Akt signalling in health and disease

Network pharmacology integrated with experimental validation to elucidate the mechanisms of action of the Guizhi-Gancao Decoction in the treatment of phenylephrine-induced cardiac hypertrophy

CONTEXT

The mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Guizhi-Gancao Decoction (GGD) remain unknown.

OBJECTIVE

This study explores the mechanisms of GGD against cardiac hypertrophy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Network pharmacology analysis was carried out to identify the potential targets of GGD. In vivo experiments, C57BL/6J mice were divided into Con, phenylephrine (PE, 10 mg/kg/d), 2-chloroadenosine (CADO, the stable analogue of adenosine, 2 mg/kg/d), GGD (5.4 g/kg/d) and GGD (5.4 g/kg/d) + CGS15943 (a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, 4 mg/kg/d). In vitro experiments, primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) were divided into Con, PE (100 µM), CADO (5 µM), GGD (10-5 g/mL) and GGD (10-5 g/mL) + CGS15943 (5 µM). Ultrasound, H&E and Masson staining, hypertrophic genes expression and cell surface area were conducted to verify the GGD efficacy. Adenosine receptors (ADORs) expression were tested via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology identified ADORs among those of the core targets of GGD. In vitro experiments demonstrated that GGD attenuated PE-induced increased surface area (with an EC50 of 5.484 × 10-6 g/mL). In vivo data shown that GGD attenuated PE-induced ventricular wall thickening. In vitro and in vivo data indicated that GGD alleviated PE-induced hypertrophic gene expression (e.g., ANP, BNP and MYH7/MYH6), A1AR over-expression and A2aAR down-expression. Moreover, CADO exerts effects similar to GGD, whereas CGS15943 eliminated most effects of GGD.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest the mechanism by which GGD inhibits cardiac hypertrophy, highlighting regulation of ADORs as a potential therapeutic strategy for HF.

Explore the underlying oral efficacy of α-, β-, γ-Cyclodextrin against the ulcerative colitis using in vitro and in vivo studies assisted by network pharmacology

The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is rising worldwide. As a refractory and recurrent disease, UC could seriously affect the patients' quality of life. However, current clinical medical treatments for UC are accompanied by various side effects, especially for long-term applications. Here, the underlying efficacy of cyclodextrins (CDs) was studied. As common excipients, CDs endow proven safety for long-term applications. Results of predictive methods derived from network pharmacology prompted the potential anti-inflammatory effects of CDs by oral administration. RAW264.7 cell experiments verified that CDs could inhibit the excessive secretion of TNF-α (β-CD > α-CD ≈ γ-CD), IL-6, and NO (α-CD > β-CD ≈ γ-CD) as predicted. In mice with DSS-induced acute UC, oral administration of CDs could effectively mitigate the pathological damage of colon tissue and reduce the level of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing displayed that gut microbes disturbed by DSS were significantly regulated by CDs. Conclusively, the study showed the therapeutic application prospects of CDs in UC treatment and indicated the feasibility and advantages of developing 'new' therapeutic activities of 'old' ingredients.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Stratifin promotes the malignant progression of HCC via binding and hyperactivating AKT signaling

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. In this study, we reveal the pivotal role of Stratifin (SFN), also recognized as 14-3-3σ, in driving HCC progression. Our investigation underscores a substantial upregulation of SFN within HCC tissues, manifesting a significant association with worse prognostic outcomes among HCC patients. In vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that SFN overexpression significantly amplifies proliferation, mitigates sorafenib-induced effects on HCC cells, and enhances tumorigenesis. While SFN silencing exerts converse effects on HCC progression. Additionally, we unveil a critical interaction between SFN and AKT, where SFN boosts AKT kinase activity by disrupting the binding of PHLPP2 and AKT, thereby intensifying the malignant progression of HCC cells. In conclusion, this study identifies the oncogenic role of SFN and elucidates the regulatory mechanism of the SFN/AKT axis in HCC, which may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of HCC progression and potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Comprehensive investigation of differentially expressed ncRNAs, mRNAs, and their ceRNA networks in the regulation of shell color formation in clam, Cyclina sinensis

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their crucial roles in various biological processes. However, our understanding of the expression and functions of ncRNAs in Cyclina sinensis, an economically important marine bivalve, remains limited. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap by systematically identifying ncRNAs in the mantles of C. sinensis with purple and white shells. Through our analysis, we identified a differential expression of 1244 mRNAs, 196 lncRNAs, 49 circRNAs, and 23 miRNAs between purple- and white-shell clams. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of these differentially expressed ncRNAs in biomineralization and pigmentation processes. To gain further insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying shell color formation, we established competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. These networks allowed us to identify targeted differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMis) and genes associated with shell color formation. Based on the ceRNA networks, we obtained an up-down-up lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network consisting of 13 upregulated lncRNAs and a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network comprising three upregulated circRNAs (novel_circ_0004787, novel_circ_0001165, novel_circ_0000245). Through these networks, we identified and selected an upregulated novel gene (evm.TU.Hic_asm_7.988) and a downregulated sponge miRNA (hru-miR-1985) as potential contributors to shell color regulation. In summary, the present investigation offers a comprehensive analysis of ncRNA catalogs expressed in the clam mantle of C. sinensis. The findings enhance our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms governing shell coloration and offer new perspectives for selective breeding of C. sinensis in the future.

Neuronostatin regulates proliferation and differentiation of rat brown primary preadipocytes

Neuronostatin suppresses the differentiation of white preadipocytes. However, the role of neuronostatin in brown adipose tissue remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated the impact of neuronostatin on the proliferation and differentiation of isolated rat brown preadipocytes. We report that neuronostatin and its receptor (GPR107) are synthesized in brown preadipocytes and brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, neuronostatin promotes the replication of brown preadipocytes via the AKT pathway. Notably, neuronostatin suppresses the expression of markers associated with brown adipogenesis (PGC-1α, PPARγ, PRDM16, and UCP1) and reduces cellular mitochondria content. Moreover, neuronostatin impedes the differentiation of preadipocytes by activating the JNK signaling pathway. These effects were not mimicked by somatostatin. Our results suggest that neuronostatin is involved in regulating brown adipogenesis.

Targeting autophagy in diabetic cardiomyopathy: From molecular mechanisms to pharmacotherapy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a cardiac microvascular complication caused by metabolic disorders. It is characterized by myocardial remodeling and dysfunction. The pathogenesis of DCM is associated with abnormal cellular metabolism and organelle accumulation. Autophagy is thought to play a key role in the diabetic heart, and a growing body of research suggests that modulating autophagy may be a potential therapeutic strategy for DCM. Here, we have summarized the major signaling pathways involved in the regulation of autophagy in DCM, including Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), Forkhead box subfamily O proteins (FOXOs), Sirtuins (SIRTs), and PTEN-inducible kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin. Given the significant role of autophagy in DCM, we further identified natural products and chemical drugs as regulators of autophagy in the treatment of DCM. This review may help to better understand the autophagy mechanism of drugs for DCM and promote their clinical application.

Aspartame carcinogenic potential revealed through network toxicology and molecular docking insights

The research employed network toxicology and molecular docking techniques to systematically examine the potential carcinogenic effects and mechanisms of aspartame (L-α-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester). Aspartame, a commonly used synthetic sweetener, is widely applied in foods and beverages globally. In recent years, its safety issues, particularly the potential carcinogenic risk, have garnered widespread attention. The study first constructed an interaction network map of aspartame with gastric cancer targets using network toxicology methods and identified key targets and pathways. Preliminary validation was conducted through microarray data analysis and survival analysis, and molecular docking techniques were employed to further examine the binding affinity and modes of action of aspartame with key proteins. The findings suggest that aspartame has the potential to impact various cancer-related proteins, potentially raising the likelihood of cellular carcinogenesis by interfering with biomolecular function. Furthermore, the study found that the action patterns and pathways of aspartame-related targets are like the mechanisms of known carcinogenic pathways, further supporting the scientific hypothesis of its potential carcinogenicity. However, given the complexity of the in vivo environment, we also emphasize the necessity of validating these molecular-level findings in actual biological systems. The study introduces a fresh scientific method for evaluating the safety of food enhancers and provides a theoretical foundation for shaping public health regulations.

Wine- and stir-frying processing of Cuscutae Semen enhance its ability to alleviate oxidative stress and apoptosis via the Keap 1-Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/AKT pathways in H2O2-challenged KGN human granulosa cell line

BACKGROUND

Cuscutae Semen (CS) has been prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for millennia as an aging inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent, a pain reliever, and an aphrodisiac. Its three main forms include crude Cuscutae Semen (CCS), wine-processed CS (WCS), and stir-frying-processed CS (SFCS). Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a globally occurring medical condition. The present work sought a highly efficacious multi-target therapeutic approach against POI with minimal side effects. Finally, it analyzed the relative differences among CCS, WCS and SFCS in terms of their therapeutic efficacy and modes of action against H2O2-challenged KGN human granulosa cell line.

