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Bakos T, Kozma GT, Szebeni J, Szénási G. Eculizumab suppresses zymosan-induced release of inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-2 in autologous serum-substituted PBMC cultures: Relevance to cytokine storm in Covid-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115294. [PMID: 37567071 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cytokine storm (CS) is a major contributor to the fatal outcome of severe infectious diseases, including Covid-19. Treatment with the complement (C) C5 inhibitor eculizumab was beneficial in end-stage Covid-19, however, the mechanism of this effect is unknown. To clarify this, we analyzed the relationship between C activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a PBMC model. METHODS Human PBMC with or without 20 % autologous serum was incubated with C3a, C5a, zymosan or zymosan-pre-activated serum (ZAS) for 24 h with or without eculizumab or the C5a receptor antagonist, DF2593A. C activation (sC5b-9) and 9 inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. RESULTS In serum-free unstimulated PBMC only IL-8 release could be measured during incubation. Addition of C5a increased IL-8 secretion only, ZAS induced both IL-2 and IL-8, while zymosan led to significant production of all cytokines, most abundantly IL-8. In the presence of serum the above effects were greatly enhanced, and the zymosan-induced rises of IL-1α, IL-1β IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly attenuated by eculizumab but not by DF2593a. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the complexity of interrelationships between C activation and cytokine secretion under different experimental conditions. The clinically relevant findings include the abundant formation of the chemokine IL-8, which was stimulated by C5a, and the suppression of numerous inflammatory cytokines by eculizumab, which explains its therapeutic efficacy in severe Covid-19. These data strengthen the clinical relevance of the applied PBMC model for drug screening against CS, enabling the separation of complex innate immune cross-talks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Bakos
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Szebeni
- SeroScience LTD., Budapest, Hungary; Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Department of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1089, Hungary; Department of Nanobiotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Miskolc University, Miskolc 2880, Hungary; School of Chemical Engineering and Translational Nanobioscience Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, the Republic of Korea
| | - Gábor Szénási
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Combination of flow cytometry and qPCR to study the immune response of american cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:433-439. [PMID: 30076983 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
American Cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a public health problem. The immunological response is mainly dependent on T cell cytokine responses and might influence disease presentation, susceptibility and development. The understanding of the host immune response role in the control and in the pathology of leishmaniasis is relevant and has implications on diagnosis, follow-up and vaccine development. In this study, the differences in the immune response and T cell profile of patients before treatment was investigated through flow cytometry and real time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after different antigenic stimulations. Among the main findings are the significant presence of TNF and IFN-γ gene expression after 24 h of in vitro stimulation, and 48 h later the presence of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells producing IL-10 and IL-4. This may be due to the differences in cytokine release over time and the presence of cells other than lymphocytes influencing the mRNA transcript detection. Evaluation of the immune response of individuals with leishmaniasis or other diseases should associate different technologies and times points for a clear and more reliable assessment of the immune response. This would help in the design of vaccine strategies/immunotherapies.
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González L, Lira-Albarrán S, Méndez I, Díaz L, Larrea F. The role of the ovarian cycle and the effects of mitogen-induced cytokines on human prolactin gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Endocr Res 2018; 43:39-46. [PMID: 28972407 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2017.1374967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND little is known on the influences of normal menstrual cycle on prolactin gene expression in immune cells. AIM OF THE STUDY to determine the effects of the ovarian cycle on prolactin and its receptor expression. METHODS peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from twenty-six normal menstruating women at different intervals of their menstrual cycle. The PBMC were incubated during 24 h in the presence or absence of Concanavalin-A (Con-A) and the gene expression of PRL, PRLR and cytokines was evaluated by qPCR. Prolactin, IL-2 and cAMP were determined in each culture by specific immunoassays. RESULTS neither PRL nor its receptor expression in PBMC changed significantly among groups, including the cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, and IFNG) studied. Similar results, among groups, were obtained, when PRL expression was stimulated by PGE2 or 8-Br-cAMP. Concanavalin A-stimulated PBMC expressed significantly less prolactin and a significant negative correlation between secreted IL-2 and PRL expression was found. The presence of anti-IL-2 antibodies in Con-A stimulated-cultures significantly increased PRL expression when compared to control cells regardless the hormonal status. CONCLUSIONS these data suggest that the menstrual cycle does not significantly modulate or influence prolactin and cytokines gene expression in PBMC, and indicate that IL-2 may be involved in the Con-A regulation of PRL expression in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia González
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
- b Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , México
| | - Saúl Lira-Albarrán
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Isabel Méndez
- c Instituto de Neurobiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Querétaro , Mexico
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Fernando Larrea
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
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Radke L, Sandig G, Lubitz A, Schließer U, von Horsten HH, Blanchard V, Keil K, Sandig V, Giese C, Hummel M, Hinderlich S, Frohme M. In Vitro Evaluation of Glycoengineered RSV-F in the Human Artificial Lymph Node Reactor. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4030070. [PMID: 28952549 PMCID: PMC5615316 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines often require adjuvants to elicit sustained immune activity. Here, a method is described to evaluate the efficacy of single vaccine candidates in the preclinical stage based on cytokine and gene expression analysis. As a model, the recombinant human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (RSV-F) was produced in CHO cells. For comparison, wild-type and glycoengineered, afucosylated RSV-F were established. Both glycoprotein vaccines were tested in a commercial Human Artificial Lymph Node in vitro model (HuALN®). The analysis of six key cytokines in cell culture supernatants showed well-balanced immune responses for the afucosylated RSV-F, while immune response of wild-type RSV-F was more Th1 accentuated. In particular, stronger and specific secretion of interleukin-4 after each round of re-stimulation underlined higher potency and efficacy of the afucosylated vaccine candidate. Comprehensive gene expression analysis by nCounter gene expression assay confirmed the stronger onset of the immunologic reaction in stimulation experiments with the afucosylated vaccine in comparison to wild-type RSV-F and particularly revealed prominent activation of Th17 related genes, innate immunity, and comprehensive activation of humoral immunity. We, therefore, show that our method is suited to distinguish the potency of two vaccine candidates with minor structural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Radke
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, Wildau 15745, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, Charitè-University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Grit Sandig
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Seestraße 64, Berlin 13347, Germany.
