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Nguyen HX, Nguyen XT, Mai HTH, Nguyen HT, Vu ND, Pham TTP, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen DT, Duong NT, Hoang ALT, Nguyen TN, Le NV, Dao HV, Ngoc MT, Bui MQ. A Comprehensive Evaluation of Dioxins and Furans Occurrence in River Sediments from a Secondary Steel Recycling Craft Village in Northern Vietnam. Molecules 2024; 29:1788. [PMID: 38675609 PMCID: PMC11052440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This first study investigated the presence of dioxins and furans in river sediments around a craft village in Vietnam, focusing on Secondary Steel Recycling. Sediment samples were collected from various locations along the riverbed near the Da Hoi Secondary Steel Recycling village in Bac Ninh province. The analysis was conducted using a HRGC/HRMS-DFS device, detecting a total of 17 dioxin/furan isomers in all samples, with an average total concentration of 288.86 ng/kg d.w. The concentrations of dioxin/furan congeners showed minimal variation among sediment samples, ranging from 253.9 to 344.2 ng/kg d.w. The predominant compounds in the dioxin group were OCDD, while in the furan group, they were 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF and OCDF. The chlorine content in the molecule appeared to be closely related to the concentration of dioxins and their percentage distribution. However, the levels of furan isomers did not vary significantly. The distribution of these compounds was not dependent on the flow direction, as they were mainly found in solid waste and are not water-soluble. Although the hepta and octa congeners had high concentrations, when converted to TEQ values, the tetra and penta groups (for dioxins) and the penta and hexa groups (for furans) contributed more to toxicity. Furthermore, the source of dioxins in sediments at Da Hoi does not only originate from steel recycling production activities but also from other combustion sites. The average total toxicity was 10.92 ng TEQ/kg d.w, ranging from 4.99 to 17.88 ng TEQ/kg d.w, which did not exceed the threshold specified in QCVN 43:2017/BTNMT, the National Technical Regulation on Sediment Quality. Nonetheless, these levels are still concerning. The presence of these toxic substances not only impacts aquatic organisms in the sampled water environment but also poses potential health risks to residents living nearby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Xuan Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.X.N.); (X.T.N.)
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Xuyen Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.X.N.); (X.T.N.)
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Hang Thi Hong Mai
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 11021, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Nguyen
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Nam Duc Vu
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Thao Thi Phuong Pham
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Trung Quang Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Science and Public Health, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam;
| | - Dat Tien Nguyen
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Nam Thanh Duong
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Anh Le Tuan Hoang
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Tung Ngoc Nguyen
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Nhan Van Le
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Ha Viet Dao
- Institute of Oceanography, 1 Cau Da Street, Nha Trang 57111, Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam;
| | - Minh Truong Ngoc
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Minh Quang Bui
- Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11353, Vietnam; (H.T.H.M.); (H.T.N.); (N.D.V.); (T.T.P.P.); (D.T.N.); (N.T.D.); (A.L.T.H.); (T.N.N.); (N.V.L.); (M.T.N.)
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Metelkova L, Zhakovskaya Z, Kukhareva G, Rybalko A, Nikiforov V. Occurrence of PCDD/PCDFs, dioxin-like PCBs, and PBDEs in surface sediments from the Neva River and the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Russia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7375-7389. [PMID: 29808409 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of 26 samples of surface sediments collected in the Neva River (including the St. Petersburg city area) and in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland were analyzed for 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), and 10 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The concentrations of total PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in sediments ranged from < 0.05 to 219 pg g-1 d.w. and from 44 to 246,600 pg g-1 d.w. respectively. The total World Health Organization toxic equivalent (WHO-TEQPCDD/F + PCB) values varied between 0.01 and 59.0 pg g-1. In the majority of cases, the PCDD/F and dl-PCB concentrations do not exceed the threshold effect level (TEL) recommended by Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) as quantitative target for the sum of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. The congener profile indicates that combustion is the primary source of PCDD/Fs in most of the studied samples. For the PCBs, the historical use of technical PCB products was identified as the major source. ΣPBDE10 concentrations ranged from 0.004 to 1.8 ng g-1 d.w. The congener profile results show that BDE-47 (tetra-BDE) is the dominant congener in sediment samples. According to the sediment and water quality guidelines established in the EU (PNEC) and in Canada (FEQG), all the samples studied can be classified as lowly contaminated by PBDEs. The sediment concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and PBDEs measured in this study were comparable to or lower than those reported for other areas of the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Metelkova
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Centre for Ecological Safety, 18, Korpusnaya str, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197110.
