1
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Thomson AR, Pasanta D, Arichi T, Puts NA. Neurometabolite differences in Autism as assessed with Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105728. [PMID: 38796123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive technique that can be used to quantify the concentrations of metabolites in the brain in vivo. MRS findings in the context of autism are inconsistent and conflicting. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of MRS studies measuring glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), as well as brain metabolites involved in energy metabolism (glutamine, creatine), neural and glial integrity (e.g. n-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline, myo-inositol) and oxidative stress (glutathione) in autism cohorts. Data were extracted and grouped by metabolite, brain region and several other factors before calculation of standardised effect sizes. Overall, we find significantly lower concentrations of GABA and NAA in autism, indicative of disruptions to the balance between excitation/inhibition within brain circuits, as well as neural integrity. Further analysis found these alterations are most pronounced in autistic children and in limbic brain regions relevant to autism phenotypes. Additionally, we show how study outcome varies due to demographic and methodological factors , emphasising the importance of conforming with standardised consensus study designs and transparent reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Thomson
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, UK; Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Duanghathai Pasanta
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Tomoki Arichi
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, UK; Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicolaas A Puts
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, UK.
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2
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Coronel R, García-Moreno E, Siendones E, Barrero MJ, Martínez-Delgado B, Santos-Ocaña C, Liste I, Cascajo-Almenara MV. Brain organoid as a model to study the role of mitochondria in neurodevelopmental disorders: achievements and weaknesses. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1403734. [PMID: 38978706 PMCID: PMC11228165 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1403734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of severe pathologies that cause complex neurodegenerative disorders for which, in most cases, no therapy or treatment is available. These organelles are critical regulators of both neurogenesis and homeostasis of the neurological system. Consequently, mitochondrial damage or dysfunction can occur as a cause or consequence of neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative diseases. As genetic knowledge of neurodevelopmental disorders advances, associations have been identified between genes that encode mitochondrial proteins and neurological symptoms, such as neuropathy, encephalomyopathy, ataxia, seizures, and developmental delays, among others. Understanding how mitochondrial dysfunction can alter these processes is essential in researching rare diseases. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, which self-assemble to form specialized structures composed of different cell types, represent an accessible manner to model organogenesis and neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, brain organoids are revolutionizing the study of mitochondrial-based neurological diseases since they are organ-specific and model-generated from a patient's cell, thereby overcoming some of the limitations of traditional animal and cell models. In this review, we have collected which neurological structures and functions recapitulate in the different types of reported brain organoids, focusing on those generated as models of mitochondrial diseases. In addition to advancements in the generation of brain organoids, techniques, and approaches for studying neuronal structures and physiology, drug screening and drug repositioning studies performed in brain organoids with mitochondrial damage and neurodevelopmental disorders have also been reviewed. This scope review will summarize the evidence on limitations in studying the function and dynamics of mitochondria in brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Coronel
- Neural Regeneration Unit, Functional Unit for Research on Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá (UAH), Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Enrique García-Moreno
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
| | - Emilio Siendones
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria J. Barrero
- Models and Mechanisms Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Delgado
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research (IIER), CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Santos-Ocaña
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Neural Regeneration Unit, Functional Unit for Research on Chronic Diseases (UFIEC), National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. V. Cascajo-Almenara
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology, CIBERER, National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Pablo de Olavide University-CSIC-JA, Seville, Spain
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3
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Radenkovic S, Budhraja R, Klein-Gunnewiek T, King AT, Bhatia TN, Ligezka AN, Driesen K, Shah R, Ghesquière B, Pandey A, Kasri NN, Sloan SA, Morava E, Kozicz T. Neural and metabolic dysregulation in PMM2-deficient human in vitro neural models. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113883. [PMID: 38430517 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphomannomutase 2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (PMM2-CDG) is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by deficiency of the PMM2 enzyme, which leads to impaired protein glycosylation. While the disorder presents with primarily neurological symptoms, there is limited knowledge about the specific brain-related changes caused by PMM2 deficiency. Here, we demonstrate aberrant neural activity in 2D neuronal networks from PMM2-CDG individuals. Utilizing multi-omics datasets from 3D human cortical organoids (hCOs) derived from PMM2-CDG individuals, we identify widespread decreases in protein glycosylation, highlighting impaired glycosylation as a key pathological feature of PMM2-CDG, as well as impaired mitochondrial structure and abnormal glucose metabolism in PMM2-deficient hCOs, indicating disturbances in energy metabolism. Correlation between PMM2 enzymatic activity in hCOs and symptom severity suggests that the level of PMM2 enzyme function directly influences neurological manifestations. These findings enhance our understanding of specific brain-related perturbations associated with PMM2-CDG, offering insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential directions for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Radenkovic
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rohit Budhraja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Teun Klein-Gunnewiek
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexia Tyler King
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tarun N Bhatia
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anna N Ligezka
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Karen Driesen
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, VIB-KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rameen Shah
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Metabolomics Expertise Center, VIB-KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Mass Spectrometry, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Steven A Sloan
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eva Morava
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of Pécs Medical School, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA.
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4
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Lanfranchi M, Yandiev S, Meyer-Dilhet G, Ellouze S, Kerkhofs M, Dos Reis R, Garcia A, Blondet C, Amar A, Kneppers A, Polvèche H, Plassard D, Foretz M, Viollet B, Sakamoto K, Mounier R, Bourgeois CF, Raineteau O, Goillot E, Courchet J. The AMPK-related kinase NUAK1 controls cortical axons branching by locally modulating mitochondrial metabolic functions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2487. [PMID: 38514619 PMCID: PMC10958033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms underlying axonal morphogenesis are essential to the formation of functional neuronal networks. We previously identified the autism-linked kinase NUAK1 as a central regulator of axon branching through the control of mitochondria trafficking. However, (1) the relationship between mitochondrial position, function and axon branching and (2) the downstream effectors whereby NUAK1 regulates axon branching remain unknown. Here, we report that mitochondria recruitment to synaptic boutons supports collateral branches stabilization rather than formation in mouse cortical neurons. NUAK1 deficiency significantly impairs mitochondrial metabolism and axonal ATP concentration, and upregulation of mitochondrial function is sufficient to rescue axonal branching in NUAK1 null neurons in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we found that NUAK1 regulates axon branching through the mitochondria-targeted microprotein BRAWNIN. Our results demonstrate that NUAK1 exerts a dual function during axon branching through its ability to control mitochondrial distribution and metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Lanfranchi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Sozerko Yandiev
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Géraldine Meyer-Dilhet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Salma Ellouze
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Martijn Kerkhofs
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Raphael Dos Reis
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Garcia
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Blondet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Alizée Amar
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Anita Kneppers
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Polvèche
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modelisation de la Cellule, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5239, Inserm, U1293, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allée d'Italie F-69364, Lyon, France
- CECS/AFM, I-STEM, 28 rue Henri Desbruères, F-91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Damien Plassard
- CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, GenomEast Platform, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Rémi Mounier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Cyril F Bourgeois
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modelisation de la Cellule, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5239, Inserm, U1293, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 46 allée d'Italie F-69364, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Evelyne Goillot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Courchet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyoGène, 69008, Lyon, France.
