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Lv N, Wang B, Wang H, Xiao T, Dong B, Xu Z. The occurrence characteristics, removal efficiency, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludges from across China. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141033. [PMID: 38160951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Sewage sludge is considered to be an important sink for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater treatment plants and the potential risks from sludge contaminated with PAHs during land application has attracted attention. To identify the priority PAHs for control and enhance their removal from sludge, the occurrence characteristics, removal efficiency, and risk assessment of PAHs in sewage sludges from across China were analyzed. Data collection was from 2001 to 2023. Results showed that 16 PAHs were widely detected in Chinese sewage sludge with total amounts (∑16PAHs) between 0.06 and 34.93 mg kg dw-1. Fossil fuel, coal, and biomass combustion are main anthropogenic sources of PAHs in China. In general, phenanthrene (PHE), anthracene (ANT), fluorescein (FL), chrysene (CHR), pyrene (PYR), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) are regarded as the main components and PAHs with 3-5 rings dominate (84.01%-91.53%) sewage sludge in China. Although aerobic composting and anaerobic treatment significantly improve ∑16PAHs removal, sludge stabilization treatment only reduced the risk by a small amount, especially for high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs. The benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA) are proposed as the priority control contaminants for sewage sludge in China because they have consistently high-risk quotient (RQ) values of 2.42-7.47, 1.28-3.16, 1.06-1.83 before and after sludge stabilization, respectively. More attention should be paid to BaA, BbF, benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), BaP, DahA, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP) in Beijing; ANT, BaA, and BaP in Shanghai; and BaA and BaP in Guanghzou. Although the toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) for PAHs met the limit concentration requirements of the national standard, the potential health risks due to long-term exposure to HMW PAHs cannot be ignored because the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was consistently in the risk threshold range (>1 × 10-6). Some suggestions on enhanced treatment approaches and land use standards are proposed to further alleviate the risk from HMW PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; YANGTZE Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Zuxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Rombel A, Różyło K, Oleszczuk P. The high dose of biochar reduces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons losses during co-composting of sewage sludge and wheat straw. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119628. [PMID: 38070423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the biochar (BC) dose on solvent extractable (Ctot) and freely dissolved (Cfree) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content during co-composting. A significantly better reduction of Σ16 Ctot PAHs after 98 days occurred during composting with BC (for 1% of BC - 44% and for 5% of BC - 23%) than in the control (15%). Despite the relatively high reduction of Ctot PAHs in the experiment with 5% BC rate, the content of the PAHs was still the highest compared to other variants. Regarding Cfree PAHs, 5% rate of BC resulted in the best reduction of PAHs, while the 1% BC dose resulted in a lower reduction of Cfree than the control. For 1% BC, PAHs losses was more effective, and sequestration processes played a less significant role than in the experiment with 5% dose of BC. The total and dissolved organic carbon, and ash were predominantly responsible for Ctot and Cfree losses, and additionally pH for Cfree. The results of the experiment indicate that BC performs a crucial role in composting, affecting the Ctot and Cfree PAHs in the compost but the final effect strictly depends on the BC dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rombel
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Różyło
- Department of Agricultural Ecology, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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Devi J, Mandal H, Das S, Gogoi N, Chattopadhyay P, Bhattacharya SS. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) remediation during vermicomposting and composting: Mechanistic insights through PAH-budgeting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:105202-105219. [PMID: 37710064 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on the mechanism of earthworm-induced removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in vermicomposting systems and interaction with nutrient mineralization and microbial growth is scarce in literature. Moreover, the PAH accumulation capacity of Eudrilus eugeniae has not been studied. This research, therefore, investigates the apportionment dynamics of 13 PAH compounds in aerobic composting and vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida and E. eugeniae) systems using novel budget equations. The PAH removal efficiency of vermicomposting was significantly higher (2-threefold) than composting with concurrent microbial augmentation (p < 0.01). However, the 4-6 ring compounds reduced more significantly (30-50%) than the 3-ring PAHs (p < 0.01), and E. eugeniae was an equally competitive PAH-accumulator compared to E. fetida. The budget equations revealed that although the bioaccumulation capabilities of earthworms were retarded due to PAH exposure, earthworms facilitated PAH-immobilization in decomposed feedstock. A marked increase in bacterial, fungal, and actinomycetes proliferation in PAH-spiked vermibeds with parallel removal of the PAHs indicated that earthworm-induced microbial enrichment plays a vital role in PAH detoxification during vermicomposting. Correlation analyses strongly implied that earthworm-driven mineralization-humification balancing and microbial enrichment could be the critical mechanism of PAH remediation under vermicomposting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnashri Devi
- Soil and Agro Bio-Engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Himadri Mandal
- Soil and Agro Bio-Engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Subhasish Das
- Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University (Pachhunga University College), Aizawl, 796001, Mizoram, India
| | - Nayanmoni Gogoi
- Ecohydrology and Biomaterials Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784 028, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Solmara, Tezpur, Assam, 784001, India
| | - Satya Sundar Bhattacharya
- Soil and Agro Bio-Engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
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Chen XH, Huang YH, Lü H, Mo CH, Xiang L, Feng NX, Zhao HM, Li H, Li YW, Cai QY. Plant-scale hyperthermophilic composting of sewage sludge shifts bacterial community and promotes the removal of organic pollutants. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126702. [PMID: 35033644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation of toxic organic pollutants during plant-scale hyperthermophilic composting and the influence of microbial community remain unclear. The results of plant-scale hyperthermophilic composting of municipal sludge with green waste showed that the residual concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers were <5 mg/kg and decreased over time, with the removal percentages from 12.1% to 51.2% during seven days of composting. High-throughput sequencingreveals that hyperthermophilic composting significantly reduced the diversity (e.g., observed species, chao1 and Shannon index) of bacterial community, shifting their structure and functions. The relative abundances of dominant phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes declined significantly, while those of extremophilic and heat-resisting phyla Deinococcus-Thermus and Chloroflexi increased dramatically. Some genera capable of degrading organic pollutants presented stably in sludge composts. Moreover, hyperthermophilic composting enriched the bacterial functions related to degradation and metabolism of cellulose and xenobiotics pollutants, which promoted the dissipation of organic pollutants and humification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yu-Hong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Huixiong Lü
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Nai-Xiang Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Lü H, Chen XH, Mo CH, Huang YH, He MY, Li YW, Feng NX, Katsoyiannis A, Cai QY. Occurrence and dissipation mechanism of organic pollutants during the composting of sewage sludge: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 328:124847. [PMID: 33609883 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge contains various classes of organic pollutants, limiting its land application. Sludge composting can effectively remove some organic pollutants. This review summarizesrecent researches on concentration changes and dissipation of different organic pollutants including persistent organic pollutants during sludge composting, and discusses their dissipation pathways and the current understanding on dissipation mechanism. Some organic pollutants like PAHs and phthalates were removed mainly through biodegradation or mineralization, and their dissipation percentages were higher than those of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Nevertheless, some recalcitrant organic pollutants could be sequestrated in organic fractions of sludge mixtures, and their levels and ARG abundance even increased after sludge composting in some studies, posing potential risks for land application. This review demonstrated that microbial community and their corresponding degradation for organic pollutants were influenced by different pollutants, bulking agents, composting methods and processes. Further research perspectives on removing organic pollutants during sludge composting were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiong Lü
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Hong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Min-Ying He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nai-Xian Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Sertillanges N, Haudin CS, Bourdat-Deschamps M, Bernet N, Serre V, Danel A, Houot S, Patureau D. Process type is the key driver of the fate of organic micropollutants during industrial scale treatment of organic wastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139108. [PMID: 32460067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants (OMPs) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nonylphenols and pharmaceutical products are ubiquitous in organic wastes generated by most human activities. Those wastes are mainly recycled by land spreading, most often after treatments, such as liming, dewatering, composting or anaerobic digestion. It has been shown essentially at lab scales that biological treatments have an effect on the removal of some OMPs. However, less is known on the role of each step of industrial treatment lines combining physico-chemical and biological treatments on the OMP fate and removal. The present study focuses on the impact of waste treatment on the fate of 53 OMPs along 10 industrial treatment lines treating urban, agricultural wastes or mixtures. The combination of studying a diversity of organic wastes and of OMPs with different characteristics (solubility, ionic charges, hydrophobicity etc.), sampling in situ industrial sites, quantifying native OMP concentrations and looking at each step of complete treatment lines allows for a global and representative view of the OMP fate in the French organic waste treatment sector. Less studied wastes, i.e. territorial mixtures, revealed intermediate OMP contents and compositions, between urban and agricultural wastes. Dewatering and liming, usually dismissed, had a noticeable effect on concentrations. Anaerobic digestion and composting had significant effects on the removal of all pollutant families. Combination of processes enhanced most OMP dissipation. Here we showed for the first time that the process type rather than the waste origin affects dissipation of organic micropollutants. Such data could be used to build and validate dynamic models for the fate of OMPs on solid waste treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sertillanges
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des étangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | - C-S Haudin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - M Bourdat-Deschamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - N Bernet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - V Serre
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - A Danel
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des étangs, 11100 Narbonne, France
| | - S Houot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - D Patureau
- INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des étangs, 11100 Narbonne, France.
