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Karavis MY, Siafaka I, Vadalouca A, Georgoudis G. Role of Microglia in Neuropathic Pain. Cureus 2023; 15:e43555. [PMID: 37719474 PMCID: PMC10503876 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are specialized macrophage cells of the central nervous system responsible for the innate immunity of the spinal cord and the brain. They protect the brain and spinal cord from invaders, microbes, demyelination, trauma and remove defective cells and neurons. For immune protection, microglial cells possess a significant number of receptors and chemical mediators that allow them to communicate rapidly and specifically with all cells of the nervous tissue. The contribution of microglia in neuropathic pain challenges conventional concepts toward neurons being the only structure responsible for the pathophysiological changes that drive neuropathic pain. The present study is a narrative review focusing on the literature concerning the complex interaction between neurons and microglia in the development of neuropathic pain. Injury in the peripheral or central nervous system may result in maladaptive changes in neurons and microglial cells. In neuropathic pain, microglial cells have an important role in initiating and maintenance of pain and inflammation. The interaction between neural and microglial cells has been proven extremely crucial for chronic pain. The study of individual mechanisms at the level of the spinal cord and the brain is an interesting and groundbreaking research challenge. Elucidation of the mechanisms by which neurons and immune cells interact, could constitute microglial cells a new therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miltiades Y Karavis
- Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Research Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, University of West Attica, Athens, GRC
| | - Ioanna Siafaka
- 1st Department of Anesthesiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Athina Vadalouca
- 1st Department of Anesthesiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - George Georgoudis
- Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Research Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, University of West Attica, Athens, GRC
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Microglia involvement in sex-dependent behaviors and schizophrenia occurrence in offspring with maternal dexamethasone exposure. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2022; 8:71. [PMID: 36075925 PMCID: PMC9458670 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fetal microglia that are particularly sensitive cells to the changes in utero environment might be involved in the sex-biased onset and vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. To address this issue, we administered a 50 µg/kg dexamethasone (DEX) to dams subcutaneously from gestational days 16 to 18 and a series of behavioral assessments were performed in the offspring. Prenatal exposure to dexamethasone (PN-DEX) induced schizophrenia (SCZ)-relevant behaviors in male mice and depressive-like behavior in female mice. SCZ-relevant behavioral patterns occurred in 10-week-old (10 W) male mice but not in 4-week-old (4 W) male mice. Microglia in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the striatum (STR) of 10 W males prenatally treated with dexamethasone (10 W PN-DEX-M) showed hyper-ramified morphology and dramatically reduced spine density in mPFC. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that microglia in the mPFC of the 10 W PN-DEX-M group interacted with pre-synaptic Bassoon and post-synaptic density 95 (PSD95) puncta. PN-DEX-M also showed significantly changed dopamine system proteins. However, a testosterone surge during adolescence was not a trigger on SCZ-relevant behavior occurrence in 10 W PN-DEX-M. Furthermore, females prenatally treated with dexamethasone (PN-DEX-F) displayed depressive-like behavior, in addition to HPA-axis activation and inflammatory microglial phenotypes in their hippocampus (HPC). We propose that altered microglial function, such as increased synaptic pruning, may be involved in the occurrence of SCZ-relevant behavior in PN-DEX-M and sex-biased abnormal behavior in the PN-DEX model.
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Metformin Improves the Prognosis of Adult Mice with Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy Better than That of Aged Mice. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:3218452. [PMID: 35571566 PMCID: PMC9095413 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3218452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is often associated with increased ICU occupancy and hospital mortality and poor long-term outcomes, with currently no specific treatment. Pathophysiological mechanisms of SAE are complex and may involve activation of microglia, multiple intracranial inflammatory factors, and inflammatory pathways. We hypothesized that metformin may have an effect on microglia, which affects the prognosis of SAE. In this study, metformin treatment of mice with SAE induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduced the expression of microglia protein and related inflammatory factors. Poor prognosis of SAE is related to increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in brain tissues. Levels of inflammatory cytokines produced by LPS-induced SAE mouse microglia were significantly increased compared with those in the sham group. In addition, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) was significantly reduced in metformin-treated SAE mice compared with untreated SAE mice, suggesting that metformin can reduce microgliosis and inhibit central nervous system inflammation, thereby improving patient outcomes. In conclusion, our results stipulate that metformin inhibits inflammation through the adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP-) activated protein kinase pathway by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB). Metformin can partially reverse the severe prognosis caused by sepsis by blocking microglial proliferation and inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors.