METHODS

In this study, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-Q-ExactiveTM Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (MS), oxidative stress indices, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), real-time PCR, Western blotting, and molecular docking were used to investigate the protective effect of CCS, WCS and SFCS on KGN cells oxidative stress and apoptosis mechanisms.

RESULTS

The results confirmed that pretreatment with CCS, WCS and SFCS reduced H2O2-induced oxidative damage, accompanied by declining ROS levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in the KGN cells. CCS, WCS and SFCS upregulated the expression of antioxidative levels (GSH, GSH/GSSG ratio, SOD, T-AOC),mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the relative mRNA(Nrf2, Keap1, NQO-1, HO-1, SOD-1, CAT). They inhibited apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2, downregulating Bax, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3, and lowering the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. They also exerted antioxidant efficacy by partially activating the PI3K/Akt and Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the present work demonstrated the inhibitory efficacy of CCS, WCS and SFCS against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in KGN cells and showed that the associated mechanisms included Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 activation, P-PI3K upregulation, and P-Akt-mediated PI3K-Akt pathway induction.

Delivery of AKT1 phospho-forms to human cells reveals differential substrate selectivity

Protein kinase B (AKT1) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates fundamental cellular processes, including cell survival, proliferation, and metabolism. AKT1 activity is controlled by two regulatory phosphorylation sites (Thr308, Ser473) that stimulate a downstream signaling cascade through phosphorylation of many target proteins. At either or both regulatory sites, hyperphosphorylation is associated with poor survival outcomes in many human cancers. Our previous biochemical and chemoproteomic studies showed that the phosphorylated forms of AKT1 have differential selectivity toward peptide substrates. Here, we investigated AKT1-dependent activity in human cells, using a cell-penetrating peptide (transactivator of transcription, TAT) to deliver inactive AKT1 or active phospho-variants to cells. We used enzyme engineering and genetic code expansion relying on a phosphoseryl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase (SepRS) and tRNASep pair to produce TAT-tagged AKT1 with programmed phosphorylation at one or both key regulatory sites. We found that all TAT-tagged AKT1 variants were efficiently delivered into human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells and that only the phosphorylated AKT1 (pAKT1) variants stimulated downstream signaling. All TAT-pAKT1 variants induced glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α phosphorylation, as well as phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 at Ser240/244, demonstrating stimulation of downstream AKT1 signaling. Fascinatingly, only the AKT1 variants phosphorylated at S473 (TAT-pAKT1S473 or TAT-pAKT1T308,S473) were able to increase phospho-GSK-3β levels. Although each TAT-pAKT1 variant significantly stimulated cell proliferation, cells transduced with TAT-pAKT1T308 grew significantly faster than with the other pAKT1 variants. The data demonstrate differential activity of the AKT1 phospho-forms in modulating downstream signaling and proliferation in human cells.

Bioactive triterpenoid compounds of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf in the treatment of diabetic ulcers via regulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Diabetic ulcers represent a chronic condition characterized by prolonged hyperglycemia and delayed wound healing, accompanied by endocrine disorders, inflammatory responses, and microvascular damage in the epidermal tissue, demanding effective clinical treatment approaches. For thousands of years, ancient Chinese ethnopharmacological studies have documented the use of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf in treating diabetic ulcers. Recent research has substantiated the diverse pharmacological effects of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, including its potential to alleviate hyperglycemia and exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune regulatory properties, which could effectively mitigate diabetic ulcer symptoms. Furthermore, being a natural medicine, Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf has demonstrated promising therapeutic effects and safety in the management of diabetic ulcers, holding significant clinical value. Despite its potential clinical efficacy and applications in diabetic ulcer treatment, the primary active components and underlying pharmacological mechanisms of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf remains unclear. Further investigations are imperative to establish a solid foundation for drug development in this domain.

AIM OF THE STUDY AND MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we aimed to identify the active compounds and potential targets of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and TCMSP databases. Additionally, we attempt to identify targets related to diabetic ulcers. Following enrichment analysis, a network of protein-protein interactions was constructed to identify hub genes based on the common elements between the two datasets. To gain insights into the binding activities of the hub genes and active ingredients, molecular docking analysis was employed. Furthermore, to further validate the therapeutic effect of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, we exerted in vitro experiments using human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells and human myeloid leukemia monocytes (THP-1). The active ingredient of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf was applied in these experiments. Our investigations included various assays, such as CCK-8, scratch test, immunofluorescence, western blotting, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry, to explore the potential of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf triterpenoid extract (PTE) in treating diabetic ulcers.

RESULTS

The findings here highlighted PTE as the primary active ingredient in Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf. Utilizing network pharmacology, we identified 74 potential targets associated with diabetic ulcer treatment for Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, with five hub genes (JUN, MAPK1, STAT3, AKT1, and CTNNB1). Enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of multiple pathways in the therapeutic process, with the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway showing significant enrichment. Through molecular docking, we discovered that relevant targets within this pathway exhibited strong binding with the active components of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf. In vitro experiments unveiled that PTE (10 mg/L) facilitated the migration of human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (P < 0.05). PTE also increased the expression of CD31 and VEGF mRNA (P < 0.05) while activating the expressions of p-PI3K and p-AKT (P < 0.05). Moreover, PTE demonstrated its potential by reducing the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB mRNA in THP-1 (P < 0.05) and fostering M2 macrophage polarization. These results signify the potential therapeutic effects of PTE in treating diabetic ulcers, with its beneficial actions mediated through the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

PTE is the main active ingredient in Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf that exerts therapeutic effects. Through PI3K-AKT signaling pathway activation and inflammatory response reduction, PTE promotes angiogenesis, thereby healing diabetic ulcers.

Prenatal High-Sucrose Diet Induced Vascular Dysfunction of Renal Interlobar Arteries in the Offspring via PPARγ-RXRg-ROS/Akt Signaling

SCOPE

Prenatal nutrition imbalance correlates with developmental origin of cardiovascular diseases; however whether maternal high-sucrose diet (HS) during pregnancy causes vascular damage in renal interlobar arteries (RIA) from offspring still keeps unclear.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Pregnant rats are fed with normal drinking water or 20% high-sucrose solution during the whole gestational period. Swollen mitochondria and distributed myofilaments are observed in vascular smooth muscle cells of RIA exposed to prenatal HS. Maternal HS increases phenylephrine (PE)-induced vasoconstriction in the RIA from adult offspring. NG-Nitro-l-arginine (L-Name) causes obvious vascular tension in response to PE in offspring from control group, not in HS. RNA-Seq of RIA is performed to reveal that the gene retinoid X receptor g (RXRg) is significantly decreased in the HS group, which could affect vascular function via interacting with PPARγ pathway. By preincubation of RIA with apocynin (NADPH inhibitor) or capivasertib (Akt inhibitor), the results indicate that ROS and Akt are the vital important factors to affect the vascular function of RIA exposure to prenatal HS.

CONCLUSION

Maternal HS during the pregnancy increases PE-mediated vasoconstriction of RIA from adult offspring, which is mainly related to the enhanced Akt and ROS regulated by the weakened PPARγ-RXRg.

Taenia solium cysticerci's extracellular vesicles Attenuate the AKT/mTORC1 pathway for Alleviating DSS-induced colitis in a murine model

The excretory-secretory proteome plays a pivotal role in both intercellular communication during disease progression and immune escape mechanisms of various pathogens including cestode parasites like Taenia solium. The cysticerci of T. solium causes infection in the central nervous system known as neurocysticercosis (NCC), which affects a significant population in developing countries. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 30-150-nm-sized particles and constitute a significant part of the secretome. However, the role of EV in NCC pathogenesis remains undetermined. Here, for the first time, we report that EV from T. solium larvae is abundant in metabolites that can negatively regulate PI3K/AKT pathway, efficiently internalized by macrophages to induce AKT and mTOR degradation through auto-lysosomal route with a prominent increase in the ubiquitination of both proteins. This results in less ROS production and diminished bacterial killing capability among EV-treated macrophages. Due to this, both macro-autophagy and caspase-linked apoptosis are upregulated, with a reduction of the autophagy substrate sequestome 1. In summary, we report that T. solium EV from viable cysts attenuates the AKT-mTOR pathway thereby promoting apoptosis in macrophages, and this may exert immunosuppression during an early viable stage of the parasite in NCC, which is primarily asymptomatic. Further investigation on EV-mediated immune suppression revealed that the EV can protect the mice from DSS-induced colitis and improve colon architecture. These findings shed light on the previously unknown role of T. solium EV and the therapeutic role of their immune suppression potential.

