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Wang P, Meng W, Zhang W, Fu M, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Source identification of PCBs in Antarctic air by compound-specific isotope analysis of chlorine (CSIA-Cl) using HRGC/HRMS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130907. [PMID: 36764260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Polar Regions has received great concern in the past several decades due to their long-term adverse effect on biological health in such a fragile environment. However, there is still argument over their source and fate in these pristine areas. Here we attempted to use a novel approach (compound-specific isotope analysis of chlorine, CSIA-Cl) to identify the source of POPs in Antarctic air by comparison with the source area. The results showed that the relative isotope-ratio variation of Cl (δ37Cl') values showed a large variation from - 137 to 9.04 ‰ in the gas-phase samples, and a significantly negative correlation (p < 0.01) was obtained against the logKoa values of PCBs. There were no significant correlations (p > 0.05) observed between the δ37Cl' values and meteorological parameters except for PCB-28 which showed temperature dependence. By contrast, the δ37Cl' values in the urban (Beijing) air ranged from - 12.8 to 2.03 ‰. The larger variation of δ37Cl' in Antarctic air indicated evidently influence of long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) on isotopologue fractionation of PCBs. This study may shed light on the application of CSIA-Cl for source identification of chlorinated POPs on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wenying Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Min Fu
- Key Laboratory of Research on Marine Hazards Forecasting, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Jiang H, Li J, Zhang R, Pansak W, Zhong G, Li K, Zhao S, Bualert S, Phewnil O, Zhang G. Mapping the Contribution of Biomass Burning to Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Air of the Indo-China Peninsula Based on a Passive Air Monitoring Network. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2274-2285. [PMID: 36657182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is an important source of atmospheric persistent organic pollutants (POPs) across the world. However, there are few field-based regional studies regarding the POPs released from BB. Due to the current limitations of emission factors and satellites, the contribution of BB to airborne POPs is still not well understood. In this study, with the simultaneous monitoring of BB biomarkers and POPs based on polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling technique, we mapped the contribution of BB to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Indo-China Peninsula. Spearman correlations between levoglucosan and 16 PCBs (rs = 0.264-0.767, p < 0.05) and 2 OCPs (rs = 0.250-0.328, p < 0.05) confirmed that BB may facilitate POP emissions. Source apportionment indicated that BB contributed 9.3% to the total PCB and OCP mass. The high contribution of positive matrix factorization-resolved BB to PCBs and OCPs was almost consistent with their concentration distributions in the open BB season but not completely consistent with those in the pre-monsoon and/or monsoon seasons. Their contribution distributions may reflect the use history and geographic distribution in secondary sources of POPs. The field-based contribution dataset of BB to POPs is significant in improving regional BB emission inventories and model prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wanwisa Pansak
- Department of Agricultural Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Surat Bualert
- Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Onanong Phewnil
- Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Joint Laboratory of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area for the Environment, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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3
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Ramesh Kumar A, Vaidya AN, Singh I, Ambekar K, Gurjar S, Prajapati A, Kanade GS, Hippargi G, Kale G, Bodkhe S. Leaching characteristics and hazard evaluation of bottom ash generated from common biomedical waste incinerators. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:1069-1079. [PMID: 34355647 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1962159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
India has more than 202 biomedical waste incinerators, however, knowledge on the chemical characteristics of incinerator ash is lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the lecahablility characteristics of bottom ash and to study the levels of incineration by-products viz. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Bottom ash samples from 13 common biomedical waste treatment facilities (CBMWTF) were colleted and subjected to leachig test, sequential extraction procedure (SEP) and PAHs and PCBs analysis. Among metals, cadmium, chromium, manganese, lead and zinc were found higher than the regulatory limits indicating its hazardous nature. SEP showed that substantial fraction of Cd (30%) and Zn (25%) were associated with leachable fractions, whereas metals such as Cr, Fe, Mn, and Ni were mainly associated with reducible, organics and residual fractions. Concentrations of USEPA 16 priority PAHs ranged between 0.17-12.67 mg kg-1 and the total toxic equivalents (TEQ) were in the range of 0.9-421.9 ng TEQ/g. PAHs with 4-rings dominated all the samples and accounted for 68% to total PAHs concentrations. Concentration of Σ19 PCB congeners ranged from 420.4 to 724.3 µg kg-1. PCBs homologue pattern was dominated by mono- to tetra chlorinated congeners (60-86%). The findings indicate the need for segregation of plastics from biomedical waste, improvement of combustion efficiency, and efficient air pollution control devices for the existing incinerators in CBMWTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramesh Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | | | - Ishan Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Kajal Ambekar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Suyog Gurjar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Archana Prajapati
