Blinded by the Light: The Growing Complexity of p53

The search for a TNBC vaccine: the guardian vaccine

Nearly 20 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year with breast cancer being the most common among women. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), defined by its no/low expression of ER and PR and lack of amplification of HER2, makes up 15-20% of all breast cancer cases. While patients overall have a higher response to chemotherapy, this subgroup is associated with the lowest survival rate indicating significant clinical and molecular heterogeneity demanding alternate treatment options. Therefore, new therapies have been explored, with a large focus on utilizing the immune system. A whole host of immunotherapies have been studied including immune checkpoint inhibitors, now standard of care for eligible patients, and possibly the most exciting and promising is that of a TNBC vaccine. While currently there are no approved TNBC vaccines, this review highlights many promising studies and points to an antigen, p53, which we believe is highly relevant for TNBC.

Exploring the double-edged role of cellular senescence in chronic liver disease for new treatment approaches

Cellular senescence is a fundamental yet complex defense mechanism that restricts excessive proliferation, maintains cellular homeostasis under various stress conditions-such as oncogenic activation and inflammation-and serves as a dynamic stress response program involved in development, aging, and immunity. Its reversibility depends on essential maintenance components. Cellular senescence is a "double-edged sword": on one hand, it limits the malignant proliferation of damaged cells, thereby preventing tumor development. However, by retaining secretory functions, senescent cells can also induce persistent changes in the microenvironment and disrupt homeostasis, leading to tissue inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Senescence plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various chronic liver diseases, including chronic viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It exerts a dual influence by facilitating immune evasion and inflammation in chronic viral hepatitis, modulating hepatic stellate cell activity in fibrosis, and reshaping the tumor microenvironment to accelerate hepatocarcinogenesis. This article reviews the characteristics of cellular senescence and its role in the pathogenesis of these chronic liver diseases while exploring potential treatment and prevention strategies. The aim is to provide a comprehensive reference for future clinical and research investigations into chronic liver disease.

Prognostic gene expression profile of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is a major global health burden, with significant heterogeneity in clinical outcomes among patients. Identifying robust prognostic gene expression signatures can help stratify patients, guide treatment decisions, and improve clinical management. This review provides an overview of current prognostic gene expression profiles in colorectal cancer research. We have synthesized evidence from numerous published studies investigating the association between tumor gene expression patterns and patient survival outcomes. The reviewed literature reveals several promising gene signatures that have demonstrated the ability to predict disease-free survival and overall survival in CRC patients, independent of standard clinicopathological risk factors. These genes are crucial in fundamental biological processes, including cell cycle control, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immune regulation. The implementation of prognostic gene expression tests in clinical practice holds great potential for enabling more personalized management strategies for colorectal cancer.

Shared neoantigens for cancer immunotherapy

Exploration of neoantigens holds the potential to be productive in immuno-oncotherapy. Among tumor-specific antigens, neoantigens result from genetic instability that gives rise to non-synonymous somatic mutations, highly specific to tumor cells. In addition to point mutations, gene rearrangements, indels leading to frameshifts, chromosomal translocations or inversions that may lead to fusion proteins, alternative mRNA splicing, and integration of genetic material of oncogenic viruses into the host genome provide consistent sources of neoantigens that are absent in healthy tissues. Out of these alterations, 2%-3% may generate T cell neoepitopes, possibly detectable by TCRs. Neoantigens are absent in healthy tissues and are thus at low risk of triggering autoimmunity. In addition, the host lymphocytes have not been rendered tolerant toward them and it is possible to induce immune responses against them. Here, we overview the two categories of neoantigens, i.e., private and shared, and their use in immuno-oncotherapy in selected pre-clinical and clinical studies. The vast majority of commonly occurring tumor-specific mutations are cancer causing and are permanently expressed by all malignant tumor cells, preventing the latter from escaping vaccine-induced anti-neoantigen immunity. The use of public neoantigens combined with efficient vaccine platforms can provide non-personalized "off-the-shelf" therapeutic vaccine candidates for broad-spectrum immunotherapy purposes.

Downregulation of DDIT4 levels with borneol attenuates hepatotoxicity induced by gilteritinib

Gilteritinib, a multi-target kinase inhibitor, is currently used as standard therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. However, approximately half of the patients encounter liver-related adverse effects during the treatment with gilteritinib, which limiting its clinical applications. The underlying mechanisms of gilteritinib-induced hepatotoxicity and the development of strategies to prevent this toxicity are not well-reported. In our study, we utilized JC-1 dye, and MitoSOX to demonstrate that gilteritinib treatment leads to hepatocytes undergoing p53-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4), a downstream target of p53, was upregulated following gilteritinib administration and was identified as a key factor in gilteritinib-induced hepatotoxicity. After drug screening and western blot analysis, borneol, a bicyclic monoterpenoid, was found to decrease the protein level of DDIT4. This is the first compound found to downregulate DDIT4 levels and ameliorate hepatic injury caused by gilteritinib. Our findings suggest that high levels of DDIT4 are the primary driver behind gilteritinib-induced liver injury, and that borneol could potentially be a clinically safe and feasible therapeutic strategy by inhibiting DDIT4 levels.

Targeting the Enhanced Sensitivity of Radiotherapy in Cancer: Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges

Cancer is a major public health, societal, and economic challenge worldwide. According to Global Cancer Statistics 2022, it is estimated that by 2050, there will be 35 million new cancer cases globally. Although patient survival rates have improved through various therapeutic approaches, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, treatment efficacy remains limited once tumor metastasis occurs. Among various cancer treatment strategies, radiotherapy plays a crucial role. Along with surgery and chemotherapy, radiotherapy is a cost-effective single-modality treatment, accounting for approximately 5% of total cancer care costs. The use of radiosensitizing agents such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, enterolactone, and squalene epoxidase can enhance radiotherapy effectiveness. Recent radiosensitization methods involve physical stimuli and chemical radiosensitizers. However, improving their efficacy, durability, and overcoming radioresistance remain significant challenges. This review first introduces current applications of radiotherapy in cancer treatment, the molecular mechanisms underlying its anticancer effects, and its side effects. Second, it discusses the main types of radiosensitizers, their latest applications, and recent challenges in cancer treatment. Finally, it emphasizes on clinical trials of radiosensitizing agents and explores potential biomarkers for radiotherapy response in cancer. Multifunctional nanoparticles have shown greater clinical applicability than single-functional nanoparticles. Future research will focus on enhancing the drug-carrying capacity of nanomaterials to further improve radiotherapy outcomes.

Targeting p53-p21 signaling to enhance mesenchymal stem cell regenerative potential

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are properties of self-renewal and differentiation potentials and thus are very appealing to regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, their therapeutic potential is frequently constrained by senescence, limited proliferation, and stress-induced apoptosis. The key role of the p53-p21 biology in MSC biology resides in safeguarding genomic stability while promoting senescence and limiting regenerative capacity upon over-activation demonstrated. This pathway is a key point for improving MSC function and exploiting the inherent limitations. Recent advances indicate that senescence can be delayed by targeting the p53-p21 signaling and improved MSC proliferation and differentiation capacity. PFT-α pharmacological agents transiently inhibit p53 from increasing proliferation and lineage-specific differentiation, while antioxidants such as hydrogen-rich saline and epigallocatechin 3 gallate (EGCG) suppress oxidative stress and attenuate p53 p21 signaling. Genetic tools like CRISPR-Cas9 and RNA interference also precisely modulate TP53 and CDKN1A expression to optimize MSC functionality. The interplay of p53-p21 with pathways like Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK further highlights opportunities for combinatorial therapies to enhance MSC resilience and regenerative outcomes. This review aims to offer a holistic view of how p53-p21 targeting can further the regenerative potential of MSCs, resolving senescence, proliferation, and stress resilience towards advanced therapeutics built on MSCs.