Qingkailing granule alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting PI3K/AKT and SRC/STAT3 signaling pathways

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) poses a significant challenge with limited treatment options and a high mortality rate of approximately 45 %. Qingkailing Granule (QKL), derived from the Angong Niuhuang Pill, shows promise in addressing pulmonary conditions. Using a comprehensive approach, combining network pharmacology analysis with experimental validation, this study explores the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of QKL against PF for the first time. In vivo, QKL reduced collagen deposition and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines in a bleomycin-induced PF mouse model. In vitro studies demonstrated QKL's efficacy in protecting cells from bleomycin-induced injury and reducing collagen accumulation and cell migration in TGF-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis cell models. Network pharmacology analysis revealed potential mechanisms, confirmed by western blotting, involving the modulation of PI3K/AKT and SRC/STAT3 signaling pathways. Molecular docking simulations highlighted interactions between QKL's active compounds and key proteins, showing inhibitory effects on epithelial damage and fibrosis. Collectively, these findings underscore the therapeutic potential of QKL in alleviating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis through the downregulation of PI3K/AKT and SRC/STAT3 signaling pathways, with a pivotal role attributed to its active compounds.

Enhancing the therapeutic potential of isoliensinine for hypertension through PEG-PLGA nanoparticle delivery: A comprehensive in vivo and in vitro study

BACKGROUND

Hypertension, a highly prevalent chronic disease, is known to inflict severe damage upon blood vessels. In our previous study, isoliensinine, a kind of bibenzyl isoquinoline alkaloid which isolated from a TCM named Lotus Plumule (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn), exhibits antihypertensive and vascular smooth muscle proliferation-inhibiting effects, but its application is limited due to poor water solubility and low bioavailability. In this study, we proposed to prepare isoliensinine loaded by PEG-PLGA polymer nanoparticles to increase its efficacy METHOD: We synthesized and thoroughly characterized PEG-PLGA nanoparticles loaded with isoliensinine using a nanoprecipitation method, denoted as, PEG-PLGA@Isoliensinine. Additionally, we conducted comprehensive investigations into the stability of PEG-PLGA@Isoliensinine, in vitro drug release profiles, and in vivo pharmacokinetics. Furthermore, we assessed the antihypertensive efficacy of this nano-system through in vitro experiments on A7R5 cells and in vivo studies using AngII-induced mice.

RESULT

The findings reveal that PEG-PLGA@Isoliensinine significantly improves isoliensinine absorption by A7R5 cells and enhances targeted in vivo distribution. This translates to a more effective reduction of AngII-induced hypertension and vascular smooth muscle proliferation.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we successfully prepared PEG-PLGA@Isoliensinine by nano-precipitation, and we confirmed that PEG-PLGA@Isoliensinine surpasses free isoliensinine in its effectiveness for the treatment of hypertension, as demonstrated through both in vivo and in vitro experiments.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study lays the foundation for isoliensinine's clinical use in hypertension treatment and vascular lesion protection, offering new insights for enhancing the bioavailability of traditional Chinese medicine components. Importantly, no toxicity was observed, affirming the successful implementation of this innovative drug delivery system in vivo and offers a promising strategy for enhancing the effectiveness of Isoliensinine and propose an innovative avenue for developing novel formulations of traditional Chinese medicine monomers.

Dysregulation of deubiquitination in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is a highly frequent malignant tumor that poses a serious threat to women's health and has different molecular subtypes, histological subtypes, and biological features, which act by activating oncogenic factors and suppressing cancer inhibitors. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the main process contributing to protein degradation, and deubiquitinases (DUBs) are reverse enzymes that counteract this process. There is growing evidence that dysregulation of DUBs is involved in the occurrence of BC. Herein, we review recent research findings in BC-associated DUBs, describe their nature, classification, and functions, and discuss the potential mechanisms of DUB-related dysregulation in BC. Furthermore, we present the successful treatment of malignant cancer with DUB inhibitors, as well as analyzing the status of targeting aberrant DUBs in BC.

Microarray-based detection and expression analysis of drug resistance in an animal model of peritoneal metastasis from colon cancer

Chemotherapy drugs efficiently eradicate rapidly dividing differentiated cells by inducing cell death, but poorly target slowly dividing cells, including cancer stem cells and dormant cancer cells, in the later course of treatment. Prolonged exposure to chemotherapy results in a decrease in the proportion of apoptotic cells in the tumour mass. To investigate and characterize the molecular basis of this phenomenon, microarray-based expression analysis was performed to compare tHcred2-DEVD-EGFP-caspase 3-sensor transfected C-26 tumour cells that were harvested after engraftment into mice treated with or without 5-FU. Peritoneal metastasis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of C-26 cells, which were subsequently reisolated from omental metastatic tumours after the mice were sacrificed by the end of the 10th day after tumour injection. The purity of reisolated tHcred2-DEVD-EGFP-caspase 3-sensor-expressing C-26 cells was confirmed using FLIM, and total RNA was extracted for gene expression profiling. The validation of relative transcript levels was carried out via real-time semiquantitative RT‒PCR assays. Our results demonstrated that chemotherapy induced the differential expression of mediators of cancer cell dormancy and cell survival-related genes and downregulation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signalling pathways. Despite the fact that some differentially expressed genes, such as BMP7 and Prss11, have not been thoroughly studied in the context of chemoresistance thus far, they might be potential candidates for future studies on overcoming drug resistance.

Liraglutide Protects Pancreatic Islet From Ischemic Injury by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Activating Akt Signaling During Cold Preservation to Improve Islet Transplantation Outcomes

BACKGROUND

Islet transplantation is a promising therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes. However, ischemic injury to the donor islets during cold preservation leads to reduced islet quality and compromises transplant outcome. Several studies imply that liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has a positive effect on promoting islet survival, but its impact on islet cold-ischemic injury remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether liraglutide can improve islet transplantation efficacy by inhibiting cold-ischemic injury and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

Liraglutide was applied in a mouse pancreas preservation model and a human islets cold-preservation model, and islet viability, function, oxidative stress levels were evaluated. Furthermore, islet transplantation was performed in a syngeneic mouse model and a human-to-nude mouse islet xenotransplantation model.

RESULTS

The supplementation of liraglutide in preservation solution improved islet viability, function, and reduced cell apoptosis. Liraglutide inhibited the oxidative stress of cold-preserved pancreas or islets through upregulating the antioxidant enzyme glutathione levels, inhibiting reactive oxygen species accumulation, and maintaining the mitochondrial membrane integrity, which is associated with the activation of Akt signaling. Furthermore, the addition of liraglutide during cold preservation of donor pancreas or donor islets significantly improved the subsequent transplant outcomes in both syngeneic mouse islet transplantation model and human-to-nude mouse islet xenotransplantation model.

CONCLUSIONS

Liraglutide protects islets from cold ischemia-related oxidative stress during preservation and hence improved islet transplantation outcomes, and this protective effect of liraglutide in islets is associated with the activation of Akt signaling.

Nutritional Sources and Anticancer Potential of Phenethyl Isothiocyanate: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Insights

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, has garnered attention for its anticancer properties. This review synthesizes existing research on PEITC, focusing on its mechanisms of action in combatting cancer. PEITC has been found to be effective against various cancer types, such as breast, prostate, lung, colon, and pancreatic cancers. Its anticancer activities are mediated through several mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death), inhibition of cell proliferation, suppression of angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels that feed tumors), and reduction of metastasis (spread of cancer cells to new areas). PEITC targets crucial cellular signaling pathways involved in cancer progression, notably the Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), Protein Kinase B (Akt), and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways. These findings suggest PEITC's potential as a therapeutic agent against cancer. However, further research is necessary to determine the optimal dosage, understand its bioavailability, and assess potential side effects. This will be crucial for developing PEITC-based treatments that are both effective and safe for clinical use in cancer therapy.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of periodontitis and peri-implantitis in human subjects

BACKGROUND

Peri-implantitis is similar to periodontitis, but there are some differences. For the effective control of peri-implantitis, it is necessary to clarify its similarities and differences with periodontitis in terms of gene expression.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 20 participants (10 healthy subjects and 10 patients with periodontitis and peri-implantitis). Gingival tissue samples (10 healthy, 10 periodontitis, and 10 peri-implantitis tissues) were collected, RNAs were extracted, and RNA sequencing and analysis were performed.

RESULTS

Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis identified 757 upregulated and 159 downregulated genes common between periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Periodontitis tissues uniquely showed 186 overexpressed and 22 suppressed genes compared with peri-implantitis and healthy tissues, while peri-implantitis had 1974 and 642, respectively. Each common and unique differential gene set showed distinct enriched biological features between periodontitis and peri-implantitis after the pathway enrichment analysis. The expression pattern of selected DEGs focused on the representability of the disease was validated by RT-qPCR.