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5
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Sinenko SA, Tomilin AN. Metabolic control of induced pluripotency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1328522. [PMID: 38274274 PMCID: PMC10808704 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1328522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells of the mammalian epiblast and their cultured counterparts-embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs)-have the capacity to differentiate in all cell types of adult organisms. An artificial process of reactivation of the pluripotency program in terminally differentiated cells was established in 2006, which allowed for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This iPSC technology has become an invaluable tool in investigating the molecular mechanisms of human diseases and therapeutic drug development, and it also holds tremendous promise for iPSC applications in regenerative medicine. Since the process of induced reprogramming of differentiated cells to a pluripotent state was discovered, many questions about the molecular mechanisms involved in this process have been clarified. Studies conducted over the past 2 decades have established that metabolic pathways and retrograde mitochondrial signals are involved in the regulation of various aspects of stem cell biology, including differentiation, pluripotency acquisition, and maintenance. During the reprogramming process, cells undergo major transformations, progressing through three distinct stages that are regulated by different signaling pathways, transcription factor networks, and inputs from metabolic pathways. Among the main metabolic features of this process, representing a switch from the dominance of oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis and anabolic processes, are many critical stage-specific metabolic signals that control the path of differentiated cells toward a pluripotent state. In this review, we discuss the achievements in the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of processes controlled by metabolic pathways, and vice versa, during the reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Sinenko
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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6
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van Berkel AA, Lammertse HCA, Öttl M, Koopmans F, Misra-Isrie M, Meijer M, Dilena R, van Hasselt PM, Engelen M, van Haelst M, Smit AB, van der Sluis S, Toonen RF, Verhage M. Reduced MUNC18-1 Levels, Synaptic Proteome Changes, and Altered Network Activity in STXBP1-Related Disorder Patient Neurons. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:284-298. [PMID: 38298782 PMCID: PMC10829628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background STXBP1-related disorder (STXBP1-RD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the STXBP1 gene. Its gene product MUNC18-1 organizes synaptic vesicle exocytosis and is essential for synaptic transmission. Patients present with developmental delay, intellectual disability, and/or epileptic seizures, with high clinical heterogeneity. To date, the cellular deficits of neurons of patients with STXBP1-RD are unknown. Methods We combined live-cell imaging, electrophysiology, confocal microscopy, and mass spectrometry proteomics to characterize cellular phenotypes of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from 6 patients with STXBP1-RD, capturing shared features as well as phenotypic diversity among patients. Results Neurons from all patients showed normal in vitro development, morphology, and synapse formation, but reduced MUNC18-1 RNA and protein levels. In addition, a proteome-wide screen identified dysregulation of proteins related to synapse function and RNA processes. Neuronal networks showed shared as well as patient-specific phenotypes in activity frequency, network irregularity, and synchronicity, especially when networks were challenged by increasing excitability. No shared effects were observed in synapse physiology of single neurons except for a few patient-specific phenotypes. Similarities between functional and proteome phenotypes suggested 2 patient clusters, not explained by gene variant type. Conclusions Together, these data show that decreased MUNC18-1 levels, dysregulation of synaptic proteins, and altered network activity are shared cellular phenotypes of STXBP1-RD. The 2 patient clusters suggest distinctive pathobiology among subgroups of patients, providing a plausible explanation for the clinical heterogeneity. This phenotypic spectrum provides a framework for future validation studies and therapy design for STXBP1-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek Arienne van Berkel
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Functional Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanna Charlotte Andrea Lammertse
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Functional Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Öttl
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Koopmans
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mala Misra-Isrie
- Functional Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Clinical Genetics Section, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Meijer
- Functional Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robertino Dilena
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Marin van Hasselt
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of (Pediatric) Neurology, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke van Haelst
- Department of Human Genetics, Clinical Genetics Section, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - August Benjamin Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie van der Sluis
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, Section of Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Franciscus Toonen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Functional Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Liu L, Yang J, Otani Y, Shiga T, Yamaguchi A, Oda Y, Hattori M, Goto T, Ishibashi S, Kawashima-Sonoyama Y, Ishihara T, Matsuzaki Y, Akamatsu W, Fujitani M, Taketani T. MELAS-Derived Neurons Functionally Improve by Mitochondrial Transfer from Highly Purified Mesenchymal Stem Cells (REC). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17186. [PMID: 38139018 PMCID: PMC10742994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episode (MELAS) syndrome, caused by a single base substitution in mitochondrial DNA (m.3243A>G), is one of the most common maternally inherited mitochondrial diseases accompanied by neuronal damage due to defects in the oxidative phosphorylation system. There is no established treatment. Our previous study reported a superior restoration of mitochondrial function and bioenergetics in mitochondria-deficient cells using highly purified mesenchymal stem cells (RECs). However, whether such exogenous mitochondrial donation occurs in mitochondrial disease models and whether it plays a role in the recovery of pathological neuronal functions is unknown. Here, utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), we differentiated neurons with impaired mitochondrial function from patients with MELAS. MELAS neurons and RECs/mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured under contact or non-contact conditions. Both RECs and MSCs can donate mitochondria to MELAS neurons, but RECs are more excellent than MSCs for mitochondrial transfer in both systems. In addition, REC-mediated mitochondrial transfer significantly restored mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP/ROS production, intracellular calcium storage, and oxygen consumption rate. Moreover, mitochondrial function was maintained for at least three weeks. Thus, REC-donated exogenous mitochondria might offer a potential therapeutic strategy for treating neurological dysfunction in MELAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.O.); (M.H.); (T.G.); (Y.K.-S.)
| | - Jiahao Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.O.); (M.H.); (T.G.); (Y.K.-S.)
| | - Yoshinori Otani
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Takahiro Shiga
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.S.); (A.Y.); (W.A.)
| | - Akihiro Yamaguchi
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.S.); (A.Y.); (W.A.)
| | - Yasuaki Oda
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.O.); (M.H.); (T.G.); (Y.K.-S.)
| | - Miho Hattori
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.O.); (M.H.); (T.G.); (Y.K.-S.)
| | - Tsukimi Goto
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.O.); (M.H.); (T.G.); (Y.K.-S.)
- Clinical Laboratory Division, Shimane University Hospital, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ishibashi
- Department of Digestive and General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan;
| | - Yuki Kawashima-Sonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.O.); (M.H.); (T.G.); (Y.K.-S.)
| | - Takaya Ishihara
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (T.I.); (Y.M.)
| | - Wado Akamatsu
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; (T.S.); (A.Y.); (W.A.)
| | - Masashi Fujitani
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (Y.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Takeshi Taketani
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (L.L.); (J.Y.); (Y.O.); (M.H.); (T.G.); (Y.K.-S.)
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Lv S, He E, Luo J, Liu Y, Liang W, Xu S, Zhang K, Yang Y, Wang M, Song Y, Wu Y, Cai X. Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Neurons on Microelectrode Arrays to Model Neurological Disease: A Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301828. [PMID: 37863819 PMCID: PMC10667858 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
In situ physiological signals of in vitro neural disease models are essential for studying pathogenesis and drug screening. Currently, an increasing number of in vitro neural disease models are established using human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derived neurons (hiPSC-DNs) to overcome interspecific gene expression differences. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) can be readily interfaced with two-dimensional (2D), and more recently, three-dimensional (3D) neural stem cell-derived in vitro models of the human brain to monitor their physiological activity in real time. Therefore, MEAs are emerging and useful tools to model neurological disorders and disease in vitro using human iPSCs. This is enabling a real-time window into neuronal signaling at the network scale from patient derived. This paper provides a comprehensive review of MEA's role in analyzing neural disease models established by hiPSC-DNs. It covers the significance of MEA fabrication, surface structure and modification schemes for hiPSC-DNs culturing and signal detection. Additionally, this review discusses advances in the development and use of MEA technology to study in vitro neural disease models, including epilepsy, autism spectrum developmental disorder (ASD), and others established using hiPSC-DNs. The paper also highlights the application of MEAs combined with hiPSC-DNs in detecting in vitro neurotoxic substances. Finally, the future development and outlook of multifunctional and integrated devices for in vitro medical diagnostics and treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Enhui He
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- The State Key Lab of Brain‐Machine IntelligenceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou321100China
| | - Jinping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Shihong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Mixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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Mijdam R, Bijnagte-Schoenmaker C, Dyke E, Moons SJ, Boltje TJ, Nadif Kasri N, Lefeber DJ. Sialic acid biosynthesis pathway blockade disturbs neuronal network formation in human iPSC-derived excitatory neurons. J Neurochem 2023; 167:76-89. [PMID: 37650222 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is present in large quantities in the brain and plays a crucial role in brain development, learning, and memory formation. How sialic acid contributes to brain development is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of reduced sialylation on network formation in human iPSC-derived neurons (iNeurons). Using targeted mass spectrometry and antibody binding, we observed an increase in free sialic acid and polysialic acid during neuronal development, which was disrupted by treatment of iNeurons with a synthetic inhibitor of sialic acid biosynthesis. Sialic acid inhibition disturbed synapse formation and network formation on microelectrode array (MEA), showing short but frequent (network) bursts and an overall lower firing rate, and higher percentage of random spikes. This study shows that sialic acid is necessary for neuronal network formation during human neuronal development and provides a physiologically relevant model to study the role of sialic acid in patient-derived iNeurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mijdam
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Bijnagte-Schoenmaker
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Emma Dyke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sam J Moons
- Synvenio B.V. Mercator 2, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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10
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Nishioka M, Takayama J, Sakai N, Kazuno AA, Ishiwata M, Ueda J, Hayama T, Fujii K, Someya T, Kuriyama S, Tamiya G, Takata A, Kato T. Deep exome sequencing identifies enrichment of deleterious mosaic variants in neurodevelopmental disorder genes and mitochondrial tRNA regions in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4294-4306. [PMID: 37248276 PMCID: PMC10827672 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a global medical issue, afflicting around 1% of the population with manic and depressive episodes. Despite various genetic studies, the genetic architecture and pathogenesis of BD have not been fully resolved. Besides germline variants, postzygotic mosaic variants are proposed as new candidate mechanisms contributing to BD. Here, we performed extensive deep exome sequencing (DES, ~300×) and validation experiments to investigate the roles of mosaic variants in BD with 235 BD cases (194 probands of trios and 41 single cases) and 39 controls. We found an enrichment of developmental disorder (DD) genes in the genes hit by deleterious mosaic variants in BD (P = 0.000552), including a ClinVar-registered pathogenic variant in ARID2. An enrichment of deleterious mosaic variants was also observed for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) genes (P = 0.000428). The proteins coded by the DD/ASD genes with non-synonymous mosaic variants in BD form more protein-protein interaction than expected, suggesting molecular mechanisms shared with DD/ASD but restricted to a subset of cells in BD. We also found significant enrichment of mitochondrial heteroplasmic variants, another class of mosaic variants, in mitochondrial tRNA genes in BD (P = 0.0102). Among them, recurrent m.3243 A > G variants known as causal for mitochondrial diseases were found in two unrelated BD probands with allele fractions of 5-12%, lower than in mitochondrial diseases. Despite the limitation of using peripheral tissues, our DES investigation supports the possible contribution of deleterious mosaic variants in the nuclear genome responsible for severer phenotypes, such as DD/ASD, to the risk of BD and further demonstrates that the same paradigm can be applied to the mitochondrial genome. These results, as well as the enrichment of heteroplasmic mitochondrial tRNA variants in BD, add a new piece to the understanding of the genetic architecture of BD and provide general insights into the pathological roles of mosaic variants in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nishioka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Pathology of Mood Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathology of Psychiatric Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Jun Takayama