| | - Zoya Zhakovskaya
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Centre for Ecological Safety, 18, Korpusnaya str, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197110
| | - Galina Kukhareva
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Centre for Ecological Safety, 18, Korpusnaya str, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197110
| | - Alexander Rybalko
- Saint Petersburg University, University Embankment 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
| | - Vladimir Nikiforov
- Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Centre for Ecological Safety, 18, Korpusnaya str, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197110
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, Tromsø, Norway
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Ding L, Cai B, Wang S, Qu C. Concentrations, spatial distributions, and congener profiles of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans around original plastic solid waste recovery sites in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:692-699. [PMID: 30029168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, profiles, and spatial distributions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in soil and sediment samples from several typical plastic solid waste (PSW) recovery sites (particularly from areas in which PSW is burned openly) in China were investigated. The results showed that burning PSW directly influenced PCDD/F concentrations immediately around the burning area. All of the samples in which soil contained black burning residue, collected from immediately around burning areas, had PCDD/F concentrations (mean 21708 ng kg-1) and toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations (mean 2140 ng I-TEQ kg-1 or 1877 ng WHO2006-TEQ kg-1) more than 100 times higher than the concentrations in samples collected away from burning areas (mean 222 ng kg-1, 8.75 ng I-TEQ kg-1, 7.96 ng WHO2006-TEQ kg-1). Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the PCDD/F concentrations in seven soil samples from near PSW burning areas were influenced by PSW burning but that the PCDD/Fs in these soil samples may have had other or multiple sources. PCDD/F distributions at PSW recovery sites have been investigated in few previous studies. The results presented here indicate that appropriate measures should be taken to decrease the ecological risks posed by PSW recovery and to prevent, control, and remediate PCDD/F and other chemical contamination caused by PSW recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ding
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China
| | - Bingjie Cai
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China
| | - Shui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China.
| | - Changsheng Qu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China.
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Gao L, Huang H, Liu L, Li C, Zhou X, Xia D. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments from the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19804-19813. [PMID: 26282439 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic environmental pollutants that are often found in sediments. The Yangtze and Yellow rivers in China are two of the largest rivers in Asia and are therefore important aquatic ecosystems; however, few studies have investigated the PCDD/F and PCB content in the sediments of these rivers. Accordingly, this study was conducted to generate baseline data for future environmental risk assessments. In the present study, 26 surface sediments from the middle reaches of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers were analyzed for PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like (dl) PCBs by high-resolution gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The ranges of PCDD/F, dl-PCB, and WHO-TEQ content in sediments from the Yellow River were 2.1-19.8, 1.11-9.9, and 0.08-0.57 pg/g (dry weight), respectively. The ranges of PCDD/F, dl-PCB, and WHO-TEQ content in sediments from the Yangtze River were 6.1-84.9, 1.8-24.1, and 0.13-0.29 pg/g (dry weight), respectively. Total organic carbon and dl-PCB contents in the Yellow River were significantly correlated (Spearman's correlation coefficient, r = 0.64, P < 0.05). It is well known that total organic carbon plays a role in the transport and redistribution of dl-PCB. Principal component analysis indicated that PCDD/Fs may arise from pentachlorophenol, sodium pentachlorophenate, and atmospheric deposition, while dl-PCBs likely originate from burning of coal and wood for domestic heating. The dioxin levels in the river sediments examined in this study were relatively low. These findings advance our knowledge regarding eco-toxicity and provide useful information regarding contamination sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Huiting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Lidan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Dan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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5