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Electro-dewatering of dredged sediments by combined effects of mechanical and electrical processes: Influence of operating conditions. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Qi G, Jia Y, Liu W, Wei Y, Du B, Fang W, Guo Y, Guo F, Wu Y, Zou Q, Liu J. Leaching behavior and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in Southwestern China soils applied with sewage sludge compost under acid precipitation based on lysimeter trials. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126212. [PMID: 32088459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ecological risk of heavy metals (HM) resulting from the use of sewage sludge compost (SSC) as an amendment to flower garden soil (FGS) and to abandoned phosphate mine soil (APMS) influenced by acid rain were simulated in lysimeter trials and the potential ecological risk index (PERI) was evaluated with minor modifications. The use of SSC indeed increased the mobility and release of HMs in FGS and APMS under conditions of acid rain. The leaching dynamics of HMs was found to be influenced by Fe/Al oxides and organic matter (OM) in the soil. The application of SSC as a fertilizer to barren APMS dramatically decreased the mobility of Cr, Cu and Pb by 51-56% due to their retention by particulate organic matter, while the leaching of As, Cd and Ni was increased as the result of competition with OM for available Fe/Al oxides (As) and proton-metal exchange reactions that occurred in HM-OM complexes (Cd and Ni). The ecological risk of FGS and APMS resulting from HM migration was actually low (PERI = 0.07-0.12), but the increased potential ecological risk resulting from the use of SSC were estimated to be moderate (a 16.0-33.5% increase in PERI for SSC-amended FGS) or high (a 140% increase in PERI for SSC-amended APMS). Ni, Cd and Cu were identified as the three main HMs responsible for increasing the ecological risk in soil which was mainly composed of fine-grained particles, whereas Cd and As were key ecological risks HMs in soil that was mainly composed of coarse-grained particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Qi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yufeng Jia
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yonghong Wei
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Du
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yumei Guo
- Kunming Dianchi Water Treatment Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Kunming Dianchi Water Treatment Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- Kunming Dianchi Water Treatment Co., Ltd, Kunming, 650228, China
| | - Qiong Zou
- Yunnan Research Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Kunming, 650034, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Bioremediation of PAH-Contaminated Soils: Process Enhancement through Composting/Compost. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioremediation of contaminated soils has gained increasing interest in recent years as a low-cost and environmentally friendly technology to clean soils polluted with anthropogenic contaminants. However, some organic pollutants in soil have a low biodegradability or are not bioavailable, which hampers the use of bioremediation for their removal. This is the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which normally are stable and hydrophobic chemical structures. In this review, several approaches for the decontamination of PAH-polluted soil are presented and discussed in detail. The use of compost as biostimulation- and bioaugmentation-coupled technologies are described in detail, and some parameters, such as the stability of compost, deserve special attention to obtain better results. Composting as an ex situ technology, with the use of some specific products like surfactants, is also discussed. In summary, the use of compost and composting are promising technologies (in all the approaches presented) for the bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils.
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Ahadi N, Sharifi Z, Hossaini SMT, Rostami A, Renella G. Remediation of heavy metals and enhancement of fertilizing potential of a sewage sludge by the synergistic interaction of woodlice and earthworms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121573. [PMID: 31761649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Woodlice and the earthworm alone or in combination were used to improve physical properties, nutrient release, and heavy metals stabilization during composting of sewage sludge. Chemical properties of raw sludge (IS) were compared to those of composted sludge (CS), sludge + earthworms (VS), sludge + woodlice (WS), and sludge + earthworms + woodlice (VWS) after 50 and 100 days of composting. Physical properties and heavy metals accumulation by the studied fauna was determined after 100 days of composting. Highest proportions of fine particles, porosity and water holding capacity were in the VWS treatment, electrical conductivity, ash content, inorganic N and the total concentrations of P, K, Ca and Mg increased, whereas the pH value, the organic C, C:N ratio and humic acids content decreased in following order: VWS > VC > WS > CS > IS. Total concentrations of Pb, Cd and Ni in composted sludge were lower whereas concentrations of Zn, Cu and Mn were higher than in raw sludge, and woodlice showed higher bioconcentration factor (BCFs) than earthworm for all heavy metals in all treatments. We concluded that woodlice and earthworms synergistically improved the physicochemical properties of the compost and enhanced its potential use as amendment in agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesa Ahadi
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran street, 66177-15177, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Zahed Sharifi
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran street, 66177-15177, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Sayd M T Hossaini
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran street, 66177-15177, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amin Rostami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran street, 66177-15177, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Giancarlo Renella
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
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Khadra A, Pinelli E, Ezzariai A, Mohamed O, Merlina G, Lyamlouli K, Kouisni L, Hafidi M. Assessment of the genotoxicity of antibiotics and chromium in primary sludge and compost using Vicia faba micronucleus test. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109693. [PMID: 31550565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate chemical, biological and eco-toxicological parameters of a compost produced through the co-composting of dewatered primary sludge (DPS) and date palm waste to evaluate in which extent it can exploited as a bio-fertilizer. DPS and date palm waste were co-composted in aerobic conditions for 210 days. Physico-chemical parameters were evaluated during composting (total organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available forms of phosphorus). Furthermore, heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn) and antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, macrolides and tetracyclines) content were analyzed in the DPS. To evaluate the genotoxicity of substrates, Vicia faba micronucleus test was carried out. Single and combined toxicities of a mixture of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, enroflxacin, nalidixic acid, roxithromycin and sulfapyridin) and chromium (Cr2 (SO4)3 and K2Cr2O7) were examined. Although the final compost product showed a significant decrease of the genotoxicity, almost 50% of the micronucleus frequency still remained, which could be explained by the persistence of several recalcitrant compounds such as chromium and some antibiotics. Overall, the presence of antibiotics and chromium showed that some specific combination of contaminants represent an ecological risk for soil health and ecosystems even at environmentally negligible concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khadra
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Environnement (Unité Associée Au CNRST, URAC 32), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Eric Pinelli
- EcoLab, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Oubane Mohamed
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Environnement (Unité Associée Au CNRST, URAC 32), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Georges Merlina
- EcoLab, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Karim Lyamlouli
- University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Agrobiosciences Program, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Lamfeddal Kouisni
- University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Agrobiosciences Program, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hafidi
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Environnement (Unité Associée Au CNRST, URAC 32), Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, BP 2390, Marrakech, Morocco; University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Agrobiosciences Program, Benguerir, Morocco.