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Treponema pallidum Tp0751 alters the expression of tight junction proteins by promoting bEnd3 cell apoptosis and IL-6 secretion. Int J Med Microbiol 2022; 312:151553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2022.151553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Lin SP, Wei JX, Hu JS, Bu JY, Zhu LD, Li Q, Liao HJ, Lin PY, Ye S, Chen SQ, Chen XH. Artemisinin improves neurocognitive deficits associated with sepsis by activating the AMPK axis in microglia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1069-1079. [PMID: 33758353 PMCID: PMC8209200 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction due to dysregulated systemic inflammatory and immune response to infection, often leading to cognitive impairments. Growing evidence shows that artemisinin, an antimalarial drug, possesses potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. In this study we investigated whether artemisinin exerted protective effect against neurocognitive deficits associated with sepsis and explored the underlying mechanisms. Mice were injected with LPS (750 μg · kg-1 · d-1, ip, for 7 days) to establish an animal model of sepsis. Artemisinin (30 mg · kg-1 · d-1, ip) was administered starting 4 days prior LPS injection and lasting to the end of LPS injection. We showed that artemisinin administration significantly improved LPS-induced cognitive impairments assessed in Morris water maze and Y maze tests, attenuated neuronal damage and microglial activation in the hippocampus. In BV2 microglial cells treated with LPS (100 ng/mL), pre-application of artemisinin (40 μΜ) significantly reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6) and suppressed microglial migration. Furthermore, we revealed that artemisinin significantly suppressed the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by activating the AMPKα1 pathway; knockdown of AMPKα1 markedly abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of artemisinin in BV2 microglial cells. In conclusion, atemisinin is a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis-associated neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment, and its effect is probably mediated by activation of the AMPKα1 signaling pathway in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Peng Lin
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jue-Xian Wei
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jia-Song Hu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jing-Yi Bu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Li-Dong Zhu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Hao-Jun Liao
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Shan Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Sheng-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
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Luo J, Li P. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids as in vitro models for studying neural disorders and cancer. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:99. [PMID: 34049587 PMCID: PMC8161602 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sheer complexities of brain and resource limitation of human brain tissue greatly hamper our understanding of the brain disorders and cancers. Recently developed three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids (BOs) are self-organized and spontaneously differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in vitro, which exhibit similar features with cell type diversity, structural organization, and functional connectivity as the developing human brain. Based on these characteristics, hPSC-derived BOs (hPDBOs) provide new opportunities to recapitulate the complicated processes during brain development, neurodegenerative disorders, and brain cancers in vitro. In this review, we will provide an overview of existing BO models and summarize the applications of this technology in modeling the neural disorders and cancers. Furthermore, we will discuss the challenges associated with their use as in vitro models for disease modeling and the potential future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luo
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Peng Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Zhang T, Zhang X, Lin C, Wu S, Wang F, Wang H, Wang Y, Peng Y, Hutchinson MR, Li H, Wang X. Artemisinin inhibits TLR4 signaling by targeting co-receptor MD2 in microglial BV-2 cells and prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced blood-brain barrier leakage in mice. J Neurochem 2021; 157:611-623. [PMID: 33453127 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives have been the frontline drugs for treating malaria. In addition to the antiparasitic effect, accumulating evidence shows that artemisinins can alleviate neuroinflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the precise mechanisms underlying their anti-neuroinflammatory effects are unclear. Herein we attempted to delineate the molecule target of artemisinin in microglia. In vitro protein intrinsic fluorescence titrations and saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR showed the direct binding of artemisinin to Toll-like receptor TLR4 co-receptor MD2. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) showed that artemisinin binding increased MD2 stability, which implies that artemisinin directly binds to MD2 in the cellular context. Artemisinin bound MD2 showed much less collapse during the molecular dynamic simulations, which supports the increased stability of MD2 upon artemisinin binding. Flow cytometry analysis showed artemisinin inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 dimerization and endocytosis in microglial BV-2 cells. Therefore, artemisinin was found to inhibit the TLR4-JNK signaling axis and block LPS-induced pro-inflammatory factors nitric oxide, IL-1β and TNF-α in BV-2 cells. Furthermore, artemisinin restored LPS-induced decrease of junction proteins ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-5 in primary brain microvessel endothelial cells, and attenuated LPS-induced blood-brain barrier disruption in mice as assessed by Evans blue. In all, this study unambiguously adds MD2 as a direct binding target of artemisinin in its anti-neuroinflammatory function. The results also suggest that artemisinin could be repurposed as a potential therapeutic intervention for inflammatory CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaozheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Siru Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fanfan Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.,State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi, Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yinghua Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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Sidhaye J, Knoblich JA. Brain organoids: an ensemble of bioassays to investigate human neurodevelopment and disease. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:52-67. [PMID: 32483384 PMCID: PMC7853143 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding etiology of human neurological and psychiatric diseases is challenging. Genomic changes, protracted development, and histological features unique to human brain development limit the disease aspects that can be investigated using model organisms. Hence, in order to study phenotypes associated with human brain development, function, and disease, it is necessary to use alternative experimental systems that are accessible, ethically justified, and replicate human context. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived brain organoids offer such a system, which recapitulates features of early human neurodevelopment in vitro, including the generation, proliferation, and differentiation of neural progenitors into neurons and glial cells and the complex interactions among the diverse, emergent cell types of the developing brain in three-dimensions (3-D). In recent years, numerous brain organoid protocols and related techniques have been developed to recapitulate aspects of embryonic and fetal brain development in a reproducible and predictable manner. Altogether, these different organoid technologies provide distinct bioassays to unravel novel, disease-associated phenotypes and mechanisms. In this review, we summarize how the diverse brain organoid methods can be utilized to enhance our understanding of brain disorders. FACTS: Brain organoids offer an in vitro approach to study aspects of human brain development and disease. Diverse brain organoid techniques offer bioassays to investigate new phenotypes associated with human brain disorders that are difficult to study in monolayer cultures. Brain organoids have been particularly useful to study phenomena and diseases associated with neural progenitor morphology, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. OPEN QUESTION: Future brain organoid research needs to aim at later stages of neurodevelopment, linked with neuronal activity and connections, to unravel further disease-associated phenotypes. Continued improvement of existing organoid protocols is required to generate standardized methods that recapitulate in vivo-like spatial diversity and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Sidhaye
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of Austrian academy of sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of Austrian academy of sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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Huang J, Huang N, Xu S, Luo Y, Li Y, Jin H, Yu C, Shi J, Jin F. Signaling mechanisms underlying inhibition of neuroinflammation by resveratrol in neurodegenerative diseases. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 88:108552. [PMID: 33220405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by the progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons and most commonly occur in the elderly population. Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). The neuroinflammation caused by excessive microglial activation is closely related to the onset and progression of many NDs. Therefore, inhibiting excessive microglial activation is a potential drug target for controlling neuroinflammation. In recent years, natural products as modulators of microglial polarization have attracted considerable attention in the field of NDs therapy. Furthermore, resveratrol (RES) has been found to have a protective effect in NDs through the inhibition of microglial activation and the regulation of neuroinflammation. In this review, we mainly summarize the therapeutic potential of RES and its various molecular mechanisms in the treatment of NDs through the modulation of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China; School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanqu Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Guizhou, China
| | - Shangfu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Hai Jin
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China.
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Baldassari S, Musante I, Iacomino M, Zara F, Salpietro V, Scudieri P. Brain Organoids as Model Systems for Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:590119. [PMID: 33154971 PMCID: PMC7586734 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.590119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of disorders in which the development of the central nervous system (CNS) is disturbed, resulting in different neurological and neuropsychiatric features, such as impaired motor function, learning, language or non-verbal communication. Frequent comorbidities include epilepsy and movement disorders. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies revealed identifiable genetic causes in an increasingly large proportion of NDDs, highlighting the need of experimental approaches to investigate the defective genes and the molecular pathways implicated in abnormal brain development. However, targeted approaches to investigate specific molecular defects and their implications in human brain dysfunction are prevented by limited access to patient-derived brain tissues. In this context, advances of both stem cell technologies and genome editing strategies during the last decade led to the generation of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro-models of cerebral organoids, holding the potential to recapitulate precise stages of human brain development with the aim of personalized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Recent progresses allowed to generate 3D-structures of both neuronal and non-neuronal cell types and develop either whole-brain or region-specific cerebral organoids in order to investigate in vitro key brain developmental processes, such as neuronal cell morphogenesis, migration and connectivity. In this review, we summarized emerging methodological approaches in the field of brain organoid technologies and their application to dissect disease mechanisms underlying an array of pediatric brain developmental disorders, with a particular focus on autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and epileptic encephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Baldassari
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCSS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCSS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCSS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCSS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCSS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCSS Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Duitama M, Vargas-López V, Casas Z, Albarracin SL, Sutachan JJ, Torres YP. TRP Channels Role in Pain Associated With Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:782. [PMID: 32848557 PMCID: PMC7417429 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) are cation channels expressed in both non-excitable and excitable cells from diverse tissues, including heart, lung, and brain. The TRP channel family includes 28 isoforms activated by physical and chemical stimuli, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and noxious stimuli. Recently, it has been shown that TRP channels are also directly or indirectly activated by reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and TRP channels are involved in the progression of those diseases by mechanisms involving changes in the crosstalk between Ca2+ regulation, oxidative stress, and production of inflammatory mediators. TRP channels involved in nociception include members of the TRPV, TRPM, TRPA, and TRPC subfamilies that transduce physical and chemical noxious stimuli. It has also been reported that pain is a complex issue in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and adequate management of pain in those conditions is still in discussion. TRPV1 has a role in neuroinflammation, a critical mechanism involved in neurodegeneration. Therefore, some studies have considered TRPV1 as a target for both pain treatment and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, this review aimed to describe the TRP-dependent mechanism that can mediate pain sensation in neurodegenerative diseases and the therapeutic approach available to palliate pain and neurodegenerative symptoms throughout the regulation of these channels.