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Lake IR, Foxall CD, Fernandes A, Lewis M, Rose M, White O, Lovett AA, White S, Dowding A, Mortimer D. The effects of flooding on dioxin and PCB levels in food produced on industrial river catchments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 77:106-15. [PMID: 25668571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the effect of regular flooding upon PCDD/F and PCB levels in milk, beef and lamb, produced on the floodplains of industrial river catchments. Our unique dataset included more than 200 samples analysed for PCDD/Fs and PCBs over two data collection phases (1998-1999 & 2008-2010) from working farms. A robust paired study design was adopted with samples taken from flood-prone farms and nearby control farms not subject to flooding. On industrial river catchments regular flooding is associated with higher PCDD/F and PCB levels in soils and grass. This contamination may be transferred to food but the impact varied by food type. These contrasts may be due to physiological differences between animals, the ages at which they are sent to market and differences in animal husbandry. To minimise the risks of producing food on flood-prone land in industrial river catchments, as well as on any land with elevated PCDD/F and PCB levels, this research suggests a number of options. The choice of livestock may be important and as an example in our study beef cattle accumulated PCDD/Fs to a higher degree than sheep. Land management may also play a role and could include minimising the time that livestock spend on such land or feeding commercial feed, low in PCDD/Fs and PCBs, where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Christopher D Foxall
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alwyn Fernandes
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Mervyn Lewis
- Askham Bryan College, Askham Bryan, York YO23 3FR, UK
| | - Martin Rose
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Oliver White
- Askham Bryan College, Askham Bryan, York YO23 3FR, UK
| | - Andrew A Lovett
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Shaun White
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Alan Dowding
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK
| | - David Mortimer
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK
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Lake IR, Foxall CD, Fernandes A, Lewis M, White O, Mortimer D, Dowding A, Rose M. The effects of river flooding on dioxin and PCBs in beef. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 491-492:184-91. [PMID: 24530185 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2008-2010, samples of meat from 40 beef cattle, along with grass, soil and commercial feed, taken from ten matched pairs of flood-prone and control farms, were analysed for PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Concentrations were higher in soil and grass from flood-prone farms. The beef samples from flood-prone farms had total TEQ levels about 20% higher than on control farms. A majority of flood-prone farms (7/10) had higher median levels in beef than on the corresponding control farm. This first controlled investigation into PCDD/F and PCB contamination in beef produced on flood-prone land, presents robust evidence that flooding is a contaminant transfer mechanism to cattle raised on river catchments with a history of urbanisation and industrialisation. PCDD/F and PCB sources in these river systems are likely to be a result of the legacy of contamination from previous industrialisation, as well as more recent combustion activity or pollution events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Christopher D Foxall
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alwyn Fernandes
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Mervyn Lewis
- Askham Bryan College, Askham Bryan, York YO23 3FR, UK
| | - Oliver White
- Askham Bryan College, Askham Bryan, York YO23 3FR, UK
| | - David Mortimer
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK
| | - Alan Dowding
- Food Standards Agency, Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH, UK
| | - Martin Rose
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
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Gao X, Niu C, Chen Y, Yin X. Spatial heterogeneity of stream environmental conditions and macroinvertebrates community in an agriculture dominated watershed and management implications for a large river (the Liao River, China) basin. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2375-2391. [PMID: 24292872 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of watershed land uses (e.g., agriculture, urban industry) on stream ecological conditions is important for the management of large river basins. A total of 41 and 56 stream sites (from first to fourth order) that were under a gradient of watershed land uses were monitored in 2009 and 2010, respectively, in the Liao River Basin, Northeast China. The monitoring results showed that a total of 192 taxa belonging to four phyla, seven classes, 21 orders and 91 families were identified. The composition of macroinvertebrate community in the Liao River Basin was dominated by aquatic insect taxa (Ephemeroptera and Diptera), Oligochaeta and Molluscs. The functional feeding group GC (Gatherer/Collector) was dominant in the whole basin. Statistical results showed that sites with less watershed impacts (lower order sites) were characterized by higher current velocity and habitat score, more sensitive taxa (e.g., Ephemeroptera), and the substrate was dominated by high percentage of cobble and pebble. The sites with more impacts from agriculture and urban industry (higher order sites) were characterized by higher biochemical (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), more tolerant taxa (e.g., Chironominae), and the substrate