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Lu Y, Zheng G, Zhou W, Wang J, Zhou L. Bioleaching conditioning increased the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to promote their removal during co-composting of industrial and municipal sewage sludges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:1073-1082. [PMID: 30893739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Conditioning treatments are extensively employed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to enhance sludge dewaterability, thereby improving the sludge dehydration during mechanical dewatering. However, it remains unclear whether the sludge conditioning treatments would influence the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the dewatered sludge composting. In this study, the influences of three sludge conditioning methods, including bioleaching conditioning driven by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, chemical conditioning with Fe[III]/CaO, and chemical conditioning with polyacrylamide (PAM), on the bioavailability of PAHs in dewatered sludge and the PAH removal during the co-compositing of industrial and municipal sewage sludges were investigated. The results showed that bioleaching conditioning was capable to significantly increase the bioavailability of PAHs in dewatered sludge, which was not attained by the other two conditioning methods. During the 39 days composting of dewatered sludge, the total removal efficiency of six detected PAHs (∑PAHs) including acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, chrysene and benzo(k)fluoranthene was 58.7% in raw sludge, 58.5% in PAM-conditioned sludge, 76.4% in bioleached sludge, and 60.4% in Fe[III]/CaO-conditioned sludge, respectively, and the removal of acenaphthylene, chrysene and benzo(k)fluoranthene was much higher in bioleached sludge than in other sludges. During dewatered sludge composting, PAHs may mainly be degraded by the bacteria belonging to the genera Luteimonas, Glutamicibacter, Alcanivorax, Dechloromonas, Ferribacterium, Truepera and Sphingobacterium. Linear correlation analysis between PAH removal and their bioavailability revealed that the promoted PAH removal during the composting of dewatered bioleached sludge may ascribe to the enhanced bioavailability of individual PAH. Therefore, the combination of bioleaching conditioning and subsequent dewatered sludge composting is effective to remove PAHs in sewage sludge, thus alleviating the loads of PAHs during the land application of sludge compost products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanyu Zheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wenbin Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
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13
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Košnář Z, Wiesnerová L, Částková T, Kroulíková S, Bouček J, Mercl F, Tlustoš P. Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in biomass fly ash by co-composting and co-vermicomposting. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:79-86. [PMID: 30772690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was established to compare composting and vermicomposting for decreasing the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in biomass fly ash incorporated into organic waste mixtures. PAH removal from the ash-organic waste mixture was compared to the same mixture spiked with PAHs. The removal of 16 individual ash PAHs ranged between 28.7 and 98.5% during the 240 day experiment. Greater dissipation of total PAH content of ash origin was observed at the end of composting (84.5%) than after the vermicomposting (61.6%). Most ash PAHs were removed similarly to spiked PAHs through the composting and vermicomposting processes. Higher manganese peroxidase in composting treatments indicated increased activity of ligninolytic PAH-degrading microorganisms. 3D models of total PAH removal were parametrized using the polarity index and organic matter content, and paraboloid equations for each treatment were estimated (all R2 > 0.91). A two-phase model of pseudo-first order kinetics analysis showed faster PAH removal by higher rate constants during the first 120 days of the experiment. The compost and vermicompost produced from the bioremediation treatments are usable as soil organic amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Košnář
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Wiesnerová
- Department of Horticulture, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Částková
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislava Kroulíková
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Bouček
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Mercl
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Aemig Q, Doussiet N, Danel A, Delgenès N, Jimenez J, Houot S, Patureau D. Organic micropollutants' distribution within sludge organic matter fractions explains their dynamic during sewage sludge anaerobic digestion followed by composting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5820-5830. [PMID: 30613878 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-4014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous fate of organic matter and 4 endocrine disruptors (3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene) and nonylphenols (NP)) was studied during the anaerobic digestion followed by composting of sludge at lab-scale. Sludge organic matter was characterized, thanks to chemical fractionation and 3D fluorescence deciphering its accessibility and biodegradability. Total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 41% and 56% during anaerobic digestion and composting, respectively. 3D fluorescence highlighted the quality changes of organic matter. During continuous anaerobic digestion, organic micropollutants' removal was 22 ± 14%, 6 ± 5%, 18 ± 9%, and 0% for fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and nonylphenols, respectively. Discontinuous composting allowed to go further on the organic micropollutants' removal as 34 ± 8%, 31 ± 20%, 38 ± 10%, and 52 ± 6% of fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and nonylphenols were dissipated, respectively. Moreover, the accessibility of PAH and NP expressed by their presence in the various sludge organic matter fractions and its evolution during both treatments was linked to both the quality evolution of the organic matter and the physicochemical properties of the PAH and NP; the presence in most accessible fractions explained the amount of PAH and NP dissipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Aemig
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100, Narbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Doussiet
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100, Narbonne, France
| | - Alice Danel
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100, Narbonne, France
| | - Nadine Delgenès
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100, Narbonne, France
| | - Julie Jimenez
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100, Narbonne, France
| | - Sabine Houot
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Dominique Patureau
- LBE, Univ Montpellier, INRA, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100, Narbonne, France.
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15
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Meena MD, Yadav RK, Narjary B, Yadav G, Jat HS, Sheoran P, Meena MK, Antil RS, Meena BL, Singh HV, Singh Meena V, Rai PK, Ghosh A, Moharana PC. Municipal solid waste (MSW): Strategies to improve salt affected soil sustainability: A review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 84:38-53. [PMID: 30691912 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Salt-induced soil degradation is a serious threat to global agriculture which is responsible for diminished productivity of agro-ecosystems. Irrigation with poor quality water and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers to increase crop productivity creates salt accumulation in soil profile thereby reducing crop sustainability. High concentration of salts in soil inhibits plant growth due to low osmotic potential of the soil solution, ion toxicity and imbalance reduces nutrient uptake, crop yields. Low productivity of saline soils is not only due to salt toxicity or excess amounts of soluble salts but also lack of available mineral nutrients especially nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and soil organic matter. Hence, sustainable management of salt-affected soils are paramount importance to meet the demands of food grain production for an ever-rising population in the world. Recently, municipal solid waste has gained importance as an organic amendment for restoring soil fertility and finally contributing to productivity of salt-affected soils. This paper compares extant waste generation, their properties and standards pertinent to municipal solid waste in different countries and explores the unique recent history in some countries that shows high environmental regard and rapid changes and also suggests policy experiencing from high environmental regard and rapid changes from other countries, so that policy makers can propose new or revise current municipal solid waste standards for salt affected soils. Municipal solid waste compost improves soil biological, physical and chemical properties because of high soil organic matter and lower concentration of pollutants. Therefore, the use of municipal solid waste in salt-affected soils could be an alternative to costly chemical amendments as well as reduce the reliance on chemical fertilizers for increasing productivity of salt-affected soil. The municipal solid wastes significantly improve crop yields. However, further long-term experimental investigations are needed to re-validate the application of municipal solid waste compost in improving physical, chemical and biological properties and to step up organic fertilization use in a wide range of both saline and sodic soils. In future, research should be directed to address these issues globally to minimise ecological disturbances and to set environmental standards, and evaluate the feasibility of the policies in different countries and their impact on socio-economic conditions of local people.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Meena
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Sewar, Bharatpur 321303, Rajasthan, India.
| | - R K Yadav
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - B Narjary
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Gajender Yadav
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - H S Jat
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - P Sheoran
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - M K Meena
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Sewar, Bharatpur 321303, Rajasthan, India
| | - R S Antil
- Amity University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - B L Meena
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Sewar, Bharatpur 321303, Rajasthan, India
| | - H V Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Sewar, Bharatpur 321303, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Singh Meena
- ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora 263601, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - P K Rai
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Sewar, Bharatpur 321303, Rajasthan, India
| | - Avijit Ghosh
- Division of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - P C Moharana
- NBSS and LUP, Regional Centre, University Campus, Bhora Ganeshji Road, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
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16
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Aguelmous A, El Fels L, Souabi S, Zamama M, Yasri A, Lebrihi A, Hafidi M. Petroleum sludge bioremediation and its toxicity removal by landfill in gunder semi-arid conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:482-487. [PMID: 30312947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, petroleum sludge landfilling was carried out in order to assess the biodegradation degree and the final product quality. The microbial analysis showed a good microorganism proliferation which reinforces the biodegradation process. The total mesophilic and thermophilic microflora evaluated symmetrically as they increased at the intermediate stage and decreased at the final. The C/N and NH4+/NO3-ratios decreased while the polymerization degree increased at the end of the landfilling process. The total polyphenols and total petroleum C6 to C22hydrocarbons were removed by 71.6% and 73% respectively, and that affected the reduction of the phytotoxicity in a positive way. All these changes are in agreement with the efficiency of the biotransformation process and showed that petroleum sludge and filling reduced the toxic organic compounds and led to a stable final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Aguelmous
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Loubna El Fels
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco; Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Technics, Marrakech-Safi, Morocco
| | - Salah Souabi
- Laboratory of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Zamama
- Laboratory of Physico-Chemical of Materials and Environment, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Yasri
- Agrobiosciences Program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
| | | | - Mohamed Hafidi
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco; Agrobiosciences Program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco.
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17
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Bożym M, Siemiątkowski G. Characterization of composted sewage sludge during the maturation process: a pilot scale study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34332-34342. [PMID: 30298354 PMCID: PMC6245001 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper determines the impact of the maturation process of composted sewage sludge on the quality of the final product and assesses the stabilization effect. The samples of composted sewage sludge were taken from a wastewater treatment plant located in Pomerania in northern Poland. The sewage sludge was composted in an open windrow composting plant with the addition of straw and wood chips in the turning windrow. The aeration of the sewage sludge mixture was conducted based on two methods. The first phase (intensive degradation phase of 6 to 8 weeks) was characterized by frequently turning; the second phase for maturation used aeration channels (2 to 3 months). In three sampling campaigns samples were taken from the same windrow after 2 (no. 1), 8 (no. 2), and 12 weeks (no. 3) of maturation. Fresh samples were used for analyzing the stabilization parameter as static respiration activity (AT4). Furthermore, the values of pH, organic matter (OM), total organic carbon (TOC), elementary composition, nutrients, total content, and mobile forms of heavy metals were analyzed in the compost samples. A significant decrease was found in the stabilization parameter (AT4) during the maturation of tested materials. In turn, no significant differences were found in the elementary composition. The concentration of most metals increased in the final product. The total content of heavy metals in the final product did not exceed the limit values for the agricultural use of sewage sludge, compost from municipal waste, and for organic fertilizers. There were no significant changes in the percentage of bioavailable and mobile forms of heavy metals during compost maturation. Zinc was characterized by the highest level of mobile and bioavailable forms, which may cause bioaccumulation after the fertilization of soil. The study has shown that the process of maturation of compost from sewage sludge not affects changes in the content of heavy metal forms. The scope of this study has been planned on a wider scale for different variants of sewage sludge composting, in order to evaluate the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bożym
- Opole University of Technology, Proszkowska 76 street, 45-758, Opole, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Siemiątkowski
- Building Materials Engineering Division in Opole, Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Oswiecimska 21 street, 45-641, Opole, Poland
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Boruszko D. Research on the influence of anaerobic stabilization of various dairy sewage sludge on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs with the use of effective microorganisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 155:344-352. [PMID: 28273619 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge was taken from a dairy WWTP belonging to Mlekovita Cooperative in Wysokie Mazowieckie. There were excess sludge, flotation sludge and a mixture of excess and flotation sludge from pre-treatment of dairy sewage. The initial content of 16 PAHs in excess sludge before fermentation was approximately 689µg·kg-1 in dry mass, whereas in post-flotation sludge (which constituted around 30% of raw sludge) it was approximately 95µg·kg-1 in dry mass. A mixture of excess and flotation sludge had the content of 497,7µg·kg-1 in dry mass. Through comparison of particular hydrocarbons content in raw sewage sludge to the total PAHs content, it was shown that tricyclic compounds, which constituted 46,3% of the PAHs sum (excess sludge), and tetracyclic compounds, which constituted 60,0% of the PAHs sum (flotation sludge), were the dominating fractions. In the sludge subjected to fermentation in reactors with mixed sludge and surplus activated sludge, the general trend of the course of changes in concentrations of PAHs was similar. Both in the sludge inoculated with EM and in that not inoculated with EM, a significant increase in the total PAHs contents was observed in the first fermentation phase (acidic fermentation) after 7 days of the process. Addition of EM into the sludge did not prevent the PAHs release, and therefore higher concentrations of PAHs sum were recorded during the hydrolysis stage than in sludge before fermentation. A decrease in the sum of PAHs was observed after 2 weeks of fermentation in relation to the quantity observed after 1 week of fermentation (except from post-flotation sludge). In the following weeks, there was further decrease in the concentration of the 16 PAHs sum in all sludge types. However, in sludge without EM inoculation, it was lower than in sludge with EM inoculation. The loss of the majority of tested hydrocarbons was reported in the final phase of fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Boruszko
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45A Wiejska St., Bialystok 15-351, Poland.