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12
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Zhong X, Wu J, Ke W, Yu Y, Ji D, Kang J, Qiu J, Wang C, Yu P, Wei Y. Neonatal exposure to organophosphorus flame retardant TDCPP elicits neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampus via microglia-mediated inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:541-552. [PMID: 31894355 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is a phosphorus-based flame retardant common in consumer goods and baby products. Concerns have been raised about TDCPP exposure and neurodevelopmental toxicity. However, the mechanism and early response for TDCPP-induced neurotoxicity are poorly understood. This study investigates the role of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in TDCPP-induced neurotoxicity in mice and primary cells. TDCPP was administered to C57BL/6 pups (0, 5, or 50 mg/kg/day) via an oral gavage from postnatal days 10-38 (28 days). The results showed that TDCPP exposure for 28 days altered the gene expression of neuronal markers Tubb3, Nefh, and Nes, and led to apoptosis in the hippocampus. The mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors Il-1β, Tnfα and Ccl2 dose dependently increased in the hippocampus at both 24 h and 28 days following exposure, accompanied by microglia activation characterized by an amoeboid-like phenotype. In in vitro studies using the primary microglia isolated from neonatal mice, exposure to TDCPP (0-100 μM) for 24 h resulted in cellular activation. It also increased the expression of genes responsible for inflammatory responses including surface markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These changes occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. Neurite outgrowth of primary mouse hippocampal neurons was inhibited by treatment with the conditioned medium harvested from microglia exposed to TDCPP. These results reveal that neonatal exposure to TDCPP induces neuronal damage through microglia-mediated inflammation. This provides insight into the mechanism of TDCPP's neurodevelopmental toxicity, and suggests that microglial cell is a sensitive responder for OPFRs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jingwei Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weijian Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuejin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Di Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianmeng Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Can Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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13
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Rajchgot T, Thomas SC, Wang JC, Ahmadi M, Balood M, Crosson T, Dias JP, Couture R, Claing A, Talbot S. Neurons and Microglia; A Sickly-Sweet Duo in Diabetic Pain Neuropathy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:25. [PMID: 30766472 PMCID: PMC6365454 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a common condition characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. High blood sugar primarily affects cells that have a limited capacity to regulate their glucose intake. These cells include capillary endothelial cells in the retina, mesangial cells in the renal glomerulus, Schwann cells, and neurons of the peripheral and central nervous systems. As a result, hyperglycemia leads to largely intractable complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, hypertension, and neuropathy. Diabetic pain neuropathy is a complex and multifactorial disease that has been associated with poor glycemic control, longer diabetes duration, hypertension, advanced age, smoking status, hypoinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia. While many of the driving factors involved in diabetic pain are still being investigated, they can be broadly classified as either neuron -intrinsic or -extrinsic. In neurons, hyperglycemia impairs the polyol pathway, leading to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, an enhanced formation of advanced glycation end products, and a disruption in Na+/K+ ATPase pump function. In terms of the extrinsic pathway, hyperglycemia leads to the generation of both overactive microglia and microangiopathy. The former incites a feed-forward inflammatory loop that hypersensitizes nociceptor neurons, as observed at the onset of diabetic pain neuropathy. The latter reduces neurons' access to oxygen, glucose and nutrients, prompting reductions in nociceptor terminal expression and losses in sensation, as observed in the later stages of diabetic pain neuropathy. Overall, microglia can be seen as potent and long-lasting amplifiers of nociceptor neuron activity, and may therefore constitute a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetic pain neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Rajchgot
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sini Christine Thomas
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jo-Chiao Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maryam Ahmadi
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad Balood
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Théo Crosson
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jenny Pena Dias
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Réjean Couture
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Claing
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Talbot
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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14