was dominated by silt and sand. Agriculture and urban-industry activities have reduced habitat condition, increased organic pollutants, reduced macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity, and sensitive taxa in streams of the lower Liao River Basin. Restoration of degraded habitat condition and control of watershed organic pollutants could be potential management priorities for the Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Hong S, Khim JS, Park J, Kim S, Lee S, Choi K, Kim CS, Choi SD, Park J, Ryu J, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Instrumental and bioanalytical measures of dioxin-like compounds and activities in sediments of the Pohang Area, Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1517-1525. [PMID: 23932260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pohang is a mid-sized city in which Korea's largest manufacturer of steel is located. The Hyeongsan River, which runs through Pohang and empties into Yeongil Bay, is therefore expected to be affected by various municipal and industrial inputs. In order to characterize aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activities in sediments from the Pohang area, a total of eight locations along the Hyeongsan River were chosen and 16 sediment samples were collected during two sampling campaigns in 2010. Organic extracts of sediments were characterized by both quantitative chemical analyses of dioxin-like chemicals and the in vitro H4IIE-luc bioassay. Significant dioxin-like activities were observed in sediments from industrial and municipal areas, which indicates that most of the dioxin-like chemicals were associated with surrounding anthropogenic sources. In general, responses of the H4IIE-luc assay were significantly correlated with concentrations of target compounds including dioxins, furans, co-planar PCBs, and dioxin-like PAHs. A potency balance analysis indicated that instrumentally derived TCDD equivalents (TEQs) explained about 77% of the bioassay-derived TCDD equivalents (TCDD-EQs). Among the target chemicals measured, certain penta-chlorinated dioxin and furan compounds accounted for the majority of dioxin-like activities associated with sediments. Compositional analysis of target chemicals the sources of such dioxin-like activities were mainly derived from the local activities such as the iron and steel industries. Concentrations and activities of AhR agonists were similar to what was measured approximately 10 years ago. Thus, while AhR agonists seem to be persistent in sediments there seem to have been no large increases in these chemicals in the Pohang area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Hong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinsoon Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Environmental Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- School of Environmental Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Environmental Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Kim
- Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea; School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseong Ryu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Ganghwagun, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul D Jones
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Zoology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biology & Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Hu X, Xu Z, Peng X, Ren M, Zhang S, Liu X, Wang J. Pollution characteristics and potential health risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in soil/sediment from Baiyin City, North West, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2013; 35:593-604. [PMID: 23793509 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to better understand the environmental behaviors of persistent organic pollutants, the characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were investigated in twenty-three soil/sediment samples from Baiying City, Northwest China, in 2008. The possible sources and potential health risk of PCDD/Fs were also discussed. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in nineteen soil samples varied between 20.13 and 496.26 pg/g dry weight (dw.), with an average value of 125.59 pg/g dw. The highest International Toxic Equivalent (I-TEQ) of PCDD/Fs (8.34 pg/g dw.) in soil was found at sample S1 collected from proximity to a copper metallurgy plant. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in four sediment samples ranged from 37.69 to 491.49 pg/g dw., with an average value of 169.95 pg/g dw. The highest I-TEQ of PCDD/Fs (8.56 pg/g dw.) in sediment was found at sample S12 collected from the East big ditch with waste water discharged into the Yellow River. The results indicated that PCDD/Fs contamination of soil/sediment is originated from three sources: chlorine-containing chemicals, non-ferrous metal industrial PCDD/Fs emission and coal burning. The health risk exposure to PCDD/Fs through soil, dust ingestion and dermal absorption ranged from 0.0006 to 0.0134 pg/kg/day Word Health Organization's toxic equivalent in 1998 (WHO1998-TEQ) with mean values 0.0032 pg WHO1998-TEQ for adults and varied between 0.0012 and 0.0256 pg/kg/day WHO1998-TEQ with mean values 0.006 pg/kg/day WHO1998-TEQ for children, respectively. These results indicated that health risk of PCDD/Fs for children should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibang Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Teng