CONCLUSIONS

Although periodontitis and peri-implantitis showed common gene expression that was clearly differentiated from healthy conditions, there were also unique gene patterns that were differentially expressed only in peri-implantitis. These findings will help elucidate the mechanisms involved in the progression of peri-implantitis.

Qihuang Zhuyu formula alleviates coronary microthrombosis by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/αIIbβ3-mediated platelet activation

BACKGROUND

Coronary microembolism (CME) is commonly seen in the peri-procedural period of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), where local platelet activation and endothelial cell inflammation crosstalk may lead to micro thrombus erosion and rupture, with serious consequences. Qihuang Zhuyu Formula (QHZYF) is a Chinese herbal compound with high efficacy against coronary artery disease, but its antiplatelet mechanism is unclear.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

This study aimed to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of QHZYF on sodium laurate-induced CME using network pharmacology and in vitro and in vivo experiments.

METHODS

We employed high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to identify the main components of QHZYF. Network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were utilized to predict the primary active components, potential therapeutic targets, and intervention pathways mediating the effects of QHZYF on platelet activation. Next, we pretreated a sodium laurate-induced minimally invasive CME rat model with QHZYF. In vivo experiments were performed to examine cardiac function in rats, to locate coronary arteries on heart sections to observe internal microthrombi, to extract rat Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for adhesion assays and CD62p and PAC-1 (ITGB3/ITGA2B) flow assays, and to measure platelet-associated protein expression in PRP. In vitro clot retraction and Co-culture of HUVECs with PRP were performed and the gene pathway was validated through flow cytometry and immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

Combining UPLC-Q-TOF/MS technology and database mining, 78 compounds were finally screened as the putative and representative compounds of QHZYF, with 75 crossover genes associated with CME. QHZYF prevents CME mainly by regulating key pathways of the inflammation and platelets, including Lipid and atherosclerosis, Fluid shear stress, platelet activation, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Five molecules including Calyson, Oroxin A, Protosappanin A,Kaempferol and Geniposide were screened and subjected to molecular docking and SPR validation in combination with Lipinski rules (Rule of 5, Ro5). In vivo experiments showed that QHZYF not only improved myocardial injury but also inhibited formation of coronary microthrombi. QHZYF inhibited platelet activation by downregulating expression of CD62p receptor and platelet membrane protein αIIbβ3 and reduced the release of von Willebrand Factor (vWF), Ca2+ particles and inflammatory factor IL-6. Further analysis revealed that QHZYF inhibited the activation of integrin αIIbβ3, via modulating the PI3K/Akt pathways. In in vitro experiments, QHZYF independently inhibited platelet clot retraction. Upon LPS induction, the activation of platelet membrane protein ITGB3 was inhibited via the PI3K/Akt pathway, revealing an important mechanism for attenuating coronary microthrombosis. We performed mechanistic validation using PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and Akt inhibitor MK-2206 to show that QHZYF inhibited platelet membrane protein activation and inflammation to improved coronary microvessel embolism by regulating PI3K/Akt/αIIbβ3 pathways, mainly by inhibiting PI3K and Akt phosphorylation.

CONCLUSION

QHZYF interferes with coronary microthrombosis through inhibition of platelet adhesion, activation and inflammatory crosstalk, thus has potential in clinical anti-platelet applications. Calyson, Oroxin A, Protosappanin A, Kaempferol and Geniposide may be the major active ingredient groups of QHZYF that alleviate coronary microthrombosis.

TIMP1/CHI3L1 facilitates glioma progression and immunosuppression via NF-κB activation

Gliomas are highly heterogeneous brain tumours that are resistant to therapies. The molecular signatures of gliomas play a high-ranking role in tumour prognosis and treatment. In addition, patients with gliomas with a mesenchymal phenotype manifest overpowering immunosuppression and sophisticated resistance to treatment. Thus, studies on gene/protein coexpression networks and hub genes in gliomas holds promise in determining effective treatment strategies. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to. Using average linkage hierarchical clustering, 13 modules and 224 hub genes were described. Top ten hub genes (CLIC1, EMP3, TIMP1, CCDC109B, CASP4, MSN, ANXA2P2, CHI3L1, TAGLN2, S100A11), selected from the most meaningful module, were associated with poor prognosis. String analysis, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence revealed a significant correlation between TIMP1 and CHI3L1. Furthermore, we found, both in vivo and in vitro, that TIMP1 promoted gliomagenesis via CHI3L1 overexpression as well as NF-κB activation. TIMP1 expression correlated with tumour immune infiltration and immune checkpoint-related gene expression. In addition, TIMP1 resulted in immunosuppressive macrophage polarization. In summary, TIMP1/CHI3L1 might be perceived as a diagnostic marker and an immunotherapy target for gliomas.

Methyl vinyl ketone and its analogs covalently modify PI3K and alter physiological functions by inhibiting PI3K signaling

Reactive carbonyl species (RCS), which are abundant in the environment and are produced in vivo under stress, covalently bind to nucleophilic residues such as Cys in proteins. Disruption of protein function by RCS exposure is predicted to play a role in the development of various diseases such as cancer and metabolic disorders, but most studies on RCS have been limited to simple cytotoxicity validation, leaving their target proteins and resulting physiological changes unknown. In this study, we focused on methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), which is one of the main RCS found in cigarette smoke and exhaust gas. We found that MVK suppressed PI3K-Akt signaling, which regulates processes involved in cellular homeostasis, including cell proliferation, autophagy, and glucose metabolism. Interestingly, MVK inhibits the interaction between the epidermal growth factor receptor and PI3K. Cys656 in the SH2 domain of the PI3K p85 subunit, which is the covalently binding site of MVK, is important for this interaction. Suppression of PI3K-Akt signaling by MVK reversed epidermal growth factor-induced negative regulation of autophagy and attenuated glucose uptake. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of the 23 RCS compounds with structures similar to MVK and showed that their analogs also suppressed PI3K-Akt signaling in a manner that correlated with their similarities to MVK. Our study demonstrates the mechanism of MVK and its analogs in suppressing PI3K-Akt signaling and modulating physiological functions, providing a model for future studies analyzing environmental reactive species.

Dissecting the Interaction Fingerprints and Binding Affinity of BYL719 Analogs Targeting PI3Kα

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase Alpha (PI3Kα) is a lipid kinase which regulates signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation. Dysregulation of these pathways promotes several human cancers, pushing for the development of anticancer drugs to target PI3Kα. One such medicinal chemistry campaign at Novartis led to the discovery of BYL719 (Piqray, Alpelicib), a PI3Kα inhibitor approved by the FDA in 2019 for treatment of HR+/HER2-advanced breast cancer with a PIK3CA mutation. Structure-based drug design played a key role in compound design and optimization throughout the discovery process. However, further characterization of potency drivers via structural dynamics and energetic analyses can be advantageous for ensuing PI3Kα programs. Here, our goal is to employ various in-silico techniques, including molecular simulations and machine learning, to characterize 14 ligands from the BYL719 analogs and predict their binding affinities. The structural insights from molecular simulations suggest that although the ligand-hinge interaction is the primary driver of ligand stability at the pocket, the R group positioning at C2 or C6 of pyridine/pyrimidine also plays a major role. Binding affinities predicted via thermodynamic integration (TI) are in good agreement with previously reported IC50s. Yet, computationally demanding techniques such as TI might not always be the most efficient approach for affinity prediction, as in our case study, fast high-throughput techniques were capable of classifying compounds as active or inactive, and one docking approach showed accuracy comparable to TI.

Akt activation ameliorates deficits in hippocampal-dependent memory and activity-dependent synaptic protein synthesis in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model

Protein kinase-B (Akt) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways are implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Akt/mTOR signaling pathways, activated by external inputs, enable new protein synthesis at the synapse and synaptic plasticity. The molecular mechanisms impeding new protein synthesis at the synapse in AD pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, we aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms prior to the manifestation of histopathological hallmarks by characterizing Akt1/mTOR signaling cascades and new protein synthesis in the hippocampus of WT and amyloid precursor protein/presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) male mice. Intriguingly, compared to those in WT mice, we found significant decreases in pAkt1, pGSK3β, pmTOR, pS6 ribosomal protein, and p4E-BP1 levels in both post nuclear supernatant and synaptosomes isolated from the hippocampus of one-month-old (presymptomatic) APP/PS1 mice. In synaptoneurosomes prepared from the hippocampus of presymptomatic APP/PS1 mice, activity-dependent protein synthesis at the synapse was impaired and this deficit was sustained in young adults. In hippocampal neurons from C57BL/6 mice, downregulation of Akt1 precluded synaptic activity-dependent protein synthesis at the dendrites but not in the soma. In three-month-old APP/PS1 mice, Akt activator (SC79) administration restored deficits in memory recall and activity-dependent synaptic protein synthesis. C57BL/6 mice administered with an Akt inhibitor (MK2206) resulted in memory recall deficits compared to those treated with vehicle. We conclude that dysregulation of Akt1/mTOR and its downstream signaling molecules in the hippocampus contribute to memory recall deficits and loss of activity-dependent synaptic protein synthesis. In AD mice, however, Akt activation ameliorates deficits in memory recall and activity-dependent synaptic protein synthesis.

