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Cruz Garcia Villa P, Izunza Laisequilla A, Puga Ortega E, Alaez Verson C. Prevalence of DNA-Repair Gene mutations in Mexican men with prostate cancer. Actas Urol Esp 2024:S2173-5786(24)00069-6. [PMID: 38735436 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuroe.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Mexico reported 26,742 new cases of prostate cancer in 2020. Different risk factors have been identified in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Among them, genetic factors and alterations or mutations in specific genes have been described in different ethnic groups worldwide. The aim of our study is to report the prevalence of germline DNA-repair gene mutations in Mexican patients with prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD We performed germline genetic testing in 50 patients with localized prostate cancer and 50 patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Demographic, clinical, and histopathological data were collected. RESULTS Thirty-seven germline mutations were identified in 32 patients. The most commonly affected genes were ATM in 6%, followed by FANCA (5%), and ATR (4%). BRCA2 mutations were identified in 3%. The frequency of mutations was higher in the metastatic group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results of our study show different mutations from those reported in different populations or regions. The use of PARP inhibitors is indicated in patients with germline mutations, specifically BRCA2, showing improvement in overall survival and progression free survival. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the prevalence of mutations in DNA-repair genes in Mexican patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cruz Garcia Villa
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Regional Lic. Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - A Izunza Laisequilla
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Regional Lic. Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - E Puga Ortega
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Regional Lic. Adolfo López Mateos, ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - C Alaez Verson
- Departamento de Diagnóstico Genómico, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Chen M, Zou C, Tian Y, Li W, Li Y, Zhang D. An integrated ceRNA network identifies miR-375 as an upregulated miRNA playing a tumor suppressive role in aggressive prostate cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:1594-1607. [PMID: 38565944 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among men worldwide. A number of genes have been implicated in prostate tumorigenesis, but the mechanisms underlying their dysregulation are still incompletely understood. Evidence has established the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) theory as a novel regulatory mechanism for post-transcriptional alterations. Yet, a comprehensive characterization of ceRNA network in PCa lacks. Here we utilize stringent in-silico methods to construct a large ceRNA network across different PCa stages, and provide experimental demonstration for the competing regulation among protumorigenic SEC23A, PHTF2, and their corresponding ceRNA pairs. Using machine learning, we establish a ceRNA-based signature (ceRNA_sig) predictive of androgen receptor (AR) activity, tumor aggressiveness, and patient outcomes. Importantly, we identify miR-375 as a key node in PCa ceRNA network, which is upregulated in PCa relative to normal tissues. Forced expression of miR-375 significantly inhibits, while its inhibition promotes, aggressive behaviors of both AR+ and AR- PCa cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we show that miR-375 predominantly targets genes possessing oncogenic roles (e.g., proliferation, DNA repair, and metastasis), and thus release targets with tumor suppressive functions. This action model well clarifies why an upregulated miRNA plays a tumor suppressive role in PCa. Together, our study provides new insights into understanding of transcriptomic aberrations during PCa evolution, and nominates miR-375 as a potential therapeutic target for combating aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, School of BioMedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Zou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, School of BioMedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yu Tian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, School of BioMedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, School of BioMedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Dingxiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, School of BioMedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Rawat C, Heemers HV. Alternative splicing in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Oncogene 2024; 43:1655-1668. [PMID: 38658776 PMCID: PMC11136669 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in western men. CaP mortality results from diverse molecular mechanisms that mediate resistance to the standard of care treatments for metastatic disease. Recently, alternative splicing has been recognized as a hallmark of CaP aggressiveness. Alternative splicing events cause treatment resistance and aggressive CaP behavior and are determinants of the emergence of the two major types of late-stage treatment-resistant CaP, namely castration-resistant CaP (CRPC) and neuroendocrine CaP (NEPC). Here, we review recent multi-omics data that are uncovering the complicated landscape of alternative splicing events during CaP progression and the impact that different gene transcript isoforms can have on CaP cell biology and behavior. We discuss renewed insights in the molecular machinery by which alternative splicing occurs and contributes to the failure of systemic CaP therapies. The potential for alternative splicing events to serve as diagnostic markers and/or therapeutic targets is explored. We conclude by considering current challenges and promises associated with splicing-modulating therapies, and their potential for clinical translation into CaP patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Rawat
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Miyahira AK, Kamran SC, Jamaspishvili T, Marshall CH, Maxwell KN, Parolia A, Zorko NA, Pienta KJ, Soule HR. Disrupting prostate cancer research: Challenge accepted; report from the 2023 Coffey-Holden Prostate Cancer Academy Meeting. Prostate 2024. [PMID: 38682886 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2023 Coffey-Holden Prostate Cancer Academy (CHPCA) Meeting, themed "Disrupting Prostate Cancer Research: Challenge Accepted," was convened at the University of California, Los Angeles, Luskin Conference Center, in Los Angeles, CA, from June 22 to 25, 2023. METHODS The 2023 marked the 10th Annual CHPCA Meeting, a discussion-oriented scientific think-tank conference convened annually by the Prostate Cancer Foundation, which centers on innovative and emerging research topics deemed pivotal for advancing critical unmet needs in prostate cancer research and clinical care. The 2023 CHPCA Meeting was attended by 81 academic investigators and included 40 talks across 8 sessions. RESULTS The central topic areas covered at the meeting included: targeting transcription factor neo-enhancesomes in cancer, AR as a pro-differentiation and oncogenic transcription factor, why few are cured with androgen deprivation therapy and how to change dogma to cure metastatic prostate cancer without castration, reducing prostate cancer morbidity and mortality with genetics, opportunities for radiation to enhance therapeutic benefit in oligometastatic prostate cancer, novel immunotherapeutic approaches, and the new era of artificial intelligence-driven precision medicine. DISCUSSION This article provides an overview of the scientific presentations delivered at the 2023 CHPCA Meeting, such that this knowledge can help in facilitating the advancement of prostate cancer research worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Miyahira
- Science Department, Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Sophia C Kamran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tamara Jamaspishvili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Catherine H Marshall
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara N Maxwell
- Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Medicine Service, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abhijit Parolia
- Department of Pathology, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas A Zorko
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Howard R Soule
- Science Department, Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California, USA
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Prendeville S, Kaur H, Ansari S, Alqaqa S, Stockley TL, Lajkosz K, van der Kwast T, Cheung CC, Selvarajah S. Somatic Tumor Testing in Prostate Cancer: Experience of a Tertiary-Care Center Including Pathologist-Driven Reflex Testing of Localized Tumors at Diagnosis. Mod Pathol 2024:100489. [PMID: 38588883 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Somatic tumor testing in prostate cancer (PCa) can guide treatment options by identifying clinically actionable variants in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes, including acquired variants not detected by germline testing alone. Guidelines currently recommend performing somatic tumor testing in metastatic PCa, while there is no consensus on the role of testing in regional disease and the optimal testing strategy is involving. This study evaluates the frequency, distribution, and pathologic correlates of somatic DDR mutations in metastatic and localized PCa following the implementation of pathologist-driven reflex testing at diagnosis. A cohort of 516 PCa were sequenced using a custom NGS panel including homologous recombination repair (HRR) and mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Variants were classified based on the AMP/ASCO/CAP guidelines. In total 183 (35.5%) patients had at least one variant: 72/516 (13.9%) had at least one Tier I or Tier II variant while 111/516 (21.5%) had a Tier III variant. Tier I/II variant(s) were identified in 27% (12/44) of metastatic biopsies and 13% (61/472) of primary samples. Overall, 12% (62/516) of patients had at least one Tier I/II variant in a HRR gene while 2.9% (10/516) had at least one Tier I/II variant in a MMR gene. The presence of a Tier I/II variant was not significantly associated with the grade group (GG) or presence of intraductal/cribriform carcinoma in the primary tumor. Among 309 reflex-tested hormone-naïve primary tumors, Tier I/II variants were identified in 10% (31/309) of cases: 9.2% (9/98) GG2; 9% (9/100) GG3; 9.1% (4/44) GG4 and 13.4% (9/67) GG5 cases. Our findings confirm the utility of somatic tumor testing to detect variants of clinical significance in PCa and provide insights that can inform the design of testing strategies. Pathologist-initiated reflex testing streamlines the availability of the results for clinical decision-making, however pathologic parameters such as grade group and intraductal/cribriform carcinoma may not be reliable to guide patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Prendeville
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shervin Ansari
- Division of Genome Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shifaa Alqaqa
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
| | - Tracy L Stockley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Genome Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Lajkosz
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodorus van der Kwast
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol C Cheung
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shamini Selvarajah
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Genome Diagnostics, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Silva KCS, Tambwe N, Mahfouz DH, Wium M, Cacciatore S, Paccez JD, Zerbini LF. Transcription Factors in Prostate Cancer: Insights for Disease Development and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:450. [PMID: 38674385 PMCID: PMC11050257 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins essential for the regulation of gene expression, and they regulate the genes involved in different cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Although their expression is essential in normal physiological conditions, abnormal regulation of TFs plays critical role in several diseases, including cancer. In prostate cancer, the most common malignancy in men, TFs are known to play crucial roles in the initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy of the disease. Understanding the interplay between these TFs and their downstream targets provides insights into the molecular basis of prostate cancer pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the involvement of key TFs, including the E26 Transformation-Specific (ETS) Family (ERG and SPDEF), NF-κB, Activating Protein-1 (AP-1), MYC, and androgen receptor (AR), in prostate cancer while focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved in prostate cancer development. We also discuss emerging diagnostic strategies, early detection, and risk stratification using TFs. Furthermore, we explore the development of therapeutic interventions targeting TF pathways, including the use of small molecule inhibitors, gene therapies, and immunotherapies, aimed at disrupting oncogenic TF signaling and improving patient outcomes. Understanding the complex regulation of TFs in prostate cancer provides valuable insights into disease biology, which ultimately may lead to advancing precision approaches for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla C. S. Silva
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (K.C.S.S.); (N.T.); (D.H.M.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Nadine Tambwe
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (K.C.S.S.); (N.T.); (D.H.M.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (J.D.P.)
- Integrative Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Dalia H. Mahfouz
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (K.C.S.S.); (N.T.); (D.H.M.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Martha Wium
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (K.C.S.S.); (N.T.); (D.H.M.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (J.D.P.)
- Integrative Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Stefano Cacciatore
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (K.C.S.S.); (N.T.); (D.H.M.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (J.D.P.)
- Integrative Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Juliano D. Paccez
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (K.C.S.S.); (N.T.); (D.H.M.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Luiz F. Zerbini
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (K.C.S.S.); (N.T.); (D.H.M.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (J.D.P.)