M, Zhang H, Fu Q, Lu X, Chen J, Wei F. Irrigation-induced pollution of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in paddy field ecosystem of Liaohe River Plain, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Chen Z, Yang B, Mengoni A, Dong J, Peng X. Distribution patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in sediments of the Xiangjiang River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:7083-7092. [PMID: 22146825 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and distribution patterns of 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in six sediment samples from the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. Total concentrations of PCDD/Fs ranged from 876 to 497,759 (mean 160,766) ng/kg dw, the highest of which exceeded that have ever been reported for sediment samples. World Health Organization total toxicity equivalent (WHO-TEQ) concentrations in three out of six samples were significantly higher than the guidance level (21.5 ng WHO-TEQ/kg dw) suggested by Canadian Sediment Quality Guideline. A predominance of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) was observed with an average contribution of 90.8% to the total PCDD/F concentrations, while 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) was the major contributor to the PCDD/F WHO-TEQ concentrations in most of the sites. Such high levels of OCDD and HpCDD may be attributed to the presence of PCP/PCP-Na pollution, although MB-WW, agricultural straw open burning, and boilers-hazardous wastes were also the potential sources of PCDD/Fs. This is the first report for the concentrations and congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in sediment samples from the Xiangtan, Zhuzhou, and Changsha sections of the Xiangjiang River, providing scientific evidence for establishing priorities to reduce ecological risks posed by PCDD/Fs in the rapidly developing areas of Hunan Province and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Chen
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou 510655, People's Republic of China
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12
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Yang B, Chen Z, Zhang C, Dong J, Peng X. Distribution patterns and major sources of dioxins in soils of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 84:63-69. [PMID: 22819566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface soils from an industrial base, the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration in central China were analyzed for 2378-substituted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The PCDD/F concentrations ranged from 268 to 7510 pg g(-1) dry weight (dw), 72% of which were above the U.S. guideline value (1000 pg g(-1)). It was found that octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) was the most dominant congener accounting for 78.4-99.3% of the total PCDD/Fs, which was consistent with the PCDD/F profiles reported in other Asian countries. It is recommended that the four major sources of PCDD/Fs in the region can be diesel-fuel vehicles, open straw burning, mass burn-water wall (MB-WW), pentachlorophenate (PCP)/PCP-Na and boilers-hazardous waste incineration. This study is one of the few studies with a focus on the PCDD/F pollution in central China, providing evidences for establishing priorities in reduction of ecological risks posed by PCDD/Fs in central China and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
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Zhou L, Li H, Yu Z, Ren M, Zeng X, Peng P, Sheng G, Fu J. Chlorinated and brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in surface sediment from Taihu Lake, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1935-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em10818f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Wang W, Qin S, Song Y, Xu Q, Ni Y, Chen J, Zhang X, Mu J, Zhu X. Pollution level and distribution of PCDD/PCDF congeners between vapor phase and particulate phase in winter air of Dalian, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23 Suppl:S36-S39. [PMID: 25084590 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)61073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In December 2009, ambient air was sampled with active high-volume air samplers at two sites: on the roof of the No. l building of Dalian Jiaotong University and on the roof of the building of Dalian Meteorological Observatory. The concentrations and the congeners between vapor phase and particulate phase of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the air were measured. Sample analysis results showed that the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in particulate phase was higher than that in gaseous phase. The ratio of PCDD to PCDF in gaseous phase and particulate phase was lower than 0.4 in all samples. The total I-TEQ value in gaseous phase and particulate phase was 5.5 and 453.8 fg/m(3) at Dalian Jiaotong University, 16.6 and 462.1 fg/m(3) at Dalian Meteorological Observatory, respectively. The I-TEQ value of Dalian atmosphere was 5.5-462.1 fg/m(3) which was lower than international standard, the atmospheric quality in Dalian is better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Songtao Qin
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Yu Song
- Dalian Meteorological Observatory, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Yuwen Ni