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | | | | | - Ganesh Kale
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Sandeep Bodkhe
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
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4
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Mao S, Liu S, Zhou Y, An Q, Zhou X, Mao Z, Wu Y, Liu W. The occurrence and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in agricultural soils across China with an emphasis on unintentionally produced PCBs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116171. [PMID: 33387783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being historically intentionally manufactured as commercial products, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be unintentionally released as by-products from industrial processes. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) and have even identified them as major contributors to atmospheric PCBs. However, little is known about contributions of UP-PCBs in current soils. In this study, all 209 PCB congeners were analyzed in agricultural soils on a national scale to investigate the influence of unintentional sources on Chinese soil. The concentration of Σ209PCBs in soils across China was in the range of 64.3-4358 pg/g. Four non-Aroclor congeners, i.e., PCB11, PCB44 + 47+65, PCB68, and PCB209, were dominant among all PCBs, averagely accounting for 26.3%, 8.83%, 3.03%, and 2.80% of total PCBs, respectively. PCB11 and PCB209 were found to be higher in East China, while PCB44 + 47+65 and PCB68 were higher in South China. Their spatial distributions were largely dependent on local sources. The results of source apportionment indicated that the legacy of historically produced and used commercial PCB mixtures was the dominant contributor to seven indicator PCBs in Chinese agricultural soils, especially high-chlorinated congeners. However, unintentional sources (i.e., pigment/paint, combustion-related sources, and polymer sealant), which contributed 57.4% of the total PCBs, are controlling PCB burdens in agricultural soils across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuduan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuji Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhouying Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiting Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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5
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Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Minh TB, Takahashi S. Unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls in pigments: An updated review on their formation, emission sources, contamination status, and toxic effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142504. [PMID: 33035974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation, emission, environmental occurrence, and potential adverse effects of unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in pigments are reviewed, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date picture on these pollutants. PCBs are typically formed during manufacturing of organic pigments that involve chlorinated intermediates and reaction solvents, rather than those of inorganic pigments. Concentrations and profiles of PCBs vary greatly among pigment types and producers, with total PCB levels ranging from lower than detection limits to several hundred ppm; major components can be low-chlorinated (e.g., CB-11) or high-chlorinated congeners (e.g., CB-209). Pigment-derived PCBs can be released into the environment through different steps including pigment production, application, and disposal. They can contaminate atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystems, and then affect organisms living there. This situation garners scientific and public attention to nonlegacy emissions of PCBs and suggests the need for appropriate monitoring, management, and abatement strategies regarding these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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6
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Datta S, Limpanuparb T. Quantum Chemical Investigation of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins, Dibenzofurans and Biphenyls: Relative Stability and Planarity Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235697. [PMID: 33287203 PMCID: PMC7730433 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All the possible polychlorinated aromatic compounds in the classes of dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs) were studied by the quantum chemical methods of HF/6-311++G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), and MP2/cc-pVTZ. The calculated stabilities and structures of these compounds were compared with the available data on their abundance and toxicity. Prediction models for trends in energy and planarity among these congeners were proposed. The results discussed here can help contribute to the understanding of the role of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the environment.