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Tian W, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Qiao K, Jin X, Liu Q. Effects of root exudates on gel-beads/reeds combination remediation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:158-164. [PMID: 27736675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in root exudates, including low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs), amino acids and sugars, in rhizosphere soils during the gel-beads/reeds combination remediation for high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) and the degree of the effects on HMW-PAH biodegradation were evaluated in this study. The results showed that the gel-beads/reeds combination remediation notably increased the removal rates of pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (65.0-68.9%, 60.0-68.5% and 85.2-85.9%, respectively). During the removal of HMW-PAHs, the LMWOAs, particularly maleic acid, enhanced the biodegradation of HMW-PAHs. Arginine and trehalose monitored in reed root exudates promoted the growth of plants and microorganisms and then improved the removal of HMW-PAHs, especially pyrene. However, the contribution of reed root exudates on degradation of 5- and 6-ring PAHs was minor. These results indicated that the utilization of root exudates was certainly not the only important trait for the removal of HMW-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, PR China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Kaili Qiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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Poluszyńska J, Jarosz-Krzemińska E, Helios-Rybicka E. Studying the Effects of Two Various Methods of Composting on the Degradation Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sewage Sludge. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2017; 228:305. [PMID: 28798500 PMCID: PMC5529488 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-017-3481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The research comprised of studying the effect composting sewage sludge with sawdust and vermicomposting with earthworm Eisenia fetida has on the degradation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Raw rural sewage sludge prior composting was more contaminated with PAHs than urban sewage sludge, in both cases exceeding EU cutoff limits of 6 mg/kg established for land application. Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBahAnt), acenaphtylene (Acy) and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (IPyr) were predominant in rural sewage sludge, whilst the urban sewage sludge contained the highest concentrations of benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFl), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkFl) and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (IPyr). Thirty days of composting with sawdust has caused a significant reduction of 16 PAHs on average from 26.07 to 4.01 mg/kg (84.6%). During vermicomposting, total PAH concentration decreased on average from 15.5 to 2.37 mg/kg (84.7%). Vermicomposting caused full degradation of hydrocarbons containing 2 and 6 rings and significant reduction of PAHs with 3 aromatic rings (94.4%) as well as with 5 aromatic rings (83.2%). The lowest rate of degradation (64.4%) was observed for hydrocarbons with 4 aromatic rings such as fluoranthene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene and pyrene. On the other hand, the highest level of degradation was determined for PAHs with 2 rings (100%), 3 rings (88%) and 6 aromatic rings in the molecule (86.9%) after composting with sawdust. Acenaphthene and pyrene were found to be the most resistant to biodegradation during both composting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Poluszyńska
- Institute of Ceramic and Building Materials, Oświęcimska 21 St., 45-641 Opole, Poland
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21
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Huang RY, Tian WJ, Liu Q, Yu HB, Jin X, Zhao YG, Zhou YH, Feng G. Enhanced biodegradation of pyrene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene using bacteria immobilized in cinder beads in estuarine wetlands. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 102:128-33. [PMID: 26632525 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two strains (Pseudomonas taiwanensis PYR1 and Acinetobacter baumannii INP1) were isolated from PAH-contaminated Liaohe estuarine wetland using enrichment. The cells of PYR1 and INP1 were immobilized in cinder beads for pyrene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene biodegradation in wetland. Biodegradation of pyrene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene in soils from wetland was carried out in pots using free cells as well as those immobilized in cinder beads to ascertain the role of bioaugmentation. Supported by the cinder beads, the immobilized cells degraded 70.7% and 80.9% of pyrene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene respectively after 30 days. While the free cells degraded only 58.2% and 55.3%. Additionally, microbial analysis with high-throughput sequencing revealed the changes of microbial communities in soil without and with cinder beads immobilized with strains. The result indicated that Gammaproteobacteria were dominant PAH-degrading groups during bioaugmentation. This effective approach can be used to treat other PAH-contaminated wetlands by immobilizing different species of bacteria in cinder beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Ying Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wei-Jun Tian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Hui-Bo Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang-Guo Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Gong Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Shandong, Qingdao 266100, China
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Degradation of 13C-labeled pyrene in soil-compost mixtures and fertilized soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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El Fels L, Hafidi M, Ouhdouch Y. Date palm and the activated sludge co-composting actinobacteria sanitization potential. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 37:129-135. [PMID: 26102058 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1064171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to find a connection between the development of the compost actinobacteria and the potential involvement of antagonistic thermophilic actinomycetes in compost sanitization as high temperature additional role. An abundance of actinobacteria and coliforms during the activated sludge and date palm co-composting is determined. Hundred actinomycete isolates were isolated from the sample collected at different composting times. To evaluate the antagonistic effects of the different recovered actinomycete isolates, several wastewater-linked microorganisms known as human and plant potential pathogens were used. The results showed that 12 isolates have an in vitro inhibitory effect on at least 9 of the indicator microorganisms while only 4 active strains inhibit all these pathogens. The antimicrobial activities of sterilized composting time extracts are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna El Fels
- a Laboratory of Ecology and Environment (L2E) (Unit Associated with the CNRST, URAC32) , Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University , 2390 Marrakech , Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hafidi
- a Laboratory of Ecology and Environment (L2E) (Unit Associated with the CNRST, URAC32) , Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University , 2390 Marrakech , Morocco
| | - Yedir Ouhdouch
- b Laboratoire de Biologie et Biotechnologie des Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia , Université Cadi Ayyad (UCAM) , Marrakech , Morocco
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El Fels L, El Ouaqoudi FZ, Barje F, Hafidi M, Ouhdouch Y. Two culture approaches used to determine the co-composting stages by assess of the total microflora changes during sewage sludge and date palm waste co-composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:132. [PMID: 25419463 PMCID: PMC4240810 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous microflora community changes during six months of co-composting of activated sewage sludge and date palm waste was investigated using two different culture approaches. In order to evaluate the co-composting process evolution for mixture A and B, growth standard media (GSM) and Compost Time Extract Agar (CTEA) are used. Enumeration for indigenous flora abundance on GSM medium shows that the colony-forming unit (CFU) total number was 100 fold higher than on CTEA. The thermophilic phase is determined at 30 day for both mixtures A and B. Nevertheless this stage is limited only at 22 and 30 days, respectively for mixture A and B on CTEA medium, which indicate a similar temperature profile at versus time of co-composting. The results suggest that the GSM medium approach can be used for monitoring the microbial cultivable presence. However, CTEA act as a natural selective medium to enumerate the indigenous functional microflora. This technique was successful in assessing the process evolution and determination of a real succession thermophilic and maturation co-composting stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna El Fels
- />Laboratory of Ecology and Environment (L2E) (Unit Associated with the CNRST, URAC32), Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP: 2390 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Zahra El Ouaqoudi
- />Laboratory of Ecology and Environment (L2E) (Unit Associated with the CNRST, URAC32), Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP: 2390 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Farid Barje
- />Laboratory of Ecology and Environment (L2E) (Unit Associated with the CNRST, URAC32), Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP: 2390 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hafidi
- />Laboratory of Ecology and Environment (L2E) (Unit Associated with the CNRST, URAC32), Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP: 2390 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Yedir Ouhdouch
- />Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP: 2390 Marrakech, Morocco
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25
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Zhang L, Xu CC, Champagne P, Mabee W. Overview of current biological and thermo-chemical treatment technologies for sustainable sludge management. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2014; 32:586-600. [PMID: 24980032 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x14538303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sludge is a semi-solid residue produced from wastewater treatment processes. It contains biodegradable and recalcitrant organic compounds, as well as pathogens, heavy metals, and other inorganic constituents. Sludge can also be considered a source of nutrients and energy, which could be recovered using economically viable approaches. In the present paper, several commonly used sludge treatment processes including land application, composting, landfilling, anaerobic digestion, and combustion are reviewed, along with their potentials for energy and product recovery. In addition, some innovative thermo-chemical techniques in pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction, and wet oxidation are briefly introduced. Finally, a brief summary of selected published works on the life cycle assessment of a variety of sludge treatment and end-use scenarios is presented in order to better understand the overall energy balance and environmental burdens associated with each sludge treatment pathway. In all scenarios investigated, the reuse of bioenergy and by-products has been shown to be of crucial importance in enhancing the overall energy efficiency and reducing the carbon footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada Department of Geography, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Chunbao Charles Xu
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Pascale Champagne
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Warren Mabee
- Department of Geography, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada School of Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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26