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xueping Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jim Mu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
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Zhao X, Zhang H, Fan J, Guan D, Zhao H, Ni Y, Li Y, Chen J. Dioxin-like compounds in sediments from the Daliao River Estuary of Bohai Sea: distribution and their influencing factors. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:918-925. [PMID: 21470642 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, compositional profiles, and potential ecological risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary were investigated. Total concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs were in the range of 11.3-133.2 ng/kg dry weight (dw), 1 971-37 632 ng/kg dw and 33.1-284.4ng/kg dw, respectively. The total TEQ values varied from 0.37 to 4.08ng/kg dw, with the dominant contributions by PCDD/Fs, then by PCBs and PCNs. The spatial distributions of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in the river estuary were much related to hydrodynamic conditions. The risk of contamination to the deeper sea was increased in the flood seasons. Moreover, our data confirmed that both organic matter in sediments and molecular properties of dioxin-like compounds were the factors which strongly influenced the partition behavior of these dioxin-like compounds between sediments and water phase in the estuarine zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Naile JE, Khim JS, Wang T, Wan Y, Luo W, Hu W, Jiao W, Park J, Ryu J, Hong S, Jones PD, Lu Y, Giesy JP. Sources and distribution of polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in soil and sediment from the Yellow Sea region of China and Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:907-917. [PMID: 21236536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated-dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in soils and sediments from the Yellow Sea region. Korean soils and sediments mostly contained detectable PCDD/Fs and showed a widespread distribution among locations. Soil and sedimentary PCDD/Fs from China were comparable to or less than those in Korea. The patterns of relative concentrations of individual congeners in soils were different between the two countries, but similar in sediments. Sources of PCDD/Fs in China and Korea were found to be independent of each other and their distributions reflected matrix-dependent accumulation. Spatial distribution indicated some point sources in Korea while Chinese sources were more widespread and diffuse. PCDD/Fs measured in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea were comparable to or less than those previously reported in for eastern Asia. However, ∑TEQs in soils and sediments were near to or, in some cases exceeded environmental quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Naile
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Yang L, Zhu L, Liu Z. Occurrence and partition of perfluorinated compounds in water and sediment from Liao River and Taihu Lake, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:806-14. [PMID: 21435686 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of four perfluorinated sulfonate acids (PFSAs) and 10 perfluorinated carboxylate acids (PFCAs) were measured in water and sediment samples from Liao River and Taihu Lake, China. In the water samples from Taihu Lake, PFOA and PFOS were the most detected perfluorinated compounds (PFCs); in Liao River, PFHxS was the predominant PFC followed by PFOA, while PFOS was only detected in two of the samples. This suggests that different PFC products are used in the two regions. PFOS and PFOA in both watersheds are at similar level as in the rivers of Japan, but significantly lower than in Great Lakes. The contributions of PFOS and long chain PFCAs in sediments were much higher than in water samples of both watersheds, indicating preferential partition of these PFCs in sediment. The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were three orders of magnitude of lower than that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the same sediments. The average sediment-water partition coefficients (log K(oc)) of PFHxS, PFOS and PFOA were determined to be 2.16, 2.88 and 2.28 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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18
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Zhao X, Zhang H, Ni Y, Lu X, Zhang X, Su F, Fan J, Guan D, Chen J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary, China: levels, distribution and their influencing factors. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:1262-1267. [PMID: 21208636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, compositional profiles, possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary as well as the factors influencing the distribution of PBDEs were investigated. The total concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 0.13 to 1.98 ng g(-1)d.w. BDE209 was the dominating congener in all sediment samples, indicating the pollution of PBDEs in the Daliao River Estuary mainly came from the use of deca-BDE commercial mixtures. The intrusion of sea waters promoted the deposition of the colloid-associated PBDEs in the estuary. There were significantly negative correlations between PBDE concentration in sediment with pH value and salinity in the bottom water. The higher river flow in the flood season (summer) obviously accelerated the transport