- Integrative Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Rydzewski NR, Shi Y, Li C, Chrostek MR, Bakhtiar H, Helzer KT, Bootsma ML, Berg TJ, Harari PM, Floberg JM, Blitzer GC, Kosoff D, Taylor AK, Sharifi MN, Yu M, Lang JM, Patel KR, Citrin DE, Sundling KE, Zhao SG. A platform-independent AI tumor lineage and site (ATLAS) classifier. Commun Biol 2024; 7:314. [PMID: 38480799 PMCID: PMC10937974 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Histopathologic diagnosis and classification of cancer plays a critical role in guiding treatment. Advances in next-generation sequencing have ushered in new complementary molecular frameworks. However, existing approaches do not independently assess both site-of-origin (e.g. prostate) and lineage (e.g. adenocarcinoma) and have minimal validation in metastatic disease, where classification is more difficult. Utilizing gradient-boosted machine learning, we developed ATLAS, a pair of separate AI Tumor Lineage and Site-of-origin models from RNA expression data on 8249 tumor samples. We assessed performance independently in 10,376 total tumor samples, including 1490 metastatic samples, achieving an accuracy of 91.4% for cancer site-of-origin and 97.1% for cancer lineage. High confidence predictions (encompassing the majority of cases) were accurate 98-99% of the time in both localized and remarkably even in metastatic samples. We also identified emergent properties of our lineage scores for tumor types on which the model was never trained (zero-shot learning). Adenocarcinoma/sarcoma lineage scores differentiated epithelioid from biphasic/sarcomatoid mesothelioma. Also, predicted lineage de-differentiation identified neuroendocrine/small cell tumors and was associated with poor outcomes across tumor types. Our platform-independent single-sample approach can be easily translated to existing RNA-seq platforms. ATLAS can complement and guide traditional histopathologic assessment in challenging situations and tumors of unknown primary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Rydzewski
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chenxuan Li
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Hamza Bakhtiar
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kyle T Helzer
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew L Bootsma
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tracy J Berg
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul M Harari
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John M Floberg
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Grace C Blitzer
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Kosoff
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy K Taylor
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marina N Sharifi
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Menggang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua M Lang
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Krishnan R Patel
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah E Citrin
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaitlin E Sundling
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shuang G Zhao
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- William S. Middleton Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Akhoundova D, Francica P, Rottenberg S, Rubin MA. DNA Damage Response and Mismatch Repair Gene Defects in Advanced and Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Adv Anat Pathol 2024; 31:61-69. [PMID: 38008971 PMCID: PMC10846598 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) and related genes are present in up to 25% of advanced prostate cancers (PCa). Most frequently altered genes are involved in the homologous recombination repair, the Fanconi anemia, and the mismatch repair pathways, and their deficiencies lead to a highly heterogeneous spectrum of DDR-deficient phenotypes. More than half of these alterations concern non- BRCA DDR genes. From a therapeutic perspective, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors have demonstrated robust clinical efficacy in tumors with BRCA2 and BRCA1 alterations. Mismatch repair-deficient PCa, and a subset of CDK12-deficient PCa, are vulnerable to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Emerging data point to the efficacy of ATR inhibitors in PCa with ATM deficiencies. Still, therapeutic implications are insufficiently clarified for most of the non- BRCA DDR alterations, and no successful targeted treatment options have been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Akhoundova
- Department for BioMedical Research
- Department of Medical Oncology
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Francica
- Department for BioMedical Research
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Department for BioMedical Research
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Dincman TA, Karam JAQ, Giordano A, Li H, Drusbosky LM, Gourdin TS, Howe PH, Lilly MB. Genomic amplifications identified by circulating tumor DNA analysis guide prognosis in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1202277. [PMID: 38450313 PMCID: PMC10915757 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) provides an opportunity to identify and monitor genomic alterations during a patient's treatment course. We evaluated whether the presence of specific gene amplifications (GAs) and plasma copy number (PCN) alterations are associated with disease features. Methods This is a single-institution retrospective study of patients with mPC who underwent ctDNA profiling using Guardant360® (Guardant Health Inc.). This test identifies single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and GAs of select genes by next-generation sequencing. A total of 155 men with mPC were studied. Patients were stratified by GA status. The Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate cox regression models were used to estimate overall survival (OS) or failure-free survival (FFS) from either the date of GA detection or the initiation of systemic therapy. The chi-square test was used to evaluate associations between clinical factors and GAs. Results The presence of liver and/or lung metastases was associated with GAs of BRAF, CDK6, PI3KCA, and FGFR1. Survival analyses were completed on a subset of 83 patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Median OS was improved in patients with 1 GA compared to patients with ≥2 GAs, whether determined from the date of initial GA(s) detection (14.9 mo vs. 8.9 mo) or date of therapy initiation nearest to GA detection (16.7 mo vs. 9.0 mo). Patients without GAs had not reached median OS. Patients with androgen receptor (AR) GA only were also found to have better median OS compared to patients with AR GA plus at least one other additional GA (19.3 mo vs. 8.9 mo). Patients with PIK3CA GA had significantly lower median OS compared to patients with GAs that did not have a PIK3CA GA (5.9 mo vs. 16.0 mo). In patients with AR and/or MYC GA(s), median OS improved in those with reduced AR or MYC PCN during therapy compared to those without such a reduction (25.1 mo vs. 15.9 mo). Conclusions The association of select GAs with survival provides an additional tool for assessing mCRPC prognosis and informing management. Serial monitoring of ctDNA GAs is also useful to guide prognosis and therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toros A. Dincman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Joseph A. Q. Karam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California- Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Theodore S. Gourdin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Philip H. Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Michael B. Lilly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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10
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Leslie AR, Ning S, Armstrong CM, D’Abronzo LS, Sharifi M, Schaaf ZA, Lou W, Liu C, Evans CP, Lombard AP, Gao AC. IGFBP3 promotes resistance to Olaparib via modulating EGFR signaling in advanced prostate cancer. iScience 2024; 27:108984. [PMID: 38327800 PMCID: PMC10847745 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Olaparib is a pioneering PARP inhibitor (PARPi) approved for treating castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) tumors harboring DNA repair defects, but clinical resistance has been documented. To study acquired resistance, we developed Olaparib-resistant (OlapR) cell lines through chronic Olaparib treatment of LNCaP and C4-2B cell lines. Here, we found that IGFBP3 is highly expressed in acquired (OlapR) and intrinsic (Rv1) models of Olaparib resistance. We show that IGFBP3 expression promotes Olaparib resistance by enhancing DNA repair capacity through activation of EGFR and DNA-PKcs. IGFBP3 depletion enhances efficacy of Olaparib by promoting DNA damage accumulation and subsequently, cell death in resistant models. Mechanistically, we show that silencing IGFBP3 or EGFR expression reduces cell viability and resensitizes OlapR cells to Olaparib treatment. Inhibition of EGFR by Gefitinib suppressed growth of OlapR cells and improved Olaparib sensitivity, thereby phenocopying IGFBP3 inhibition. Collectively, our results highlight IGFBP3 and EGFR as critical mediators of Olaparib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Leslie
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shu Ning
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Masuda Sharifi
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zachary A. Schaaf
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lou
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chengfei Liu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P. Evans
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alan P. Lombard
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allen C. Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA
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11
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Chae J, Jung SH, Choi EJ, Kim JW, Kim NY, Moon SW, Lee JY, Chung YJ, Lee SH. Spatial architectures of somatic mutations in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia and coexisting prostate cancer. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:168-176. [PMID: 38172600 PMCID: PMC10834420 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify somatic mutations in nontumor cells (NSMs) in normal prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and to determine their relatedness to prostate cancer (PCA). From 22 PCA patients, two prostates were sampled for 3-dimensional mapping (50 normal, 46 BPH and 1 PCA samples), and 20 prostates were trio-sampled (two normal or BPH samples and one PCA sample) and analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Normal and BPH tissues harbored several driver NSMs and copy number alterations (CNAs), including in FOXA1, but the variations exhibited low incidence, rare recurrence, and rare overlap with PCAs. CNAs, structural variants, and mutation signatures were similar between normal and BPH samples, while BPHs harbored a higher mutation burden, shorter telomere length, larger clone size, and more private NSMs than normal prostates. We identified peripheral-zonal dominance and right-side asymmetry in NSMs, but the asymmetry was heterogeneous between samples. In one normal prostate, private oncogenic RAS-signaling NSMs were detected, suggesting convergence in clonal maintenance. Early embryonic mutations exhibited two distinct distributions, characterized as layered and mixed patterns. Our study identified that the BPH genome differed from the normal prostate genome but was still closer to the normal genome than to the PCA genome, suggesting that BPH might be more related to aging or environmental stress than to tumorigenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeesoo Chae
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 07804, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Woong Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Na Yung Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Won Moon
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sug Hyung Lee
- Department of Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 06591, Seoul, South Korea.