A proteomic approach to investigate the role of the MECP2 gene mutation in Rett syndrome redox regulatory pathways

Mutations in the X-linked methyl-CpG-binding 2 (MECP2) gene lead to Rett Syndrome (RTT; OMIM 312750), a devasting neurodevelopmental disorder. RTT clinical manifestations are complex and with different degrees of severity, going from autistic-like behavior to loss of acquired speech, motor skills and cardiac problems. Furthermore, the correlation between the type of MECP2 mutation and the clinical phenotype is still not fully understood. Contextually, different genotypes can differently affect the patient's phenotype and omics methodologies such as proteomics could be an important tool for a molecular characterization of genotype/phenotype correlation. The aim of our study was focused on evaluating RTT oxidative stress (OS) responses related to specific MECP2 gene mutations by using proteomics and bioinformatics approaches. Primary fibroblasts isolated from patients affected by R133C and R255× mutations were compared to healthy controls (HC). After clustering primary dermal fibroblasts based on their specific MECP2 mutations, fibroblast-derived protein samples were qualitative and quantitative analyzed, using a label free quantification (LFQ) analysis by mass spectrometry (MS), achieving a preliminary correlation for RTT genotype/phenotype. Among the identified proteins involved in redox regulation pathways, NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) was found to be absent in R255× cells, while it was present in R133C and in HC fibroblasts. Moreover, NQO1 aberrant gene regulation was also confirmed when cells were challenged with 100 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In conclusion, by employing a multidisciplinary approach encompassing proteomics and bioinformatics analyses, as well as molecular biology assays, the study uncovered phenotypic responses linked to specific MECP2 gene mutations. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of RTT molecular pathways, confirming the high heterogeneity among the patients.

Protective effects of melatonin on DEHP-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in prepubertal testes via the PI3K/AKT pathway

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an environmental endocrine disruptor, is one of the most common plasticizers and is widely used in various plastic products. DEHP induces apoptosis and oxidative stress and has been shown to have androgenic toxicity. However, the methods to combat DEHP-induced testicular damage and the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we used melatonin, which has strong antioxidant properties, to intervene in prepubertal mice and mouse Leydig cells (TM3) treated with DEHP or its metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). The results showed that melatonin protected against DEHP-induced testicular damage in prepubertal mice, mainly by protecting against DEHP-induced structural destruction of the germinal tubules and by attenuating the DEHP-induced decrease in testicular organ coefficients and testosterone levels. Transcriptomic analysis found that melatonin may attenuate DEHP-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in prepubertal testes. In vitro studies further revealed that MEHP induces oxidative stress injury and increases apoptosis in TM3 cells, while melatonin reversed this damage. In vitro studies also found that MEHP exposure inhibited the expression levels of molecules related to the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and melatonin reversed this change. In conclusion, these findings suggest that melatonin protects against DEHP-induced prepubertal testicular injury via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and provide a theoretical basis and experimental rationale for combating male reproductive dysfunction.

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Modeling Techniques in Unraveling the Underlying Mechanism of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium aganist Type 2 Diabetic Osteoporosis

Type 2 diabetic osteoporosis (T2DOP) is a common complication in diabetic patients that seriously affects their health and quality of life. The pathogenesis of T2DOP is complex, and there are no targeted governance means in modern medicine. Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has a long history and has been used in the treatment of osteoporosis diseases. However, the molecular mechanism for the CRP treatment of T2DOP is not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of CRP for the treatment of T2DOP by using network pharmacology and molecular modeling techniques. By retrieving multiple databases, we obtained 5 bioactive compounds and 63 common targets of bioactive compounds with T2DOP, and identified AKT 1, TP 53, JUN, BCL 2, MAPK 1, NFKB 1, and ESR 1 as the core targets of their PPI network. Enrichment analysis revealed that these targets were mainly enriched in the estrogen signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetics, which were mainly related to oxidative stress and hormonal regulation. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations have shown the excellent binding effect of the bioactive compounds of CRP and the core targets. These findings reveal that CRP may ameliorate T2DOP through multiple multicomponent and multitarget pathways.

Analysis of bioactive components and synergistic action mechanism of ShuGan-QieZhi Capsule for treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND

ShuGan-QieZhi capsule (SGQZC) is a traditional Chinese preparation used to treat hyperlipidemia and obesity, even non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its therapeutic effects, main bioactive ingredients, as well as potential mechanisms for NAFLD are still unclear.

PURPOSE

To investigate the pharmacological effect, main active ingredients, and mechanisms of SGQZC against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD in mice.

METHODS

NAFLD models were established by feeding C57BL/6 J mice an HFD for 24 weeks. From the 12th week, HFD-fed mice received daily gavage of either SGQZC or silibinin for 12 weeks. Hepatic hypertrophy parameters, along with hepatic and systemic lipid metabolism changes in NAFLD mice, were assessed. Oil red O and histopathological staining techniques determined lipid accumulation and liver injury severity. qRT-PCR analysis measured the expression of genes tied to liver lipid metabolism and inflammation. HPLC-MS/MS identified the primary components of SGQZC in the serum. Human normal hepatocytes (LO2) and hepatic stellate cells (LX-2) were used to screen SGQZC's bioactive ingredients. Network pharmacological analysis, transcriptomics, and western blotting delved into SGQZC's synergistic mechanisms against NAFLD.

RESULTS

SGQZC ameliorated abnormal lipid metabolism and liver hypertrophy in mice with HFD-induced NAFLD, consequently reducing hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and liver impairment. Eight crucial components of SGQZC were detected in serum using HPLC-MS/MS and were found to effectively attenuate lipid accumulation and inflammation in liver cells. Further investigation indicated that SGQZC modulates MAPK pathway and AKT/NF-κB pathway, subsequently improving lipid metabolism and inflammation.

CONCLUSION

SGQZC alleviates NAFLD by synergistically modulating the MAPK-mediated lipid metabolism and inhibiting AKT/NF-κB pathways-mediated inflammation. Our findings reveal the enormous potential of SGQZC for the treatment of NAFLD, providing a possible new clinical therapeutic strategy.

Network Pharmacology and In vitro Experimental Verification to Explore the Mechanism of Chaiqin Qingning Capsule in the Treatment of Pain

BACKGROUND

Chaiqin Qingning capsule (CQQNC) has been used to relieve pain in practice. However, the active components, pain targets, and molecular mechanisms for pain control are unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the active components and potential mechanisms of the analgesic effect of CQQNC through network pharmacology and in vitro experiments.

METHODS

The main active components and the corresponding targets of CQQNC were screened from the TCMSP and the SwissTargetPrediction databases. Pain-related targets were selected in the OMIM, Gene- Cards, and DrugBank databases. These targets were intersected to obtain potential analgesic targets. The analgesic targets were imported into the STRING and DAVID databases for protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO) function enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Cytoscape software (V3.7.1) was used to construct an active component-intersection network. Finally, the key components were docked with the core targets. The analgesic mechanism of CQQNC was verified by RAW264.7 cell experiment.

RESULTS

30 active CQQNC components, 617 corresponding targets, and 3,214 pain-related target genes were found. The main active components were quercetin, kaempferol, and chenodeoxycholic acid etc. The key targets were ALB, AKT1, TNF, IL6, TP53, IL1B, and SRC. CQQNC can exert an analgesic effect through PI3K-Akt, MAPK signaling pathways, etc. Molecular docking showed that these active components had good binding activities with key targets. The results of in vitro experiments showed that CQQNC could exert antiinflammatory and analgesic effects through MAPK/AKT/NF-kB signaling pathways.

CONCLUSION

CQQNC exerts pain control through inhibiting MAPK/AKT/NF-kB signaling pathways.