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Haudin CS, Zhang Y, Dumény V, Lashermes G, Bergheaud V, Barriuso E, Houot S. Fate of (14)C-organic pollutant residues in composted sludge after application to soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1280-5. [PMID: 23545187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants may be present in biosolids, leading to soil contamination when they are recycled in agriculture. A sludge spiked with (14)C-labelled glyphosate (GLY), sodium linear dodecylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), fluoranthene (FLT) or 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) was composted with green waste and the fate of the (14)C-micropollutant residues remaining after composting was assessed after the compost application to the soil. (14)C-residues were mineralised in the soil and represented after 140d 20-32% of the initial activity for LAS, 16-25% for GLY, 6-9% for FLT and 4-7% for NP. The (14)C-residues at the end of composting that could not be extracted with methanol or ammonia were minimally remobilised or even increased for FLT. After 140d, non-extractable residues represented 38-52% of all of the (14)C-residues remaining in the soil for FLT, 50-67% for GLY, 91-92% for NP and 94-97% for LAS and in most cases, less than 1% of the (14)C-residues were water soluble, suggesting a low direct availability for leaching and microbial or plant assimilation. FLT was identified as the main compound among the methanol-extractable (14)C-residues that may be potentially available. The fate of the (14)C-organic pollutant residues in composts after application to soil could be assessed through a sequential chemical extraction scheme and depended on the chemical nature of the pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire-Sophie Haudin
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1091 Environment and Arable Crops, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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27
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Cai QY, Mo CH, Lü H, Zeng QY, Wu QT, Li YW. Effect of composting on the removal of semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) from sewage sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 126:453-457. [PMID: 22142505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the occurrence and removal of semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in the compost of sewage sludge, three different composting treatments, including manual turned compost (MTC), intermittent aerated compost (IAC), and naturally aerated compost (NAC) were conducted. Thirty SVOCs in composts were Soxhlet-extracted and analyzed by GC/MS. After 56 days of composting, the total concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑PAHs) ranged from 0.55 to 8.20 mg kg(-1) dry weight, decreasing in order of IAC>MTC>NAC. The total concentrations of six phthalic acid esters (∑PAEs), five chlorobenzenes or three nitroaromatic compounds were less than 5.0 mg kg(-1). Compared with the initial concentrations in sewage sludge, a significant reduction of ∑PAHs, ∑PAEs and chlorobenzenes was observed. The removal rates of ∑PAHs and ∑PAEs ranged from 54.6% to 75.9% and from 58.3% to 90.6%, respectively. Compared with different composting processes, MTC showed the highest potential for removal of SVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Ying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Waste Reuse in Agriculture of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Lashermes G, Barriuso E, Houot S. Dissipation pathways of organic pollutants during the composting of organic wastes. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:137-43. [PMID: 22209253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The organic pollutants (OPs) present in compostable organic residues can be recovered in the final composts leading to environmental impacts related to their use in agriculture. However, the composting process may contribute to their partial dissipation that is classically evaluated through the concentration decrease in extractable OPs, without identification of the responsible mechanisms as mineralization or stabilization of OP as non-extractable residues (NER) or bound residues. The dissipation of four (14)C-labeled OPs (fluoranthene; 4-n-nonylphenol, NP; sodium linear dodecylbenzene sulfonate, LAS; glyphosate) was assessed during composting of sewage sludge and green waste. The dissipation of LAS largely resulted from its mineralization (51% of initial LAS), whereas mineralization was intermediate for NP (29%) and glyphosate (24%), and negligible for fluoranthene. The NER pathway mostly concerned NP and glyphosate, with 45% and 37% of the recovered (14)C being found as NER at the end of composting, respectively. In the final composts, the proportions of water soluble residues of OPs considered as readily available were <11% of recovered (14)C-OPs. However, most fluoranthene remained solvent extractable (72%) and potentially available, whereas only 18% of glyphosate and less than 7% of both NP and LAS remained solvent extractable in the final compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Lashermes
- INRA, UMR1091, Environnement et Grandes Cultures, INRA-AgroParisTech, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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29
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Zhang Y, Zhu YG, Houot S, Qiao M, Nunan N, Garnier P. Remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil through composting with fresh organic wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 18:1574-1584. [PMID: 21584639 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Composting may enhance bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils by providing organic substrates that stimulate the growth of potential microbial degraders. However, the influence of added organic matter (OM) together with the microbial activities on the dissipation of PAHs has not yet been fully assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in-vessel composting-bioremediation experiment of a contaminated soil amended with fresh wastes was carried out. Four different experimental conditions were tested in triplicate during 60 days using laboratory-scale reactors: treatment S (100% soil), W (100% wastes), SW (soil/waste mixture), and SWB (soil/waste mixture with inoculation of degrading microorganisms). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A dry mass loss of 35 ± 5% was observed in treatments with organic wastes during composting in all the treatments except treatment S. The dissipation of the 16 USEPA-listed PAHs was largely enhanced from no significant change to 50.5 ± 14.8% (for SW)/63.7 ± 10.0% (for SWB). More obvious dissipation was observed when fresh wastes were added at the beginning of composting to the contaminated soil, without significant difference between the inoculated and non-inoculated treatments. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling showed that fungi and G-bacteria dominated at the beginning of experiment and were probably involved in PAH dissipation. Subsequently, greater relative abundances of G + bacteria were observed as PAH dissipation slowed down. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that improving the composting process with optimal organic compositions may be a feasible remediation strategy in PAH-contaminated soils through stimulation of active microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Urban Environment, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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30
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Valerio F. Environmental impacts of post-consumer material managements: recycling, biological treatments, incineration. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 30:2354-61. [PMID: 20573498 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impacts of recycling, mechanical biological treatments (MBT) and waste-to-energy incineration, the main management strategies to respond to the increasing production of post-consumer materials are reviewed and compared. Several studies carried out according to life-cycle assessment (LCA) confirm that the lowest environmental impact, on a global scale, is obtained by recycling and by biological treatments (composting and anaerobic fermentations) if compost is used in agriculture. The available air emission factors suggest that, on a local scale, mechanical biological treatments with energy recovery of biogas, may be intrinsically safer than waste-to-energy incinerators. Several studies confirm the capability of biological treatments to degrade many toxic xenobiotic contaminating urban wastes such as dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, an important property to be improved, for safe agricultural use of compost. Further LCA studies to compare the environmental impact of MBTs and of waste-to-energy incinerators are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Valerio
- National Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Environmental Chemistry, Genoa 16132, Italy.
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31
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Makni H, Ayed L, Ben Khedher M, Bakhrouf A. Evaluation of the maturity of organic waste composts. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2010; 28:489-495. [PMID: 19854812 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x09350786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Olive-mill wastes represent a significant environmental problem in Mediterranean areas due to their significant production during a short period of time. Their high polyphenol, lipid and organic acid concentrations make them phytotoxic wastes. Composting is one of the technologies used for the valorization of those wastes, producing a fertilizer useful for poor soils. The present study is an attempt to elaborate upon organic matter transformations and define the parameters for product maturity by adapting chemical and spectroscopic methods during composting. The aim of this work was to study the changes involved in the composting process of four piles during 200 days, and follow up the maturity of the final product during composting. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been proven to be an appropriate analytical method for the qualitative assessment of compost stability. FTIR spectroscopy results revealed enrichment in aromatic structures and a degradation of the aliphatic and alcoholic structures indicating stabilization of the final compost. The results showed that stability of the final product was reached after 7 months of composting. The phytotoxic effects of olive mill wastes and animal manures was assessed by germination index. Indeed, the germination indices of piles 1, 2, 3 and 4 reached 131.31%, 72%, 90.56%, and 105.37%, respectively, at the end of the process. This demonstrated the absence of phytotoxicity in the majority of mature composts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héla Makni
- Laboratoire d'Analyse, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l'Environnement et des Produits, Faculté de Pharmacie, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Lakhdar A, Rabhi M, Ghnaya T, Montemurro F, Jedidi N, Abdelly C. Effectiveness of compost use in salt-affected soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 171:29-37. [PMID: 19576686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil degradation and salinization are two of the utmost threat affecting agricultural areas, derived from the increasing use of low quality water and inappropriate cultural practices. The problem of low productivity of saline soils may be ascribed not only to their salt toxicity or damage caused by excess amounts of soluble salts but also arising from the lack of organic matter and available mineral nutrients especially N, P, and K. Concerns about salinization risk and environmental quality and productivity of agro-ecosystems have emphasized the need to develop management practices that maintain soil resources. Composted municipal solid waste (MSW) was commonly used to enhance soil productivity in the agricultural lands and rebuild fertility. However, their application could be also a promising alternative to alleviate the adverse effects caused by soil salinization. MSW compost, with high organic matter content and low concentrations of inorganic and organic pollutants allow an improvement of physical, chemical and biochemical characteristics and constitute low cost soil recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbasset Lakhdar
- Laboratoire d'adaptation des Plantes aux Stress Abiotiques, Centre de Biotechnologies, Technopole Borj Cedria BP 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia.