Structural plasticity of the FOXO-DBD:p53-TAD interaction

The transcription factors FOXO4 and p53 regulate aging, and their deregulation has been linked to several diseases, including cancer. Under stress conditions, cellular senescence is promoted by p53 sequestration and senescence-associated protein p21 transcriptional upregulation induced by interactions between the FOXO4 Forkhead DNA-binding domain and the p53 transactivation domain. However, the molecular details of these interactions remain unclear. Here, we report that these interactions between p53 and FOXO4 domains are highly heterogeneous. The p53 transactivation domain primarily interacts with the region formed by the N-terminal helical bundle of the FOXO4 Forkhead domain but retains a substantial degree of flexibility in the complex. In addition, NMR data-driven molecular simulations suggest that p53 interacts with FOXO4 through multiple binding modes. Overall, our findings not only provide the structural insights into interactions between FOXO4 and p53 but also highlight their potential as targets for developing senolytic compounds.

p53-inducible lncRNA LOC644656 causes genotoxic stress-induced stem cell maldifferentiation and cancer chemoresistance

Genotoxic stress-induced stem cell maldifferentiation (GSMD) integrates DNA damage responses with loss of stemness and lineage-specific differentiation to prevent damaged stem cell propagation. However, molecular mechanisms governing GSMD remain unclear. Here, we identify the p53-induced long non-coding RNA LOC644656 as a key regulator of GSMD in human embryonic stem cells. LOC644656 accumulates in the nucleus upon DNA damage, disrupting pluripotency by interacting directly with POU5F1 and KDM1A/LSD1-NuRD complexes, repressing stemness genes, and activating TGF-β signaling. Additionally, LOC644656 mitigates DNA damage by binding DNA-PKcs and modulating the DNA damage response. In cancer, elevated LOC644656 correlates with poor patient survival and enhanced chemoresistance. Our findings demonstrate that LOC644656 mediates stemness suppression and resistance to genotoxic stress by coordinating DNA damage signaling and differentiation pathways. Thus, LOC644656 represents a potential therapeutic target for overcoming chemoresistance and advancing stem cell biology.

Detection of p53 aggregates in plasma of glioma patients

BACKGROUND

The tumour-suppressor protein p53 can form amyloid aggregates resulting in loss of tumour-suppressing functions and leading to tumour formation. The detection of p53 aggregates in cancer cells has been demonstrated but these aggregates have not been detected in liquid biopsies to date, due to the lack of sufficiently sensitive methods.

METHODS

We developed an ultrasensitive immunoassay based on the single-molecule array (SiMoA) technology to detect p53 aggregates in plasma, based on antibody capture of the aggregates. We confirmed that the assay detects p53 aggregates using super-resolution imaging. We then investigated the p53 aggregate concentrations in the plasma of 190 pre-surgery glioblastoma (GB) patients and 22 controls using this assay.

RESULTS

We found that the plasma p53 aggregate levels are significantly elevated in pre-surgery GB patients' plasma compared to controls. Longitudinal study further reveals that p53 aggregate levels may increase before GB recurrence and decrease following treatment. We also observed raised p53 aggregate concentrations in the plasma of cancer patients with brain metastases.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates the detection of p53 aggregates in liquid biopsies. Our findings highlight the potential of p53 aggregates as a novel biomarker for glioblastoma.

Critical role of argininosuccinate lyase in TAp73-mediated proliferating tumor cells

The dysregulation of the urea cycle resulting in an excessive buildup of ammonia is identified as a pivotal mechanism driving tumor progression. In particular, argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) is crucial for cancer cell proliferation, cleaves argininosuccinic acid to produce arginine and fumarate in the urea cycle. However, the mechanisms controlling ASL expression in cancer cells remain unclear. Herein, we found that TAp73, a transcription factor within the p53 family, regulates the urea cycle pathway in tumor cells with mutant or null p53. Deletion of TAp73 led to increased accumulation of ammonia and changes in urea cycle metabolites. Subsequent experimentation involving the suppression of TAp73 substantiated its pronounced capability in impeding tumor proliferation and tumorigenicity in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that TAp73 could bind to specific sequences in the ASL promoter, thus promoting ASL expression, increasing intracellular arginine, and reducing ammonia levels. This investigation undertook a clinical scrutiny of TAp73 expression levels in tumor patients' transcriptomes, revealing an inverse relationship between TAp73 expression and patient survival. These results suggested that TAp73 led to abnormalities in the urea cycle by enhancing ASL expression and will be an important factor in promoting tumor proliferation and a potential target for tumor drugs.

Ammonia-induced testicular tissue damage: Apoptosis and autophagy pathways mediated by regulating Cyt C/Bcl-2 and p62/LC3B pathways

Ammonia gas (NH3) is a major hazard in animal husbandry that negatively affects animal growth and reproductive activities. Although the adverse effects of ammonia on livestock health and performance have been studied, its specific effects on the male reproductive system and its underlying biological mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ammonia exposure on male reproduction and its potential mechanisms of action. Immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase in IL-10 expression in mouse testicular tissues under ammonia-induced stress. Ammonia exposure significantly decreased anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 and anti-autophagy factor p62 expression, coupled with increased expression of pro-apoptotic factors, including p53, Caspase-8, Bax, and Apaf, as well as the pro-autophagy factors Beclin1, ATG5, LC3B, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the ratio of P53/Bcl-2. The fluorescence intensity of the Cyt C apoptotic gene and pro-autophagy factor LC3B in immune tissues was significantly higher than that in the normal control group. In summary, ammonia exposure significantly affects the reproductive ability of male mice by inducing inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagic damage in the testes. Our findings provide insights into ammonia-induced reproductive disorders, which will contribute to the management and control of ammonia in animal husbandry, thereby reducing the negative effects of ammonia on the reproductive health of livestock and poultry and improving the quality and yield of livestock products.

MDM2 as a therapeutic target in advanced biliary tract cancers

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a heterogeneous group of tumors arising from cells in the bile ducts and gallbladder. The 5-year overall survival rate for all BTC stages combined is ~20%, and treatment options for patients with unresectable disease are limited, leaving an unmet clinical need. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to refine and implement targeted therapeutic approaches for patients with BTC. The adoption of early and comprehensive molecular profiling is crucial to identifying patients who may be candidates for effective targeted therapies. Characterization of the molecular landscape of BTCs led to the identification of murine double minute 2 homolog gene (MDM2) amplification across all BTC subtypes. The MDM2 protein is a critical negative regulator of p53 stabilization and activity that is an emerging actionable biomarker in BTCs. There are multiple therapeutic approaches that aim to target MDM2 activity, thereby restoring the intrinsic tumor suppressor function of p53 and halting oncogenesis. However, these have been limited by our evolving understanding of the role of MDM2 in BTC pathogenesis. Here, we offer a review of the current understanding of the role of MDM2 in BTC biology and its therapeutic implications.