| | - Annika Lubitz
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestraße 54, Berlin 13086, Germany.
| | | | - Hans Henning von Horsten
- Department of Life Science Engineering, HTW Berlin University of Applied Sciences, Wilhelminenhofstraße 75a, Berlin 12459, Germany.
| | - Veronique Blanchard
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Medical University Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Karolin Keil
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, Wildau 15745, Germany.
| | - Volker Sandig
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestraße 54, Berlin 13086, Germany.
| | | | - Michael Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charitè-University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Stephan Hinderlich
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Seestraße 64, Berlin 13347, Germany.
| | - Marcus Frohme
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, Wildau 15745, Germany.
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Sandig G, von Horsten HH, Radke L, Blanchard V, Frohme M, Giese C, Sandig V, Hinderlich S. Engineering of CHO Cells for the Production of Recombinant Glycoprotein Vaccines with Xylosylated N-glycans. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4020038. [PMID: 28952517 PMCID: PMC5590453 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylose is a general component of O-glycans in mammals. Core-xylosylation of N-glycans is only found in plants and helminth. Consequently, xylosylated N-glycans cause immunological response in humans. We have used the F-protein of the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), one of the main causes of respiratory tract infection in infants and elderly, as a model protein for vaccination. The RSV-F protein was expressed in CHO-DG44 cells, which were further modified by co-expression of β1,2-xylosyltransferase from Nicotiana tabacum. Xylosylation of RSV-F N-glycans was shown by monosaccharide analysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In immunogenic studies with a human artificial lymph node model, the engineered RSV-F protein revealed improved vaccination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Sandig
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Seestrasse 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hans Henning von Horsten
- Department of Life Science Engineering, HTW Berlin University of Applied Sciences, Wilhelminenhofstraße 75a, 12459 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lars Radke
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
| | - Véronique Blanchard
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité Medical University Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marcus Frohme
- Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Hochschulring 1, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
| | | | - Volker Sandig
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestrasse 54, 13086 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Hinderlich
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Seestrasse 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany.
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Role of Mast Cells and C-Sensory Fibers in Concanavalin A-Induced Paw Edema in Two Rat Strains. Inflammation 2015; 38:1434-49. [PMID: 25619815 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated a putative contribution of mast cells and C-sensory fibers to differences in the development of inflammatory edema following the injection of concanavalin A (Con A) into the hind paws of Dark Agouti (DA) and Albino Oxford (AO) rats. The treatment of adult rats with mast cell-depletor compound 48/80 and neonatal depletion of C-sensory fibers independently revealed that leukocyte composition of the inflamed paws and lymph nodes during local inflammatory response to Con A was generally regulated in a similar way in DA and AO rat strains. However, in DA and AO rats, the decrease and the increase of Con A-induced plasma extravasation were associated with mast cell depletion and activation, respectively, whereas neonatal capsaicin treatment activated dermal mast cells and potentiated inflammatory plasma extravasation only in adult rats of DA strain. Hence, strain differences in the development of the inflammatory response to Con A are probably controlled by the differences in the interplay between mast cells and C-sensory fibers in DA and AO rats.
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Carolan LA, Butler J, Rockman S, Guarnaccia T, Hurt AC, Reading P, Kelso A, Barr I, Laurie KL. TaqMan real time RT-PCR assays for detecting ferret innate and adaptive immune responses. J Virol Methods 2014; 205:38-52. [PMID: 24797460 PMCID: PMC7113642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ferret model is used to study human disease and physiology. TaqMan realtime RT-PCR assays for ferret cytokine and chemokine mRNA were developed. Cytokine and chemokine patterns in ferret cells were similar to other mammals. A comprehensive panel of mRNAs can be measured in samples of limited quantity.
The ferret is an excellent model for many human infectious diseases including influenza, SARS-CoV, henipavirus and pneumococcal infections. The ferret is also used to study cystic fibrosis and various cancers, as well as reproductive biology and physiology. However, the range of reagents available to measure the ferret immune response is very limited. To address this deficiency, high-throughput real time RT-PCR TaqMan assays were developed to measure the expression of fifteen immune mediators associated with the innate and adaptive immune responses (IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, IL1α, IL1β, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12p40, IL17, Granzyme A, MCP1, TNFα), as well as four endogenous housekeeping genes (ATF4, HPRT, GAPDH, L32). These assays have been optimized to maximize reaction efficiency, reduce the amount of sample required (down to 1 ng RNA per real time RT-PCR reaction) and to select the most appropriate housekeeping genes. Using these assays, the expression of each of the tested genes could be detected in ferret lymph node cells stimulated with mitogens or infected with influenza virus in vitro. These new tools will allow a more comprehensive analysis of the ferret immune responses following infection or in other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Jeff Butler
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219, Australia
| | - Steve Rockman
- bioCSL Limited, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Teagan Guarnaccia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Monash University Gippsland, Churchill, 3842, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Patrick Reading
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Anne Kelso
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Karen L Laurie
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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Radke L, Giese C, Lubitz A, Hinderlich S, Sandig G, Hummel M, Frohme M. Reference gene stability in peripheral blood mononuclear cells determined by qPCR and NanoString. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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