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12
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Feng D, Tuo Z, Wang J, Ye L, Li D, Wu R, Wei W, Yang Y, Zhang C. Establishment of novel ferroptosis-related prognostic subtypes correlating with immune dysfunction in prostate cancer patients. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23495. [PMID: 38187257 PMCID: PMC10770465 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to identify two new prognostic subtypes and create a predictive index for prostate cancer (PCa) patients based on ferroptosis database. Methods The nonnegative matrix factorization approach was used to identify molecular subtypes. We investigate the differences between cluster 1 and cluster 2 in terms of clinical features, functional pathways, tumour stemness, tumour heterogeneity, gene mutation and tumour immune microenvironment score after identifying the two molecular subtypes. Colony formation assay and flow cytometry assay were performed. Results The stratification of two clusters was closely connected to BCR-free survival using the nonnegative matrix factorization method, which was validated in the other three datasets. Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that this classification was an independent risk factor for patients with PCa. Ribosome, aminoacyl tRNA production, oxidative phosphorylation, and Parkinson's disease-related pathways were shown to be highly enriched in cluster 1. In comparison to cluster 2, patients in cluster 1 exhibited significantly reduced CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells and tumor immune microenvironment scores. Only HHLA2 was more abundant in cluster 1. Moreover, we found that P4HB downregulation could significantly inhibit the colony formation ability and contributed to cell apoptosis of C4-2B and DU145 cell lines. Conclusions We discovered two new prognostic subtypes associated with immunological dysfunction in PCa patients based on ferroptosis-related genes and found that P4HB downregulation could significantly inhibit the colony formation ability and contributed to cell apoptosis of PCa cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Feng
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zhouting Tuo
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Luxia Ye
- Department of Public Research Platform, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Dengxiong Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ruicheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wuran Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yubo Yang
- Department of Urology, Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing University, Wanzhou, Chongqing, 404000, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
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13
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Yu J, Lim JE, Song W. Therapeutic Potential of Bipolar Androgen Therapy for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Biomedicines 2024; 12:181. [PMID: 38255286 PMCID: PMC10813541 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a primary treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PCa), but resistance often leads to castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). CRPC remains androgen receptor (AR)-dependent, and AR overexpression causes vulnerability to high doses of androgen in CRPC. Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) refers to the periodic administration of testosterone, resulting in oscillation between supraphysiologic and near-castrate serum testosterone levels. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of BAT against CRPC in a preclinical setting. To emulate CRPC characteristics, PCa cell lines (LNCaP, VCaP, and 22Rv1) were cultured in phenol red-free RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% dextran-coated charcoal treated FBS (A- cell line). Cell viability, AR, and AR-V7 expression were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 and Western blotting. In vivo studies involved 12 castrated NOG mice injected with LNCaP/A- cells, treated with testosterone pellets or controls in 2-week cycles. Tumor sizes were measured post a 6-week treatment cycle. Bicalutamide inhibited PCa cell viability but not in the adapted cell lines. Supraphysiologic androgen levels suppressed AR-expressing PCa cell growth in vitro. In vivo, high AR-expressing LNCaP cells proliferated under castrate conditions, while BAT-treated xenografts exhibited significant growth inhibition with low Ki-67 and mitotic indexes and a high cell death index. This study provides preliminary evidence that BAT is effective for the treatment of CRPC through rapid cycling between supraphysiologic and near-castrate serum testosterone levels, inducing an anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Yu
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung Eun Lim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Song
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
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14
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Warner EW, Van der Eecken K, Murtha AJ, Kwan EM, Herberts C, Sipola J, Ng SWS, Chen XE, Fonseca NM, Ritch E, Schönlau E, Bernales CQ, Donnellan G, Munzur AD, Parekh K, Beja K, Wong A, Verbeke S, Lumen N, Van Dorpe J, De Laere B, Annala M, Vandekerkhove G, Ost P, Wyatt AW. Multiregion sampling of de novo metastatic prostate cancer reveals complex polyclonality and augments clinical genotyping. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:114-130. [PMID: 38177459 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
De novo metastatic prostate cancer is highly aggressive, but the paucity of routinely collected tissue has hindered genomic stratification and precision oncology. Here, we leveraged a rare study of surgical intervention in 43 de novo metastatic prostate cancers to assess somatic genotypes across 607 synchronous primary and metastatic tissue regions plus circulating tumor DNA. Intra-prostate heterogeneity was pervasive and impacted clinically relevant genes, resulting in discordant genotypes between select primary restricted regions and synchronous metastases. Additional complexity was driven by polyclonal metastatic seeding from phylogenetically related primary populations. When simulating clinical practice relying on a single tissue region, genomic heterogeneity plus variable tumor fraction across samples caused inaccurate genotyping of dominant disease; however, pooling extracted DNA from multiple biopsy cores before sequencing can rescue misassigned somatic genotypes. Our results define the relationship between synchronous treatment-sensitive primary and metastatic lesions in men with de novo metastatic prostate cancer and provide a framework for implementing genomics-guided patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan W Warner
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kim Van der Eecken
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Murtha
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edmond M Kwan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron Herberts
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joonatan Sipola
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sarah W S Ng
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xinyi E Chen
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicolette M Fonseca
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elie Ritch
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elena Schönlau
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cecily Q Bernales
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gráinne Donnellan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aslı D Munzur
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karan Parekh
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Beja
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda Wong
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sofie Verbeke
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolaas Lumen
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Van Dorpe
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram De Laere
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matti Annala
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gillian Vandekerkhove
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander W Wyatt
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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15
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Maiorano BA, De Giorgi U, Verzoni E, Maiello E, Procopio G, Conteduca V, Di Maio M. Hematological Toxicity of PARP Inhibitors in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patients with Mutations of BRCA or HRR Genes: A Systematic Review and Safety Meta-analysis. Target Oncol 2024; 19:1-11. [PMID: 37993604 PMCID: PMC10830661 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-023-01016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PARP inhibitors (PARPis) are effective treatment options for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) as single agents or in combination with androgen receptor-targeted agents (ARTA). However, a clinically relevant adverse effect of these agents is hematological toxicity, a typical class adverse event (AE), which can lead to treatment modifications and discontinuations. OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze the risk of hematological AEs, including anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia secondary to PARPi treatments in mCRPC. PATIENTS AND METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. We systematically searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) meeting abstracts for clinical trials concerning the use of PARPis, both as single agents and in combination, in patients with mCRPC. The search deadline was 30 June, 2023. We analyzed the pooled incidence of all grades of and ≥ G3 anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. We subsequently calculated risk ratios (RRs) for all grades of and ≥ G3 AEs of PARPis versus non-PARPis from randomized clinical trials (RCTs). RESULTS Eleven phase 2/3 trials with olaparib, niraparib, rucaparib, and talazoparib administered as single agents or combined with ARTA were selected. Anemia was the most common all grades (38.6%) and ≥ G3 AE (24.9%). In the analysis of relative risk, six RCTs were included. The administration of PARPis significantly increased the risk of developing all grades of anemia (RR = 2.44), neutropenia (RR = 3.15), and thrombocytopenia (RR = 4.66) compared with non-PARPis. Similarly, a significant increase in the risk of ≥ G3 anemia (RR = 5.73) and thrombocytopenia (RR = 5.44), and a not significant increased risk of neutropenia (RR = 3.41), were detected. CONCLUSIONS In mCRPC, PARPis increase the risk of hematological toxicity compared with other treatments, both as single agents or combined with ARTA (high-quality evidence). Clinicians should be aware of this risk and the correct management, especially with the expected increased PARPis use in mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo Per Lo Studio Dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Elena Verzoni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Evaristo Maiello
- Oncology Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procopio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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16
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Hernandez KM, Venkat A, Elbers DC, Bihn JR, Brophy MT, Do NV, La J, Liu Q, Prokhorenkov A, Metoki-Shlubsky N, Sung FC, Paller CJ, Fillmore NR, Grossman RL. Prostate cancer patient stratification by molecular signatures in the Veterans Precision Oncology Data Commons. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2023; 9:a006298. [PMID: 38050021 PMCID: PMC10815278 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a006298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterans are at an increased risk for prostate cancer, a disease with extraordinary clinical and molecular heterogeneity, compared with the general population. However, little is known about the underlying molecular heterogeneity within the veteran population and its impact on patient management and treatment. Using clinical and targeted tumor sequencing data from the National Veterans Affairs health system, we conducted a retrospective cohort study on 45 patients with advanced prostate cancer in the Veterans Precision Oncology Data Commons (VPODC), most of whom were metastatic castration-resistant. We characterized the mutational burden in this cohort and conducted unsupervised clustering analysis to stratify patients by molecular alterations. Veterans with prostate cancer exhibited a mutational landscape broadly similar to prior studies, including KMT2A and NOTCH1 mutations associated with neuroendocrine prostate cancer phenotype, previously reported to be enriched in veterans. We also identified several potential novel mutations in PTEN, MSH6, VHL, SMO, and ABL1 Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed two subgroups containing therapeutically targetable molecular features with novel mutational signatures distinct from those reported in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer database. The clustering approach presented in this study can potentially be used to clinically stratify patients based on their distinct mutational profiles and identify actionable somatic mutations for precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aarti Venkat
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Center for Translational Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Danne C Elbers
- VA Cooperative Studies Program, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - John R Bihn
- VA Cooperative Studies Program, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA
| | - Mary T Brophy
- VA Cooperative Studies Program, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA
- Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Nhan V Do
- VA Cooperative Studies Program, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA
- Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer La
- VA Cooperative Studies Program, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Qiong Liu
- Frederick National laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21701, USA
| | - Andrew Prokhorenkov
- Center for Translational Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Noah Metoki-Shlubsky
- Center for Translational Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Feng-Chi Sung
- VA Cooperative Studies Program, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA
| | - Channing J Paller
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA;
| | - Nathanael R Fillmore
- VA Cooperative Studies Program, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Robert L Grossman
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Center for Translational Data Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Open Commons Consortium, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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17
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Maiorano BA, Conteduca V, Catalano M, Antonuzzo L, Maiello E, De Giorgi U, Roviello G. Personalized medicine for metastatic prostate cancer: The paradigm of PARP inhibitors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 192:104157. [PMID: 37863403 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in the last decade, metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) remains incurable. The approval of PARP inhibitors (PARPis) represents a milestone in this field, which definitively enters the era of precision medicine, as mPCa is often enriched for defects of homologous recombination repair genes. PARPis are now used as single agents for patients with metastatic castration-resistant PCa. Moreover, combinations of PARPis plus androgen-receptor targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and earlier applications of PARPis in the metastatic hormone-sensitive PCa are under evaluation, representing the possible upcoming applications of these agents. Mechanisms of sensitization and resistance have been only partially elucidated. In our review, we summarize the current clinical evidence regarding PARPis in mPCa and the future directions of these targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigida Anna Maiorano
- Oncology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Martina Catalano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Antonuzzo
- Clinical Oncology Unit, and Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, and Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Evaristo Maiello
- Oncology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
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18
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Zanvit P, van Dyk D, Fazenbaker C, McGlinchey K, Luo W, Pezold JM, Meekin J, Chang CY, Carrasco RA, Breen S, Cheung CSF, Endlich-Frazier A, Clark B, Chu NJ, Vantellini A, Martin PL, Hoover CE, Riley K, Sweet SM, Chain D, Kim YJ, Tu E, Harder N, Phipps S, Damschroder M, Gilbreth RN, Cobbold M, Moody G, Bosco EE. Antitumor activity of AZD0754, a dnTGFβRII-armored, STEAP2-targeted CAR-T cell therapy, in prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169655. [PMID: 37966111 PMCID: PMC10645390 DOI: 10.1172/jci169655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is generally considered an immunologically "cold" tumor type that is insensitive to immunotherapy. Targeting surface antigens on tumors through cellular therapy can induce a potent antitumor immune response to "heat up" the tumor microenvironment. However, many antigens expressed on prostate tumor cells are also found on normal tissues, potentially causing on-target, off-tumor toxicities and a suboptimal therapeutic index. Our studies revealed that six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate-2 (STEAP2) was a prevalent prostate cancer antigen that displayed high, homogeneous cell surface expression across all stages of disease with limited distal normal tissue expression, making it ideal for therapeutic targeting. A multifaceted lead generation approach enabled development of an armored STEAP2 chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapeutic candidate, AZD0754. This CAR-T product was armored with a dominant-negative TGF-β type II receptor, bolstering its activity in the TGF-β-rich immunosuppressive environment of prostate cancer. AZD0754 demonstrated potent and specific cytotoxicity against antigen-expressing cells in vitro despite TGF-β-rich conditions. Further, AZD0754 enforced robust, dose-dependent in vivo efficacy in STEAP2-expressing cancer cell line-derived and patient-derived xenograft mouse models, and exhibited encouraging preclinical safety. Together, these data underscore the therapeutic tractability of STEAP2 in prostate cancer as well as build confidence in the specificity, potency, and tolerability of this potentially first-in-class CAR-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip L. Martin
- Oncology Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Clare E. Hoover
- Clinical Pathology Patient Safety, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kenesha Riley
- Clinical Pathology Patient Safety, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steve M. Sweet
- Oncology Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - David Chain
- Oncology Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Yeoun Jin Kim
- Oncology Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Tu
- Oncology Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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Giordano F, Comità S, Venneri G, Rago V, Naimo GD, De Amicis F, De Bartolo A, Tundis R, Mauro L, Panno ML. Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Seed Extract Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in the Androgen Receptor Positive LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16351. [PMID: 38003541 PMCID: PMC10671002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common male cancer. Its incidence derives from the interaction between modifiable and non-modifiable factors. The progression of prostate cancer into a more aggressive phenotype is associated with chronic inflammation and increased ROS production. For their biological properties, some phytochemicals from fruits and vegetable emerge as a promise strategy for cancer progression delay. These bioactive compounds are found in the highest amounts in peels and seeds. Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. (PT) has been widely used in traditional medicine and retains anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anticancer effects. The seeds of P. trifoliata were exhaustively extracted by maceration with methanol as the solvent. The cell proliferation rate was performed by MTT and flow cytometry, while the apoptosis signals were analyzed by Western blotting and TUNEL assay. P. trifoliata seed extract reduced LNCaP and PC3 cell viability and induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1phase and apoptosis. In addition, a reduction in the AKT/mTOR pathway has been observed together with the up-regulation of stress-activated MAPK (p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase). Based on the study, the anti-growth effects of PT seed extract on prostate tumor cells give indications on the potential of the phytochemical drug for the treatment of this type of cancer. However, future in-depth studies are necessary to identify which components are mainly responsible for the anti-neoplastic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (G.V.); (V.R.); (G.D.N.); (F.D.A.); (R.T.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Stefano Comità
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (G.V.); (V.R.); (G.D.N.); (F.D.A.); (R.T.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Giulia Venneri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (G.V.); (V.R.); (G.D.N.); (F.D.A.); (R.T.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Vittoria Rago
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (G.V.); (V.R.); (G.D.N.); (F.D.A.); (R.T.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Giuseppina Daniela Naimo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (G.V.); (V.R.); (G.D.N.); (F.D.A.); (R.T.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (G.V.); (V.R.); (G.D.N.); (F.D.A.); (R.T.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Anna De Bartolo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (G.V.); (V.R.); (G.D.N.); (F.D.A.); (R.T.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Loredana Mauro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (G.V.); (V.R.); (G.D.N.); (F.D.A.); (R.T.); (M.L.P.)
| | - Maria Luisa Panno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.C.); (G.V.); (V.R.); (G.D.N.); (F.D.A.); (R.T.); (M.L.P.)