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Fabbretti E. P2X3 receptors are transducers of sensory signals. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:119-124. [PMID: 30660716 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral stimuli are transduced by specific receptors expressed by sensory neurons and are further processed in the dorsal horn of spinal cord before to be transmitted to the brain. While relative few receptor subtypes mediate the initial depolarisation of sensory neurons, an impressive number of molecules and ion channels integrate these inputs into coded signals. Soluble mediators and ambient conditions further shape these processes, potentially triggering peripheral and central sensitisation, or sensory downregulation. Extracellular ATP is a major signaling molecule that acts via purinergic receptors and is a powerful modulator of cell communication as well as a neurotransmitter at peripheral/central synapses. In particular, ATP-mediated signals are transduced by P2X3 receptors expressed mainly by peripheral sensory neurons. Recent evidence suggests that P2X3 receptor function not only induces neuron depolarisation and firing with consequent neurotransmitter release, but it also triggers intracellular molecular changes that amplify purinergic signaling with important consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Fabbretti
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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15
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Plantone D, Inglese M, Salvetti M, Koudriavtseva T. A Perspective of Coagulation Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1175. [PMID: 30692962 PMCID: PMC6340371 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A key role of both coagulation and vascular thrombosis has been reported since the first descriptions of multiple sclerosis (MS). Subsequently, the observation of a close concordance between perivascular fibrin(ogen) deposition and the occurrence of clinical signs in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, led to numerous investigations focused on the role of thrombin and fibrin(ogen). Indeed, the activation of microglia, resident innate immune cells, occurs early after fibrinogen leakage in the pre-demyelinating lesion stage of EAE and MS. Thrombin has both neuroprotective and pro-apoptotic effects according to its concentration. After exposure to high concentrations of thrombin, astrocytes become reactive and lose their neuroprotective and supportive functions, microglia proliferate, and produce reactive oxygen species, IL-1β, and TNFα. Heparin inhibits the thrombin generation and suppresses EAE. Platelets play an important role too. Indeed, in the acute phase of the disease, they begin the inflammatory response in the central nervous system by producing of IL-1alpha and triggering and amplifying the immune response. Their depletion, on the contrary, ameliorates the course of EAE. Finally, it has been proven that the use of several anticoagulant agents can successfully improve EAE. Altogether, these studies highlight the role of the coagulation pathway in the pathophysiology of MS and suggest possible therapeutic targets that may complement existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neuroscience Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NEMOS), Sapienza University, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Tatiana Koudriavtseva
- Department of Clinical Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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16
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De Luca C, Colangelo AM, Alberghina L, Papa M. Neuro-Immune Hemostasis: Homeostasis and Diseases in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:459. [PMID: 30534057 PMCID: PMC6275309 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation and the immune system interact in several physiological and pathological conditions, including tissue repair, host defense, and homeostatic maintenance. This network plays a key role in diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) by involving several cells (CNS resident cells, platelets, endothelium, and leukocytes) and molecular pathways (protease activity, complement factors, platelet granule content). Endothelial damage prompts platelet activation and the coagulation cascade as the first physiological step to support the rescue of damaged tissues, a flawed rescuing system ultimately producing neuroinflammation. Leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells are sensitive to the damage and indeed can release or respond to chemokines and cytokines (platelet factor 4, CXCL4, TNF, interleukins), and growth factors (including platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) with platelet activation, change in capillary permeability, migration or differentiation of leukocytes. Thrombin, plasmin, activated complement factors and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), furthermore, activate intracellular transduction through complement or protease-activated receptors. Impairment of the neuro-immune hemostasis network induces acute or chronic CNS pathologies related to the neurovascular unit, either directly or by the systemic activation of its main steps. Neurons, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and the extracellular matrix play a crucial function in a “tetrapartite” synaptic model. Taking into account the neurovascular unit, in this review we thoroughly analyzed the influence of neuro-immune hemostasis on these five elements acting as a functional unit (“pentapartite” synapse) in the adaptive and