its consequences, including impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, and excitotoxicity, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of different diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer. The therapeutical role of flavonoids on these diseases is gaining increasing acceptance. Numerous studies on experimental models have revealed the favorable role of flavonoids on mitochondrial function and structure. This review highlights the promising role of baicalin and its aglycone form, baicalein, on mitochondrial function and structure with a focus on its therapeutic effects. We also discuss their chemistry, sources and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, CEP 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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