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20
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Burris TP, de Vera IMS, Cote I, Flaveny CA, Wanninayake US, Chatterjee A, Walker JK, Steinauer N, Zhang J, Coons LA, Korach KS, Cain DW, Hollenberg AN, Webb P, Forrest D, Jetten AM, Edwards DP, Grimm SL, Hartig S, Lange CA, Richer JK, Sartorius CA, Tetel M, Billon C, Elgendy B, Hegazy L, Griffett K, Peinetti N, Burnstein KL, Hughes TS, Sitaula S, Stayrook KR, Culver A, Murray MH, Finck BN, Cidlowski JA. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology CXIII: Nuclear Receptor Superfamily-Update 2023. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1233-1318. [PMID: 37586884 PMCID: PMC10595025 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The NR superfamily comprises 48 transcription factors in humans that control a plethora of gene network programs involved in a wide range of physiologic processes. This review will summarize and discuss recent progress in NR biology and drug development derived from integrating various approaches, including biophysical techniques, structural studies, and translational investigation. We also highlight how defective NR signaling results in various diseases and disorders and how NRs can be targeted for therapeutic intervention via modulation via binding to synthetic lipophilic ligands. Furthermore, we also review recent studies that improved our understanding of NR structure and signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-regulated transcription factors that are critical regulators of myriad physiological processes. NRs serve as receptors for an array of drugs, and in this review, we provide an update on recent research into the roles of these drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Burris
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Isabelle Cote
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Colin A Flaveny
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Udayanga S Wanninayake
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Arindam Chatterjee
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - John K Walker
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Nickolas Steinauer
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Laurel A Coons
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Derek W Cain
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Paul Webb
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Douglas Forrest
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Anton M Jetten
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Dean P Edwards
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Sean Hartig
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Carol A Lange
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Carol A Sartorius
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Marc Tetel
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Cyrielle Billon
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Lamees Hegazy
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Kristine Griffett
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Nahuel Peinetti
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Kerry L Burnstein
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Travis S Hughes
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Sadichha Sitaula
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Keitch R Stayrook
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Alexander Culver
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Meghan H Murray
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Brian N Finck
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - John A Cidlowski
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
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21
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Chen K, Ong S, Vasundhara K, Mun CK, Williams I, Kanesvaran R, Peng JYS, Azad AA, Lawrentschuk N. Is genetic testing coming of age in advanced prostate cancer? BJU Int 2023; 132:496-498. [PMID: 37498948 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Chen
- Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sean Ong
- Royal Melbourne Hospital Clinical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- EJ Whitten Foundation Prostate Cancer Research Centre at Epworth, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Chow Kit Mun
- Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabella Williams
- Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ravindran Kanesvaran
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Arun A Azad
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- EJ Whitten Foundation Prostate Cancer Research Centre at Epworth, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Qian C, Yang Q, Rotinen M, Huang R, Kim H, Gallent B, Yan Y, Cadaneanu RM, Zhang B, Kaochar S, Freedland SJ, Posadas EM, Ellis L, Vizio DD, Morrissey C, Nelson PS, Brady L, Murali R, Campbell MJ, Yang W, Knudsen BS, Mostaghel EA, Ye H, Garraway IP, You S, Freeman MR. ONECUT2 Activates Diverse Resistance Drivers of Androgen Receptor-Independent Heterogeneity in Prostate Cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.560025. [PMID: 37905039 PMCID: PMC10614109 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.560025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor- (AR-) indifference is a mechanism of resistance to hormonal therapy in prostate cancer (PC). Here we demonstrate that the HOX/CUT transcription factor ONECUT2 (OC2) activates resistance through multiple drivers associated with adenocarcinoma, stem-like and neuroendocrine (NE) variants. Direct OC2 targets include the glucocorticoid receptor and the NE splicing factor SRRM4, among others. OC2 regulates gene expression by promoter binding, enhancement of chromatin accessibility, and formation of novel super-enhancers. OC2 also activates glucuronidation genes that irreversibly disable androgen, thereby evoking phenotypic heterogeneity indirectly by hormone depletion. Pharmacologic inhibition of OC2 suppresses lineage plasticity reprogramming induced by the AR signaling inhibitor enzalutamide. These results demonstrate that OC2 activation promotes a range of drug resistance mechanisms associated with treatment-emergent lineage variation in PC. Our findings support enhanced efforts to therapeutically target this protein as a means of suppressing treatment-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qian
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Urology and Computational Biomedicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mirja Rotinen
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Rongrong Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hyoyoung Kim
- Department of Urology and Computational Biomedicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Brad Gallent
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yiwu Yan
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Radu M. Cadaneanu
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Baohui Zhang
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Salma Kaochar
- Department of Medicine Section Hematology/Oncology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Edwin M. Posadas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Mutha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lauren Brady
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Moray J. Campbell
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, NY 11794, USA
| | - Beatrice S. Knudsen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98133, USA
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Isla P. Garraway
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Box 951738, 10833 Le Conte Ave 66-188 CHS UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Urology and Computational Biomedicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michael R. Freeman
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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23
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Habault J, Schneider JA, Ha S, Ruoff R, Pereira LD, Puccini J, Ranieri M, Ayasun R, Deng J, Kasper AC, Bar-Sagi D, Wong KK, Zoubeidi A, Claessens F, Wise DR, Logan SK, Kirshenbaum K, Garabedian MJ. A Multivalent Peptoid Conjugate Modulates Androgen Receptor Transcriptional Activity to Inhibit Therapy-resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1166-1181. [PMID: 37486978 PMCID: PMC10592247 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancers adapt to androgen receptor (AR) pathway inhibitors and progress to castration resistance due to ongoing AR expression and function. To counter this, we developed a new approach to modulate the AR and inhibit castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) using multivalent peptoid conjugates (MPC) that contain multiple copies of the AR-targeting ligand ethisterone attached to a peptidomimetic scaffold. Here, we investigated the antitumor effects of compound MPC309, a trivalent display of ethisterone conjugated to a peptoid oligomer backbone that binds to the AR with nanomolar affinity. MPC309 exhibited potent antiproliferative effects on various enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer models, including those with AR splice variants, ligand-binding mutations, and noncanonical AR gene expression programs, as well as mouse prostate organoids harboring defined genetic alterations that mimic lethal human prostate cancer subtypes. MPC309 is taken up by cells through macropinocytosis, an endocytic process more prevalent in cancer cells than in normal ones, thus providing an opportunity to target tumors selectively. MPC309 triggers a distinct AR transcriptome compared with DHT and enzalutamide, a clinically used antiandrogen. Specifically, MPC309 enhances the expression of differentiation genes while reducing the expression of genes needed for cell division and metabolism. Mechanistically, MPC309 increases AR chromatin occupancy and alters AR interactions with coregulatory proteins in a pattern distinct from DHT. In xenograft studies, MPC309 produced significantly greater tumor suppression than enzalutamide. Altogether, MPC309 represents a promising new AR modulator that can combat resistant disease by promoting an AR antiproliferative gene expression program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Habault
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan Ha
- Department of Urology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Ruoff
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luiza D. Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Puccini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michela Ranieri
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruveyda Ayasun
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiehui Deng
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David R. Wise
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan K. Logan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Terzic J, Metzger D. [Hope for a new treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:709-711. [PMID: 37943128 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Terzic
- Équipe rôles physiopathologiques des voies de signalisation des récepteurs nucléaires, Département de génomique fonctionnelle et cancer, Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, Inserm U1258, université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Équipe rôles physiopathologiques des voies de signalisation des récepteurs nucléaires, Département de génomique fonctionnelle et cancer, Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, Inserm U1258, université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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25
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Rege J, Bandulik S, Nanba K, Kosmann C, Blinder AR, Plain A, Vats P, Kumar-Sinha C, Lerario AM, Else T, Yamazaki Y, Satoh F, Sasano H, Giordano TJ, Williams TA, Reincke M, Turcu AF, Udager AM, Warth R, Rainey WE. Somatic SLC30A1 mutations altering zinc transporter ZnT1 cause aldosterone-producing adenomas and primary aldosteronism. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1623-1631. [PMID: 37709865 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common form of endocrine hypertension and is characterized by inappropriately elevated aldosterone production via a renin-independent mechanism. Driver somatic mutations for aldosterone excess have been found in approximately 90% of aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs). Other causes of lateralized adrenal PA include aldosterone-producing nodules (APNs). Using next-generation sequencing, we identified recurrent in-frame deletions in SLC30A1 in four APAs and one APN (p.L51_A57del, n = 3; p.L49_L55del, n = 2). SLC30A1 encodes the ubiquitous zinc efflux transporter ZnT1 (zinc transporter 1). The identified SLC30A1 variants are situated close to the zinc-binding site (His43 and Asp47) in transmembrane domain II and probably cause abnormal ion transport. Cases of PA with SLC30A1 mutations showed male dominance and demonstrated increased aldosterone and 18-oxocortisol concentrations. Functional studies of the SLC30A151_57del variant in a doxycycline-inducible adrenal cell system revealed pathological Na+ influx. An aberrant Na+ current led to depolarization of the resting membrane potential and, thus, to the opening of voltage-gated calcium (Ca2+) channels. This resulted in an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ activity, which stimulated CYP11B2 mRNA expression and aldosterone production. Collectively, these data implicate zinc transporter alterations as a dominant driver of aldosterone excess in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sascha Bandulik
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Nanba
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Carla Kosmann
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Amy R Blinder
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allein Plain
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pankaj Vats
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Tracy Ann Williams
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aaron M Udager
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard Warth
- Medical Cell Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Conteduca V, Brighi N, Schepisi G, De Giorgi U. Immunogenomic profiles associated with response to life-prolonging agents in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1050-1060. [PMID: 37443349 PMCID: PMC10539309 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer but the management of advanced prostate cancer remains a therapeutic challenge, despite the survival benefits imparted by several therapeutic discoveries targeting different molecular pathways. The mechanisms of resistance to androgen deprivation and tumour progression to lethal metastatic variants are often regulated by androgen receptor (AR) bypass mechanisms and/or neuroendocrine differentiation. Moreover, recent data also suggested the involvement of adaptive and innate infiltrated immune cells in prostate tumour progression. Improvements in cancer genome analyses contributed to a better understanding of antitumour immunity and provided solutions for targeting highly cancer-specific neoantigens generated from somatic mutations in individual patients. In this review, we investigated the current knowledge on the interplay between cancer development and the complex mechanisms of immune regulation. Particularly, we focused on the role of tumour immune microenvironment, generally characterised by strong barriers for immunotherapy, and we discuss the rationale for the potential application of single agent and combination immune-targeting strategies that could lead to improved outcomes. Careful selection based on clinical and genomic factors may allow identification of patients who could benefit from this treatment approach in multiple settings (from localised to advanced prostate tumour) and in different histological subtypes (from adenocarcinoma to neuroendocrine prostate cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Conteduca