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7
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Cheruiyot NK, Yang HH, Wang LC, Lin CC. Feasible and effective control strategies on extreme emissions of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants during the start-up processes of municipal solid waste incinerators. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115469. [PMID: 32866860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A typical two-day start-up of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) can yield polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) emission quantities around 10 times higher than those from an entire year of normal operations, as measured in this study. Thus, we tested specific control strategies for inhibiting the formation of chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (Cl-POPs), namely, extensively cleaning the ash accumulated beneath the furnace bed of the combustion chamber and deposited on the walls of the superheater and economizer and shortening the residence time of the flue gas in the optimal temperature window for Cl-POP formation. Also, we advanced the injection times of the activated carbon and lime slurry to lower Cl-POP emissions during start-up. Our findings show that these strategies were highly effective and reduced the Cl-POP emissions by > 98%, most of which (96.4-98.2%) was attributable to inhibiting formation. In summary, the proposed control strategies require no modifications to existing air pollution control devices, have little influence on operational cost, and are effective and feasible for the majority of MSWIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 142, Haizhuan Road, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168 Jifeng E. Road, Wufeng District, Taichung City, 413310, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
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8
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Gabryszewska M, Gworek B. Impact of municipal and industrial waste incinerators on PCBs content in the environment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242698. [PMID: 33211764 PMCID: PMC7676720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been withdrawn from the market due to their toxicity, bioaccumulation capacity, and persistence. PCBs have been observed to potentially form in combustion processes under appropriate conditions and in the presence of precursors containing chlorine. The study covered a municipal waste incineration plant and an industrial waste incineration plant. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of these objects on PCB accumulation in soil and plants taking into account the distance from the emission object and wind direction. Soil samples were collected from layers: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm. Test plants were collected from the same areas as the soil samples. The highest accumulation of PCBs was found in plants with large leaf area. Around the municipal waste incineration plant, these were Tanacetum vulgare leaves (12.45 ng/g), and around the industrial waste incineration plant–grasses (4.3 ng/g). In the case of soils, the accumulation of PCBs for both kind waste incinerators was similar, reaching approximately 3 ng/g. As the distance from the municipal waste incinerator and industrial waste incinerator increased, the accumulation of PCBs in the soil decreased. For municipal waste incinerator, no effect of wind direction on PCB accumulation in the soil was observed. In the majority of cases, the accumulation of PCBs in soils taken from the leeward side of the industrial waste incinerator was higher than that in soils from the windward side. In soils around the municipal waste incinerator, PCB compounds moved deep into the soil and reached the highest accumulation in the soil layer of 10-20 cm or 20-30 cm. In soils around the industrial waste incinerator, the highest accumulation of PCBs occurred in the soil layer of 0-5 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gabryszewska
- The Institute of Environmental Protection—National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara Gworek
- The Institute of Environmental Protection—National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Hermanson MH, Isaksson E, Divine D, Teixeira C, Muir DCG. Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls to seasonal surface snow at four glacier sites on Svalbard, 2013-2014. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125324. [PMID: 31765903 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During spring 2014 we collected annual surface snow from four glacial sites on Svalbard, an archipelago in the European Arctic. The sampling sites are 230 km apart from west to east, but are at varying elevations, affecting local atmospheric contaminant inputs. Samples were analyzed for 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. The western sites, Holtedahlfonna and Kongsvegen, had the highest ∑PCB flux (26.7 pg cm-2 yr-1 at Kongsvegen) while the lowest was at Lomonosovfonna, in central Svalbard (14.4 pg cm-2 yr-1). The greatest difference between sites was the trichlorobiphenyl homologue which was nearly four times greater at Kongsvegen than the eastern site at Austfonna. The most concentrated congeners at each site were PCB-52, 70 + 74, 95, 101, 110 comprising 32-39% of ∑PCB, similar to Clophen 40 which is comprised 27% of these congeners. Similar variance of these congeners in samples and Clophen 40 was verified by principal components analysis. Air mass back trajectories from likely source areas for all sites were similar, indicating no difference in frequency or distribution of PCB from long-distances, suggesting local PCB sources contributing to Kongsvegen. We found 2,3-DiCB (PCB-5) and 3,3'-DiCB (PCB-11) at all sites; neither was found in western commercial PCB mixtures. PCB-5 may be from the Russian PCB product "Trichlorobiphenyl" or is residue from production of pigment violet 23. PCB-11 may come from waste incineration in northern Europe containing various pigments. These results, in comparison to earlier data from Lomonosovfonna, suggest that PCB inputs are variable and are not declining over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Hermanson
- Hermanson & Associates LLC, 2000 W 53rd St., Minneapolis, MN, 55419, USA.