Correlation of p53 oligomeric status and its subcellular localization in the presence of the AML-associated NPM mutant

Tumor suppressor p53 is a key player in the cell response to DNA damage that suffers by frequent inactivating aberrations. Some of them disturb p53 oligomerization and influence cell decision between proliferation, growth arrest and apoptosis. Active p53 resides mostly in the nucleus, degradation occurs in the cytoplasm. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-related mutation of NPM (NPMmut) induces massive mislocalization of p53 to the cytoplasm, which might be related to leukemia initiation. Since both proteins interact and execute their function as oligomers, we investigated the role of perturbed p53 oligomerization in the p53 mislocalization process in live cells by FLIM (fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy), fluorescence anisotropy imaging (FAIM), fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) and immunochemical methods. On a set of fluorescently labeled p53 variants, monomeric R337G and L344P, dimeric L344A, and multimeric D352G and A353S, we correlated their cellular localization, oligomerization and interaction with NPMmut. Interplay between nuclear export signal (NES) and nuclear localization signal (NLS) of p53 was investigated as well. While NLS was found critical for the nuclear p53 localization, NES plays less significant role. We observed cytoplasmic translocation only for multimeric A353S variant with sufficient stability and strong interaction with NPMmut. Less stable multimer D352G and L344A dimer were not translocated, monomeric p53 variants always resided in the nucleus independently of the presence of NPMmut and NES intactness. Oligomeric state of NPMmut is not required for p53 translocation, which happens also in the presence of the nonoligomerizing NPMmut variant. The prominent structural and functional role of the R337 residue is shown.

Effects of p53 on the Regulation of Carbonic Anhydrase 8 in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells: Interaction Between p53 and Sp1

Colorectal cancer ranks among the most common malignancies worldwide. Our previous study indicated Carbonic anhydrase 8 (CA8) is linked to cell proliferation and mobility in colon cancer cells. In the present study, we observed a significant increase in the expression of mutant p53 R273H/P309S in colon cancer cell lines (SW480 and SW620) with stably downregulated CA8. P53, a well-known tumor suppressor gene, is frequently mutated in cancer cells, leading to poor prognosis and drug resistance. Although p53 acts as a transcription factor, the increased mutant p53 did not activate downstream target molecules, suggesting activation defects of mutant p53 R273H/P309S. Furthermore, transient downregulation of CA8 did not alter p53 expression, indicating that the observed increase in mutant p53 in stable cells may be a compensatory effect for cell survival. Given that p53 shares similar consensus sequences at GC-boxes with specific protein 1 (Sp1), a predominant transcription factor for CA8 regulation, we examined the relationship between CA8, p53 and Sp1 in HCT116 and SW620 cells harboring wild-type (WT) or mutant p53, respectively. Notably, transient downregulation of p53 or Sp1 led to a significant decrease in CA8 at both mRNA and protein levels in HCT116 and SW620 cells. Additionally, immunoprecipitation results revealed a protein-protein interaction between Sp1 and p53, suggesting that their interaction may be involved in the regulation of CA8 expression. Although the precise mechanism by which Sp1 and p53 regulate CA8 expression remains unclear, we are the first to report that both Sp1 and p53 are involved in the regulation of the novel hCA8 gene. By further unraveling the interplay among CA8, p53, and Sp1, we hope to pave the way for new therapeutic approaches in colon cancer treatment.

Mutant p53 confers chemoresistance by activating KMT5B-mediated DNA repair pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a malignancy arising from the nasopharyngeal epithelium, is common in the east and southeast area of Asia. Treatments for locally advanced and recurrent NPC include chemotherapy (usually combined with 5-Fluorouracil, 5-FU) and radiotherapy, but response is limited due to chemo-resistance. p53 mutation is a critical factor for 5-FU resistance in some cancers, but its role in NPC chemo-resistance remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that p53(R280T), a common p53 somatic mutation found in multiple NPC tumor samples, induces gain-of-function upregulation of DNA repair genes which leads to 5-FU resistance in NPC. p53(R280T) specifically upregulates the expression of DNA repair-associated gene KMT5B by binding to its promoter, which leads to 5-FU resistance. Depletion of KMT5B in NPCs restores 5-FU induced DNA damages and improve the efficacy of 5-FU. By screening compounds affecting KMT5B expression, we identify curcumin as an effective down-regulator of KMT5B in NPC cells. We therefore evaluate the therapeutic potential of a 5-FU/curcumin combination to treat NPC and discover that curcumin enhances the efficacy of 5-FU to suppress NPC tumor growth. In summary, our findings indicate that mutant p53 and its regulated DNA repair genes serve as potential therapeutic targets to reverse 5-FU resistance for NPC patients.

TP53 mutation and immunohistochemical p53 expression characteristics in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with TP53 mutations has specific clinicopathological features and is usually associated with a poor prognosis. TP53 gene mutations typically lead to aberrant expression patterns of the p53 protein. We studied 123 DLBCL patients at Henan Cancer Hospital, 35.8% (44/123) had TP53 mutations. Analysis of mutation sites in 44 cases of DLBCL patients revealed that the mutations primarily occur in the DNA-binding domain (DBD region) of the encoded p53 protein; among all mutation types, there were 8 truncation or frameshift mutations, and 36 missense mutations. Further, immunohistochemistry (IHC) detected expression levels of p53 protein in 123 DLBCL samples. The mutation results were used as a reference, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was employed. Ultimately, the expression ratio of 65% and the moderate-strong expression intensity were regarded as the cut-off value, namely high p53 expression or p53 negative (<1%) indicated mutant-type p53 protein. the complete remission (CR) rate of the mutant-type p53 protein group after receiving R-CHOP regimen was 50% (14/28), and the objective response rate (ORR) was 75%, which differed significantly (P<0.01) compared with wild-type p53 protein group [CR rate of 75.86% (66/87) and ORR rate of 89.66%]. Common gene mutations in the mutant-type p53 protein group primarily involve alterations in pathways related to epigenetics, B cell antigen receptor signaling, cell cycle, among others. IHC analysis of the p53 protein is a simple and low-cost approach that can be employed to predict TP53 mutation status and therapy response.

IMPDH2's Central Role in Cellular Growth and Diseases: A Potential Therapeutic Target

IMPDH2 is a rate-limiting enzyme in guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. It plays diverse roles in various physiological and pathological processes: nucleotide metabolism, inflammation, immune function, ribosomal stress. Structural or regulatory alterations in IMPDH2 are linked to significant health issues, and critical relevance in disease progression. We aim to underscore the potential of IMPDH2 as a promising therapeutic target for clinical applications.

A spatial transcriptomics study of MES-like and mono/macro cells in gliomas

Gliomas, including both glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and lower-grade glioma (LGG), present a substantial challenge in neuro-oncology because of genetic heterogeneity and unsatisfactory prognosis. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive multi-omics analysis of gliomas using various bioinformatics approaches to identify potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 1327 sequencing data samples alongside their relevant clinical information sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) pertaining to glioblastoma (GBM), low-grade glioma (LGG), the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CCGA) and University of California Santa Cruz Xena (UCSC Xena) datasets. These tools were employed for gene expression profiling, survival analysis, and cell communication mapping. Spatial transcriptomics revealed the localization of mesenchymal (MES)-like malignant tumors, and drug sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate responses to quinpirole and meropenem. Additionally, the Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) framework was utilized to gauge the responsiveness to immunotherapy. The MES-like malignant and monocyte/macrophage (mono/macro) cell subsets showed high hallmark scores, playing key roles in the tumor microenvironment. MES-like malignant marker gene scores correlated with overall survival across datasets, whereas mono/macro marker gene scores were significant in the TCGA-LGG and CCGA datasets. Key interactions between these cell types were found, especially with CD14-ITGB2, LGALS1-CD69, and APOE-TREM2. The mono/macro cell subset demonstrated better immune therapy responsiveness, as indicated by lower TIDE scores. Spatial transcriptomics revealed that MES-like malignant tumors are predominantly localized in four distinct regions, with the marker genes CHI3L1 and ADM confirming these locations. Drug sensitivity analysis revealed differential responses of the MES-like malignant cell subset to quinpirole and meropenem. Our results offer fresh perspectives on the differential roles of MES-like malignant and monocyte/macrophage cell subsets in tumor progression and immune modulation, providing novel insights into glioma biology.