- Department of AI and Innovative Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
- Statistical Genetics Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - An-A Kazuno
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathology of Psychiatric Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mizuho Ishiwata
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Junko Ueda
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathology of Psychiatric Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayama
- Yokohama Mental Clinic Totsuka, 494-8 Kamikurata-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 244-0816, Japan
| | - Kumiko Fujii
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-Cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Asahimachidori-ichibancho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kuriyama
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Gen Tamiya
- Department of AI and Innovative Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
- Statistical Genetics Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takata
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathology of Psychiatric Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Pathology of Mood Disorders, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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11
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Chen C, Guan MX. Induced pluripotent stem cells: ex vivo models for human diseases due to mitochondrial DNA mutations. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:82. [PMID: 37737178 PMCID: PMC10515435 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for cellular metabolism and physiology in eukaryotic cells. Human mitochondria have their own genome (mtDNA), which is maternally inherited with 37 genes, encoding 13 polypeptides for oxidative phosphorylation, and 22 tRNAs and 2 rRNAs for translation. mtDNA mutations are associated with a wide spectrum of degenerative and neuromuscular diseases. However, the pathophysiology of mitochondrial diseases, especially for threshold effect and tissue specificity, is not well understood and there is no effective treatment for these disorders. Especially, the lack of appropriate cell and animal disease models has been significant obstacles for deep elucidating the pathophysiology of maternally transmitted diseases and developing the effective therapy approach. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients to obtain terminally differentiated specific lineages such as inner ear hair cells is a revolutionary approach to deeply understand pathogenic mechanisms and develop the therapeutic interventions of mitochondrial disorders. Here, we review the recent advances in patients-derived iPSCs as ex vivo models for mitochondrial diseases. Those patients-derived iPSCs have been differentiated into specific targeting cells such as retinal ganglion cells and eventually organoid for the disease modeling. These disease models have advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of maternally inherited diseases and stepped toward therapeutic interventions for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Biomedicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- Center for Mitochondrial Biomedicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University International School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic and Developmental Disorders, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Lab of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education of PRC, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Latchman K, Saporta M, Moraes CT. Mitochondrial dysfunction characterized in human induced pluripotent stem cell disease models in MELAS syndrome: A brief summary. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:102-105. [PMID: 37633406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes) may allow deeper understanding of how tissue-specific mitochondrial dysfunction result in multi-systemic disease. Here, we summarize how the m.3243G mtDNA mutation affects mitochondrial function in different tissues using iPSC and iPSC-differentiated cell type disease models and what significant findings have been replicated in the independent studies. Through this brief review and with a focus on mitochondrial dysfunction in iPSC-differentiated cell types, namely fibroblast, neuron, and retinal pigment epithelium cells, we aim to bring awareness of hiPSC as a robust mitochondrial disease model even if many unanswered questions remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarie Latchman
- Department of Clinical and Translational Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Mario Saporta
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, United States
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, United States
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Rebs S, Streckfuss-Bömeke K. How can we use stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to understand the involvement of energetic metabolism in alterations of cardiac function? FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1222986. [PMID: 39086669 PMCID: PMC11285589 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1222986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial-DNA or mitochondria related nuclear-encoded-DNA lead to various multisystemic disorders collectively termed mitochondrial diseases. One in three cases of mitochondrial disease affects the heart muscle, which is called mitochondrial cardiomyopathy (MCM) and is associated with hypertrophic, dilated, and noncompact cardiomyopathy. The heart is an organ with high energy demand, and mitochondria occupy 30%-40% of its cardiomyocyte-cell volume. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to energy depletion and has detrimental effects on cardiac performance. However, disease development and progression in the context of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations, remains incompletely understood. The system of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CM) is an excellent platform to study MCM since the unique genetic identity to their donors enables a robust recapitulation of the predicted phenotypes in a dish on a patient-specific level. Here, we focus on recent insights into MCM studied by patient-specific iPSC-CM and further discuss research gaps and advances in metabolic maturation of iPSC-CM, which is crucial for the study of mitochondrial dysfunction and to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rebs
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Göttingen and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Streckfuss-Bömeke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Göttingen and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Translational Research, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Ryytty S, Hämäläinen RH. The Mitochondrial m.3243A>G Mutation on the Dish, Lessons from In Vitro Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13478. [PMID: 37686280 PMCID: PMC10487608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The m.3243A>G mutation in the tRNA Leu(UUR) gene (MT-TL1) is one of the most common pathogenic point mutations in human mtDNA. Patient symptoms vary widely and the severity of the disease ranges from asymptomatic to lethal. The reason for the high heterogeneity of m.3243A>G-associated disease is still unknown, and the treatment options are limited, with only supportive interventions available. Furthermore, the heteroplasmic nature of the m.3243A>G mutation and lack of specific animal models of mtDNA mutations have challenged the study of m.3243A>G, and, besides patient data, only cell models have been available for studies. The most commonly used cell models are patient derived, such as fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived models, and cybrid models where the mutant DNA is transferred to an acceptor cell. Studies on cell models have revealed cell-type-specific effects of the m.3243A>G mutation and that the tolerance for this mutation varies between cell types and between patients. In this review, we summarize the literature on the effects of m.3243A>G in cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riikka H. Hämäläinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
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15
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van Kraaij SJW, Pereira DR, Smal B, Summo L, Konkel A, Lossie J, Busjahn A, Grammatopoulos TN, Klaassen E, Fischer R, Schunck WH, Gal P, Moerland M. Identification of peripheral vascular function measures and circulating biomarkers of mitochondrial function in patients with mitochondrial disease. Clin Transl Sci 2023. [PMID: 37177864 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of pharmacological therapies for mitochondrial diseases is hampered by the lack of tissue-level and circulating biomarkers reflecting effects of compounds on endothelial and mitochondrial function. This phase 0 study aimed to identify biomarkers differentiating between patients with mitochondrial disease and healthy volunteers (HVs). In this cross-sectional case-control study, eight participants with mitochondrial disease and eight HVs matched on age, sex, and body mass index underwent study assessments consisting of blood collection for evaluation of plasma and serum biomarkers, mitochondrial function in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and an array of imaging methods for assessment of (micro)circulation. Plasma biomarkers GDF-15, IL-6, NT-proBNP, and cTNI were significantly elevated in patients compared to HVs, as were several clinical chemistry and hematology markers. No differences between groups were found for mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial reactive oxygen production, oxygen consumption rate, or extracellular acidification rate in PBMCs. Imaging revealed significantly higher nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-hydrogen (NADH) content in skin as well as reduced passive leg movement-induced hyperemia in patients. This study confirmed results of earlier studies regarding plasma biomarkers in mitochondrial disease and identified several imaging techniques that could detect functional differences at the tissue level between participants with mitochondrial disease and HVs. However, assays of mitochondrial function in PBMCs did not show differences between participants with mitochondrial disease and HVs, possibly reflecting compensatory mechanisms and heterogeneity in mutational load. In future clinical trials, using a mix of imaging and blood-based biomarkers may be advisable, as well as combining these with an in vivo challenge to disturb homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan J W van Kraaij
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bastiaan Smal
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wolf-Hagen Schunck
- OMEICOS Therapeutics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pim Gal
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Moerland
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Suzuki I, Matsuda N, Han X, Noji S, Shibata M, Nagafuku N, Ishibashi Y. Large-Area Field Potential Imaging Having Single Neuron Resolution Using 236 880 Electrodes CMOS-MEA Technology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2207732. [PMID: 37088859 PMCID: PMC10369302 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrophysiological technology having a high spatiotemporal resolution at the single-cell level and noninvasive measurements of large areas provide insights on underlying neuronal function. Here, a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-microelectrode array (MEA) is used that uses 236 880 electrodes each with an electrode size of 11.22 × 11.22 µm and 236 880 covering a wide area of 5.5 × 5.9 mm in presenting a detailed and single-cell-level neural activity analysis platform for brain slices, human iPS cell-derived cortical networks, peripheral neurons, and human brain organoids. Propagation pattern characteristics between brain regions changes the synaptic propagation into compounds based on single-cell time-series patterns, classification based on single DRG neuron firing patterns and compound responses, axonal conduction characteristics and changes to anticancer drugs, and network activities and transition to compounds in brain organoids are extracted. This detailed analysis of neural activity at the single-cell level using the CMOS-MEA provides a new understanding of the basic mechanisms of brain circuits in vitro and ex vivo, on human neurological diseases for drug discovery, and compound toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuro Suzuki
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuda
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Xiaobo Han
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Shuhei Noji
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Mikako Shibata
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Nami Nagafuku
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Yuto Ishibashi
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
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17