maladaptive plasticity and discuss the relevance of these events in inflammatory, cerebrovascular, Alzheimer, neoplastic and psychiatric diseases. Finally, based on the solid reviewed data, we hypothesize a model of neuro-immune hemostatic network based on protein–protein interactions. In addition, we propose that, to better understand and favor the maintenance of adaptive plasticity, it would be useful to construct predictive molecular models, able to enlighten the regulating logic of the complex molecular network, which belongs to different cellular domains. A modeling approach would help to define how nodes of the network interact with basic cellular functions, such as mitochondrial metabolism, autophagy or apoptosis. It is expected that dynamic systems biology models might help to elucidate the fine structure of molecular events generated by blood coagulation and neuro-immune responses in several CNS diseases, thereby opening the way to more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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17
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Resolving neuroinflammation, the therapeutic potential of the anti-malaria drug family of artemisinin. Pharmacol Res 2018; 136:172-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Hutchinson MR, Stoddart PR, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Challenges and opportunities in neurophotonics discussed at the International Conference on Biophotonics 2017. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:040402. [PMID: 30450362 PMCID: PMC6225684 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.4.040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurophotonics is an exploding field that spans the intersection of light and neurons for fundamental discovery and clinical translation. Optical technologies have significantly impacted brain research by probing into the mysteries of the brain, modulating brain activity, and improving patient care. Based on a discussion held at the International Conference on Biophotonics 2017, a group of leading researchers brainstormed to identify areas of unmet need in neuroscience and medicine, where biophotonics research could have the highest affect. We present two areas of future growth that spans basic research and clinical needs: management of chronic pain and interventional neuroimmunology. There are many directions within these areas that could be pursued for the ultimate goal of improved understanding of the brain and enhanced care of patients with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Hutchinson
- University of Adelaide, ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul R. Stoddart
- Swinburne University of Technology, ARC Training Center in Biodevices, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Vanderbilt University, Biophotonics Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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19
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Repopulated microglia are solely derived from the proliferation of residual microglia after acute depletion. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:530-540. [PMID: 29472620 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Newborn microglia rapidly replenish the whole brain after selective elimination of most microglia (>99%) in adult mice. Previous studies reported that repopulated microglia were largely derived from microglial progenitor cells expressing nestin in the brain. However, the origin of these repopulated microglia has been hotly debated. In this study, we investigated the origin of repopulated microglia by a series of fate-mapping approaches. We first excluded the blood origin of repopulated microglia via parabiosis. With different transgenic mouse lines, we then demonstrated that all repopulated microglia were derived from the proliferation of the few surviving microglia (<1%). Despite a transient pattern of nestin expression in newly forming microglia, none of repopulated microglia were derived from nestin-positive non-microglial cells. In summary, we conclude that repopulated microglia are solely derived from residual microglia rather than de novo progenitors, suggesting the absence of microglial progenitor cells in the adult brain.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review aims to present the latest research into microglia and their role in pain. RECENT FINDINGS Microglia affect sex and age-dependent differences in pain. The various microglial phenotypes make their involvement in pain more complex but provide more potential as pain modulators. SUMMARY Glial cells, composed of microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, outnumber neurons in the central nervous system. The crosstalk between these cells and neurons is now established as participating in the development of chronic pain. There has been a great advance in the description of microglia reactivity from pro to anti-inflammatory phenotypes. The modulation of these phenotypes could be a potential target for pain therapy. Recently, different microglial reactivity between man and woman and between neonates and adults, in response to nerve injury were described, which could explain some of the sex differences in pain sensitivity and the absence of neuropathic pain development in neonates. Clinical trials using microglia as a target have been carried out in various neurological diseases and pain, with limited efficacy in the latter, but there are nonetheless, indications that with some improvement in study strategies microglia could be a future target for pain control.