Key Targets in Subacute Spinal Cord Injury Identified by Bioinformatics and Mendelian Randomization

OBJECTIVE

This study leverages integrative bioinformatics and Mendelian randomization (MR) to uncover pivotal diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for subacute spinal cord injury (SCI), offering actionable insights for precision medicine.

METHODS

Transcriptomic data from rat models (GSE166009, GSE183591, GSE45006) were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes, followed by enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analyses to pinpoint hub genes. Cross-species validation was performed in mouse (GSE249615), rat (GSE174549), and human (GSE151371) datasets. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis assessed diagnostic potential, and drug prediction identified therapeutic candidates. Causal relationships were validated using multivariable MR.

RESULTS

A total of 640 differentially expressed genes were identified, enriched in critical pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and extracellular matrix-receptor interactions. Nine hub genes were identified, 5 of which (toll-like receptor 4, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, cluster of differentiation 44, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C, and allograft inflammatory factor 1) demonstrated robust cross-species expression patterns and diagnostic potential in human datasets. Drug prediction identified genistein, isoflavone, and dimethyl sulfoxide as promising candidates for modulating inflammation, reducing glial scarring, and promoting axonal repair. Key pathways, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, and hematopoietic cell lineage, were implicated in establishing a regenerative microenvironment. Multivariable MR analysis revealed intercellular adhesion molecule 1 as a protective factor in SCI, further supporting its therapeutic relevance.

CONCLUSIONS

This study uncovers key molecular targets, pathways, and drugs for SCI recovery, providing a framework for precision therapeutics.

The role and research progress of serine metabolism in tumor cells

Serine is crucial for tumor initiation, progression, and adaptive immunity. Metabolic pathways for serine synthesis, acquisition, and utilization in tumors and tumor-associated cells are influenced by various physiological factors and the tumor microenvironment, leading to metabolic reprogramming and amplification. Excessive serine metabolism promotes abnormal macromolecule biosynthesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic modifications, driving malignant transformation, proliferation, metastasis, immune suppression, and drug resistance in tumor cells. Restricting dietary serine intake or reducing the expression of serine synthetic enzymes can effectively slow tumor growth and extend patient survival. Consequently, targeting serine metabolism has emerged as a novel and promising research focus in cancer research. This paper reviews serine metabolic pathways and their roles in tumor development. It summarizes the influencing factors of serine metabolism. The article explores the significance of serine synthesis and metabolizing enzymes, along with related biomarkers, in tumor diagnosis and treatment, providing new insights for developing targeted therapies that modulate serine metabolism in cancer.

Deciphering the Anticancer, Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibition Potentials, and Phytochemical Compositions of Some Endemic Centaurea Species

Plants have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, providing a variety of biological benefits, including antioxidant and anticancer activity, due to their phytochemical composition. This study investigates the biological activity and chemical composition of Centaurea saligna, Centaurea bingoelensis, and Centaurea pyrrhoblephara, key species of the Asteraceae family, to explore their potential for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Methanol extracts of these species were analyzed for their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase, AChE, and BuChE enzymes. Their lipophilic components were characterized using GC-MS, phenolic profiles via Orbitrap HPLC-HRMS, and total phenol and flavonoid contents were quantified using established methods. Antioxidant activities were evaluated through DPPH, ABTS, ferric ion reducing, and ferrous ion chelating assays. Cytotoxic effects were assessed on HT-29 colorectal and A549 lung cancer cells through WST-1 analysis, determining IC50 values. In addition, anticancer activity findings were supported by colony survival and cell migration analyses. Apoptotic activity of the applied treatments was observed by AO/EB dual staining, caspase-3 ELISA, and Western blot analysis. Notably, the extracts significantly induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells, evidenced by increased apoptotic indices, cleaved PARP, and p53 expression, with C. pyrrhoblephara exhibiting the strongest proapoptotic activity.

Latest News from the "Guardian": p53 Directly Activates Asymmetric Stem Cell Division Regulators

Since its discovery in 1979, the human tumor suppressor gene TP53-also known as the "guardian of the genome"-has been the subject of intense research. Mutated in most human cancers, TP53 has traditionally been considered a key fighter against stress factors by trans-activating a network of target genes that promote cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. Intriguingly, over the past years, novel non-canonical functions of p53 in unstressed cells have also emerged, including the mode of stem cell division regulation. However, the mechanisms by which p53 modulates these novel functions remain incompletely understood. In a recent work, we found that Drosophila p53 controls asymmetric stem cell division (ASCD) in neural stem cells by transcriptionally activating core ASCD regulators, such as the conserved cell-fate determinants Numb and Brat (NUMB and TRIM3/TRIM2/TRIM32 in humans, respectively). In this short communication, we comment on this new finding, the mild phenotypes associated with Drosophila p53 mutants in this context, as well as novel avenues for future research.

Unveiling the impact of ERAP1 and ERAP2 on migration, angiogenesis and ER stress response

Recent studies have investigated the key roles exerted by ERAP1 and ERAP2 in maintaining cellular homeostasis, emphasizing their functions beyond traditional antigen processing and presentation. In particular, genetic variants of these IFNγ-inducible aminopeptidases significantly impact critical cellular pathways, including migration, angiogenesis, and autophagy, which are essential in immune responses and disease processes. ERAP1's influence on endothelial cell migration and VEGF-driven angiogenesis, along with ERAP2's role in managing stress-induced autophagy via the UPR, highlights their importance in cellular adaptation to stress and disease outcomes, including autoimmune diseases, cancer progression, and infections. By presenting recent insights into ERAP1 and ERAP2 functions, this review underscores their potential as therapeutic targets in immune regulation and cellular stress-response pathways.

Recent Research on Role of p53 Family in Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by rapid proliferation, early metastasis, and frequent recurrence, which contribute to a poor prognosis. SCLC is defined by the near-universal inactivation of key tumor suppressor genes, notably TP53 and RB1, which play central roles in its pathogenesis and resistance to therapy. The p53 family of proteins, including p53, p63, and p73, is essential to maintaining cellular homeostasis and tumor suppression. TP53 mutations are almost ubiquitous in SCLC, leading to dysregulated apoptosis and cell cycle control. Moreover, p73 shows potential as a compensatory mechanism for p53 loss, while p63 has a minimal role in this cancer type. In this review, we explore the molecular and functional interplay of the p53 family in SCLC, emphasizing its members' distinct yet interconnected roles in tumor suppression, immune modulation, and therapy resistance. We highlight emerging therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways, including reactivating mutant p53, exploiting synthetic lethality, and addressing immune evasion mechanisms. Furthermore, this review underscores the urgent need for novel, isoform-specific interventions to enhance treatment efficacy and improve patient outcomes in this challenging disease.