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Muzzi L, Di Lisa D, Falappa M, Pepe S, Maccione A, Pastorino L, Martinoia S, Frega M. Human-Derived Cortical Neurospheroids Coupled to Passive, High-Density and 3D MEAs: A Valid Platform for Functional Tests. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040449. [PMID: 37106636 PMCID: PMC10136157 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and differentiation protocols, methods to create in-vitro human-derived neuronal networks have been proposed. Although monolayer cultures represent a valid model, adding three-dimensionality (3D) would make them more representative of an in-vivo environment. Thus, human-derived 3D structures are becoming increasingly used for in-vitro disease modeling. Achieving control over the final cell composition and investigating the exhibited electrophysiological activity is still a challenge. Thence, methodologies to create 3D structures with controlled cellular density and composition and platforms capable of measuring and characterizing the functional aspects of these samples are needed. Here, we propose a method to rapidly generate neurospheroids of human origin with control over cell composition that can be used for functional investigations. We show a characterization of the electrophysiological activity exhibited by the neurospheroids by using micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) with different types (i.e., passive, C-MOS, and 3D) and number of electrodes. Neurospheroids grown in free culture and transferred on MEAs exhibited functional activity that can be chemically and electrically modulated. Our results indicate that this model holds great potential for an in-depth study of signal transmission to drug screening and disease modeling and offers a platform for in-vitro functional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Muzzi
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Donatella Di Lisa
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Falappa
- 3Brain AG, 8808 Pfäffikon, Switzerland
- Corticale Srl., 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Pepe
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Pastorino
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sergio Martinoia
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Frega
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Tolle I, Tiranti V, Prigione A. Modeling mitochondrial DNA diseases: from base editing to pluripotent stem-cell-derived organoids. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55678. [PMID: 36876467 PMCID: PMC10074100 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases are multi-systemic disorders caused by mutations affecting a fraction or the entirety of mtDNA copies. Currently, there are no approved therapies for the majority of mtDNA diseases. Challenges associated with engineering mtDNA have in fact hindered the study of mtDNA defects. Despite these difficulties, it has been possible to develop valuable cellular and animal models of mtDNA diseases. Here, we describe recent advances in base editing of mtDNA and the generation of three-dimensional organoids from patient-derived human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Together with already available modeling tools, the combination of these novel technologies could allow determining the impact of specific mtDNA mutations in distinct human cell types and might help uncover how mtDNA mutation load segregates during tissue organization. iPSC-derived organoids could also represent a platform for the identification of treatment strategies and for probing the in vitro effectiveness of mtDNA gene therapies. These studies have the potential to increase our mechanistic understanding of mtDNA diseases and may open the way to highly needed and personalized therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Tolle
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Lin DS, Huang YW, Ho CS, Huang TS, Lee TH, Wu TY, Huang ZD, Wang TJ. Impact of Mitochondrial A3243G Heteroplasmy on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Dynamics of Directly Reprogrammed MELAS Neurons. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010015. [PMID: 36611807 PMCID: PMC9818214 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The MELAS syndrome primarily affecting the CNS is mainly caused by the m.A3243G mutation. The heteroplasmy in different tissues affects the phenotypic spectrum, yet the impact of various levels of m.A3243G heteroplasmy on CNS remains elusive due to the lack of a proper neuronal model harboring m.A3243G mutation. We generated induced neurons (iNs) through the direct reprogramming of MELAS patients, with derived fibroblasts harboring high (>95%), intermediate (68%), and low (20%) m.A3243G mutation. iNs demonstrated neuronal morphology with neurite outgrowth, branching, and dendritic spines. The heteroplasmy and deficiency of respiratory chain complexes were retained in MELAS iNs. High heteroplasmy elicited the elevation in ROS levels and the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, high and intermediate heteroplasmy led to the impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics and a change in mitochondrial dynamics toward the fission and fragmentation of mitochondria, with a reduction in mitochondrial networks. Moreover, iNs derived from aged individuals manifested with mitochondrial fission. These results help us in understanding the impact of various heteroplasmic levels on mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitochondrial dynamics in neurons as the underlying pathomechanism of neurological manifestations of MELAS syndrome. Furthermore, these findings provide targets for further pharmacological approaches of mitochondrial diseases and validate iNs as a reliable platform for studies in neuronal aspects of aging, neurodegenerative disorders, and mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar-Shong Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2809-4661; Fax: +886-2-2809-4679
| | - Yu-Wen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Che-Sheng Ho
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Mackay Children’s Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Sun Huang
- Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Yen Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Zon-Darr Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Tuan-Jen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
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20
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Human In Vitro Models of Epilepsy Using Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243957. [PMID: 36552721 PMCID: PMC9776452 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges in making animal models of complex human epilepsy phenotypes with varied aetiology highlights the need to develop alternative disease models that can address the limitations of animal models by effectively recapitulating human pathophysiology. The advances in stem cell technology provide an opportunity to use human iPSCs to make disease-in-a-dish models. The focus of this review is to report the current information and progress in the generation of epileptic patient-specific iPSCs lines, isogenic control cell lines, and neuronal models. These in vitro models can be used to study the underlying pathological mechanisms of epilepsies, anti-seizure medication resistance, and can also be used for drug testing and drug screening with their isogenic control cell lines.
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21
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Petridi S, Dubal D, Rikhy R, van den Ameele J. Mitochondrial respiration and dynamics of in vivo neural stem cells. Development 2022; 149:285126. [PMID: 36445292 PMCID: PMC10112913 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the developing and adult brain undergo many different transitions, tightly regulated by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. While the role of signalling pathways and transcription factors is well established, recent evidence has also highlighted mitochondria as central players in NSC behaviour and fate decisions. Many aspects of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial biology change during NSC transitions, interact with signalling pathways and affect the activity of chromatin-modifying enzymes. In this Spotlight, we explore recent in vivo findings, primarily from Drosophila and mammalian model systems, about the role that mitochondrial respiration and morphology play in NSC development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Petridi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Dnyanesh Dubal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.,Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Richa Rikhy
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Jelle van den Ameele
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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22
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Imai-Okazaki A, Nitta KR, Yatsuka Y, Sugiura A, Arao M, Shimura M, Ebihara T, Onuki T, Ichimoto K, Ohtake A, Murayama K, Okazaki Y. Impact of measuring heteroplasmy of a pathogenic mitochondrial DNA variant at the single-cell level in individuals with mitochondrial disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:1143-1150. [PMID: 36053827 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy has mainly been assessed with bulk sequencing in individuals with mitochondrial disease. However, the distribution of heteroplasmy at the single-cell level in skin fibroblasts obtained from individuals, together with detailed clinical and biochemical information, remains to be investigated. We used the mitochondrial DNA single-cell assay for the transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing method. Skin fibroblasts were obtained from six individuals with mitochondrial disease and pathogenic m.3243A>G variants of differing severity. Different distributions of heteroplasmy at the single-cell level were identified in skin fibroblasts from all six individuals. Four individuals with different outcomes showed similar averaged heteroplasmy rates with normal mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity, while the distribution of single-cell heteroplasmy patterns differed among the individuals. This study showed different heteroplasmy distribution patterns at the single-cell level in individuals with the m.3243A>G variant, who had a similar averaged heteroplasmy rates with normal mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activity. Whether such different heteroplasmy distribution patterns explain the different clinical outcomes should be assessed further in future studies. Measuring heteroplasmy of pathogenic mitochondrial DNA variants at the single-cell level could be important in individuals with mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Imai-Okazaki
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro R Nitta
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Yatsuka
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumu Sugiura
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Arao
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaru Shimura
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ebihara
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takanori Onuki
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Ichimoto
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtake
- Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
- Center for Intractable Diseases, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Murayama
- Department of Metabolism, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Intractable Diseases, Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Comprehensive Genomic Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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23
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Li D, Liang C, Zhang T, Marley JL, Zou W, Lian M, Ji D. Pathogenic mitochondrial DNA 3243A>G mutation: From genetics to phenotype. Front Genet 2022; 13:951185. [PMID: 36276941 PMCID: PMC9582660 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.951185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) m.3243A>G mutation is one of the most common pathogenic mtDNA variants, showing complex genetics, pathogenic molecular mechanisms, and phenotypes. In recent years, the prevention of mtDNA-related diseases has trended toward precision medicine strategies, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT). These techniques are set to allow the birth of healthy children, but clinical implementation relies on thorough insights into mtDNA genetics. The genotype and phenotype of m.3243A>G vary greatly from mother to offspring, which compromises genetic counseling for the disease. This review is the first to systematically elaborate on the characteristics of the m.3243A>G mutation, from genetics to phenotype and the relationship between them, as well as the related influencing factors and potential strategies for preventing disease. These perceptions will provide clarity for clinicians providing genetic counseling to m.3243A>G patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jordan Lee Marley
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Weiwei Zou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Muqing Lian
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dongmei Ji
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract (Anhui Medical University), Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Dongmei Ji,
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24
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Abstract
The human brain consumes five orders of magnitude more energy than the sun by unit of mass and time. This staggering bioenergetic cost serves mostly synaptic transmission and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. The peak of both brain bioenergetic demands and the age of onset for neurodevelopmental disorders is approximately 5 years of age. This correlation suggests that defects in the machinery that provides cellular energy would be causative and/or consequence of neurodevelopmental disorders. We explore this hypothesis from the perspective of the machinery required for the synthesis of the electron transport chain, an ATP-producing and NADH-consuming enzymatic cascade. The electron transport chain is constituted by nuclear- and mitochondrial-genome-encoded subunits. These subunits are synthesized by the 80S and the 55S ribosomes, which are segregated to the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial matrix, correspondingly. Mitochondrial protein synthesis by the 55S ribosome is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of electron transport chain components, suggesting that mitochondrial protein synthesis is a bottleneck for tissues with high bionergetic demands. We discuss genetic defects in the human nuclear and mitochondrial genomes that affect these protein synthesis machineries and cause a phenotypic spectrum spanning autism spectrum disorders to neurodegeneration during neurodevelopment. We propose that dysregulated mitochondrial protein synthesis is a chief, yet understudied, causative mechanism of neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders.