- Unit of Medical Oncology and Biomolecular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Nicole Brighi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schepisi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014, Meldola, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", 47014, Meldola, Italy
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Zhu X, Chen C, Wei D, Xu Y, Liang S, Jia W, Li J, Qu Y, Zhai J, Zhang Y, Wu P, Hao Q, Zhang L, Zhang W, Yang X, Pan L, Qi R, Li Y, Wang F, Yi R, Yang Z, Wang J, Zhao Y. FOXP2 confers oncogenic effects in prostate cancer. eLife 2023; 12:e81258. [PMID: 37668356 PMCID: PMC10513481 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification oncogenes is fundamental to revealing the molecular basis of cancer. Here, we found that FOXP2 is overexpressed in human prostate cancer cells and prostate tumors, but its expression is absent in normal prostate epithelial cells and low in benign prostatic hyperplasia. FOXP2 is a FOX transcription factor family member and tightly associated with vocal development. To date, little is known regarding the link of FOXP2 to prostate cancer. We observed that high FOXP2 expression and frequent amplification are significantly associated with high Gleason score. Ectopic expression of FOXP2 induces malignant transformation of mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts and human prostate epithelial cell RWPE-1. Conversely, FOXP2 knockdown suppresses the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Transgenic overexpression of FOXP2 in the mouse prostate causes prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Overexpression of FOXP2 aberrantly activates oncogenic MET signaling and inhibition of MET signaling effectively reverts the FOXP2-induced oncogenic phenotype. CUT&Tag assay identified FOXP2-binding sites located in MET and its associated gene HGF. Additionally, the novel recurrent FOXP2-CPED1 fusion identified in prostate tumors results in high expression of truncated FOXP2, which exhibit a similar capacity for malignant transformation. Together, our data indicate that FOXP2 is involved in tumorigenicity of prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking UniversityShenzhenChina
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterHong KongChina
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yong Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjingChina
- Department of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjing Medical UniversityTianjingChina
| | - Siying Liang
- Genetic Testing Center, Qingdao Women and Children's HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Wenlong Jia
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanchun Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjingChina
| | - Jianpo Zhai
- Department of Urology, Beijing Jishuitan HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yaoguang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Pengjie Wu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qiang Hao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Linlin Zhang
- School of Nursing, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of UrologyBeijingChina
| | - Lin Pan
- Clinical Institute of China-Japan Friendship HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ruomei Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Feiliang Wang
- The Department of Ultrasonography, Beijing Hospital, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Rui Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ze Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianye Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanyang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commission, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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Bugoye FC, Torrorey-Sawe R, Biegon R, Dharsee N, Mafumiko FMS, Patel K, Mining SK. Mutational spectrum of DNA damage and mismatch repair genes in prostate cancer. Front Genet 2023; 14:1231536. [PMID: 37732318 PMCID: PMC10507418 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1231536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, a number of studies have revealed that a significant number of men with prostate cancer had genetic defects in the DNA damage repair gene response and mismatch repair genes. Certain of these modifications, notably gene alterations known as homologous recombination (HRR) genes; PALB2, CHEK2 BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, and genes for DNA mismatch repair (MMR); MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 are connected to a higher risk of prostate cancer and more severe types of the disease. The DNA damage repair (DDR) is essential for constructing and diversifying the antigen receptor genes required for T and B cell development. But this DDR imbalance results in stress on DNA replication and transcription, accumulation of mutations, and even cell death, which compromises tissue homeostasis. Due to these impacts of DDR anomalies, tumor immunity may be impacted, which may encourage the growth of tumors, the release of inflammatory cytokines, and aberrant immune reactions. In a similar vein, people who have altered MMR gene may benefit greatly from immunotherapy. Therefore, for these treatments, mutational genetic testing is indicated. Mismatch repair gene (MMR) defects are also more prevalent than previously thought, especially in patients with metastatic disease, high Gleason scores, and diverse histologies. This review summarizes the current information on the mutation spectrum and clinical significance of DDR mechanisms, such as HRR and MMR abnormalities in prostate cancer, and explains how patient management is evolving as a result of this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelis Charles Bugoye
- Government Chemist Laboratory Authority, Directorate of Forensic Science and DNA Services, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Pathology, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Rispah Torrorey-Sawe
- Department of Pathology, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Richard Biegon
- Department of Pathology, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Fidelice M. S. Mafumiko
- Government Chemist Laboratory Authority, Directorate of Forensic Science and DNA Services, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kirtika Patel
- Department of Pathology, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Simeon K. Mining
- Department of Pathology, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
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29
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Konda P, Garinet S, Van Allen EM, Viswanathan SR. Genome-guided discovery of cancer therapeutic targets. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112978. [PMID: 37572322 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of precision oncology-which aims to match the right therapies to the right patients based on molecular status-is predicated on a robust pipeline of molecular targets against which therapies can be developed. Recent advances in genomics and functional genetics have enabled the unbiased discovery of novel molecular targets at scale. We summarize the promise and challenges in integrating genomic and functional genetic landscapes of cancer to establish the next generation of cancer targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon Garinet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Srinivas R Viswanathan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Van-Duyne G, Blair IA, Sprenger C, Moiseenkova-Bell V, Plymate S, Penning TM. The androgen receptor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:439-481. [PMID: 37717994 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The Androgen Receptor (AR) is a ligand (androgen) activated transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. It is required for male sex hormone function. AR-FL (full-length) has the domain structure of NRs, an N-terminal domain (NTD) required for transactivation, a DNA-binding domain (DBD), a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). Paradoxes exist in that endogenous ligands testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have differential effects on male sexual development while binding to the same receptor and transcriptional specificity is achieved even though the androgen response elements (AREs) are identical to those seen for the progesterone, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. A high resolution 3-dimensional structure of AR-FL by either cryo-EM or X-ray crystallography has remained elusive largely due to the intrinsic disorder of the NTD. AR function is regulated by post-translational modification leading to a large number of proteoforms. The interaction of these proteoforms in multiprotein complexes with co-activators and co-repressors driven by interdomain coupling mediates the AR transcriptional output. The AR is a drug target for selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMS) that either have anabolic or androgenic effects. Protstate cancer is treated with androgen deprivation therapy or by the use of AR antagonists that bind to the LBD. Drug resistance occurs due to adaptive AR upregulation and the appearance of splice variants that lack the LBD and become constitutively active. Bipolar T treatment and NTD-antagonists could surmount these resistance mechanisms, respectively. These recent advances in AR signaling are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Van-Duyne
- Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Cynthia Sprenger
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington and GRECC, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Vera Moiseenkova-Bell
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Plymate
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington and GRECC, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Kumar-Sinha C, Vats P, Tran N, Robinson DR, Gunchick V, Wu YM, Cao X, Ning Y, Wang R, Rabban E, Bell J, Shankar S, Mannan R, Zhang Y, Zalupski MM, Chinnaiyan AM, Sahai V. Genomics driven precision oncology in advanced biliary tract cancer improves survival. Neoplasia 2023; 42:100910. [PMID: 37267699 PMCID: PMC10245336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2023.100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) including intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal cholangiocarcinoma as well as gallbladder cancer, are rare but aggressive malignancies with few effective standard of care therapies. METHODS We implemented integrative clinical sequencing of advanced BTC tumors from 124 consecutive patients who progressed on standard therapies (N=92 with MI-ONCOSEQ and N=32 with commercial gene panels) enrolled between 2011-2020. RESULTS Genomic profiling of paired tumor and normal DNA and tumor transcriptome (RNA) sequencing identified actionable somatic and germline genomic alterations in 54 patients (43.5%), and potentially actionable alterations in 79 (63.7%) of the cohort. Of these, patients who received matched targeted therapy (22; 40.7%) had a median overall survival of 28.1 months compared to 13.3 months in those who did not receive matched targeted therapy (32; P < 0.01), or 13.9 months in those without actionable mutations (70; P < 0.01). Additionally, we discovered recurrent activating mutations in FGFR2, and a novel association between KRAS and BRAF mutant tumors with high expression of immune modulatory protein NT5E (CD73) that may represent novel therapeutic avenues. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the identification of actionable/ potentially actionable aberrations in a large proportion of cases, and improvement in survival with precision oncology supports molecular analysis and clinical sequencing for all patients with advanced BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pankaj Vats
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nguyen Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dan R Robinson
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Valerie Gunchick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yi-Mi Wu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu Ning
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erica Rabban
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Janice Bell
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sunita Shankar
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rahul Mannan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark M Zalupski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Vaibhav Sahai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Hwang J, Shi X, Elliott A, Arnoff TE, McGrath J, Xiu J, Walker P, Bergom HE, Day A, Ahmed S, Tape S, Makovec A, Ali A, Shaker RM, Toye E, Passow R, Lozada JR, Wang J, Lou E, Mouw KW, Carneiro BA, Heath EI, McKay RR, Korn WM, Nabhan C, Ryan CJ, Antonarakis ES. Metastatic Prostate Cancers with BRCA2 versus ATM Mutations Exhibit Divergent Molecular Features and Clinical Outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2702-2713. [PMID: 37126020 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC), ATM and BRCA2 mutations dictate differences in PARPi inhibitor response and other therapies. We interrogated the molecular features of ATM- and BRCA2-mutated mPC to explain the divergent clinical outcomes and inform future treatment decisions. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined a novel set of 1,187 mPCs after excluding microsatellite-instable (MSI) tumors. We stratified these based on ATM (n = 88) or BRCA2 (n = 98) mutations. As control groups, mPCs with mutations in 12 other homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes were considered non-BRCA2/ATM HRR-deficient (HRDother, n = 193), whereas lack of any HRR mutations were considered HRR-proficient (HRP; n = 808). Gene expression analyses were performed using Limma. Real-world overall survival was determined from insurance claims data. RESULTS In noncastrate mPCs, only BRCA2-mutated mPCs exhibited worse clinical outcomes to AR-targeted therapies. In castrate mPCs, both ATM and BRCA2 mutations exhibited worse clinical outcomes to AR-targeted therapies. ATM-mutated mPCs had reduced TP53 mutations and harbored coamplification of 11q13 genes, including CCND1 and genes in the FGF family. BRCA2-mutated tumors showed elevated genomic loss-of-heterozygosity scores and were often tumor mutational burden high. BRCA2-mutated mPCs had upregulation of cell-cycle genes and were enriched in cell-cycle signaling programs. This was distinct from ATM-mutated tumors. CONCLUSIONS Tumoral ATM and BRCA2 mutations are associated with differential clinical outcomes when patients are stratified by treatments, including hormonal or taxane therapies. ATM- and BRCA2-mutated tumors exhibited differences in co-occurring molecular features. These unique molecular features may inform therapeutic decisions and development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Hwang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Taylor E Arnoff