Differential Effects of the Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor on the Cellular Response to Radiation

The prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor (PHI), used effectively in several countries for the treatment of renal anemia, activates the multifunctional hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). While hypoxic conditions in tumors are known to affect the response to radiation therapy, the effect of PHI on the radiation response of cancer cells has not been determined. Hypoxic pretreatment increased the radiation sensitivity of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells, whereas hypoxic culture after irradiation decreased the radiation sensitivity of HSC2 oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Treatment of PC9 lung adenocarcinoma and HSC2 cells with the PHI FG-4592 significantly increased radiation resistance, whereas A549 and TIG3 lung fibroblast cells tended to be sensitized, suggesting cell type-specific differential effects of PHI. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that the basal and radiation-inducible expressions of DEC2, BAX, and BCL2 may be related to PHI-mediated radiation responses. Knock-down experiments showed that silencing of DEC2 sensitized both A549 and PC9 cells under PHI-treated conditions. On the other hand, silencing of p53, which regulates BAX/BCL2, desensitized A549 cells expressing wild-type p53, but not PC9 cells, with mutant-type p53, to irradiation, regardless of whether PHI was treated or not. Taken together, PHI modifies radiation responses in a cell type-specific manner, possibly through DEC2 signaling.

Exosomes secreted from amniotic mesenchymal stem cells modify trophoblast activities by delivering miR-18a-5p and regulating HRK-p53 interaction

BACKGROUND

Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) have been demonstrated as effective in tissue repair and regeneration. Trophoblast dysfunction is associated with several types of pregnancy complications. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of AMSCs on the biological activities of human trophoblasts, as well as their molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

Exosomes were isolated from AMSC supernatants, and characterized and quantified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blotting assay. Immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect the uptake of AMSCs-derived exomes (AMSC-Exos) by human trophoblasts. Human trophoblasts were subjected to transcriptome analysis after being cocultured with AMSC-Exos. Lentiviral transfection was performed to construct the human trophoblast cell lines with stable HRK knockdown or overexpression. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the HRK expression in preeclampsia (PE) patients. CCK8 and Transwell assays were, respectively, used to detect the trophoblast proliferation and migration. TUNEL flow cytometry assay was used to detect the apoptosis in trophoblasts. Quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR and Western blotting assays were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of the genes. Dual luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the changes in gene-transcript levels.

RESULTS

AMSC-Exos could be absorbed by human trophoblasts. Transcriptome analysis showed that HRK was significantly reduced in human trophoblasts cocultured with AMSC-Exos. HRK inhibited cell proliferation and migration in human trophoblasts and promoted their apoptosis via p53 upregulation. miR-18a-5p, present at high levels in AMSC-Exos, improved trophoblast proliferation and migration, and inhibited their apoptosis by inhibiting the HRK expression.

CONCLUSION

miR-18a-5p present in AMSC-Exos could be absorbed by trophoblasts, in turn, improved their proliferation and migration, and inhibited their apoptosis by HRK downregulation.

Unraveling the mechanisms of glioblastoma's resistance: investigating the influence of tumor suppressor p53 and non-coding RNAs

Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most fatal CNS malignancies, and its high resistance to therapy and poor outcomes have made it one of the primary challenges in oncology. Resistance to standard therapy, i.e., radio-chemotherapy with temozolomide, is one of the principal causes of the poor prognostic outcomes of GB. Finding the molecular basis of GB resistance to therapy is key to creating effective solution approaches. The general problem of GB resistance is supervised by cancer suppressive protein, p53, and has become a very special interest in molecular research in recent decades. The principal aim of this manuscript is to perform a comprehensive survey on the complex network of interactions developed by p53 with non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) in the context of GB resistance. The present article details the functional aspects of p53 as a cellular stress response protein, including its roles in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair in glioblastoma (GB), along with the disruption of p53 and its involvement in chemoresistance (CR). It also highlights several classes of ncRNAs, namely microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs, that manipulate p53 signaling in GB-CR. The article likewise explains how disruption in the expression of these ncRNAs can promote GB-CR and how it interacts with essential cellular functions, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The manuscript also describes the potential of targeting p53 and ncRNAs with their diagnostic and prognostic potential as novel promising therapeutics for GB. Nevertheless, ncRNA-based biomarkers still present challenges for their suitability in GB resistance. However, modern research continues to discover novel prediction targets, potentially enhancing patient outcomes and therapeutic options. Therefore, the neutralization of this intricate regulatory network of GB resistance might have a primary clinical effect in fighting GB resistance therapy and thus might lead to a substantial increase in patient survival and quality of life.

Mutant p53 regulates a distinct gene set by a mode of genome occupancy that is shared with wild type

To directly examine the interplay between mutant p53 or Mdm2 and wild type p53 in gene occupancy and expression, an integrated RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analysis was performed in vivo using isogenically matched mouse strains. Response to radiation was used as an endpoint to place findings in a biologically relevant context. Unexpectedly, mutant p53 and Mdm2 only inhibit a subset of wild type p53-mediated gene expression. In contrast to a dominant-negative or inhibitory role, the presence of either mutant p53 or Mdm2 actually enhances the occupancy of wild type p53 on many canonical targets. The C-terminal 19 amino acids of wild type p53 suppress the p53 response allowing for survival at sublethal doses of radiation. Further, the p53 mutant 172H is shown to occupy genes and regulate their expression via non-canonical means that are shared with wild type p53. This results in the heterozygous 172H/+ genotype having an expanded transcriptome compared to wild type p53 + /+.

Comprehensive Analysis Reveals the Potential Diagnostic Value of Biomarkers Associated With Aging and Circadian Rhythm in Knee Osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is characterized by structural changes. Aging is a major risk factor for KOA. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the role of genes related to aging and circadian rhythms in KOA.

METHODS

This study identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing gene expression levels between normal and KOA samples from the GEO database. Subsequently, we intersected the DEGs with aging-related circadian rhythm genes to obtain a set of aging-associated circadian rhythm genes differentially expressed in KOA. Next, we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, using the differentially expressed aging-related circadian rhythm genes in KOA as the exposure factors, their SNPs as instrumental variables, and KOA as the outcome event, to explore the causal relationship between these genes and KOA. We then performed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) to investigate the pathways associated with the selected biomarkers, conducted immune infiltration analysis, built a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, and performed molecular docking studies. Additionally, the findings and functional roles of the biomarkers were further validated through experiments on human cartilage tissue and cell models.

RESULTS

A total of 75 differentially expressed aging-circadian rhythm related genes between the normal group and the KOA group were identified by difference analysis, primarily enriched in the circadian rhythm pathway. Two biomarkers (PFKFB4 and DDIT4) were screened by MR analysis. Then, immune infiltration analysis showed significant differences in three types of immune cells (resting dendritic cells, resting mast cells, and M2 macrophages), between the normal and KOA groups. Drug prediction and molecular docking results indicated stable binding of PFKFB4 to estradiol and bisphenol_A, while DDIT4 binds stably to nortriptyline and trimipramine. Finally, cell lines with stable expression of the biomarkers were established by lentiviral infection and resistance screening, Gene expression was significantly elevated in overexpressing cells of PFKFB4 and DDIT4 and reversed the proliferation and migration ability of cells after IL-1β treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Two diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers associated with aging-circadian rhythm in KOA were identified. Functional analysis, molecular mechanism exploration, and experimental validation further elucidated their roles in KOA, offering novel perspectives for the prevention and treatment of the disease.