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33
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Farrell M, Jones DL. Critical evaluation of municipal solid waste composting and potential compost markets. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:4301-4310. [PMID: 19443214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) of mixed waste streams is becoming increasingly popular as a method for treating municipal solid waste (MSW). Whilst this process can separate many recyclates from mixed waste, the resultant organic residue can contain high levels of heavy metals and physical and biological contaminants. This review assesses the potential end uses and sustainable markets for this organic residue. Critical evaluation reveals that the best option for using this organic resource is in land remediation and restoration schemes. For example, application of MSW-derived composts at acidic heavy metal contaminated sites has ameliorated soil pollution with minimal risk. We conclude that although MSW-derived composts are of low value, they still represent a valuable resource particularly for use in post-industrial environments. A holistic view should be taken when regulating the use of such composts, taking into account the specific situation of application and the environmental pitfalls of alternative disposal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Farrell
- School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK
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Zhang T, Yu G, Wang B, Fiedler H, Huang J, Deng S. Bioanalytical characterization of dioxin-like activity in sewage sludge from Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:649-653. [PMID: 19201008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this preliminary study, the bioanalytical characterization of dioxin-like activity in the sludge of all the nine municipal sewage treatment plants from Beijing city was studied using chemically activated luciferase gene expression (CALUX) assay. The influence of heating period in winter, sewage and sludge treatment processes on the occurrence of dioxin-like activity was also discussed. For the use of clean coal and natural gas, heating did not have significant influence on the occurrence level of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like-PCBs in this study. Anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic sewage treatment process did not show a good performance in the reduction of dioxin-like activity which is useful in the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen. Anaerobic digestion of sludge increased the concentration of PCDD/Fs from 30.1 to 68.3pgCALUX-TEQg(-1)d.w., and total dioxin-like activity from 32.2 to 69.3pgCALUX-TEQg(-1)d.w. This cost-effective and quick test is useful for large developing countries like China in monitoring programs to obtain baseline data about the scale of contamination caused by dioxin-like activity. It is also a useful component in the monitoring capacity building of dioxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- POPs Research Centre, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- POPs Research Centre, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- POPs Research Centre, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Heidelore Fiedler
- UNEP Chemicals Branch, DTIE, 11-13, Chemin des Anémones, CH-1219 Châtelaine (GE), Switzerland
| | - Jun Huang
- POPs Research Centre, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- POPs Research Centre, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Barnabé S, Brar SK, Tyagi RD, Beauchesne I, Surampalli RY. Pre-treatment and bioconversion of wastewater sludge to value-added products--fate of endocrine disrupting compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:1471-88. [PMID: 19110297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of processes for the production of value added products (VAPs), such as biopesticides, microbial inoculants or industrial enzymes through biotransformation of raw or pre-treated wastewater sludge (WWS) has undergone a substantial progress over the last decade. WWS based VAPs are low cost biological alternatives that can compete with chemicals or other cost intensive biological products in the current markets. However, when WWS is used as a raw material for VAPs production, questions still remains on the persistence of organic pollutants within the biotransformed WWS, especially, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and the production of their toxic intermediates. WWS pre-treatment prior to biotransformation as well as the microbial strains used for biotransformation can possibly remove these organic pollutants. The literature findings concerning the impact of WWS pre-treatment and value added products on EDCs removal are reviewed in this paper. The microbial potential to degrade or detoxify EDCs and toxic intermediates concomitant with value-addition is also discussed. The concept of obtaining EDCs free-WWS based VAPs and simultaneously achieving the objective of pollution control is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barnabé
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec, Canada G1K 9A9
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36
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Oleszczuk P. Application of three methods used for the evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bioaccessibility for sewage sludge composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:413-420. [PMID: 18614362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Three chemical approaches were compared to assess the bioaccessibility of PAHs during four sewage sludge composting. In the present study solid phase extraction with Tenax-TA and two non-exhaustive/mild-solvent extraction techniques with n-butanol (BtOH) and hydroxypropyl[beta]cyclodextrin (HPCD) have been applied. The content of the PAHs sum in individual sludges ranged from 2.83 to 9.95 mg/kg. Mainly 4-ring PAHs predominated in all sludges. The content of the bioaccessible fraction of PAHs determined using the BtOH and HPCD methods was usually twice higher than with the use of Tenax-TA adsorbent. The share of the bioaccessible fraction depended on the method applied and sewage sludge type. In the case of the PAH sums it ranged from 28.1% to 54.5% (Tenax-TA), from 25.7% to 80.9% (BtOH) and from 60.2% to 83.5% (HPCD). As a result of composting, the share of the bioaccessible fraction decreased by about 50% in most of the sludges examined. The reliable prediction of individual PAHs losses was observed for many of the PAHs; however, for a number of them, this was confirmed in more than two of the sludges examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Laboratory of Soil Reclamation and Waste Management, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Agriculture, Lublin, Poland.
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37
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Hafidi M, Amir S, Jouraiphy A, Winterton P, El Gharous M, Merlina G, Revel JC. Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during composting of activated sewage sludge with green waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:8819-8823. [PMID: 18513955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The level and fate of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), targeted by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), has been studied over 90 days of composting of activated sludge with green waste, under a semi-arid climate. The total PAH calculated from the sum of the amounts of the 16 PAHs in the initial mixture of activated sludge and green waste, was lower than accepted European Union cut-off limits by about 0.48mgkg(-1). The treatment by composting led to a decrease of all PAHs mainly in the stabilization phase, but some differences could be observed between PAHs with three or fewer aromatic rings (N< or = 3) and those with four or more (N> or = 4). The former (except phenanthrene) exhibited a continuous decrease, while the latter PAHs with N of four or more and phenanthrene showed increases in the intermediate stages (30-60 days). This indicates the high potential sorption mainly of PAH with high molecular weight (> or = N4) plus phenanthrene, their tight adsorption makes them inaccessible for microbial attack. The high molecular weight PAHs showed a greater reduction of their bioavailability than those of low molecular weight. Naphthalene, with the lowest molecular weight, showed the smallest decrease (about 67.8%) compared to other PAHs of higher molecular weight (decrease reaching 100%). This is in agreement with the fact that the adsorption is less reversible with increased numbers of fused aromatic rings or an increase of their hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hafidi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et Environnement, Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Département de Biologie, BP/2390, Marrakech, Morocco.