Deoxynivalenol exposure induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in human keratinocytes via PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathway

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin frequently occurring in human and animal food worldwide, which raises increasing public health concerns. In the present study, we used human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) as an in vitro model to explore the cytotoxic effect of DON. The results showed that the cells exhibited varying degrees of damage, including decreased cell number and viability, cell shrinkage and floating, when treated with 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 μg/mL DON for 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Furthermore, exposure to DON for 24 h significantly increased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and prominently decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. Additionally, DON exposure induced mitochondrial damage and cell apoptosis through reducing mitochondrial membrane potential. Then, we performed RNA-sequencing to investigate the molecular changes in HaCaT cells after DON exposure. The RNA-sequencing results revealed that DON exposure altered the gene expression involved in apoptosis, MAPK signaling pathway, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, DON exposure significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2, and increased the mRNA and protein expression of Bax, Caspase 3 and COX-2, the protein expression of PI3K, and the phosphorylation levels of Akt, ERK, p38, and JNK. Taken together, these findings suggest that DON exposure could induce cell damage, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HaCaT cells through the activation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways.

Molecular crosstalk between insulin-like growth factors and follicle-stimulating hormone in the regulation of granulosa cell function

Background

The last phase of folliculogenesis is driven by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and locally produced insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), both essential for forming preovulatory follicles.

Methods

This review discusses the molecular crosstalk of the FSH and IGF signaling pathways in regulating follicular granulosa cells (GCs) during the antral-to-preovulatory phase.

Main findings

IGFs were considered co-gonadotropins since they amplify FSH actions in GCs. However, this view is not compatible with data showing that FSH requires IGFs to stimulate GCs, that FSH renders GCs sensitive to IGFs, and that FSH signaling interacts with factors downstream of AKT to stimulate GCs. New evidence suggests that FSH and IGF signaling pathways intersect at several levels to regulate gene expression and GC function.

Conclusion

FSH and locally produced IGFs form a positive feedback loop essential for preovulatory follicle formation in all species. Understanding the mechanisms by which FSH and IGFs interact to control GC function will help design new interventions to optimize follicle maturation, perfect treatment of ovulatory defects, improve in vitro fertilization, and develop new contraceptive approaches.

Periodic insulin stimulation of Akt: Dynamic steady states and robustness

The periodic secretion of insulin is a salient feature of the blood glucose control system in vivo. Insulin levels in the blood exhibit oscillations on multiple time scales - rapid, ultradian, and circadian - and the improved metabolic regulation resulting from pulsatile insulin release has been well established. Although numerous mathematical models investigating the causal mechanisms of insulin oscillations have appeared in the literature, to date there has been comparatively little attention given to the influence of periodic insulin stimulation on downstream components of the insulin signalling pathway. In this paper, we explore the effect of high frequency periodic insulin stimulation on Akt (also known as PKB), a crucial crosstalk node in the insulin signalling pathway that coordinates metabolic and mitogenic processes in the cell. We analyse a mathematical model of Akt translocation to the plasma membrane under both single step insulin perturbations and periodic insulin stimulation with an emphasis on - but not limited to - the physiological range of parameter values. It was shown that the system rapidly attains a robust dynamic steady state entrained to the periodic insulin stimulation. Moreover, the translocation of Akt to the plasma membrane in the model permits a sufficient level of phosphorylation to trigger downstream metabolic regulators. However, the modelling also indicated that further investigation of this activation process is required to determine whether the response of Akt is a key determinant of the enhanced metabolic control observed under periodic insulin stimulation.

Selenium-Enriched Soybean Peptides as Novel Organic Selenium Compound Supplements: Inhibition of Occupational Air Pollution Exposure-Induced Apoptosis in Lung Epithelial Cells

The occupational groups exposed to air pollutants, particularly PM2.5, are closely linked to the initiation and advancement of respiratory disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential protective properties of selenium-enriched soybean peptides (Se-SPeps), a novel Se supplement, in mitigating apoptosis triggered by PM2.5 in A549 lung epithelial cells. The results indicate a concentration-dependent reduction in the viability of A549 cells caused by PM2.5, while Se-SPeps at concentrations of 62.5-500 µg/mL showed no significant effect. Additionally, the Se-SPeps reduced the production of ROS, proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis in response to PM2.5 exposure. The Se-SPeps suppressed the PM2.5-induced upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3, while also restoring reductions in p-Akt in A549 cells. The antiapoptotic effects of Se-SPeps have been found to be more effective compared to SPeps, SeMet, and Na2SeO3 when evaluated at an equivalent protein or Se concentration. Our study results furnish evidence that supports the role of Se-SPeps in reducing the harmful effects of PM2.5, particularly in relation to its effect on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

The crucial regulatory role of type I interferon in inflammatory diseases

Type I interferon (IFN-I) plays crucial roles in the regulation of inflammation and it is associated with various inflammatory diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and periodontitis, impacting people's health and quality of life. It is well-established that IFN-Is affect immune responses and inflammatory factors by regulating some signaling. However, currently, there is no comprehensive overview of the crucial regulatory role of IFN-I in distinctive pathways as well as associated inflammatory diseases. This review aims to provide a narrative of the involvement of IFN-I in different signaling pathways, mainly mediating the related key factors with specific targets in the pathways and signaling cascades to influence the progression of inflammatory diseases. As such, we suggested that IFN-Is induce inflammatory regulation through the stimulation of certain factors in signaling pathways, which displays possible efficient treatment methods and provides a reference for the precise control of inflammatory diseases.

Fertility Protection, A Novel Concept: Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Protect against Chemotherapy-Induced Testicular Cytotoxicity

Currently, there is no viable option for fertility preservation in prepubertal boys. Experimentally, controlled vitrification of testicular tissue has been evaluated and found to cause potential structural damage to the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) niche during cryopreservation. In this report, we leveraged the regenerative effect of human umbilical cord-derived Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes (h-UCMSC-Exo) to protect against testicular damage from the cytotoxic effects of polychemotherapy (CTX). A chemotherapy-induced testicular dysfunctional model was established by CTX treatment with cyclophosphamide and Busulfan in vitro (human Sertoli cells) and in prepubescent mice. We assessed the effects of the exosomes by analyzing cell proliferation assays, molecular analysis, immunohistochemistry, body weight change, serum hormone levels, and fertility rate. Our data indicates the protective effect of h-UCMSC-Exo by preserving the SSC niche and preventing testicular damage in mice. Interestingly, mice that received multiple injections of h-UCMSC-Exo showed significantly higher fertility rates and serum testosterone levels (p < 0.01). Our study demonstrates that h-UCMSC-Exo can potentially be a novel fertility protection approach in prepubertal boys triaged for chemotherapy treatment.

Modified Chaishao Liujunzi Decoction inhibits bile acid-induced gastric intestinal metaplasia: from network prediction to experimental verification

Modified Chaishao Liujunzi Decoction (MCLD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that is used mainly to improve clinical symptoms, alleviate gastric mucosal inflammation, and improve gastric mucosal lesions in patients with gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). GIM is considered a precancerous gastric cancer (GC) lesion (PLGC) and exploring effective intervention measures for GIM is of great importance for the prevention of GC. The purpose of this study was to reveal the potential molecular mechanism of MCLD in improving GIM induced by bile acid (BA) using network pharmacology and experimental validation. Through network pharmacology, we speculated that MCLD could act on GIM by driving the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. After that, we used deoxycholic acid (DCA) to treat GES-1 cells to simulate BA-induced GIM and observed the effects of MCLD treatment. The results indicate that MCLD can significantly inhibit DCA-induced cell proliferation and down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and intestinal-specific markers. At the same time, MCLD also negatively regulated the expression of genes and proteins of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Combination with EGFR agonists and inhibitors suggested that MCLD may improve GIM by inhibiting the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which may be related to its inhibition of DCA-induced cell proliferation through this pathway. In conclusion, MCLD may improve BA-induced GIM through the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, as predicted by network pharmacology, and is a potential Chinese medicine prescription for the treatment or reversal of GIM.

The somatic p.T81dup variant in AKT3 gene underlies a mild cerebral phenotype and expands the spectrum including capillary malformation and lateralized overgrowth

Heterozygous germline or somatic variants in AKT3 gene can cause isolated malformations of cortical development (MCDs) such as focal cortical dysplasia, megalencephaly (MEG), Hemimegalencephaly (HME), dysplastic megalencephaly, and syndromic forms like megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome, and megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome. This report describes a new case of HME and capillary malformation caused by a somatic AKT3 variant that differs from the common p.E17K variant described in literature. The patient's skin biopsy from the angiomatous region revealed an heterozygous likely pathogenic variant AKT3:c.241_243dup, p.(T81dup) that may affect the binding domain and downstream pathways. Compared to previously reported cases with a common E17K mosaic variant, the phenotype is milder and patients showed segmental overgrowth, an uncommon characteristic in AKT3 variant cases. These findings suggest that the severity of the disease may be influenced not only by the level of mosaicism but also by the type of variant. This report expands the phenotypic spectrum associated with AKT3 variants and highlights the importance of genomic analysis in patients with capillary malformation and MCDs.