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21
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Zhou YD. Glial Regulation of Energy Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1090:105-121. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Maggio N, Papa M. Neuro-Coagulopathy: Blood Coagulation Factors in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2128. [PMID: 29023416 PMCID: PMC5666810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation factors and other proteins, with modulatory effects or modulated by the coagulation cascade have been reported to affect the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS). The protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway can be considered the central hub of this regulatory network, mainly through thrombin or activated protein C (aPC). These proteins, in fact, showed peculiar properties, being able to interfere with synaptic homeostasis other than coagulation itself. These specific functions modulate neuronal networks, acting both on resident (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) as well as circulating immune system cells and the extracellular matrix. The pleiotropy of these effects is produced through different receptors, expressed in various cell types, in a dose- and time-dependent pattern. We reviewed how these pathways may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and post-ischemic epilepsy, CNS cancer, addiction, and mental health. These data open up a new path for the potential therapeutic use of the agonist/antagonist of these proteins in the management of several central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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23
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Ma L, Demin KA, Kolesnikova TO, Kharsko SL, Zhu X, Yuan X, Song C, Meshalkina DA, Leonard BE, Tian L, Kalueff AV. Animal inflammation-based models of depression and their application to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:995-1009. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1362385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Xiaokang Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Cai Song
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, and Department of Medical Research, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Darya A. Meshalkina
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine (ITBM), St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Brian E. Leonard
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Li Tian
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Allan V. Kalueff
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine (ITBM), St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Technologies, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA
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24
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Luongo L, Starowicz K, Maione S, Di Marzo V. Allodynia Lowering Induced by Cannabinoids and Endocannabinoids (ALICE). Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:272-277. [PMID: 28237514 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a neurological disorder that strongly affects the quality of life of patients. The molecular and cellular mechanisms at the basis of the neuropathic pain establishment still need to be clarified. Among the neuromodulators that play a role in the pathological pain pathways, endocannabinoids could be deeply involved in both neuronal and non-neuronal mechanisms responsible for the appearance of tactile allodynia. Indeed, the function and dysfunction of this complex system in the molecular and cellular mechanisms of chronic pain induction and maintenance have been widely studied over the last two decades. In this review article, we highlighted the possible modulation of the endocannabinoid system in the neuronal, glial and microglial modulation in neuropathic pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli, Italy; Young Against Pain (YAP) Italian Group, Italy.
| | - Katarzyna Starowicz
- Pain Pathophysiology Lab, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Pozzuoli, Italy
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25
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TRPM2 contributes to LPC-induced intracellular Ca 2+ influx and microglial activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:301-306. [PMID: 28223219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells which become activated in some pathological conditions in central nervous system (CNS). Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), an endogenous inflammatory phospholipid, is implicated in immunomodulatory function of glial cells in the CNS. Although several studies uncovered that LPC induces intracellular Ca2+ influx and morphologic change in microglia, there is still no direct evidence showing change of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 (p-p38), a widely used microglia activation marker, by LPC. Furthermore, the cellular mechanism of LPC-induced microglia activation remains unknown. In this study, we found that LPC induced intracellular Ca2+ increase in primary cultured microglia, which was blocked in the presence of Gd3+, non-selective transient receptor potential (TRP) channel blocker. RT-PCR and whole cell patch clamp recordings revealed molecular and functional expression of TRP melastatin 2 (TRPM2) in microglia. Using western blotting, we also observed that LPC increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and the increase of p-p38 expression is also reversed in TRPM2-knockout (KO) microglia. Moreover, LPC induced membrane trafficking of TRPM2 and intrathecal injection of LPC increased Iba-1 immunoreactivity in the spinal cord, which were significantly reduced in KO mice. In addition, LPC-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase and inward currents were abolished in TRPM2-KO microglia. Taken together, our results suggest that LPC induces intracellular Ca2+ influx and increases phosphorylation of p38 MAPK via TRPM2, which in turn activates microglia.