Stealth in non-tuberculous mycobacteria: clever challengers to the immune system

Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are found extensively in various environments, yet most are non-pathogenic. Only a limited number of these organisms can cause various infections, including those affecting the lungs, skin, and central nervous system, particularly when the host's autoimmune function is compromised. Among these, Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria Pulmonary Diseases (NTM-PD) are the most prevalent. Currently, there is a lack of effective treatments and preventive measures for NTM infections. This article aims to deepen the comprehension of the pathogenic mechanisms linked to NTM and to formulate new intervention strategies by synthesizing current research and detailing the different tactics used by NTM to avoid elimination by the host's immune response. These intricate mechanisms not only affect the innate immune response but also successfully oppose the adaptive immune response, establishing persistent infections within the host. This includes effects on the functions of macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes, as well as modulation of cytokine production. The article particularly emphasizes the survival strategies of NTM within macrophages, such as inhibiting phagosome maturation and acidification, resisting intracellular killing mechanisms, and interfering with autophagy and cell death pathways. This review aims to deepen the understanding of NTM's immune evasion mechanisms, thereby facilitating efforts to inhibit its proliferation and spread within the host, ultimately providing new methods and strategies for NTM-related treatments.

Luminescent Lanthanides in Biorelated Applications: From Molecules to Nanoparticles and Diagnostic Probes to Therapeutics

Lanthanides are particularly effective in their clinical applications in magnetic resonance imaging and diagnostic assays. They have open-shell 4f electrons that give rise to characteristic narrow, line-like emission which is unique from other fluorescent probes in biological systems. Lanthanide luminescence signal offers selection of detection pathways based on the choice of the ion from the visible to the near-infrared with long luminescence lifetimes that lend themselves to time-resolved measurements for optical multiplexing detection schemes and novel bioimaging applications. The delivery of lanthanide agents in cells allows localized bioresponsive activity for novel therapies. Detection in the near-infrared region of the spectrum coupled with technological advances in microscopies opens new avenues for deep-tissue imaging and surgical interventions. This review focuses on the different ways in which lanthanide luminescence can be exploited in nucleic acid and enzyme detection, anion recognition, cellular imaging, tissue imaging, and photoinduced therapeutic applications. We have focused on the hierarchy of designs that include luminescent lanthanides as probes in biology considering coordination complexes, multimetallic lanthanide systems to metal-organic frameworks and nanoparticles highlighting the different strategies in downshifting, and upconversion revealing some of the opportunities and challenges that offer potential for further development in the field.

A human-specific, concerted repression of microcephaly genes contributes to radiation-induced growth defects in cortical organoids

Prenatal radiation-induced DNA damage poses a significant threat to neurodevelopment, resulting in microcephaly which primarily affects the cerebral cortex. So far, mechanistic studies were done in rodents. Here, we leveraged human cortical organoids to model fetal corticogenesis. Organoids were X-irradiated with moderate or high doses at different time points. Irradiation caused a dose- and time-dependent reduction in organoid size, which was more prominent in younger organoids. This coincided with a delayed and attenuated DNA damage response (DDR) in older organoids. Besides the DDR, radiation induced premature differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Our transcriptomic analysis demonstrated a concerted p53-E2F4/DREAM-dependent repression of primary microcephaly genes, which was independently confirmed in cultured human NPCs and neurons. This was a human-specific feature, as it was not observed in mouse embryonic brains or primary NPCs. Thus, human cortical organoids are an excellent model for DNA damage-induced microcephaly and to uncover potentially targetable human-specific pathways.

Exploring TGF-β Signaling in Cancer Progression: Prospects and Therapeutic Strategies

Cancer persists as a ubiquitous global challenge despite the remarkable advances. It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and metastasis. The Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is considered a primary regulator of various normal physiological processes in the human body. Recently, factors determining the nature of TGF-β response have received attention, specifically its signaling pathway which can be an attractive therapeutic target for various cancer treatments. The TGF-β receptor is activated by its ligands and undergoes transduction of signals via canonical (SMAD dependent) or non-canonical (SMAD independent) signaling pathways regulating several cellular functions. Furthermore, the cross talk of the TGF-β signaling pathway cross with other signaling pathways has shown the controlled regulation of cellular functions. This review highlights the cross talk between various major signaling pathways and TGF-β. These signaling pathways include Wnt, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, and Hedgehog (Hh). TGF-β signaling pathway has a dual role at different stages. It can suppress tumor formation at early stages and promote progression at advanced stages. This complex behaviour of TGF-β has made it a promising target for therapeutic interventions. Moreover, many strategies have been designed to control TGF-β signaling pathways at different levels, inhibiting tumor-promoting while enhancing tumor-suppressive effects, each with unique molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. This review also discusses various therapeutic inhibitors including ligand traps, small molecule inhibitors (SMIs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and antisense oligonucleotides which target specific components of TGF-β signaling pathway to inhibit TGF-β signaling and are studied in both preclinical and clinical trials for different types of cancer. The review also highlights the prospect of TGF-β signaling in normal physiology and in the case of dysregulation, TGF-β inhibitors, and different therapeutic effects in cancer therapy along with the perspective of combinational therapies to treat cancer.

Integrative analysis of m7G methylation-associated genes prognostic signature with immunotherapy and identification of LARP1 as a key oncogene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Background

N7-methylguanosine (m7G) methylation is an RNA modification associated with cancer progression, but its specific role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear.

Methods

This study analyzed the differential expression of m7G-related genes (m7GRGs) in HNSCC using the TCGA-HNSCC dataset, identifying key pathways associated with the cell cycle, DNA replication, and focal adhesion. A LASSO-Cox regression model was constructed based on four m7GRGs (EIF3D, EIF1, LARP1, and METTL1) and validated with GEO datasets and clinical samples. Further validation of gene upregulation in HNSCC tissues was conducted using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, while the role of LARP1 in HNSCC cells was assessed via knockout experiments.

Results

The constructed model demonstrated strong predictive performance, with the risk score significantly correlating with prognosis, immune infiltration, and drug sensitivity. An external dataset and clinical specimens further confirmed the model's predictive accuracy for immunotherapy response. Additionally, two regulatory axes-LINC00707/hsa-miR-30b-5p/LARP1 and SNHG16/hsa-miR-30b-5p/LARP1-were identified. LARP1 knockout experiments revealed that suppressing LARP1 markedly inhibited HNSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.

Conclusion

The m7GRG-based prognostic model developed in this study holds strong clinical potential for predicting prognosis and therapeutic responses in HNSCC. The identification of LARP1 and its related regulatory pathways offers new avenues for targeted therapy in HNSCC.

Extrinsic induction of apoptosis and tumor suppression via the p53-Reprimo-Hippo-YAP/TAZ-p73 pathway

Tumor progression is suppressed by inherent cellular mechanisms such as apoptosis. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer and plays a pivotal role in tumor suppression. RPRM is a target gene of p53 known to be involved in tumor suppression, but its molecular function has remained elusive. Here, we report that Reprimo (the protein product of RPRM) is secreted and extrinsically induces apoptosis in recipient cells. We identified FAT1, FAT4, CELSR1, CELSR2, and CELSR3, members of the protocadherin family, as receptors for Reprimo. Subsequent analyses revealed that Reprimo acts upstream of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ-p73 axis and induces apoptosis by transactivating various proapoptotic genes. In vivo analyses further support the tumor-suppressive effects of secreted Reprimo. These findings identify the p53-Reprimo-Hippo-YAP/TAZ-p73 axis as an extrinsic apoptosis pathway that plays a crucial role in tumor suppression. Our finding of the innate tumor eliminator Reprimo and the downstream pathway offers a promising avenue for the pharmacological treatment of cancer.