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Hua L, Wu WX, Liu YX, Tientchen CM, Chen YX. Heavy metals and PAHs in sewage sludge from twelve wastewater treatment plants in Zhejiang province. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2008; 21:345-352. [PMID: 18837300 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(08)60053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sludge of twelve wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Zhejiang province of China, and to assess their potential for land application. METHODS Sludge was collected from 12 WWTPs within the province. GC-MS and AAS were used to measure PAHs and HMs contents in sludge. RESULTS Concentrations of HMs in most of the sludge samples were below the regulatory limits for the sludge to be used in agriculture in China with the exception of Zn in 2 sludge samples and Cd in 1 sample. All 16 PAHs, targeted by the USEPA agency, were found in the sludge from the twelve plants with a total concentration ranging from 33.73 mg kg(-1) to 82.58 mg kg(-1) (dry weight, d.w.). The levels of Sigma9 PAHs varied from 13.87 mg kg(-1) to 61.86 mg kg(-1) (d.w.) in the sludge, far exceeding the limitation value recommended by the Europe Union. The concentration and composition of PAHs in sewage sludge varied and depended mainly on the quantity and type of industrial wastewater accepted by the WWTPs. A significant relationship between the proportion of industrial wastewater received by WWTPs and the total content of 16 PAHs in the sludge was observed. CONCLUSION PAHs have become one of the primary pollutants in sludge of Zhejiang WWTPs instead of HMs. It is, therefore, essential to reduce the contents of PAHs before the sludge can be used in agriculture through proper treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hua
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, China
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Zeinali M, Vossoughi M, Ardestani SK. Naphthalene metabolism in Nocardia otitidiscaviarum strain TSH1, a moderately thermophilic microorganism. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:905-909. [PMID: 18471862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The thermophilic bacterium Nocardia otitidiscaviarum strain TSH1, originally isolated in our laboratory from a petroindustrial wastewater contaminated soil in Iran, grows at 50 degrees C on a broad range of hydrocarbons. Transformation of naphthalene by strain TSH1 which is able to use this two ring-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) as a sole source of carbon and energy was investigated. The metabolic pathway was elucidated by identifying metabolites, biotransformation studies and monitoring enzyme activities in cell-free extracts. The identification of metabolites suggests that strain TSH1 initiates its attack on naphthalene by dioxygenation at its C-1 and C-2 positions to give 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene. The intermediate 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, characteristic of the meta-cleavage of the resulting diol was identified in the acidic extract. Apart from typical metabolites of naphthalene degradation known from mesophiles, benzoic acid was identified as an intermediate for the naphthalene pathway of this Nocardia strain. Neither phthalic acid nor salicylic acid metabolites were detected in culture extracts. Enzymatic experiments with cell extract showed the catechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity while transformation of phthalic acid and protocatechuic acid was not observed. The results of enzyme activity assays and identification of benzoic acid in culture extract provide strong indications that further degradation goes through benzoate and beta-ketoadipate pathway. Our results indicate that naphthalene degradation by thermophilic N. otitidiscaviarum strain TSH1 differs from the known pathways found for the thermophilic Bacillus thermoleovorans Hamburg 2 and mesophilic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Zeinali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Oleszczuk P. The toxicity of composts from sewage sludges evaluated by the direct contact tests phytotoxkit and ostracodtoxkit. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 28:1645-53. [PMID: 17845844 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Limitations relating to permissible standards of undesirable substances in sewage sludges make it necessary to optimize sludge properties. One of the methods to achieve the above goal is the use of a composting process. The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of composts obtained from sewage sludges composted for 76 days. Dewatered sewage sludges were collected from the four wastewater treatment plants located in the south-eastern part of Poland (Kraśnik, Lublin, Biłgoraj and Zamość). The sludges were mixed with standard OECD soil at doses of 6% and 24%. Phytotoxkit (with Lepidium sativum) and ostracodtoxkit (with Heterocypris incongruens) tests were used to evaluate toxicity. The results obtained showed different toxicity of sewage sludge depending on the sludge dose and bioassay used. H. incongruens mortality ranged from 0% to 90% and depended on the sewage sludge. The greatest inhibition of test organism growth was noted at a level of 55%. In the case of the Phytotoxkit test, a clearly negative influence of the sewage sludges on seed germination was observed at a dose of 24%. Root growth inhibition was noted in the case of most sewage sludges and was at a level of 20-100%. The influence of the composting on the toxicity of biosolids also showed various trends depending on the sludge type. Sludge composting often resulted in a toxicity increase in relation to H. incongruens. In the case of plants (Phytotoxkit test) and most sewage sludges, however, the composting process influenced both the seed germination and root growth in a positive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Laboratory of Soil Reclamation and Waste Management, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Agriculture, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, Lublin, Poland.
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Oleszczuk P. Tenax-TA extraction as predictor for free available content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in composted sewage sludges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:883-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b800532j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kriipsalu M, Marques M, Hogland W, Nammari DR. Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during composting of oily sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2008; 29:43-53. [PMID: 18610544 DOI: 10.1080/09593330802008735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the effectiveness of aerobic degradation with emphasis on the 16 U.S. EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), oily sludge generated by a dissolved air flotation flocculation unit of a wastewater treatment plant in a petroleum refinery was amended with remediated oil-contaminated soil and non-mature garden waste compost 40:40:20 (wet weight) respectively. About 21 t of the mixture with a top-layer formed by 30 cm of remediated soil was treated in a 28 m3 air-forced reactor. The PAH concentration was monitored for 370 days. In the top-layer, a reduction of 88 % of the total extractable PAH was measured at day 62 and a final reduction of 93% at day 370. In the mixture, a reduction of 72% in total PAH was measured at day 62, followed by fluctuation in concentration with a final measured reduction of 53% at day 370. The analysis of individual PAH in the mixture suggested that volatilization and biodegradation are the main mechanisms responsible for the reduction of 2 ring PAH and 3-4 ring PAH, respectively. Fluctuation of 5-6 ring PAH concentrations with increase observed at the end of the period might result from a combination of the following: (i) sequestration of large PAH in the organic matrix (reducing bioavailability, biodegradability and eventually, extractability) and desorption as composting progresses; (ii) heterogeneous distribution of the stable large PAH in the mixture, thus affecting sampling. It was concluded that one-time composting in static-aerated biopiles with organic amendments as the sole strategy to treat oily sludge is very effective in reducing the content of 2-4 ring PAH, but it is not effective in reducing the content of 5-6 ring PAHs, even after a relatively long time span (370 d). The concentrations measured in the remediated soil that formed the top layer after 62 days of composting suggests that further relevant reduction of residual PAH (89% of total PAH and 69% of 5-6 ring PAH) can be obtained if the contaminated masses are exposed to a second thermophilic phase. This could be achieved by adding new easily biodegradable organic amendments to the contaminated masses after some months of composting, remixing and composting again for a minimum additional period of 2 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kriipsalu
- Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Pure and Applied Natural Science, University of Kalmar, Norravägen 47, 39182, Kalmar, Sweden
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Oleszczuk P. Application of hydroxypropyl[beta]cyclodextrin to evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon losses during sewage sludges composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2008; 43:10-17. [PMID: 18161553 DOI: 10.1080/10934520701750355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to test the application of the non-exhaustive extraction technique (NEET) with hydroxypropyl[beta]cyclodextrin (HPCD) for the evaluation of the content of potentially bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction as well as the evaluation of changes in the content of this fraction during composting of municipal sewage sludges. A possibility to apply this method for the forecasting of PAH losses during composting was also studied. Four sludges (from different sewage treatment plants) with varied properties have been selected for the present experiment. The sludges were composted for 76 days. PAH content was determined as extracted with dichloromethane (exhaustive extraction technique) and potentially bioavailable PAH content by means of HPCD (non-exhaustive extraction technique) in both sewage sludges and composts obtained from them. The content of fraction extracted with HPCD ranged from 63.5 to 83.1% depending on the sludge. After composting, a significant lowering of this fraction contribution was noted for 3 sludges. However, in the composts obtained, the fraction extracted with HPCD still constituted 54.7-62.1% of the total PAH content. The composting process clearly influenced a decrease in the bioavailable fraction in the case of 3- and 5-ring PAHs. However, the 4-ring PAHs content of bioavailable fraction did not undergo any significant changes. No satisfactory results were obtained when HPCD was used as a tool to forecast PAH losses. In a number of cases only, PAH remaining after HPCD extraction achieved a value similar to that of PAH after the composting process. In the case of a number of PAH, the method with HPCD application changed the values of the bioavailable fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Laboratory of Soil Reclamation and Waste Management, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, Agriculture University, Lublin, Poland.
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Oleszczuk P. Investigation of potentially bioavailable and sequestrated forms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during sewage sludge composting. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 70:288-97. [PMID: 17637466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the influence of the composting process on the formation of potentially bioavailable and sequestrated PAH fractions. The potentially bioavailable fraction was determined by means of a mild-solvent extraction (with n-butanol). The total and potentially bioavailable PAH content was evaluated in the consecutive composting stages, i.e. at the onset of the experiment, after the stabilization phase (on the 35th day), and after the maturation phase (on the 76th day). Four municipal sewage sludges with differentiated PAH content were selected for the present experiment. Eleven PAHs from the US EPA list (with exception of naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphtene, fluorene and benz[ah]anthracene) were determined for the purpose of this experiment. The content of the total PAHs ranged from 3052 to 10352microg kg(-1). The share of the potentially bioavailable fraction was at a similar level in the sludge samples tested and ranged from 75% to 81%. Greater differences were noted in the share of the bioavailable fraction in the case of individual PAH groups. The influence of the composting process on the contribution of the potentially bioavailable fraction of the PAH clearly depended on the stage of the experiment and sewage sludge type. However, in the case of all sludges, a lowering of the bioavailable fraction by 19-52% as compared to the level at the outset of the experiment was observed. During the first phase (stabilization) of the sewage sludge composting process, a reduction of the PAH content took place mainly at the expense of potentially bioavailable fraction, whereas in the second phase (maturation), sequestration processes predominated. The above phenomenon was most clearly visible for the 6-rings PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Laboratory of Soil Reclamation and Waste Management, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Agriculture, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland.