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25
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Povea-Cabello S, Villanueva-Paz M, Villalón-García I, Talaverón-Rey M, Álvarez-Cordoba M, Suárez-Rivero JM, Montes MÁ, Rodríguez-Moreno A, Andrade-Talavera Y, Armengol JA, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Modeling Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes Syndrome Using Patient-Derived Induced Neurons Generated by Direct Reprogramming. Cell Reprogram 2022; 24:294-303. [PMID: 35802497 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2022.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders caused by mutations in nuclear or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These diseases are frequently multisystemic, although mainly affect tissues that require large amounts of energy such as the brain. Mutations in mitochondrial transfer RNA (mt-tRNA) lead to defects in protein translation that may compromise some or all mtDNA-encoded proteins. Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is mainly caused by the m.3243A>G mutation in the mt-tRNALeu(UUR) (MT-TL1) gene. Owing to the lack of proper animal models, several cellular models have been developed to study the disease, providing insight in the pathophysiological mechanisms of MELAS. In this study, we show a successful direct conversion of MELAS patient-derived fibroblasts into induced neurons (iNs) for the first time, as well as an electrophysiological characterization of iNs cocultured with astrocytes. In addition, we performed bioenergetics analysis to study the consequences of m.3243A>G mutation in this neuronal model of MELAS syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Cordoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Montes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Celular y Plasticidad, Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Yuniesky Andrade-Talavera
- Laboratorio de Neurociencia Celular y Plasticidad, Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A Armengol
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
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26
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Chen X, Liu F, Li B, Wang Y, Yuan L, Yin A, Chen Q, Hu W, Yao Y, Zhang M, Wu Y, Chen K. Neuropathy-associated Fars2 deficiency affects neuronal development and potentiates neuronal apoptosis by impairing mitochondrial function. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:103. [PMID: 35794642 PMCID: PMC9258231 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurodegenerative diseases encompass an extensive and heterogeneous group of nervous system disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration and death of neurons. Many lines of evidence suggest the participation of mitochondria dysfunction in these diseases. Mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, encoded by FARS2, catalyzes the transfer of phenylalanine to its cognate tRNA for protein synthesis. As a member of mt-aaRSs genes, FARS2 missense homozygous mutation c.424G > T (p.D142Y) found in a Chinese consanguineous family first built the relationship between pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and FARS2 gene. More FARS2 variations were subsequently found to cause heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders presenting three main phenotypic manifestations: infantile-onset epileptic mitochondrial encephalopathy, later-onset spastic paraplegia and juvenile onset refractory epilepsy. Studies showed that aminoacylation activity is frequently disrupt in cases with FARS2 mutations, indicating a loss-of-function mechanism. However, the underlying pathogenesis of neuropathy-associated Fars2 deficiency is still largely unknown. Results Early gestation lethality of global Fars2 knockout mice was observed prior to neurogenesis. The conditional Fars2 knockout-mouse model delayed lethality to late-gestation, resulting in a thinner cortex and an enlarged ventricle which is consist with the MRI results revealing cortical atrophy and reduced cerebral white matter volume in FARS2-deficient patients. Delayed development of neurite outgrowth followed by neuronal apoptosis was confirmed in Fars2-knockdown mouse primary cultured neurons. Zebrafish, in which fars2 was knocked down, exhibited aberrant motor neuron function including reduced locomotor capacity which well restored the spastic paraplegia phenotype of FARS2-deficient patients. Altered mitochondrial protein synthesis and reduced levels of oxidative phosphorylation complexes were detected in Fars2-deficient samples. And thus, reduced ATP, total NAD levels and mitochondrial membrane potential, together with increased ROS production, revealed mitochondrial dysfunction both in vitro and in vivo. Dctn3 is a potential downstream molecule in responds to Fars2 deficient in neurons, which may provide some evidence for the development of pathogenesis study and therapeutic schedule. Conclusions The Fars2 deficiency genetic models developed in this study cover the typical clinical manifestations in FARS2 patients, and help clarify how neuropathy-associated Fars2 deficiency, by damaging the mitochondrial respiratory chain and impairing mitochondrial function, affects neuronal development and potentiates neuronal cell apoptosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00838-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihui Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Medical Genetics, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Anan Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Plastic surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Medical Genetics, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Medical Genetics, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.,Medical Genetics, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - YuanMing Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. .,Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Ng YS, Lim AZ, Panagiotou G, Turnbull DM, Walker M. Endocrine Manifestations and New Developments in Mitochondrial Disease. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:583-609. [PMID: 35552684 PMCID: PMC9113134 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of common inherited diseases causing disruption of oxidative phosphorylation. Some patients with mitochondrial disease have endocrine manifestations, with diabetes mellitus being predominant but also include hypogonadism, hypoadrenalism, and hypoparathyroidism. There have been major developments in mitochondrial disease over the past decade that have major implications for all patients. The collection of large cohorts of patients has better defined the phenotype of mitochondrial diseases and the majority of patients with endocrine abnormalities have involvement of several other systems. This means that patients with mitochondrial disease and endocrine manifestations need specialist follow-up because some of the other manifestations, such as stroke-like episodes and cardiomyopathy, are potentially life threatening. Also, the development and follow-up of large cohorts of patients means that there are clinical guidelines for the management of patients with mitochondrial disease. There is also considerable research activity to identify novel therapies for the treatment of mitochondrial disease. The revolution in genetics, with the introduction of next-generation sequencing, has made genetic testing more available and establishing a precise genetic diagnosis is important because it will affect the risk for involvement for different organ systems. Establishing a genetic diagnosis is also crucial because important reproductive options have been developed that will prevent the transmission of mitochondrial disease because of mitochondrial DNA variants to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Albert Zishen Lim
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Grigorios Panagiotou
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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USE OF KETOGENIC DIET THERAPY IN EPILEPSY WITH MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION: A SYSTEMATIC AND CRITICAL REVIEW. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech15.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of molecular techniques over time more than %60 of epilepsy has associated with mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction. Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used in the treatment of epilepsy since the 1920s. Aim. To evaluate the evidence behind KD in mt dysfunction in epilepsy. Methods. Databases PubMed, Google Scholar and MEDLINE were searched in an umbrella approach to 12 March 2021 in English. To identify relevant studies specific search strategies were devised for the following topics: (1) mitochondrial dysfunction (2) epilepsy (3) KD treatment. Results. From 1794 papers, 36 articles were included in analysis: 16 (%44.44) preclinical studies, 11 (%30.55) case reports, 9 (%25) clinical studies. In all the preclinic studies, KD regulated the number of mt profiles, transcripts of metabolic enzymes and encoding mt proteins, protected the mice against to seizures and had an anticonvulsant mechanism. Case reports and clinical trials have reported patients with good results in seizure control and mt functions, although not all of them give good results as well as preclinical. Conclusion. Healthcare institutions, researchers, neurologists, health promotion organizations, and dietitians should consider these results to improve KD programs and disease outcomes for mt dysfunction in epilepsy.