A computational biology approach to identify potential protein biomarkers and drug targets for sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. The sporadic ALS (sALS) is a multigenic disorder and the complex mechanisms underlying its onset are still not fully delineated. Despite the recent scientific advancements, certain aspects of ALS pathogenic targets need to be yet clarified. The aim of the presented study is to identify potential genetic biomarkers and drug targets for sALS, by analysing gene expression profiles, presented in the publicly available GSE68605 dataset, of motor neurons cells obtained from sALS patients. We used different computational approaches including differential expression analysis, protein network mapping, candidate protein biomarker (CPB) identification, elucidation of the role of functional modules, and molecular docking analysis. The resultant top ten up- and downregulated genes were further used to construct protein-protein interaction network (PPIN). The PPIN analysis resulted in identifying four CPBs (namely RIOK2, AKT1, CTNNB1, and TNF) that commonly overlapped with one another in network parameters (degree, bottleneck and maximum neighbourhood component). The RIOK2 protein emerged as a potential mediator of top five functional modules that are associated with RNA binding, lipoprotein particle receptor binding in pre-ribosome, and interferon, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis revealed that cyclosporine exhibited the highest binding affinity (-8.6 kJ/mol) with RIOK2, and surpassed the FDA-approved ALS drugs, such as riluzole and edaravone. This suggested that cyclosporine may serve as a promising candidate for targeting RIOK2 downregulation observed in sALS patients. In order to validate our computational results, it is suggested that in vitro and in vivo studies may be conducted in future to provide a more detailed understanding of ALS diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic intervention.

Quercetin improves cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting microglia/macrophages M2 polarization via regulating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway

The modulation of microglial polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype shows promise as a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid abundant in various plants, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, its effect and underlying mechanism on microglia/macrophages M1/M2 polarization in the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) remain poorly explored. In the current study, we observed that quercetin ameliorated neurological deficits, reduced infarct volume, decreased the number of M1 microglia/macrophages (CD16/32+/Iba1+), and enhanced the number of M2 microglia/macrophages (CD206+/Iba1+) after establishing the CI/RI model in rats. Subsequent in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that quercetin downregulated M1 markers (CD86, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and upregulated M2 markers (CD206, Arg-1, IL-10, and TGF-β). Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking revealed that the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway emerged as the core pathway. Western blot confirmed that quercetin upregulated the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, while alleviating the phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB both in vivo and in vitro. However, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reversed the effects of quercetin on M2 polarization and the expression of key proteins in the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in primary microglia after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that quercetin facilitates microglia/macrophages M2 polarization by modulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in the treatment of CI/RI. These findings provide novel insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of quercetin in ischemic stroke.

LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics reveals the mechanism underlying prostate damage in a type 2 diabetes mouse model

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can cause prostate damage and affect male reproductive function, but the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. In this study, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based untargeted metabolomics to identify endogenous metabolites in the prostate of a T2DM mouse model. The selected endogenous metabolites were then subjected to bioinformatics analysis and metabolic pathway studies to understand their role in the development of T2DM-induced prostate damage. We used male homozygous BTBR ob/ob mice (n = 12) and BTBR WT mice (n = 11) in this study. We monitored changes in blood glucose, body weight, prostate weight, and prostate index, as well as performed hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and observed that the prostate of the BTBR ob/ob was damaged. We then used ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) for metabolomics analysis. The stability of the model was validated using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Using variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1, false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05, and coefficient of variation (CV) < 30 as criteria, a total of 149 differential metabolites (62 upregulated and 87 downregulated) were identified between the prostates of the two groups of mice. Topological pathway analysis showed that these differential metabolites were mainly involved in sphingolipid (SP) and glycerophospholipid (GP) metabolism. In conclusion, our study not only emphasizes the damage caused by T2DM to the prostate but also provides new insights into the potential mechanisms of T2DM-induced male reproductive dysfunction.

SETD4 inhibits prostate cancer development by promoting H3K27me3-mediated NUPR1 transcriptional repression and cell cycle arrest

The suppressor of variegation enhancer of zeste-trithorax (SET) domain methyltransferases have been reported to function as key regulators in multiple tumor types by catalyzing histone lysine methylation. Nevertheless, our understanding on the role of these lysine methyltransferases, including SETD4, in prostate cancer (PCa) remains limited. Hence, the specific role of SETD4 in PCa was investigated in this study. The expression of SETD4 in PCa cells and tissue samples was downregulated in PCa cells and tissue specimens, and decreased SETD4 expression led to inferior clinicopathological characteristics in patients with PCa. knockdown of SETD4 facilitated the proliferation of PCa cells and accelerated cell cycle progression. Mechanistically, SETD4 repressed NUPR1 transcription by methylating H3K27 to generate H3K27me3, subsequently inactivated Akt pathway and impeded the tumorigenesis of PCa. Our results highlight that SETD4 prevents the development of PCa by catalyzing the methylation of H3K27 and suppressing NUPR1 transcription, subsequently inactivating the Akt signaling pathway. The findings suggest the potential application of SETD4 in PCa prognosis and therapeutics.

Mechanisms of resveratrol against diabetic wound by network pharmacology and experimental validation

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (RSV) that possesses anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic effects is an effective drug for diabetic wound (DW), while its pharmacological mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we apply network pharmacology and experimental validation approach to reveal the potential mechanism of RSV against DW.

METHODS

We obtained potential targets for RSV and DW from the publicly available database. Using interaction networks and conducting GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, we constructed target-pathway networks to explore the relationship between RSV and DW. To validate the pharmacological mechanism of RSV, we induced the DW model.

RESULTS

Ninety overlapped targets between RSV and DW were obtained, and the hub genes of the PPI network included TNF, IL-6, CASP3, MAPK3, VEGFA, IL-1β, AKT1, and JUN. Based on target-pathway networks, the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway was involved in the RSV treatment of DW. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that RSV significantly promoted wound healing in diabetic mice and attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in wound tissue. Meanwhile, RSV could inhibit the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway and thus reduce the activation of NF-κB.

CONCLUSION

This study initially revealed the biological mechanism of RSV for treating DW through multi-target and multi-pathway. AGE-RAGE, FoxO, MAPK, PI3K-AKT and other signalling pathways may be the main pathways of RSV in treating DW. RSV reduces the inflammatory response by inhibiting the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway, which in turn promotes DW healing.

Molecular insight into renal cancer and latest therapeutic approaches to tackle it: an updated review

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal genitourinary cancers, with the highest mortality rate, and may remain undetected throughout its development. RCC can be sporadic or hereditary. Exploring the underlying genetic abnormalities in RCC will have important implications for understanding the origins of nonhereditary renal cancers. The treatment of RCC has evolved over centuries from the era of cytokines to targeted therapy to immunotherapy. A surgical cure is the primary treatment modality, especially for organ-confined diseases. Furthermore, the urologic oncology community focuses on nephron-sparing surgical approaches and ablative procedures when small renal masses are detected incidentally in conjunction with interventional radiologists. In addition to new combination therapies approved for RCC treatment, several trials have been conducted to investigate the potential benefits of certain drugs. This may lead to durable responses and more extended survival benefits for patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC). Several approved drugs have reduced the mortality rate of patients with RCC by targeting VEGF signaling and mTOR. This review better explains the signaling pathways involved in the RCC progression, oncometabolites, and essential biomarkers in RCC that can be used for its diagnosis. Further, it provides an overview of the characteristics of RCC carcinogenesis to assist in combating treatment resistance, as well as details about the current management and future therapeutic options. In the future, multimodal and integrated care will be available, with new treatment options emerging as we learn more about the disease.

Phenyl-2-aminoethyl selenide ameliorates hippocampal long-term potentiation and cognitive deficits following doxorubicin treatment

Chemotherapy-induced memory loss ("chemobrain") can occur following treatment with the widely used chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX). However, the mechanisms through which DOX induces cognitive dysfunction are not clear, and there are no commercially available therapies for its treatment or prevention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic potential of phenyl-2-aminoethyl selenide (PAESe), an antioxidant drug previously demonstrated to reduce cardiotoxicity associated with DOX treatment, against DOX-induced chemobrain. Four groups of male athymic NCr nude (nu/nu) mice received five weekly tail-vein injections of saline (Control group), 5 mg/kg of DOX (DOX group), 10 mg/kg PAESe (PAESe group), or 5 mg/kg DOX and 10 mg/kg PAESe (DOX+PAESe group). Spatial memory was evaluated using Y-maze and novel object location tasks, while synaptic plasticity was assessed through the measurement of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials from the Schaffer collateral circuit. Western blot analyses were performed to assess hippocampal protein and phosphorylation levels. In this model, DOX impaired synaptic plasticity and memory, and increased phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK). Co-administration of PAESe reduced Akt and ERK phosphorylation and ameliorated the synaptic and memory deficits associated with DOX treatment.