The Role of p53 Mutations in Early and Late Response to Mitotic Aberrations

Mutations in the TP53 gene and chromosomal instability (CIN) are two of the most common alterations in cancer. CIN, marked by changes in chromosome numbers and structure, drives tumor development, but is poorly tolerated in healthy cells, where developmental and tissue homeostasis mechanisms typically eliminate cells with chromosomal abnormalities. Mechanisms that allow cancer cells to acquire and adapt to CIN remain largely unknown. Tumor suppressor protein p53, often referred to as the "guardian of the genome", plays a critical role in maintaining genomic stability. In cancer, CIN strongly correlates with TP53 mutations, and recent studies suggest that p53 prevents the propagation of cells with abnormal karyotypes arising from mitotic errors. Furthermore, p53 dysfunction is frequent in cells that underwent whole-genome doubling (WGD), a process that facilitates CIN onset, promotes aneuploidy tolerance, and is associated with poor patient prognosis across multiple cancer types. This review summarizes current insights into p53's role in protecting cells from chromosome copy number alterations and discusses the implications of its dysfunction for the adaption and propagation of cancer cells.

PTOV1 exerts pro-oncogenic role in colorectal cancer by modulating SQSTM1-mediated autophagic degradation of p53

BACKGROUND

Prostate Tumor Overexpressed 1 (PTOV1) is overexpressed and associated with malignant phenotypes in various types of tumors. However, the detailed roles of PTOV1 and its underlying mechanism in CRC remain unclear.

METHODS

The clinical significance of PTOV1 was assessed in clinical databases and CRC samples. The effects of PTOV1 on the tumor-associated phenotypes of CRC were detected by several in vitro assays and in vivo mouse models. Immunoprecipitation (IP) combined with protein mass spectrometry and Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was used to identify p53 interacting with PTOV1. Immunofluorescence assay, western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis were used to evaluated the effects of PTOV1 on autophagy.

RESULTS

Here, we revealed that PTOV1 was highly expressed in human CRC tissues, especially at advanced stages, and associated with reduced survival time among CRC patients. The upregulated PTOV1 promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth and metastasis of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. At the molecular level, PTOV1 destabilized p53 by activating autophagy and recruiting p53 for the cargo receptor SQSTM1 directed autophagic degradation. There was a negative expression correlation between PTOV1 and p53 in CRC tissues. Moreover, p53 overexpression or SQSTM1 knockdown reversed the pro-tumor phenotypes of PTOV1 in CRC.

CONCLUSION

Our study unveils the oncogenic role of PTOV1 in CRC progression, which was achieved by promoting SQSTM1 directed autophagic degradation of p53. These findings highlight the potential of targeting the PTOV1-SQSTM1-p53 axis as a therapeutic approach for CRC.

EGFR-Mutated Lung Adenocarcinoma With Li-Fraumeni Syndrome: The Imperative for Germline Testing in Patients With a Family History, a Case Report

Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) has progressed rapidly and plays an important role in advancing precision medicine in oncology. However, CGP provides opportunities for molecular-targeted therapy, but it also unveils incidental germline findings, posing challenges and opportunities in patient care. We present the case of a 32-year-old female patient, diagnosed with stage IVB lung adenocarcinoma harboring an EGFR p.L746_A750del, who was also subsequently diagnosed with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) through CGP testing. Remarkably, despite the presence of EGFR mutation, the response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor was poor, whereas the response to cytotoxic anticancer drugs and immunotherapy was favorable. After the diagnosis of LFS, she underwent genetic counseling and has been screened for the development of a second cancer based on the Toronto protocol. This case highlights the importance of family history interviews and considering the practice of germline genomic testing for optimal management of lung cancer patients with a hereditary cancer syndrome such as LFS. Further research is warranted to delineate the impact of germline variants on treatment outcomes and secondary cancer prevention in lung cancer.

Functions of the native NPM1 protein and its leukemic mutant

The nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene encodes for the most abundant nucleolar protein. Thanks to its property to act as histone chaperone and to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm, the NPM1 protein is involved in multiple cellular function that are here extensively reviewed and include the formation of the nucleolus through liquid-liquid phase separation, regulation of ribosome biogenesis and transport, control of DNA repair and centrosome duplication as well as response to nucleolar stress. NPM1 is mutated in about 30-35% of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Due to its unique biological and clinical features, NPM1-mutated AML is regarded as a distinct leukemia entity in the WHO 5th edition and ICC classifications of myeloid malignancies. The NPM1 mutant undergoes changes at the C-terminus of the protein that leads to its delocalization in the cytoplasm of the leukemic cells. Here, we focus also on its biological functions discussing the murine models of NPM1 mutations and the various mechanisms that occur at cytoplasmic and nuclear levels to promote and maintain NPM1-mutated AML.

Breathing new insights into the role of mutant p53 in lung cancer

The tumour suppressor gene p53 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in lung cancer and these defects are associated with poor prognosis, albeit some debate exists in the lung cancer field. Despite extensive research, the exact mechanisms by which mutant p53 proteins promote the development and sustained expansion of cancer remain unclear. This review will discuss the cellular responses controlled by p53 that contribute to tumour suppression, p53 mutant lung cancer mouse models and characterisation of p53 mutant lung cancer. Furthermore, we discuss potential approaches of targeting mutant p53 for the treatment of lung cancer.

DNA nanotechnology-based strategies for gastric cancer diagnosis and therapy

Gastric cancer (GC) is a formidable adversary in the field of oncology. The low early diagnosis rate of GC results in a low overall survival rate. Therefore, early accurate diagnosis and effective treatment are the key to reduce the mortality of GC. With the advent of nanotechnology, researchers continue to explore new possibilities for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. One such breakthrough is the application of DNA nanotechnology. In this paper, the application of exciting DNA nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of GC is discussed in depth. Firstly, the biomarkers related to GC and the diagnostic strategies related to DNA nanotechnology are summarized. Second, the latest research progress of DNA nanomaterials in the GC targeted therapy are summarized. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of DNA nanomaterials in the research and clinical application of GC are prospected.

Utilizing TP53 hotspot mutations as effective predictors of gemcitabine treatment outcome in non-small-cell lung cancer

TP53 mutations are recognized to correlate with a worse prognosis in individuals with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There exists an immediate necessity to pinpoint selective treatment for patients carrying TP53 mutations. Potential drugs were identified by comparing drug sensitivity differences, represented by the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), between TP53 mutant and wild-type NSCLC cell lines using database analysis. In addition, clinical data from NSCLC patients were collected to evaluate both their TP53 status and their response to gemcitabine, thereby facilitating further validation. Subsequently, NSCLC cell lines with different TP53 status (A549 and H1299) were subjected to gemcitabine treatment to investigate the association between TP53 mutations and gemcitabine response. According to the dataset, NSCLC cell lines carrying TP53 mutations displayed heightened sensitivity to gemcitabine. From a clinical standpoint, patients exhibiting TP53 hotspot mutations demonstrated prolonged overall survival upon gemcitabine treatment. In vitro, overexpressing various hotspot TP53 mutations significantly sensitized H1299 cells to gemcitabine. Moreover, the knockdown of TP53 in A549 cells notably augmented sensitivity to gemcitabine treatment, as evidenced by cell viability and reproductive cell death assays. Conversely, the overexpression of wild-type TP53 in H1299 cells led to an increased resistance against gemcitabine. Gemcitabine is a treatment option for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who carry TP53 hotspot mutations. This potential effectiveness might arise from its ability to disrupt DNA damage repair processes, leading to G2/M phase cell cycle arrest or an augmentation of mitotic abnormalities, eventually cause cell death. As a result, when planning treatment strategies for NSCLC patients possessing TP53 hotspot mutations, gemcitabine should be considered to incorporate into the indication.

Clinical implications of DNA ploidy, stroma, and nucleotyping in predicting peritoneal metastasis risk for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis lacks effective predictive indices. This article retrospectively explored predictive values of DNA ploidy, stroma, and nucleotyping in gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis.