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Oleszczuk P. The evaluation of sewage sludge and compost toxicity to Heterocypris incongruens in relation to inorganic and organic contaminants content. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:587-596. [PMID: 18000849 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludges and the composts were evaluated chemically and ecotoxicologically to determine their suitability as fertilizers for land application. Four municipal sewage sludges with various properties and pollutant contents were composted in aerobic conditions for 76 days. The content of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (14 from US EPA List) was analyzed in the sewage sludges and composts as well as together with their physico-chemical properties (total organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, available forms of magnesium, phosphorus and potassium, cations content, cation exchange capacity, total of exchangeable bases). To evaluate the toxicity of the materials, bioassays with crustacean Heterocypris incongruens (Ostracodtoxkit test) were performed. Neither physical-chemical properties nor heavy metal content underwent any significant changes during the composting process. However, composting significantly influenced the range of losses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The magnitude and the ranges of changes in the toxicity H. incongruens were found to be dependent on the tested parameter as well as on sewage sludge type and its dose. It was noted that composting could even increase the toxicity of sewage sludges. Sewage sludge toxicity was mainly determined by the presence of heavy metals, although for some sludges the contribution of organic pollutants as well as the synergistic activity of several factors could not be excluded. According to proposed classification (on the basis of Ostracodtoxkit test) only one sewage sludge/compost was suitable for land application. The studies conducted provide interesting information pointing to the necessity to supplement chemical studies with biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Laboratory of Soil Reclamation and Waste Management, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Agriculture, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland.
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Antizar-Ladislao B, Beck AJ, Spanova K, Lopez-Real J, Russell NJ. The influence of different temperature programmes on the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a coal-tar contaminated soil by in-vessel composting. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2007; 144:340-7. [PMID: 17113229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of 16 US. EPA-listed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (sigma PAHs), with accompanying humification and microbial community structure changes during simulated in-vessel composting-bioremediation of an aged coal-tar-contaminated soil amended with green waste were studied over 56 days. The experimental design compared one constant temperature profile (TC=38 degrees C) with three variable temperature profiles (TP1, TP2 and TP3), including treatment at 70 degrees C to comply with regulatory requirements. Greatest sigma PAHs removal (75.4+/-0.1%; k(1)=0.026 day(-1), R(2)=0.98) occurred at TC=38 degrees C compared to all variable temperature profiles TP1 (62.1+/-11.0%; k(1)=0.016 day(-1), R(2)=0.93), TP2 (71.8+/-8.2%; k(1)=0.021 day(-1), R(2)=0.95) and TP3 (45.3+/-9.7%; k(1)=0.010 day(-1), R(2)=0.91). This study proved that using thermophilic temperatures (70 degrees C) towards the end of in-vessel composting processes (TP2) resulted in greater sigma PAHs removal than using other variable temperature profiles (TP1, TP3), as long as the increase was stepwise via an intermediate temperature (55 degrees C). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) signatures indicated that use of thermophilic temperatures towards the end of the in-vessel composting-bioremediation (TP2) resulted in a higher fungal to bacterial PLFA ratio and a lower Gram-positive to Gram-negative (G(+)/G(-)) bacterial ratio. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) showed the presence of peaks typical of humic-like (Ex/Em wavelength pair approximately 340/460 nm) and fulvic-acid-like (Ex/Em wavelength pair approximately 245/460 nm) substances, indicating mineralization and/or maturation of the compost. Varying the temperature during in-vessel composting to comply with regulatory requirements for pathogen control, promoted contaminant biodegradation, microbial activity and compost maturation.
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Cai QY, Mo CH, Wu QT, Zeng QY, Katsoyiannis A, Férard JF. Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated sewage sludge by different composting processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2007; 142:535-42. [PMID: 17029776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of four different composting processes to bioremediate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated sewage sludge was investigated. Prior to composting, sewage sludge coming from the Datansha wastewater treatment plant, Guangzhou, China, was mixed with rice straw to obtain a C/N ratio of 13:1. After 56 days of composting, the total concentrations of 16 PAHs (Sigma(PAHs)) ranged from 1.8 to 10.2 mg kg(-1) dry weight, decreasing in order of inoculated-manual turned compost (IMTC)>manual turned compost (MTC)>continuous aerated compost (CAC)>intermittent aerated compost (IAC), exhibiting removal rates of 64%, 70%, 85% and 94%, respectively. Individual PAHs were generally removed in similar rates. IAC treatment showed a higher removal rate of high molecular weight PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs comparing to the other composting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Ying Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Oleszczuk P. Changes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during composting of sewage sludges with chosen physico-chemical properties and PAHs content. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:582-91. [PMID: 17109917 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 09/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the experiment was to determine changes in the PAH content during sewage sludge composting. The extent was evaluated to which sewage sludge properties influences on PAHs losses during composting. Five municipal sewage sludges were studied from sewage treatment plants located in the south-east of Poland, i.e. in Stalowa Wola, Kraśnik, Lublin, Zamość and Biłgoraj. The treatment plants selected were characterised by their differentiation with catchments area as well as the industrial character of the areas. Sludge composting was carried out in aerobic conditions in plastic containers for a period of 76 days. The content of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some physical-chemical (TOC, Nt, TOC/Nt, CEC, BS, TEB, pH, available potassium and phosphorus, total forms of cations) sewage sludge properties were monitored. In the present study correlations between PAHs losses (during various phases of composting) and physical-chemical properties of sewage sludges and composts were also evaluated. The sewage sludges were characterised both by differentiated properties and by PAH content. The total PAH content (the sum of 14 PAHs from the EPA List with exception of naphthalene and acenaphthene) in the sludges ranged from 3674 to 11236 microg kg(-1). Four- and three-ring compounds were predominant in the sewage sludges. Almost all of the sludges were characterised by differentiated content levels of both individual PAHs groups and PAHs sum. After 76 days of composting, a significant lowering of the PAH content was observed in all sludges as compared to the beginning of the experiment. The range of total observed PAH losses was from 15.8% to 48.6%, depending on the sewage sludge. The largest lowering of the PAH content was observed in the sludge with the lowest concentration of the xenobiotics studied. The largest losses in individual PAHs were observed in the case of five- and six-rings compounds, and were probably related to strong pollutant binding by other components of the sewage sludge. The few significant relationships showed that PAH losses during composting were only slightly determined by the analysed physical-chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Laboratory of Soil Reclamation and Waste Management, Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Agriculture, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland.
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Oleszczuk P. Persistence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge-amended soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:1616-26. [PMID: 16624376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer is a common method used to improve soil properties. However, sewage sludge may contain various organic pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the present study, the persistence of PAHs in soils fertilized with different sewage sludge doses was compared in relation to the sewage sludge dose applied (30, 75, 150, 300 and 600 Mgha(-1)) and the content of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in them. The experiment was carried out in two blocks of experimental plots divided according to the type of plants grown: field plants and perennial-willow. Sewage sludge addition to soils resulted in an increase in the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in these soils. This increase was proportional to the quantity of sewage sludge applied. The results obtained showed that during a 42/54-month period, more than half of the individual PAHs introduced into the soil with sewage sludge were degraded. The scope of dissipation depended on the sewage sludge dose and the use to which the area was put. In the experiment with the willow only in the case of the highest sludge dose was a decrease in the PAH content above 50% noted; whereas in the case of the experiment with the field plants, it was higher by 50% for all sewage sludge doses. In experiment with field plants the highest scope of individual PAH disappearance was observed in the soil with the sewage sludge dose amounting to 300 Mgha(-1). In experiment with willow a relatively high dissipation of individual PAHs (>50%) was found in the treatment with the highest sludge dose (600 Mgha(-1)). A wider PAH dissipation range in the experiment with field plants was conditioned by the more favourable conditions created as a result of the breeding treatments applied. Agrotechnical treatments clearly increased the disappearance of the PAHs in those soils fertilized with the lowest sewage sludge doses (30 and 75 Mgha(-1)). The results obtained showed that the preferred method of treating a light soil fertilised with sewage sludges should be a one-year system, with a sludge application of 75 Mgha(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Oleszczuk
- Institute of Soil Science and Environmental Management, University of Agriculture, ul. Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland.
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Antizar-Ladislao B, Lopez-Real J, Beck AJ. Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in an aged coal-tar-contaminated soil using different in-vessel composting approaches. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2006; 137:1583-8. [PMID: 16797836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of 16 USEPA-listed PAHs (SigmaPAHs) during simulated in-vessel composting-bioremediation of an aged coal-tar-contaminated soil amended with fresh green waste compost (FGWC) collected from two landfill sites in the United Kingdom (UK) were studied over 56 days. The experimental design compared three constant temperature profiles (TC=38, 55 and 70 degrees C) with one variable temperature profile including treatment at 70 degrees C to comply with regulatory requirements (TP1). The highest disappearance of SigmaPAHs was observed in the soil amended with FGWC (53.2% and 48.1% SigmaPAHs disappearance in soil amended with FGWC-Site 1 and FGWC-Site 2, respectively) containing lower initial organic mater (TOM) (Initial TOM(FGWC-Site 1)=25.6+/-0.6%<Initial TOM(FGWC-Site 2)=32.5+/-0.1%). Compared with previous investigations, higher disappearance of SigmaPAHs occurred when the same coal-tar soil was amended with fresh green waste (56.0% SigmaPAHs disappearance in soil amended with fresh green waste) instead of FGWC. Using a constant TC1=38 degrees C resulted in a higher disappearance of SigmaPAHs when compared to other temperature treatments. However, using a variable temperature profile TP1 during in-vessel composting of a soil amended with fresh green waste is required to promote contaminant degradation and pathogen control.
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