Decoding the mechanism of Eleutheroside E in treating osteoporosis via network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking of osteoclast-related genes and gut microbiota

Objective

Eleutheroside E (EE) is an anti-inflammatory natural compound derived from the edible medicinal herb Acanthopanax senticosus. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of the anti-osteoporosis action of EE through network pharmacology, molecular docking and gut microbiota.

Materials and methods

Network pharmacology was used to explore the potential core targets and main pathways mediated by EE in osteoporosis (OP) treatment. Molecular docking was exploited to investigate the interactions between the active anti-OP compounds in EE and the potential downstream targets. Following the multi-approach bioinformatics analysis, ovariectomy (OVX) model was also established to investigate the in vivo anti-OP effects of EE.

Results

The top 10 core targets in PPI network were TP53, AKT1, JUN, CTNNB1, STAT3, HIF1A, EP300, CREB1, IL1B and ESR1. Molecular docking results that the binding energy of target proteins and the active compounds was approximately between -5.0 and -7.0 kcal/mol, which EE has the lowest docking binding energy with HIF1A. Enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG pathways of target proteins indicated that EE treatment could potentially alter numerous biological processes and cellular pathways. In vivo experiments demonstrated the protective effect of EE treatment against accelerated bone loss, where reduced serum levels of TRAP, CTX, TNF-α, LPS, and IL-6 and increased bone volume and serum levels of P1NP were observed in EE-treated mice. In addition, changes in gut microbiota were spotted by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showing that EE treatment increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the relative abundance of Clostridiaceae.

Conclusion

In summary, these findings suggested that the characteristics of multi-target and multi-pathway of EE against OP. In vivo, EE prevents the onset of OP by regulating gut microbiota and inflammatory response and is therefore a potential OP drug.

The Sonic hedgehog pathway inhibitor GDC0449 induces autophagic death in human Medulloblastoma Daoy cells

Medulloblastoma (MB) is a frequently occurring malignant brain tumor in children, and many of these tumors are identified by the abnormal activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway. Although the Shh inhibitor GDC0449 initially shows some effectiveness in certain tumors, they eventually recur due to drug resistance mechanisms, highlighting the need for new treatment options. In this study, we explore whether GDC0449 induces autophagy in the human MB cell lines. To investigate the ultrastructural pathology changes of GDC0449-treated Daoy and D283 cells, we employed Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) technology to identify the expression of autophagic vacuoles. Our results indicate that GDC0449 only increases autophagy in Daoy cells by increasing the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and autophagosome formation.We also analyzed Beclin1, LC3, Bax, and Cleaved-caspase3 protein and mRNA expression levels of autophagic and apoptotic markers using fluorescence confocal microscopy, RT-PCR, and Western blot. We found that cell autophagy and apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner with GDC0449 treatment. Additionally, we observed increased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation and decreased protein kinase B (AKT/PKB), Ribosomal Protein S6, eIF4E-binding protein (4EBP1) phosphorylation in GDC0449-treated Daoy cells. It was observed that inhibiting autophagy using Beclin1 siRNA significantly blocked the apoptosis-inducing effects of GDC0449, suggesting that GDC0449 mediates its apoptotic effects by inducing autophagy.Our data suggests that GDC0449 inhibits the growth of human MB Daoy cells by autophagy-mediated apoptosis. The mechanism of GDC0449-induced autophagy in Daoy cells may be related to the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Cellular and molecular signatures of motherhood in the adult and ageing rat brain

Pregnancy is marked by robust changes, including brain changes to volume, structure, connectivity and neuroplasticity. Although some brain changes are restricted to pregnancy and the postpartum, others are long-lasting. Few studies have examined possible mechanisms of these changes or the effects of multiple pregnancies. We characterized various cellular and molecular signatures of parity (nulliparous, primiparous, biparous) in the rat hippocampus. We investigated density of neural stems cells (Sox2), microglia (Iba-1) and levels of a synaptic protein (PSD-95), cell signalling pathways, neuroinflammation, and the tryptophan-kynurenine (TRP-KYN) pathway, one week after weaning their pups from the last pregnancy (age of dam: seven months) and in middle-age (age of dam: 13 months). Parity increased PSD-95 levels in both age groups and prevented the age-related decrease in neural stem cell density observed in nulliparous rats. Biparity increased cell signalling phosphoproteins (pp70S6K, S6RP) and number of microglia in the dentate gyrus, regardless of age. Parity resulted in transient changes to the TRP-KYN system. Thus, previous parity has lasting effects on synaptic plasticity with fewer lasting effects on inflammation and cell signalling phosphoproteins in the whole hippocampus.

Possible molecular exploration of herbal pair Haizao-Kunbu in the treatment of Graves' disease by network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic analysis

Objective

To promote the development and therapeutic application of new medications, it is crucial to conduct a thorough investigation into the mechanism by which the traditional Chinese herb pair of Haizao-Kunbu (HK) treats Graves' disease (GD).

Materials and methods

Chemical ingredients of HK, putative target genes, and GD-associated genes were retrieved from online public databases. Using Cytoscape 3.9.1, a compound-gene target network was established to explore the association between prosperous ingredients and targets. STRING, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses visualized core targets and disease pathways. Additionally, we conducted a refined analysis of the binding interactions between active ingredients and their respective targets. To visualize these findings, we employed precise molecular docking techniques. Furthermore, we carried out molecular dynamics simulations to gain insights into the formation of more tightly bound complexes.

Results

We found that there were nine key active ingredients in HK, which mainly acted on 21 targets. These targets primarily regulated several biological processes such as cell population proliferation, protein phosphorylation, and regulation of kinase activity, and acted on PI3K-AKT and MAPK pathways to treat GD. Analysis of the molecular interaction simulation under computer technology revealed that the key targets exhibited strong binding activity to active ingredients, and Fucosterol-AKT1 and Isofucosterol-AKT1 complexes were highly stable in humans.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that HK exerts therapeutic effects on GD in a multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway manner by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and immunomodulatory-related targets. This study provides a theoretical foundation for further investigation into GD.

Polyhedron-Like Biomaterials for Innervated and Vascularized Bone Regeneration

Neural-vascular networks are densely distributed through periosteum, cortical bone, and cancellous bone, which is of great significance for bone regeneration and remodeling. Although significant progress has been made in bone tissue engineering, ineffective bone regeneration, and delayed osteointegration still remains an issue due to the ignorance of intrabony nerves and blood vessels. Herein, inspired by space-filling polyhedra with open architectures, polyhedron-like scaffolds with spatial topologies are prepared via 3D-printing technology to mimic the meshwork structure of cancellous bone. Benefiting from its spatial topologies, polyhedron-like scaffolds greatly promoted the osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) via activating PI3K-Akt signals, and exhibiting satisfactory performance on angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation elucidates that polyhedron-like scaffolds have a relatively lower area-weighted average static pressure, which is beneficial to osteogenesis. Furthermore, in vivo experiments further demonstrate that polyhedron-like scaffolds obviously promote bone formation and osteointegration, as well as inducing vascularization and ingrowth of nerves, leading to innervated and vascularized bone regeneration. Taken together, this work offers a promising approach for fabricating multifunctional scaffolds without additional exogenous seeding cells and growth factors, which holds great potential for functional tissue regeneration and further clinical translation.

Tangeretin attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the PI3K/Akt pathway

Background: Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a terminal pathological change in a variety of lung diseases characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, for which effective treatment is lacking. Tangeretin (Tan), a flavonoid derived from citrus, has been shown to have a wide range of pharmacological effects. This study aimed to investigate the role and potential mechanisms of Tan on pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: A model of pulmonary fibrosis was established by administering bleomycin through tracheal drip, followed by administering Tan or pirfenidone through gavage. HE and Masson staining were employed to assess the extent of pulmonary fibrosis. Subsequently, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), RNA sequencing, and immunohistochemistry techniques were employed to uncover the protective mechanism of Tan in PF mice. Furthermore, A549 cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and demonstrate the effectiveness of Tan in mitigating PF. Results: Tan significantly ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, improved fibrotic pathological changes, and collagen deposition in the lungs, and reduced lung inflammation and oxidative stress. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed a higher number of enriched genes in the PI3K/Akt pathway. Additionally, Tan can inhibit the EMT process related to pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusion: Taken together, the above research results indicate that Tan suppresses inflammation, oxidative stress, and EMT in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis via the PI3K/Akt pathway and is a potential agent for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.