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26
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Li J, Deng G, Wang H, Yang M, Yang R, Li X, Zhang X, Yuan H. Interleukin-1β pre-treated bone marrow stromal cells alleviate neuropathic pain through CCL7-mediated inhibition of microglial activation in the spinal cord. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42260. [PMID: 28195183 PMCID: PMC5307320 DOI: 10.1038/srep42260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neuropathic pain is one of the most intractable diseases, recent studies indicate that systemic or local injection of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines release and alleviates neuropathic pain. However, it is still not clear whether pre-treated BMSCs have a strong anti-inflammatory and/or analgesia effect. Using the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain, IL-1β pre-treated BMSCs (IL-1β-BMSCs) were injected into rats followed by SNL in order to determine possible effects. Results indicated that IL-1β-BMSCs were more efficacious in both amelioration of neuropathic pain and inhibition of microglia activation. Specifically, microglia inhibition was found to be mediated by chemokine C-C motif ligand 7 (CCL7) but not CCL2. Results also showed that IL-1β-BMSCs had a stronger inhibitory effect on astrocyte activation as well as CCL7 release, which was found to be mediated by IL-10 not transforming growth factor-β1. In addition, we also found directional migration of IL-1β-BMSCs was mediated by inceased C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 13 expression following SNL. In conclusion, our results indicated IL-1β-BMSCs could inhibit microglia activation and neuropathic pain by decreasing CCL7 level in spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Guoying Deng
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 650 Xin Songjiang Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Haowei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224001, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Interventional &Vascular Surgery, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
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27
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Yan X, Maixner DW, Li F, Weng HR. Chronic pain and impaired glial glutamate transporter function in lupus-prone mice are ameliorated by blocking macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 receptors. J Neurochem 2017; 140:963-976. [PMID: 28072466 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-organ disease of unknown etiology in which the normal immune responses are directed against the body's own healthy tissues. Patients with SLE often suffer from chronic pain. Currently, no animal studies have been reported about the mechanisms underlying pain in SLE. In this study, the development of chronic pain in MRL lupus-prone (MRL/lpr) mice, a well-established lupus mouse model, was characterized for the first time. We found that female MRL/lpr mice developed thermal hyperalgesia at the age of 13 weeks, and mechanical allodynia at the age of 16 weeks. MRL/lpr mice with chronic pain had activation of microglia and astrocytes, over-expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), as well as suppression of glial glutamate transport function in the spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of either the CSF-1 blocker or IL-1 inhibitor attenuated thermal hyperalgesia in MRL/lpr mice. We provide evidence that the suppressed activity of glial glutamate transporters in the spinal dorsal horn in MRL/lpr mice is caused by activation of the CSF-1 and IL-1β signaling pathways. Our findings suggest that targeting the CSF-1 and IL-1β signaling pathways or the glial glutamate transporter in the spinal cord is an effective approach for the management of chronic pain caused by SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisheng Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dylan W Maixner
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Han-Rong Weng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, USA
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28
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Bachi K, Sierra S, Volkow ND, Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N. Is biological aging accelerated in drug addiction? Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017; 13:34-39. [PMID: 27774503 PMCID: PMC5068223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug-addiction may trigger early onset of age-related disease, due to drug-induced multi-system toxicity and perilous lifestyle, which remains mostly undetected and untreated. We present the literature on pathophysiological processes that may hasten aging and its relevance to addiction, including: oxidative stress and cellular aging, inflammation in periphery and brain, decline in brain volume and function, and early onset of cardiac, cerebrovascular, kidney, and liver disease. Timely detection of accelerated aging in addiction is crucial for the prevention of premature morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Bachi
- Department of Psychiatry & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Salvador Sierra
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nelly Alia-Klein
- Department of Psychiatry & Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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29
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Rui X, Wenfang L, Jing C, Meng C, Chengcheng D, Jiqu X, Shuang R. Neuroprotective effects of phytosterol esters against high cholesterol-induced cognitive deficits in aged rat. Food Funct 2017; 8:1323-1332. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01656a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating epidemiological and experimental studies have confirmed that a high-cholesterol diet is detrimental to cognitive performance in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Rui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Medical College
- Wuhan University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Li Wenfang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Medical College
- Wuhan University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Cheng Jing
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Medical College
- Wuhan University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Chen Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Medical College
- Wuhan University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Ding Chengcheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Medical College
- Wuhan University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
| | - Xu Jiqu
- Department of Product Processing and Nutriology
- Oil Crops Research Institute
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Wuhan
- PR China
| | - Rong Shuang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene
- School of Public Health
- Medical College
- Wuhan University of Science & Technology
- Wuhan
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30
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Abstract
Macrophages regulate tissue regeneration following injury. They can worsen tissue injury by producing reactive oxygen species and other toxic mediators that disrupt cell metabolism, induce apoptosis, and exacerbate ischemic injury. However, they also produce a variety of growth factors, such as IGF-1, VEGF-α, TGF-β, and Wnt proteins that regulate epithelial and endothelial cell proliferation, myofibroblast activation, stem and tissue progenitor cell differentiation, and angiogenesis. Proresolving macrophages in turn restore tissue homeostasis by functioning as anti-inflammatory cells, and macrophage-derived matrix metalloproteinases regulate fibrin and collagen turnover. However, dysregulated macrophage function impairs wound healing and contributes to the development of fibrosis. Consequently, the mechanisms that regulate these different macrophage activation states have become active areas of research. In this review, we discuss the common and unique mechanisms by which macrophages instruct tissue repair in the liver, nervous system, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, and intestine and illustrate how macrophages might be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Vannella
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ,
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; ,
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