of PBDEs, and thereby increased the risk of PBDE contamination to the deep ocean. Moreover, a positive correlation between TOC and PBDE distributions was observed, suggesting that TOC regulated the distributions of PBDEs in sediments of Daliao River Estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Zhang H, Zhao X, Ni Y, Lu X, Chen J, Su F, Zhao L, Zhang N, Zhang X. PCDD/Fs and PCBs in sediments of the Liaohe River, China: levels, distribution, and possible sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 79:754-762. [PMID: 20236682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The contamination status of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface sediments of the middle and lower reaches of the Liaohe River, which is one of the most heavily polluted rivers in China, were investigated. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs were in the range of 0.24-27.49 ng WHO-TEQ kg(-1) (average value: 3.01 ng WHO-TEQ kg(-1)) and 0.015-0.99 ng WHO-TEQ kg(-1) (average value: 0.33 WHO-TEQ kg(-1)), respectively. For most sediment samples, the pollution levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs exceeded the interim sediment quality guidelines (ISQGs) established by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. The highest level of PCDD/F contamination was found at the Tai'an reach of the Liaohe River, whereas the highest level of PCB contamination was found at the Xinmin reach of the Liaohe River. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied to the data set of sediment samples and to source-related samples from the literature. The results suggested that, PCDD/F contamination in most sediments of the middle and lower reaches of the Daliao River should mainly originated from the local combustion processes, including coal burning, agricultural straw open burning, iron ore sintering, cement production and secondary Al and Cu metallurgy. For the PCBs, the major source was identified as the usage of technical PCB products, especially Chinese No. 1 PCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Gao H, Ni Y, Zhang H, Zhao L, Zhang N, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Chen J. Stack gas emissions of PCDD/Fs from hospital waste incinerators in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:634-639. [PMID: 19740512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stack gas samples from 14 domestic-made hospital waste incinerators (HWIs) in China were collected and analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). The waste burning capacities of the investigated HWIs ranged from 5 to 25 ton d(-1). The stack gas emissions of PCDD/Fs from HWIs exhibited a large variation (0.08-31.60 ng I-TEQNm(-3)). Nine incinerators had the emission levels below the current emission standard in China (0.5 ng I-TEQN m(-3)), while only two facilities exhibited emission levels below the European Union directive emission limit (0.1 ng I-TEQN m(-3)). For two plants, concentrations of PCDD/Fs in stack gas were above 10.0 ng I-TEQN m(-3). The emission factors of PCDD/Fs from the investigated HWIs were in the range of 0.78-473.97 microg I-TEQ ton(-1) medical wastes. It was estimated that 4.87 g I-TEQ of PCDD/Fs was annually released from HWIs to the atmosphere in China in 2006. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were applied to analyze the congener profiles of PCDD/Fs from HWIs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcai Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China
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Zhang H, Chen J, Ni Y, Zhang Q, Zhao L. Uptake by roots and translocation to shoots of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in typical crop plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:740-6. [PMID: 19541345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root uptake and subsequent translocation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in 12 agricultural crops were comparatively investigated. All crop plants were exposed hydroponically to a mixture of three kinds of dioxin congeners over 4d. The root concentration factor (RCF) of dioxin showed a logarithmic correlation with extractable lipid content in plant root. On the assumption that the dioxin escaping via gas phase from nutrient solution in the closed container can evenly diffuse in the air and equally absorb onto the shoot tissues of the dioxin-exposed plant and their nearby blank control plant, the amount of translocated dioxin was estimated by subtracting dioxin content in the shoot tissues of the blank control plant from that of the dioxin-exposed plant, and then the transpiration stream concentration factor (TSCF) of dioxin was calculated. The TSCF values of PCDD/Fs largely varied according to the plant species, and the TSCF values of 2,4,8-TrCDF were a little higher than those for 1,3,6,8-TeCDD expect for zucchini. For 1,3,6,8-TeCDD, zucchini had the highest TSCF value of 0.0089, followed by pumpkin (0.0064) towel gourd (0.0027), and cucumber (0.0010), verifying plants of the genus Cucurbita have the higher abilities of dioxin translocation. The TSCF values of 1,3,6,8-TeCDD for wheat and sorghum were 0.0013 and 0.0012, respectively. For maize, soybean, rice, Chinese cabbage, tomato and garland chrysanthemum, translocation was an insignificant mechanism of dioxin contamination in shoot tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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