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Pavez-Giani MG, Cyganek L. Recent Advances in Modeling Mitochondrial Cardiomyopathy Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:800529. [PMID: 35083221 PMCID: PMC8784695 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.800529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Around one third of patients with mitochondrial disorders develop a kind of cardiomyopathy. In these cases, severity is quite variable ranging from asymptomatic status to severe manifestations including heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. ATP is primarily generated in the mitochondrial respiratory chain via oxidative phosphorylation by utilizing fatty acids and carbohydrates. Genes in both the nuclear and the mitochondrial DNA encode components of this metabolic route and, although mutations in these genes are extremely rare, the risk to develop cardiac symptoms is significantly higher in this patient cohort. Additionally, infants with cardiovascular compromise in mitochondrial deficiency display a worse late survival compared to patients without cardiac symptoms. At this point, the mechanisms behind cardiac disease progression related to mitochondrial gene mutations are poorly understood and current therapies are unable to substantially restore the cardiac performance and to reduce the disease burden. Therefore, new strategies are needed to uncover the pathophysiological mechanisms and to identify new therapeutic options for mitochondrial cardiomyopathies. Here, human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has emerged to provide a suitable patient-specific model system by recapitulating major characteristics of the disease in vitro, as well as to offer a powerful platform for pre-clinical drug development and for the testing of novel therapeutic options. In the present review, we summarize recent advances in iPSC-based disease modeling of mitochondrial cardiomyopathies and explore the patho-mechanistic insights as well as new therapeutic approaches that were uncovered with this experimental platform. Further, we discuss the challenges and limitations of this technology and provide an overview of the latest techniques to promote metabolic and functional maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes that might be necessary for modeling of mitochondrial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Pavez-Giani
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Cyganek
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells", University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Evangelisti S, Gramegna LL, La Morgia C, Di Vito L, Maresca A, Talozzi L, Bianchini C, Mitolo M, Manners DN, Caporali L, Valentino ML, Liguori R, Carelli V, Lodi R, Testa C, Tonon C. Molecular biomarkers correlate with brain grey and white matter changes in patients with mitochondrial m.3243A > G mutation. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 135:72-81. [PMID: 34916127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) m.3243A > G mutation in the MT-TL1 gene results in a multi-systemic disease, that is commonly associated with neurodegenerative changes in the brain. METHODS Seventeen patients harboring the m3243A > G mutation were enrolled (age 43.1 ± 11.4 years, 10 M/7F). A panel of plasma biomarkers including lactate acid, alanine, L-arginine, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and circulating cell free -mtDNA (ccf-mtDNA), as well as blood, urine and muscle mtDNA heteroplasmy were evaluated. Patients also underwent a brain standardized MR protocol that included volumetric T1-weighted images and diffusion-weighted MRI. Twenty sex- and age-matched healthy controls were included. Voxel-wise analysis was performed on T1-weighted and diffusion imaging, respectively with VBM (voxel-based morphometry) and TBSS (Tract-based Spatial Statistics). Ventricular lactate was also evaluated by 1H-MR spectroscopy. RESULTS A widespread cortical gray matter (GM) loss was observed, more severe (p < 0.001) in the bilateral calcarine, insular, frontal and parietal cortex, along with infratentorial cerebellar cortex. High urine mtDNA mutation load, high levels of plasma lactate and alanine, low levels of plasma arginine, high levels of serum FGF-21 and ventricular lactate accumulation significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with the reduced brain GM density. Widespread microstructural alterations were highlighted in the white matter, significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with plasma alanine and arginine levels, with mtDNA mutation load in urine, with high level of serum GDF-15 and with high content of plasma ccf-mtDNA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the synergy of two pathogenic mechanisms, mtDNA-related mitochondrial respiratory deficiency and defective nitric oxide metabolism, contributes to the brain neurodegeneration in m.3243A > G patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Ludovica Gramegna
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lidia Di Vito
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maresca
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lia Talozzi
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Bianchini
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Micaela Mitolo
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - David Neil Manners
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Caporali
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Valentino
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Testa
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Tonon
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Functional and Molecular Neuroimaging Unit, Bologna, Italy.
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Haast RAM, De Coo IFM, Ivanov D, Khan AR, Jansen JFA, Smeets HJM, Uludağ K. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac024. [PMID: 35187487 PMCID: PMC8853728 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the mitochondrial DNA are an important cause of inherited diseases that can severely affect the tissue’s homeostasis and integrity. The m.3243A > G mutation is the most commonly observed across mitochondrial disorders and is linked to multisystemic complications, including cognitive deficits. In line with in vitro experiments demonstrating the m.3243A > G’s negative impact on neuronal energy production and integrity, m.3243A > G patients show cerebral grey matter tissue changes. However, its impact on the most neuron dense, and therefore energy-consuming brain structure—the cerebellum—remains elusive. In this work, we used high-resolution structural and functional data acquired using 7 T MRI to characterize the neurodegenerative and functional signatures of the cerebellar cortex in m.3243A > G patients. Our results reveal altered tissue integrity within distinct clusters across the cerebellar cortex, apparent by their significantly reduced volume and longitudinal relaxation rate compared with healthy controls, indicating macroscopic atrophy and microstructural pathology. Spatial characterization reveals that these changes occur especially in regions related to the frontoparietal brain network that is involved in information processing and selective attention. In addition, based on resting-state functional MRI data, these clusters exhibit reduced functional connectivity to frontal and parietal cortical regions, especially in patients characterized by (i) a severe disease phenotype and (ii) reduced information-processing speed and attention control. Combined with our previous work, these results provide insight into the neuropathological changes and a solid base to guide longitudinal studies aimed to track disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A. M. Haast
- Correspondence to: Roy A. M. Haast Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping Robarts Research Institute Western University 1151 Richmond St N., London ON, Canada N6A 5B7 E-mail:
| | - Irenaeus F. M. De Coo
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Unit Clinical Genomics, Maastricht University, MHeNs School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dimo Ivanov
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ali R. Khan
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 3K7
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Jacobus F. A. Jansen
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hubert J. M. Smeets
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Unit Clinical Genomics, Maastricht University, MHeNs School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kâmil Uludağ
- IBS Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro, 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, N Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro, 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea
- Techna Institute and Koerner Scientist in MR Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L5
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Functional Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Models of the Brain with Microelectrode Arrays. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010106. [PMID: 35011667 PMCID: PMC8750870 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neuron cultures have emerged as models of electrical activity in the human brain. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) measure changes in the extracellular electric potential of cell cultures or tissues and enable the recording of neuronal network activity. MEAs have been applied to both human subjects and hPSC-derived brain models. Here, we review the literature on the functional characterization of hPSC-derived two- and three-dimensional brain models with MEAs and examine their network function in physiological and pathological contexts. We also summarize MEA results from the human brain and compare them to the literature on MEA recordings of hPSC-derived brain models. MEA recordings have shown network activity in two-dimensional hPSC-derived brain models that is comparable to the human brain and revealed pathology-associated changes in disease models. Three-dimensional hPSC-derived models such as brain organoids possess a more relevant microenvironment, tissue architecture and potential for modeling the network activity with more complexity than two-dimensional models. hPSC-derived brain models recapitulate many aspects of network function in the human brain and provide valid disease models, but certain advancements in differentiation methods, bioengineering and available MEA technology are needed for these approaches to reach their full potential.