METHODS

A comprehensive analysis was conducted on specimens obtained from 80 gastric cancer patients who underwent gastric resection at the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Wuhan University Renmin Hospital. Tumor tissues were sectioned and stained. DNA ploidy, stroma, and nucleotyping were quantified using microscopy and digital analysis software. Data analysis was employed by Pearson Chi-square, continuous correction Chi-square, and binary logistic regression.

RESULTS

Using both univariate and multivariate analysis, pathological T stage and nucleotyping exhibited a positive correlation with peritoneal metastasis. DNA ploidy and stroma showed a positive correlation in univariate analysis. Chi-square tests demonstrated a positive correlation of DNA ploidy, stroma, and nucleotyping with peritoneal metastasis. The combined application of these three indicators displayed heightened predictive value for peritoneal metastasis. Non-diploid status, high stroma, and chromosomal heterogeneity emerged as positive factors for peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

DNA ploidy, stroma, and nucleotyping prove to be predictive factors for peritoneal metastasis, with enhanced predictive efficacy when combined in pairs.

How does p53 work? Regulation by the intrinsically disordered domains

Defects in the tumor suppressor protein p53 are found in the majority of cancers. The p53 protein (393 amino acids long) contains the folded DNA-binding domain (DBD) and tetramerization domain (TET), with the remainder of the sequence being intrinsically disordered. Since cancer-causing mutations occur primarily in the DBD, this has been the focus of most of the research on p53. However, recent reports show that the disordered N-terminal activation domain (NTAD) and C-terminal regulatory domain (CTD) function synergistically with the DBD to regulate p53 activity. We propose a mechanistic model in which intermolecular and intramolecular interactions of the disordered regions, modulated by post-translational modifications, perform a central role in the regulation and activation of p53 in response to cellular stress.

ECM Proteins Nidogen-1 and Decorin Restore Functionality of Human Islets of Langerhans upon Hypoxic Conditions

Transplantation of donor islets of Langerhans is a potential therapeutic approach for patients with diabetes mellitus; however, its success is limited by islet death and dysfunction during the initial hypoxic conditions at the transplantation site. This highlights the need to support the donor islets in the days post-transplantation until the site is vascularized. It was previously demonstrated that the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins nidogen-1 (NID1) and decorin (DCN) improve the functionality and survival of the β-cell line, EndoC-βH3, and the viability of human islets post-isolation. To advance the use of these ECM proteins toward a clinical application and elucidate the mechanisms of action in primary islets, the study assesses the effects of ECM proteins NID1 and DCN on isolated human donor islets cultured in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. NID1- and DCN-treatment restore β-cell functionality of human donor islets in a hypoxic environment through upregulation of genes involved in glycolytic pathways and reducing DNA fragmentation in hypoxic conditions comparable to normoxic control islets. The results demonstrate that the utilization of NID1 or DCN with islets of Langerhans may have the potential to overcome the hypoxia-induced cell death observed post-transplantation and improve transplant outcomes.

Neuroprotective effects of activated fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 via the suppression of p53 accumulation against poly-PR-mediated toxicity

A GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) within the C9orf72 gene is a major causative factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This aberrant HRE results in the generation of five distinct dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs). Among the DPRs, poly-PR accumulates in the nucleus and exhibits particularly strong toxicity to motor and cortical neurons. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is known to promote neurogenesis and inhibit apoptosis in neurons. Nevertheless, there has been no previous report of its neuroprotective effects against poly-PR toxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of FGFR1 activation in poly-PR-expressing NSC34 motor neuron-like cells. RT-qPCR analysis in NSC34 cells showed that Fgfr1 was the most highly expressed member of the Fgfr family in NSC34 cells. The activation of FGFR1 by FGF2, a common ligand for all FGFRs, exerted neuroprotective effects against the toxicity of poly-PR. Additionally, FGFR1 activation was observed to enhance cell viability through the PI3K-AKT pathway, while the contribution of the MEK-ERK pathway was found to be limited. Furthermore, FGFR1 activation suppressed the accumulation of p53 protein and promoted its degradation through increased murine double minute 2 (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets p53. The neuroprotective effects were attenuated by PD173074, a selective FGFR1 inhibitor or Nutlin-3a, an inhibitor of the p53-MDM2 interaction. Overall, these findings suggest that FGFR1 activation provides neuroprotection against poly-PR toxicity. Consequently, this study suggests the potential utility of FGFR1 activation as a therapeutic strategy for ALS.

Inorganic arsenic modulates cell apoptosis by regulating Argonaute 2 expression via the p53 pathway

This study explores the role of Argonaute 2 (AGO2) in the induction of apoptosis by arsenic in 16HBE cells and investigates the association between AGO2 expression and arsenic exposure in a human population. By silencing AGO2 with siRNA, we examined its impact on cell viability and apoptosis using CCK-8, HO-PI, and JC-1 assays, complemented by qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses for gene and protein expressions. Our findings revealed a significant correlation between AGO2 expression and levels of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which was more pronounced than with other arsenic forms such as monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acids (DMA). The results showed that silencing AGO2 not only reduced cell viability but also intensified apoptosis, highlighting its role in activating the p53 pathway. This was further supported by increased phosphorylation of p53 at Ser392 and Thr55, reinforcing AGO2's involvement in apoptotic processes. The study underscores the potential of AGO2 as a therapeutic target in arsenic-related pathologies and highlights the critical need for managing occupational exposure to arsenic.

Liquid-liquid phase separation in hepatocellular carcinoma

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) drives the formation of membraneless intracellular compartments within both cytoplasm and nucleus. These compartments can form distinct physicochemical environments, and in particular display different concentrations of proteins, RNA, and macromolecules compared to the surrounding cytosol. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of aberrant LLPS in cancer development and progression, impacting many core processes such as oncogenic signalling pathways, transcriptional dysregulation, and genome instability. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), aberrant formation of biomolecular condensates has been observed in a number of preclinical models, highlighting their significance as an emerging factor in understanding cancer biology and its molecular underpinnings. In this review, we summarize emerging evidence and recent advances in understanding the role of LLPS in HCC, with a particular focus on the regulation and dysregulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear condensates in cancer cells. We finally discuss how an emerging understanding of phase separation processes in HCC opens up new potential treatment avenues.

Comprehensive analysis of the prognostic and immunological role of cavins in non-small cell lung cancer

Caveolae, specialized and dynamic subdomains of the plasma membrane, have a crucial role in diverse cellular functions encompassing endocytosis, signal transduction, mechanosensation, lipid storage, and metabolism. Cavin family proteins are indispensable for caveolar formation and function. An increasing number of studies have found that cavins are involved in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis and may have dual roles in the regulation of cancer. However, the expression and prognostic value of cavins in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unexplored. In this study, the expression, survival data, immune infiltration, and functional enrichment of cavins in patients with NSCLC were investigated using multiple databases. Furthermore, different subtypes of cavin-binding proteins were identified through protein-protein interaction networks and k-means clustering. The results showed that the expression of Cavin-1-3 in NSCLC tissues was significantly lower than that in normal tissues, and that Cavin-2 is the major subtype of cavin that inhibits NSCLC progression. It regulates downstream signaling pathways, modulates the infiltration of immune cells and influences the prognosis of NSCLC. Related experiments also confirmed that Cavin-2 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells. These findings suggest that cavins and their binding proteins may be novel biomarkers for NSCLC prognosis and immunotherapy, providing new treatment options for NSCLC.