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | | | - Hannah E Bergom
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shihab Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sydney Tape
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Allison Makovec
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Atef Ali
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rami M Shaker
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eamon Toye
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rachel Passow
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John R Lozada
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Emil Lou
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kent W Mouw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benedito A Carneiro
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Lifespan Cancer Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | - W Michael Korn
- Caris Life Sciences, Irving, Texas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, UC San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Charles J Ryan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Chetta P, Sriram R, Zadra G. Lactate as Key Metabolite in Prostate Cancer Progression: What Are the Clinical Implications? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3473. [PMID: 37444583 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer represents the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Although androgen-receptor signaling is the major driver of the disease, evidence is accumulating that disease progression is supported by substantial metabolic changes. Alterations in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid catabolism are consistently reported during prostate cancer development and progression in association with androgen-receptor signaling. Therefore, the term "lipogenic phenotype" is frequently used to describe the complex metabolic rewiring that occurs in prostate cancer. However, a new scenario has emerged in which lactate may play a major role. Alterations in oncogenes/tumor suppressors, androgen signaling, hypoxic conditions, and cells in the tumor microenvironment can promote aerobic glycolysis in prostate cancer cells and the release of lactate in the tumor microenvironment, favoring immune evasion and metastasis. As prostate cancer is composed of metabolically heterogenous cells, glycolytic prostate cancer cells or cancer-associated fibroblasts can also secrete lactate and create "symbiotic" interactions with oxidative prostate cancer cells via lactate shuttling to sustain disease progression. Here, we discuss the multifaceted role of lactate in prostate cancer progression, taking into account the influence of the systemic metabolic and gut microbiota. We call special attention to the clinical opportunities of imaging lactate accumulation for patient stratification and targeting lactate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Chetta
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Giorgia Zadra
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council (IGM-CNR), 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Woo BJ, Moussavi-Baygi R, Karner H, Karimzadeh M, Garcia K, Joshi T, Yin K, Navickas A, Gilbert LA, Wang B, Asgharian H, Feng FY, Goodarzi H. Integrative identification of non-coding regulatory regions driving metastatic prostate cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.14.535921. [PMID: 37398273 PMCID: PMC10312451 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.14.535921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale sequencing efforts of thousands of tumor samples have been undertaken to understand the mutational landscape of the coding genome. However, the vast majority of germline and somatic variants occur within non-coding portions of the genome. These genomic regions do not directly encode for specific proteins, but can play key roles in cancer progression, for example by driving aberrant gene expression control. Here, we designed an integrative computational and experimental framework to identify recurrently mutated non-coding regulatory regions that drive tumor progression. Application of this approach to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from a large cohort of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) revealed a large set of recurrently mutated regions. We used (i) in silico prioritization of functional non-coding mutations, (ii) massively parallel reporter assays, and (iii) in vivo CRISPR-interference (CRISPRi) screens in xenografted mice to systematically identify and validate driver regulatory regions that drive mCRPC. We discovered that one of these enhancer regions, GH22I030351, acts on a bidirectional promoter to simultaneously modulate expression of U2-associated splicing factor SF3A1 and chromosomal protein CCDC157. We found that both SF3A1 and CCDC157 are promoters of tumor growth in xenograft models of prostate cancer. We nominated a number of transcription factors, including SOX6, to be responsible for higher expression of SF3A1 and CCDC157. Collectively, we have established and confirmed an integrative computational and experimental approach that enables the systematic detection of non-coding regulatory regions that drive the progression of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Woo
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruhollah Moussavi-Baygi
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Heather Karner
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mehran Karimzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto 94305, USA
| | - Kristle Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tanvi Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Keyi Yin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Albertas Navickas
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Luke A. Gilbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto 94305, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Vector Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hosseinali Asgharian
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, US
| | - Felix Y. Feng
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, US
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Halabi S, Yang Q, Roy A, Luo B, Araujo JC, Logothetis C, Sternberg CN, Armstrong AJ, Carducci MA, Chi KN, de Bono JS, Petrylak DP, Fizazi K, Higano CS, Morris MJ, Rathkopf DE, Saad F, Ryan CJ, Small EJ, Kelly WK. External Validation of a Prognostic Model of Overall Survival in Men With Chemotherapy-Naïve Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:2736-2746. [PMID: 37040594 PMCID: PMC10414709 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously developed and externally validated a prognostic model of overall survival (OS) in men with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with docetaxel. We sought to externally validate this model in a broader group of men with docetaxel-naïve mCRPC and in specific subgroups (White, Black, Asian patients, different age groups, and specific treatments) and to classify patients into validated two and three prognostic risk groupings on the basis of the model. METHODS Data from 8,083 docetaxel-naïve mCRPC men randomly assigned on seven phase III trials were used to validate the prognostic model of OS. We assessed the predictive performance of the model by computing the time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (tAUC) and validated the two-risk (low and high) and three-risk prognostic groups (low, intermediate, and high). RESULTS The tAUC was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.75), and when adjusting for the first-line androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor trial status, the tAUC was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.76). Similar results were observed by the different racial, age, and treatment subgroups. In patients enrolled on first-line AR inhibitor trials, the median OS (months) in the low-, intermediate-, and high-prognostic risk groups were 43.3 (95% CI, 40.7 to 45.8), 27.7 (95% CI, 25.8 to 31.3), and 15.4 (95% CI, 14.0 to 17.9), respectively. Compared with the low-risk prognostic group, the hazard ratios for the high- and intermediate-risk groups were 4.3 (95% CI, 3.6 to 5.1; P < .0001) and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.7 to 2.1; P < .0001). CONCLUSION This prognostic model for OS in docetaxel-naïve men with mCRPC has been validated using data from seven trials and yields similar results overall and across race, age, and different treatment classes. The prognostic risk groups are robust and can be used to identify groups of patients for enrichment designs and for stratification in randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Halabi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancer, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Akash Roy
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - John C. Araujo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Cora N. Sternberg
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Andrew J. Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancer, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Michael A. Carducci
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kim N. Chi
- British Columbia Cancer Agency—Vancouver Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Johann S. de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karim Fizazi
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Institut Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | - Fred Saad
- University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles J. Ryan
- Prostate Cancer Foundation and the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Eric J. Small
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Maloberti T, De Leo A, Coluccelli S, Sanza V, Gruppioni E, Altimari A, Zagnoni S, Giunchi F, Vasuri F, Fiorentino M, Mollica V, Ferrari S, Miccoli S, Visani M, Turchetti D, Massari F, Tallini G, de Biase D. Multi-Gene Next-Generation Sequencing Panel for Analysis of BRCA1/ BRCA2 and Homologous Recombination Repair Genes Alterations Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108940. [PMID: 37240284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant therapeutic advances, metastatic CRPC (mCRPC) remains a lethal disease. Mutations in homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes are frequent in mCRPC, and tumors harboring these mutations are known to be sensitive to PARP inhibitors. The aim of this study was to verify the technical effectiveness of this panel in the analysis of mCRPC, the frequency and type of mutations in the BRCA1/BRCA2 genes, as well as in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes. A total of 50 mCRPC cases were analyzed using a multi-gene next-generation sequencing panel evaluating a total of 1360 amplicons in 24 HRR genes. Of the 50 cases, 23 specimens (46.0%) had an mCRPC harboring a pathogenic variant or a variant of uncertain significance (VUS), whereas in 27 mCRPCs (54.0%), no mutations were detected (wild-type tumors). BRCA2 was the most commonly mutated gene (14.0% of samples), followed by ATM (12.0%), and BRCA1 (6.0%). In conclusion, we have set up an NGS multi-gene panel that is capable of analyzing BRCA1/BRCA2 and HRR alterations in mCRPC. Moreover, our clinical algorithm is currently being used in clinical practice for the management of patients with mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Maloberti
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio De Leo
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Coluccelli
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Viviana Sanza
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Gruppioni
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Altimari
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zagnoni
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Giunchi
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Vasuri
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Maggiore Hospital, AUSL Bologna, 40133 Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Ferrari
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Miccoli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Visani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Turchetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Chaudagar K, Hieromnimon HM, Khurana R, Labadie B, Hirz T, Mei S, Hasan R, Shafran J, Kelley A, Apostolov E, Al-Eryani G, Harvey K, Rameshbabu S, Loyd M, Bynoe K, Drovetsky C, Solanki A, Markiewicz E, Zamora M, Fan X, Schürer S, Swarbrick A, Sykes DB, Patnaik A. Reversal of Lactate and PD-1-mediated Macrophage Immunosuppression Controls Growth of PTEN/p53-deficient Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:1952-1968. [PMID: 36862086 PMCID: PMC10192075 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss of function occurs in approximately 50% of patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), and is associated with poor prognosis and responsiveness to standard-of-care therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. While PTEN loss of function hyperactivates PI3K signaling, combinatorial PI3K/AKT pathway and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has demonstrated limited anticancer efficacy in clinical trials. Here, we aimed to elucidate mechanism(s) of resistance to ADT/PI3K-AKT axis blockade, and to develop rational combinatorial strategies to effectively treat this molecular subset of mCRPC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Prostate-specific PTEN/p53-deficient genetically engineered mice (GEM) with established 150-200 mm3 tumors, as assessed by ultrasound, were treated with either ADT (degarelix), PI3K inhibitor (copanlisib), or anti-PD-1 antibody (aPD-1), as single agents or their combinations, and tumors were monitored by MRI and harvested for immune, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiling, or ex vivo co-culture studies. Single-cell RNA sequencing on human mCRPC samples was performed using 10X Genomics platform. RESULTS Coclinical trials in PTEN/p53-deficient GEM revealed that recruitment of PD-1-expressing tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) thwarts ADT/PI3Ki combination-induced tumor control. The addition of aPD-1 to ADT/PI3Ki combination led to TAM-dependent approximately 3-fold increase in anticancer responses. Mechanistically, decreased lactate production from PI3Ki-treated tumor cells suppressed histone lactylation within TAM, resulting in their anticancer phagocytic activation, which was augmented by ADT/aPD-1 treatment and abrogated by feedback activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis in mCRPC patient biopsy samples revealed a direct correlation between high glycolytic activity and TAM phagocytosis suppression. CONCLUSIONS Immunometabolic strategies that reverse lactate and PD-1-mediated TAM immunosuppression, in combination with ADT, warrant further investigation in patients with PTEN-deficient mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranj Chaudagar