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van Rhijn JR, Shi Y, Bormann M, Mossink B, Frega M, Recaioglu H, Hakobjan M, Klein Gunnewiek T, Schoenmaker C, Palmer E, Faivre L, Kittel-Schneider S, Schubert D, Brunner H, Franke B, Nadif Kasri N. Brunner syndrome associated MAOA mutations result in NMDAR hyperfunction and increased network activity in human dopaminergic neurons. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 163:105587. [PMID: 34923109 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine neurotransmitter abundance affects motor control, emotion, and cognitive function and is regulated by monoamine oxidases. Among these, Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) catalyzes the degradation of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin into their inactive metabolites. Loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked MAOA gene have been associated with Brunner syndrome, which is characterized by various forms of impulsivity, maladaptive externalizing behavior, and mild intellectual disability. Impaired MAOA activity in individuals with Brunner syndrome results in bioamine aberration, but it is currently unknown how this affects neuronal function, specifically in dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Here we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived DA neurons from three individuals with Brunner syndrome carrying different mutations and characterized neuronal properties at the single cell and neuronal network level in vitro. DA neurons of Brunner syndrome patients showed reduced synaptic density but exhibited hyperactive network activity. Intrinsic functional properties and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated synaptic transmission were not affected in DA neurons of individuals with Brunner syndrome. Instead, we show that the neuronal network hyperactivity is mediated by upregulation of the GRIN2A and GRIN2B subunits of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), resulting in increased NMDAR-mediated currents. By correcting a MAOA missense mutation with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing we normalized GRIN2A and GRIN2B expression, NMDAR function and neuronal population activity to control levels. Our data suggest that MAOA mutations in Brunner syndrome increase the activity of dopaminergic neurons through upregulation of NMDAR function, which may contribute to the etiology of Brunner syndrome associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Ruben van Rhijn
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maren Bormann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Britt Mossink
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Monica Frega
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Hatice Recaioglu
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marina Hakobjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Teun Klein Gunnewiek
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Schoenmaker
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth Palmer
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du développement et Syndromes malformatifs and FHU TRANSLAD, Hôpital d'Enfants, Dijon, France; INSERM UMR1231 GAD, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Han Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, MUMC+, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, and MHeNS School of Neuroscience and Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Kosanke M, Davenport C, Szepes M, Wiehlmann L, Kohrn T, Dorda M, Gruber J, Menge K, Sievert M, Melchert A, Gruh I, Göhring G, Martin U. iPSC culture expansion selects against putatively actionable mutations in the mitochondrial genome. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2488-2502. [PMID: 34560000 PMCID: PMC8514965 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic application of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derivatives requires comprehensive assessment of the integrity of their nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to exclude oncogenic potential and functional deficits. It is unknown, to which extent mtDNA variants originate from their parental cells or from de novo mutagenesis, and whether dynamics in heteroplasmy levels are caused by inter- and intracellular selection or genetic drift. Sequencing of mtDNA of 26 iPSC clones did not reveal evidence for de novo mutagenesis, or for any selection processes during reprogramming or differentiation. Culture expansion, however, selected against putatively actionable mtDNA mutations. Altogether, our findings point toward a scenario in which intracellular selection of mtDNA variants during culture expansion shapes the mutational landscape of the mitochondrial genome. Our results suggest that intercellular selection and genetic drift exert minor impact and that the bottleneck effect in context of the mtDNA genetic pool might have been overestimated. Expansion culture selects against putatively actionable mtDNA mutations in iPSCs Intracellular selection on mtDNA molecules shapes the mutational landscape Random genetic drift and intercellular selection exert minor impact Selection acts during culture expansion but not during reprogramming or differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Kosanke
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Colin Davenport
- Research Core Unit Genomics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Szepes
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lutz Wiehlmann
- Research Core Unit Genomics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Kohrn
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie Dorda
- Research Core Unit Genomics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas Gruber
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kaja Menge
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Sievert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Melchert
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ina Gruh
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Göhring
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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36
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Mullin NK, Anfinson KR, Riker MJ, Wieland KL, Tatro NJ, Scheetz TE, Mullins RF, Stone EM, Tucker BA. Sensitive quantification of m.3243A>G mutational proportion in non-retinal tissues and its relationship with visual symptoms. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:775-782. [PMID: 34590675 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The m.3243A>G mutation in the mitochondrial genome commonly causes retinal degeneration in patients with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) and mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Like other mitochondrial mutations, m.3243A>G is inherited from the mother with a variable proportion of wild type and mutant mitochondrial genomes in different cells. The mechanism by which the m.3243A>G variant in each tissue relates to the manifestation of disease phenotype is not fully understood. Using a digital PCR assay we found that the % m.3243G in skin derived dermal fibroblasts was positively correlated with that of blood from the same individual. The % m.3243G detected in fibroblast cultures remained constant over multiple passages and was negatively correlated with mtDNA copy number. Although the % m.3243G present in blood was not correlated with severity of vision loss, as quantified by Goldmann visual field, a significant negative correlation between % m.3243G and the age of onset of visual symptoms was detected. Together, these results indicate that precise measurement of % m.3243G in clinically accessible tissues such as skin and blood may yield information relevant to the management of retinal m.3243A>G associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel K Mullin
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Kristin R Anfinson
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Megan J Riker
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Kelsey L Wieland
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Nicole J Tatro
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Todd E Scheetz
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Robert F Mullins
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Edwin M Stone
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Budd A Tucker
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
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37
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Klein Gunnewiek TM, Verboven AHA, Pelgrim I, Hogeweg M, Schoenmaker C, Renkema H, Beyrath J, Smeitink J, de Vries BBA, Hoen PBAC', Kozicz T, Nadif Kasri N. Sonlicromanol improves neuronal network dysfunction and transcriptome changes linked to m.3243A>G heteroplasmy in iPSC-derived neurons. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2197-2212. [PMID: 34329596 PMCID: PMC8452519 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is often caused by an adenine to guanine variant at m.3243 (m.3243A>G) of the MT-TL1 gene. To understand how this pathogenic variant affects the nervous system, we differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into excitatory neurons with normal (low heteroplasmy) and impaired (high heteroplasmy) mitochondrial function from MELAS patients with the m.3243A>G pathogenic variant. We combined micro-electrode array (MEA) measurements with RNA sequencing (MEA-seq) and found reduced expression of genes involved in mitochondrial respiration and presynaptic function, as well as non-cell autonomous processes in co-cultured astrocytes. Finally, we show that the clinical phase II drug sonlicromanol can improve neuronal network activity when treatment is initiated early in development. This was intricately linked with changes in the neuronal transcriptome. Overall, we provide insight in transcriptomic changes in iPSC-derived neurons with high m.3243A>G heteroplasmy, and show the pathology is partially reversible by sonlicromanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun M Klein Gunnewiek
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomie, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk H A Verboven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, the Netherlands; Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Iris Pelgrim
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, the Netherlands; Khondrion B.V., Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Hogeweg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Schoenmaker
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bert B A de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Peter-Bram A C 't Hoen
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomie, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, 55905 Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 55905 Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, the Netherlands.
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38
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Linda K, Lewerissa EI, Verboven AHA, Gabriele M, Frega M, Klein Gunnewiek TM, Devilee L, Ulferts E, Hommersom M, Oudakker A, Schoenmaker C, van Bokhoven H, Schubert D, Testa G, Koolen DA, de Vries BBA, Nadif Kasri N. Imbalanced autophagy causes synaptic deficits in a human model for neurodevelopmental disorders. Autophagy 2021; 18:423-442. [PMID: 34286667 PMCID: PMC8942553 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1936777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a finely tuned process of programmed degradation and recycling of proteins and cellular components, which is crucial in neuronal function and synaptic integrity. Mounting evidence implicates chromatin remodeling in fine-tuning autophagy pathways. However, this epigenetic regulation is poorly understood in neurons. Here, we investigate the role in autophagy of KANSL1, a member of the nonspecific lethal complex, which acetylates histone H4 on lysine 16 (H4K16ac) to facilitate transcriptional activation. Loss-of-function of KANSL1 is strongly associated with the neurodevelopmental disorder Koolen-de Vries Syndrome (KdVS). Starting from KANSL1-deficient human induced-pluripotent stem cells, both from KdVS patients and genome-edited lines, we identified SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1), an antioxidant enzyme, to be significantly decreased, leading to a subsequent increase in oxidative stress and autophagosome accumulation. In KANSL1-deficient neurons, autophagosome accumulation at excitatory synapses resulted in reduced synaptic density, reduced GRIA/AMPA receptor-mediated transmission and impaired neuronal network activity. Furthermore, we found that increased oxidative stress-mediated autophagosome accumulation leads to increased MTOR activation and decreased lysosome function, further preventing the clearing of autophagosomes. Finally, by pharmacologically reducing oxidative stress, we could rescue the aberrant autophagosome formation as well as synaptic and neuronal network activity in KANSL1-deficient neurons. Our findings thus point toward an important relation between oxidative stress-induced autophagy and synapse function, and demonstrate the importance of H4K16ac-mediated changes in chromatin structure to balance reactive oxygen species- and MTOR-dependent autophagy. Abbreviations: APO: apocynin; ATG: autophagy related; BAF: bafilomycin A1; BSO: buthionine sulfoximine; CV: coefficient of variation; DIV: days in vitro; H4K16ac: histone 4 lysine 16 acetylation; iPSC: induced-pluripotent stem cell; KANSL1: KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1; KdVS: Koolen-de Vries Syndrome; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MEA: micro-electrode array; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NSL complex: nonspecific lethal complex; 8-oxo-dG: 8-hydroxydesoxyguanosine; RAP: rapamycin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; sEPSCs: spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SYN: synapsin; WRT: wortmannin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Linda
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elly I Lewerissa
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk H A Verboven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Gabriele
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Monica Frega
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Teun M Klein Gunnewiek
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lynn Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edda Ulferts
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Hommersom
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Oudakker
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Schoenmaker
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - David A Koolen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert B A de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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McKnight CL, Low YC, Elliott DA, Thorburn DR, Frazier AE. Modelling Mitochondrial Disease in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: What Have We Learned? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7730. [PMID: 34299348 PMCID: PMC8306397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases disrupt cellular energy production and are among the most complex group of inherited genetic disorders. Affecting approximately 1 in 5000 live births, they are both clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and can be highly tissue specific, but most often affect cell types with high energy demands in the brain, heart, and kidneys. There are currently no clinically validated treatment options available, despite several agents showing therapeutic promise. However, modelling these disorders is challenging as many non-human models of mitochondrial disease do not completely recapitulate human phenotypes for known disease genes. Additionally, access to disease-relevant cell or tissue types from patients is often limited. To overcome these difficulties, many groups have turned to human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to model mitochondrial disease for both nuclear-DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial-DNA (mtDNA) contexts. Leveraging the capacity of hPSCs to differentiate into clinically relevant cell types, these models permit both detailed investigation of cellular pathomechanisms and validation of promising treatment options. Here we catalogue hPSC models of mitochondrial disease that have been generated to date, summarise approaches and key outcomes of phenotypic profiling using these models, and discuss key criteria to guide future investigations using hPSC models of mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L. McKnight
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Yau Chung Low
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David A. Elliott
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David R. Thorburn
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ann E. Frazier
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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40
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Frison M, Faccenda D, Abeti R, Rigon M, Strobbe D, England-Rendon BS, Cash D, Barnes K, Sadeghian M, Sajic M, Wells LA, Xia D, Giunti P, Smith K, Mortiboys H, Turkheimer FE, Campanella M. The translocator protein (TSPO) is prodromal to mitophagy loss in neurotoxicity. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2721-2739. [PMID: 33664474 PMCID: PMC8505241 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria characterise Parkinson's Disease (PD). Uncovering etiological molecules, which harm the homeostasis of mitochondria in response to pathological cues, is therefore pivotal to inform early diagnosis and therapy in the condition, especially in its idiopathic forms. This study proposes the 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO) to be one of those. Both in vitro and in vivo data show that neurotoxins, which phenotypically mimic PD, increase TSPO to enhance cellular redox-stress, susceptibility to dopamine-induced cell death, and repression of ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy. TSPO amplifies the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signalling, forming positive feedback, which represses the transcription factor EB (TFEB) and the controlled production of lysosomes. Finally, genetic variances in the transcriptome confirm that TSPO is required to alter the autophagy-lysosomal pathway during neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Frison
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Danilo Faccenda
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosella Abeti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square London, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Rigon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of Rome TorVergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Strobbe
- Department of Biology, University of Rome TorVergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - Britannie S England-Rendon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Camberwell, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Barnes
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mona Sadeghian
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marija Sajic
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A Wells
- Imanova Limited, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Camberwell, United Kingdom
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom.