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hanna M. Hieromnimon
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rimpi Khurana
- Department of Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Brian Labadie
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Taghreed Hirz
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shenglin Mei
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raisa Hasan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jordan Shafran
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne Kelley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eva Apostolov
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ghamdan Al-Eryani
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kate Harvey
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Srikrishnan Rameshbabu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mayme Loyd
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaela Bynoe
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Catherine Drovetsky
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ani Solanki
- Animal Resource Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Marta Zamora
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Xiaobing Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Stephan Schürer
- Department of Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alex Swarbrick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David B. Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akash Patnaik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Wang M, Wisniewski CA, Xiong C, Chhoy P, Goel HL, Kumar A, Zhu LJ, Li R, St Louis PA, Ferreira LM, Pakula H, Xu Z, Loda M, Jiang Z, Brehm MA, Mercurio AM. Therapeutic blocking of VEGF binding to neuropilin-2 diminishes PD-L1 expression to activate antitumor immunity in prostate cancer. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade5855. [PMID: 37134151 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade5855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancers are largely unresponsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and there is strong evidence that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression itself must be inhibited to activate antitumor immunity. Here, we report that neuropilin-2 (NRP2), which functions as a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor on tumor cells, is an attractive target to activate antitumor immunity in prostate cancer because VEGF-NRP2 signaling sustains PD-L1 expression. NRP2 depletion increased T cell activation in vitro. In a syngeneic model of prostate cancer that is resistant to ICI, inhibition of the binding of VEGF to NRP2 using a mouse-specific anti-NRP2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) resulted in necrosis and tumor regression compared with both an anti-PD-L1 mAb and control immunoglobulin G. This therapy also decreased tumor PD-L1 expression and increased immune cell infiltration. We observed that the NRP2, VEGFA, and VEGFC genes are amplified in metastatic castration-resistant and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. We also found that individuals with NRP2High PD-L1High metastatic tumors had lower androgen receptor expression and higher neuroendocrine prostate cancer scores than other individuals with prostate cancer. In organoids derived from patients with neuroendocrine prostate cancer, therapeutic inhibition of VEGF binding to NRP2 using a high-affinity humanized mAb suitable for clinical use also diminished PD-L1 expression and caused a substantial increase in immune-mediated tumor cell killing, consistent with the animal studies. These findings provide justification for the initiation of clinical trials using this function-blocking NRP2 mAb in prostate cancer, especially for patients with aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Christi A Wisniewski
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Choua Xiong
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Peter Chhoy
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hira Lal Goel
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Pamela A St Louis
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lindsay M Ferreira
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hubert Pakula
- Department of Pathology, Cornell Weill School of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- aTyr Pharma Inc., San Diego CA, 92121, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Cornell Weill School of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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39
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Hamid AA, Sayegh N, Tombal B, Hussain M, Sweeney CJ, Graff JN, Agarwal N. Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: Toward an Era of Adaptive and Personalized Treatment. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2023; 43:e390166. [PMID: 37220335 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_390166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The advent of more effective treatment combinations for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) has been built on successes in therapy development for metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Both disease phases hold similar challenges and questions. Is there an optimal therapy sequence to maximize disease control and balance treatment burden? Are there clinical and biologically based subgroups that inform personalized and/or adaptive strategies? How can clinicians interpret data from clinical trials in the context of rapidly evolving technologies? Herein, we review the contemporary landscape of treatment for mHSPC, including disease subgroups informing both intensification and potential deintensification strategies. Furthermore, we provide current insights into the complex biology of mHSPC and discuss the potential clinical application of biomarkers to guide therapy selection and the development of novel personalized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis A Hamid
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicolas Sayegh
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Bertrand Tombal
- Division of Urology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maha Hussain
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Adelaide, Australia
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie N Graff
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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40
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Gillette CM, Yette GA, Cramer SD, Graham LS. Management of Advanced Prostate Cancer in the Precision Oncology Era. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2552. [PMID: 37174018 PMCID: PMC10177563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the United States. While diversified and improved treatment options for aggressive PC have improved patient outcomes, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains incurable and an area of investigative therapeutic interest. This review will cover the seminal clinical data supporting the indication of new precision oncology-based therapeutics and explore their limitations, present utility, and potential in the treatment of PC. Systemic therapies for high-risk and advanced PC have experienced significant development over the past ten years. Biomarker-driven therapies have brought the field closer to the goal of being able to implement precision oncology therapy for every patient. The tumor agnostic approval of pembrolizumab (a PD-1 inhibitor) marked an important advancement in this direction. There are also several PARP inhibitors indicated for patients with DNA damage repair deficiencies. Additionally, theranostic agents for both imaging and treatment have further revolutionized the treatment landscape for PC and represent another advancement in precision medicine. Radiolabeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT is rapidly becoming a standard of care for diagnosis, and PSMA-targeted radioligand therapies have gained recent FDA approval for metastatic prostate cancer. These advances in precision-based oncology are detailed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Gillette
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (C.M.G.)
| | - Gabriel A. Yette
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (C.M.G.)
| | - Scott D. Cramer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (C.M.G.)
| | - Laura S. Graham
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Fu W, Yang H, Hu C, Liao J, Gong Z, Zhang M, Yang S, Ye S, Lei Y, Sheng R, Zhang Z, Yao X, Tang C, Li D, Hou T. Small-Molecule Inhibition of Androgen Receptor Dimerization as a Strategy against Prostate Cancer. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:675-684. [PMID: 37122451 PMCID: PMC10141604 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The clinically used androgen receptor (AR) antagonists for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) are all targeting the AR ligand binding pocket (LBP), resulting in various drug-resistant problems. Therefore, a new strategy to combat PCa is urgently needed. Enlightened by the gain-of-function mutations of androgen insensitivity syndrome, we discovered for the first time small-molecule antagonists toward a prospective pocket on the AR dimer interface named the dimer interface pocket (DIP) via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, structure-based virtual screening, structure-activity relationship exploration, and bioassays. The first-in-class antagonist M17-B15 targeting the DIP is capable of effectively disrupting AR self-association, thereby suppressing AR signaling. Furthermore, M17-B15 exhibits extraordinary anti-PCa efficacy in vitro and also in mouse xenograft tumor models, demonstrating that AR dimerization disruption by small molecules targeting the DIP is a novel and valid strategy against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Fu
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Department
of Computer-Aided Drug Design, Jiangsu Vcare
PharmaTech Co. Ltd., Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Institute
of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Zhejiang
University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenxian Hu
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Polytechnic
Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianing Liao
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhou Gong
- Innovation
Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Minkui Zhang
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Innovation
Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangxiang Ye
- Wuhan National
Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yixuan Lei
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Sheng
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Jinhua Institute
of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute
of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Zhejiang
University, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory
of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- Dr. Neher’s
Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau Institute
for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, State Key Laboratory
of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chun Tang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, and Center for Quantitate Biology, PKU-Tsinghua
Center for Life Science, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- E-mail:
| | - Dan Li
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Jinhua Institute
of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321000, Zhejiang, China
- E-mail:
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- E-mail:
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Bergom HE, Shabaneh A, Day A, Ali A, Boytim E, Tape S, Lozada JR, Shi X, Kerkvliet CP, McSweeney S, Pitzen SP, Ludwig M, Antonarakis ES, Drake JM, Dehm SM, Ryan CJ, Wang J, Hwang J. ALAN is a computational approach that interprets genomic findings in the context of tumor ecosystems. Commun Biol 2023; 6:417. [PMID: 37059746 PMCID: PMC10104859 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene behavior is governed by activity of other genes in an ecosystem as well as context-specific cues including cell type, microenvironment, and prior exposure to therapy. Here, we developed the Algorithm for Linking Activity Networks (ALAN) to compare gene behavior purely based on patient -omic data. The types of gene behaviors identifiable by ALAN include co-regulators of a signaling pathway, protein-protein interactions, or any set of genes that function similarly. ALAN identified direct protein-protein interactions in prostate cancer (AR, HOXB13, and FOXA1). We found differential and complex ALAN networks associated with the proto-oncogene MYC as prostate tumors develop and become metastatic, between different cancer types, and within cancer subtypes. We discovered that resistant genes in prostate cancer shared an ALAN ecosystem and activated similar oncogenic signaling pathways. Altogether, ALAN represents an informatics approach for developing gene signatures, identifying gene targets, and interpreting mechanisms of progression or therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Bergom
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ashraf Shabaneh
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Atef Ali
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ella Boytim
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sydney Tape
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John R Lozada
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carlos Perez Kerkvliet
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sean McSweeney
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samuel P Pitzen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Megan Ludwig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Justin M Drake
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Charles J Ryan
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Justin Hwang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Li S, Wong A, Sun H, Bhatia V, Javier G, Jana S, Montgomery RB, Wright JL, Lam HM, Hsieh AC, Faltas BM, Haffner MC, Lee JK. Combinatorial genetic strategy accelerates the discovery of cancer genotype-phenotype associations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.12.536652. [PMID: 37609344 PMCID: PMC10441433 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Available genetically-defined cancer models are limited in genotypic and phenotypic complexity and underrepresent the heterogeneity of human cancer. Herein, we describe a combinatorial genetic strategy applied to an organoid transformation assay to rapidly generate diverse, clinically relevant bladder and prostate cancer models. Importantly, the clonal architecture of the resultant tumors can be resolved using single-cell or spatially resolved next-generation sequencing to uncover polygenic drivers of cancer phenotypes.
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Wüstmann N, Seitzer K, Humberg V, Vieler J, Grundmann N, Steinestel J, Tiedje D, Duensing S, Krabbe LM, Bögemann M, Schrader AJ, Bernemann C, Schlack K. Co-expression and clinical utility of AR-FL and AR splice variants AR-V3, AR-V7 and AR-V9 in prostate cancer. Biomark Res 2023; 11:37. [PMID: 37016463 PMCID: PMC10074820 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (AR-Vs) have been discussed as a biomarker in prostate cancer (PC). However, some reports question the predictive property of AR-Vs. From a mechanistic perspective, the connection between AR full length (AR-FL) and AR-Vs is not fully understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the dependence of AR-FL and AR-V expression levels on AR gene activity. Additionally, we intended to comprehensively analyze presence of AR-FL and three clinically relevant AR-Vs (AR-V3, AR-V7 and AR-V9) in different stages of disease, especially with respect to clinical utility in PC patients undergoing AR targeted agent (ARTA) treatment. METHODS AR-FL and AR-V levels were analyzed in PC and non-PC cell lines upon artificial increase of AR pre-mRNA using either drug treatment or AR gene activation. Furthermore, expression of AR-FL and AR-Vs was determined in PC specimen at distinct stages of disease (primary (n = 10) and metastatic tissues (n = 20), liquid biopsy samples (n = 422), mCRPC liquid biopsy samples of n = 96 patients starting novel treatment). Finally, baseline AR-FL and AR-V status was correlated with clinical outcome in a defined cohort of n = 65 mCRPC patients undergoing ARTA treatment. RESULTS We revealed rising levels of AR-FL accompanied with appearance and increase of AR-Vs in dependence of elevated AR pre-mRNA levels. We also noticed increase in AR-FL and AR-V levels throughout disease progression. AR-V expression was always associated with high AR-FL levels without any sample being solely AR-V positive. In patients undergoing ARTA treatment, AR-FL did show prognostic, yet not predictive validity. Additionally, we observed a substantial clinical response to ARTA treatment even in AR-V positive patients. Accordingly, multivariate analysis did not demonstrate independent significance of AR-Vs in neither predictive nor prognostic clinical utility. CONCLUSION We demonstrate a correlation between AR-FL and AR-V expression during PC progression; with AR-V expression being a side-effect of elevated AR pre-mRNA levels. Clinically, AR-V positivity relies on high levels of AR-FL, making cells still vulnerable to ARTA treatment, as demonstrated by AR-FL and AR-V positive patients responding to ARTA treatment. Thus, AR-FL and AR-V might be considered as a prognostic, yet not predictive biomarker in mCRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neele Wüstmann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Konstantin Seitzer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Verena Humberg
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Vieler
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Norbert Grundmann
- Institute for Bioinformatics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julie Steinestel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Tiedje
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura-Maria Krabbe
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Bögemann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andres Jan Schrader
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christof Bernemann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Katrin Schlack
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1 A1, 48149, Muenster, Germany
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Oh JH, Cho JY. Comparative oncology: overcoming human cancer through companion animal studies. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:725-734. [PMID: 37009802 PMCID: PMC10167357 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative oncology is a field of study that has been recently adopted for studying cancer and developing cancer therapies. Companion animals such as dogs can be used to evaluate novel biomarkers or anticancer targets before clinical translation. Thus, the value of canine models is increasing, and numerous studies have been conducted to analyze similarities and differences between many types of spontaneously occurring cancers in canines and humans. A growing number of canine cancer models as well as research-grade reagents for these models are becoming available, leading to substantial growth in comparative oncology research spanning from basic science to clinical trials. In this review, we summarize comparative oncology studies that have been conducted on the molecular landscape of various canine cancers and highlight the importance of the integration of comparative biology into cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Korea 21 Project and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Brain Korea 21 Project and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kaitsumaru M, Shiota M, Takamatsu D, Blas L, Matsumoto T, Inokuchi J, Oda Y, Eto M. Interstitial pneumonia after regression by olaparib for neuroendocrine prostate cancer with BRCA1 mutation: a case report. Int Cancer Conf J 2023; 12:131-136. [PMID: 36896198 PMCID: PMC9989121 DOI: 10.1007/s13691-022-00592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A 67-year-old man with metastatic prostate cancer was treated with leuprorelin and enzalutamide, but presented radiographic progression after 1 year. Although docetaxel chemotherapy was initiated, liver metastasis appeared with elevation of nerve-specific enolase in serum. Pathological findings of needle biopsy of lymph node metastasis in the right inguinal region showed neuroendocrine carcinoma. FoundationOne CDx® using a biopsy sample of the prostate at initial diagnosis detected the BRCA1 mutation (deletion of intron 3-7), but BRACAnalysis® test revealed no BRCA mutation in germline. Then, olaparib treatment was initiated, resulting in remarkable remission of tumors, but comorbidity with interstitial pneumonia. This case suggested that olaparib could be effective for neuroendocrine prostate cancer with BRCA1 gene mutation, but may cause interstitial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kaitsumaru
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812–8582 Japan
| | - Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812–8582 Japan
| | - Dai Takamatsu
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812–8582 Japan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Leandro Blas
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812–8582 Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812–8582 Japan
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812–8582 Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812–8582 Japan
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Mandl A, Markowski MC, Carducci MA, Antonarakis ES. Role of bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins in prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:213-228. [PMID: 36857796 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2186851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family of proteins are epigenetic readers of acetylated histones and are critical activators of oncogenic networks across many cancers. Therapeutic targeting of BET proteins has been an attractive area of clinical development for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. In recent years, many structurally diverse BET inhibitors have been discovered and tested. Preclinical studies have demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity of BET inhibitors against prostate cancer. However, their clinical success as monotherapies has been limited by treatment-associated toxicities, primary and acquired drug resistance, and a lack of predictive biomarkers of benefit. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of advancements in BET inhibitor design, preclinical research, and conclusions from clinical trials in prostate cancer. We speculate on incorporating BET inhibitors into combination regimens with other agents to improve the therapeutic index of BET inhibition in treating prostate cancer. EXPERT OPINION The therapeutic potential of BET inhibitors for prostate cancer has been demonstrated in preclinical studies. However, further research is needed to identify biomarkers that can predict sensitivity to BET inhibitors and to develop novel, highly selective inhibitors to reduce toxicities. Finally, BET inhibitors are likely to hold the most clinical potential in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mandl
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark C Markowski
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Carducci
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Javed A, Özduman G, Altun S, Duran D, Yerli D, Özar T, Şimşek F, Sami Korkmaz K. Mitotic kinase inhibitors as Therapeutic Interventions for Prostate Cancer: Evidence from In vitro Studies. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:EMIDDT-EPUB-129979. [PMID: 36872354 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230303092243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the devastating diseases characterized by genetic changes leading to uncontrolled growth and metastasis of the cells of the prostate gland and affects men worldwide. Conventional hormonal and chemotherapeutic agents are effective in mitigating the disease if diagnosed at an early stage. All dividing eukaryotic cells require mitotic progression for the maintenance of genomic integrity in progeny populations. The protein kinases, upon activation and de-activation in an ordered fashion, lead to spatial and temporal regulation of the cell division process. The entry into mitosis along with the progression into sub-phases of mitosis is ensured due to the activity of mitotic kinases. These kinases include Polo-Like-Kinase 1 (PLK1), Aurora kinases, and Cyclin-Dependent-Kinase 1 (CDK1), among others. The mitotic kinases, among others, are usually overexpressed in many cancers and can be targeted using small molecule inhibitors to reduce the effects of these regulators on mechanisms, such as regulation of genomic integrity and mitotic fidelity. In this review, we attempted to discuss the appropriate functions of mitotic kinases revealed through cell culture studies and the impact of their respective inhibitors derived in pre-clinical studies. The review is designed to elucidate the growing field of small molecule inhibitors and their functional screening or mode of action at the cellular and molecular level in the context of Prostate Cancer. Therefore, studies performed specifically on cells of Prostatic-origin are narrated in this review, culminating in a comprehensive view of the specific field of mitotic kinases that can be targeted for therapy of Prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Javed
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülseren Özduman
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevda Altun
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Doğan Duran
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilan Yerli
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tilbe Özar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Faruk Şimşek
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Sami Korkmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Takahashi S, Takada I. Recent advances in prostate cancer: WNT signaling, chromatin regulation, and transcriptional coregulators. Asian J Androl 2023; 25:158-165. [PMID: 36695247 PMCID: PMC10069695 DOI: 10.4103/aja2022109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common diseases in men worldwide. Surgery, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy are effective treatments for early-stage prostate cancer. However, the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer has increased the mortality rate of prostate cancer. To develop novel drugs for castration-resistant prostate cancer, the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer progression must be elucidated. Among the signaling pathways regulating prostate cancer development, recent studies have revealed the importance of noncanonical wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT) signaling pathways, mainly that involving WNT5A, in prostate cancer progression and metastasis; however, its role remains controversial. Moreover, chromatin remodelers such as the switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex and chromodomain helicase DNA-binding proteins 1 also play important roles in prostate cancer progression through genome-wide gene expression changes. Here, we review the roles of noncanonical WNT signaling pathways, chromatin remodelers, and epigenetic enzymes in the development and progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Takahashi
- Department of Urology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Urology, The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takada
- Department of Urology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Guo C, Figueiredo I, Gurel B, Neeb A, Seed G, Crespo M, Carreira S, Rekowski J, Buroni L, Welti J, Bogdan D, Gallagher L, Sharp A, Fenor de la Maza MD, Rescigno P, Westaby D, Chandran K, Riisnaes R, Ferreira A, Miranda S, Calì B, Alimonti A, Bressan S, Nguyen AHT, Shen MM, Hawley JE, Obradovic A, Drake CG, Bertan C, Baker C, Tunariu N, Yuan W, de Bono JS. B7-H3 as a Therapeutic Target in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2023; 83:224-238. [PMID: 36114082 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B7-H3 is a cell surface immunomodulatory glycoprotein overexpressed in prostate cancers (PCs). Understanding its longitudinal expression at emergence of castration resistance and association with tumour genomics are critical to the development of and patient selection for B7-H3 targeted therapies. OBJECTIVE To characterise B7-H3 expression in same-patient hormone-sensitive (HSPC) and castration-resistant (CRPC) PC biopsies, associating this with PC genomics, and to evaluate the antitumour activity of an anti-B7-H3 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in human CRPC in vitro and in vivo. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed immunohistochemistry and next-generation sequencing on a cohort of 98 clinically annotated CRPC biopsies, including 72 patients who also had HSPC biopsies for analyses. We analysed two CRPC transcriptome and exome datasets, and PC scRNASeq datasets. PC organoids (patient-derived xenograft [PDX]-derived organoids [PDX-Os]) were derived from PDXs generated from human CRPC biopsies. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We evaluated B7-H3 mRNA expression in relation to a panel of 770 immune-related genes, compared B7-H3 protein expression between same-patient HSPC and CRPC biopsies, determined associations with PC genomic alterations, and evaluated the antitumour activity of DS-7300a, a topoisomerase-1 inhibitor payload anti-B7-H3 ADC, in human PC cell lines, organoids (PDX-Os), and xenografts (PDXs) of different histologies, B7-H3 expressions, and genomics. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS B7-H3 was among the most highly expressed immunomodulatory genes in CRPCs. Most CRPCs (93%) expressed B7-H3, and in patients who developed CRPC, B7-H3 expression was frequently expressed at the time of HSPC diagnosis (97%). Conversion from B7-H3 positive to negative, or vice versa, during progression from HSPC to CRPC was uncommon. CRPC with neuroendocrine features were more likely to be B7-H3 negative (28%) than adenocarcinomas. B7-H3 is overexpressed in tumours with defective DNA repair gene (ATM and BRCA2) alterations and is associated with ERG expression, androgen receptor (AR) expression, and AR activity signature. DS7300a had antitumour activity against B7-H3 expressing human PC models including cell lines, PDX-Os, and PDXs of adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine histology. CONCLUSIONS The frequent overexpression of B7-H3 in CRPC compared with normal tissue and other B7 family members implicates it as a highly relevant therapeutic target in these diseases. Mechanisms driving differences in B7-H3 expression across genomic subsets warrant investigation for understanding the role of B7-H3 in cancer growth and for the clinical development of B7-H3 targeted therapies. PATIENT SUMMARY B7-H3, a protein expressed on the surface of the most lethal prostate cancers, in particular those with specific mutations, can be targeted using drugs that bind B7-H3. These findings are relevant for the development of such drugs and for deciding which patients to treat with these new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Guo
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Bora Gurel
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Antje Neeb
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - George Seed
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jon Welti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - Adam Sharp
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Maria D Fenor de la Maza
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Daniel Westaby
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Khobe Chandran
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Bianca Calì
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Bressan
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Michael M Shen
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica E Hawley
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Charles G Drake
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Janssen Research, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Chloe Baker
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nina Tunariu
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK.
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