- Department of Biology, University of Rome TorVergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome, Italy.
- University College London Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, United Kingdom.
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41
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van den Ameele J, Hong YT, Manavaki R, Kouli A, Biggs H, MacIntyre Z, Horvath R, Yu-Wai-Man P, Reid E, Williams-Gray CH, Bullmore ET, Aigbirhio FI, Fryer TD, Chinnery PF. [ 11C]PK11195-PET Brain Imaging of the Mitochondrial Translocator Protein in Mitochondrial Disease. Neurology 2021; 96:e2761-e2773. [PMID: 33883237 PMCID: PMC8205464 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the possibilities of radioligands against the mitochondrial outer membrane translocator protein (TSPO) as biomarkers for mitochondrial disease, we performed brain PET-MRI with [11C]PK11195 in 14 patients with genetically confirmed mitochondrial disease and 33 matched controls. METHODS Case-control study of brain PET-MRI with the TSPO radioligand [11C]PK11195. RESULTS Forty-six percent of symptomatic patients had volumes of abnormal radiotracer binding greater than the 95th percentile in controls. [11C]PK11195 binding was generally greater in gray matter and significantly decreased in white matter. This was most striking in patients with nuclear TYMP or mitochondrial m.3243A>G MT-TL1 mutations, in keeping with differences in mitochondrial density seen postmortem. Some regional binding patterns corresponded to clinical presentation and underlying mutation, even in the absence of structural changes on MRI. This was most obvious for the cerebellum, where patients with ataxia had decreased binding in the cerebellar cortex, but not necessarily volume loss. Overall, there was a positive correlation between aberrant [11C]PK11195 binding and clinical severity. CONCLUSION These findings endorse the use of PET imaging with TSPO radioligands as a noninvasive in vivo biomarker of mitochondrial pathology. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that brain PET-MRI with TSPO radioligands identifies mitochondrial pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle van den Ameele
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Roido Manavaki
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Antonina Kouli
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Heather Biggs
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Zoe MacIntyre
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Evan Reid
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Ed T Bullmore
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (J.v.d.A., Y.T.H., A.K., H.B., Z.M., R.H., P.Y.-W.M., C.H.W.-G., F.I.A., T.D.F., P.F.C.), Radiology (R.M.), Medical Genetics (E.R.), and Psychiatry (E.T.B.), Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (E.R.), Cambridge Biomedical Campus, and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (J.v.d.A., P.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (P.Y.-W.M.); and Institute of Ophthalmology (P.Y.-W.M.), University College London, UK.
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Shil SK, Kagawa Y, Umaru BA, Nanto-Hara F, Miyazaki H, Yamamoto Y, Kobayashi S, Suzuki C, Abe T, Owada Y. Ndufs4 ablation decreases synaptophysin expression in hippocampus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10969. [PMID: 34040028 PMCID: PMC8155116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered function of mitochondrial respiratory chain in brain cells is related to many neurodegenerative diseases. NADH Dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 4 (Ndufs4) is one of the subunits of mitochondrial complex I and its mutation in human is associated with Leigh syndrome. However, the molecular biological role of Ndufs4 in neuronal function is poorly understood. In this study, upon Ndufs4 expression confirmation in NeuN-positive neurons, and GFAP-positive astrocytes in WT mouse hippocampus, we found significant decrease of mitochondrial respiration in Ndufs4-KO mouse hippocampus. Although there was no change in the number of NeuN positive neurons in Ndufs4-KO hippocampus, the expression of synaptophysin, a presynaptic protein, was significantly decreased. To investigate the detailed mechanism, we silenced Ndufs4 in Neuro-2a cells and we observed shorter neurite lengths with decreased expression of synaptophysin. Furthermore, western blot analysis for phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) revealed that Ndufs4 silencing decreases the activity of ERK signalling. These results suggest that Ndufs4-modulated mitochondrial activity may be involved in neuroplasticity via regulating synaptophysin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Kumar Shil
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Kagawa
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Banlanjo Abdulaziz Umaru
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Fumika Nanto-Hara
- Division of Animal Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyazaki
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yui Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, 981-0905, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kobayashi
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Chitose Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
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Homma K, Toda E, Osada H, Nagai N, Era T, Tsubota K, Okano H, Ozawa Y. Taurine rescues mitochondria-related metabolic impairments in the patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the retinal pigment epithelium. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101921. [PMID: 33706170 PMCID: PMC7944050 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in various metabolic pathways, and their dysregulation results in multiple disorders, including aging-related diseases. However, the metabolic changes and mechanisms of mitochondrial disorders are not fully understood. Here, we found that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) showed attenuated proliferation and survival when glycolysis was inhibited. These deficits were rescued by taurine administration. Metabolomic analyses showed that the ratio of the reduced (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was decreased; whereas the levels of cysteine, a substrate of GSH, and oxidative stress markers were upregulated in MELAS iPSCs. Taurine normalized these changes, suggesting that MELAS iPSCs were affected by the oxidative stress and taurine reduced its influence. We also analyzed the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) differentiated from MELAS iPSCs by using a three-dimensional culture system and found that it showed epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which was suppressed by taurine. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction caused metabolic changes, accumulation of oxidative stress that depleted GSH, and EMT in the RPE that could be involved in retinal pathogenesis. Because all these phenomena were sensitive to taurine treatment, we conclude that administration of taurine may be a potential new therapeutic approach for mitochondria-related retinal diseases. iPS cell lines were derived from a MELAS patient with the mtDNA A3243G mutation. Decreased proliferation and survival of MELAS iPSCs were rescued by taurine. Reduction in GSH/GSSG ratio in MELAS iPSCs was suppressed by taurine. EMT in MELAS iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium was suppressed by taurine. Oxidative stress markers in MELAS iPSCs and RPE were suppressed by taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Homma
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eriko Toda
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideto Osada
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nagai
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko Ozawa
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan; St. Luke's International University, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan.
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44
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Povea-Cabello S, Villanueva-Paz M, Suárez-Rivero JM, Álvarez-Córdoba M, Villalón-García I, Talaverón-Rey M, Suárez-Carrillo A, Munuera-Cabeza M, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Advances in mt-tRNA Mutation-Caused Mitochondrial Disease Modeling: Patients' Brain in a Dish. Front Genet 2021; 11:610764. [PMID: 33510772 PMCID: PMC7835939 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.610764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders that can be caused by mutations in nuclear (nDNA) or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mutations in mtDNA are associated with several maternally inherited genetic diseases, with mitochondrial dysfunction as a main pathological feature. These diseases, although frequently multisystemic, mainly affect organs that require large amounts of energy such as the brain and the skeletal muscle. In contrast to the difficulty of obtaining neuronal and muscle cell models, the development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has shed light on the study of mitochondrial diseases. However, it is still a challenge to obtain an appropriate cellular model in order to find new therapeutic options for people suffering from these diseases. In this review, we deepen the knowledge in the current models for the most studied mt-tRNA mutation-caused mitochondrial diseases, MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) and MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers) syndromes, and their therapeutic management. In particular, we will discuss the development of a novel model for mitochondrial disease research that consists of induced neurons (iNs) generated by direct reprogramming of fibroblasts derived from patients suffering from MERRF syndrome. We hypothesize that iNs will be helpful for mitochondrial disease modeling, since they could mimic patient’s neuron pathophysiology and give us the opportunity to correct the alterations in one of the most affected cellular types in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan M Suárez-Rivero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Villalón-García
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
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