| | - Elisabeth Isaksson
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Framsenteret, Hjalmer Johansens Gate 14, NO-9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dmitry Divine
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Framsenteret, Hjalmer Johansens Gate 14, NO-9007, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 871 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 871 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
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10
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Zhao S, Jones KC, Li J, Sweetman AJ, Liu X, Xu Y, Wang Y, Lin T, Mao S, Li K, Tang J, Zhang G. Evidence for Major Contributions of Unintentionally Produced PCBs in the Air of China: Implications for the National Source Inventory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2163-2171. [PMID: 31851493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were not widely manufactured or used in China before they became the subject of international bans on production. Recent work has shown that they have reached China associated with imported wastes and that there are considerable unintentional sources of PCBs that have only recently been identified. As such, it was hypothesized that the source inventory and profile of PCBs may be different or unique in China, compared to countries where they were widely used and which have been widely studied. For the first time in this study, we undertook a complete analysis of 209 PCB congeners and assessed the contribution of unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) in the atmosphere of China, using polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) deployed across a wide range of Chinese locations. ∑209 PCBs ranged from 9 to 6856 pg/m3 (median: 95 pg/m3) during three deployments in 2016-2017. PCB 11 was one of the most detected congeners, contributing 33 ± 19% to ∑209 PCBs. The main sources to airborne PCBs in China were estimated and ranked as pigment/painting (34%), metallurgical industry/combustion (31%), e-waste (23%), and petrochemical/plastic industry (6%). For typical Aroclor-PCBs, e-waste sources were dominated (>50%). Results from our study indicate that UP-PCBs have become the controlling source in the atmosphere of China, and an effective control strategy is urgently needed to mitigate emissions from multiple industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550002 , China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment , Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Shuduan Mao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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11
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Cabrerizo A, Muir DCG, Teixeira C, Lamoureux SF, Lafreniere MJ. Snow Deposition and Melting as Drivers of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Arctic Rivers, Lakes, and Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14377-14386. [PMID: 31808337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent sampling of freshwater (lakes and rivers), seawater, snow, air, and zooplankton for a range of legacy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was undertaken in the Canadian High Arctic during ice-covered, melting, and ice-free conditions. Overall, there was a general trend of higher fluvial PCB/OCP concentrations associated with the spring snow melt (early-mid June), while much lower concentrations were detected during the snow-free season (end of July). In contrast, PCB concentrations in two Arctic lakes (West and East Lakes, Melville Island) and in ocean waters, sharply increased in the ice-free period, likely because of inputs from the ice/snow layer melting and river runoff. The resulting air-water fugacity ratios and fluxes followed a remarkable shift during the sampling campaign. PCBs and OCPs shifted from equilibrium during ice/snow-covered conditions toward a clear net volatilization of PCBs and most of the OCPs during snow/ice-free conditions. Differences in the bioaccumulation factor for PCB/OCPs in zooplankton between West and East Lakes were observed, likely because of zooplankton being exposed to more contaminated food in West Lake due to higher turbidity related to in-lake disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cabrerizo
- Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Aquatic Contaminant Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Scott F Lamoureux
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
| | - Melissa J Lafreniere
- Department of Geography and Planning , Queen's University , Kingston , Ontario K7L 3N6 , Canada
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12
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Rodenburg LA, Winstanley I, Wallin JM. Source Apportionment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Atmospheric Deposition in the Seattle, WA, USA Area Measured with Method 1668. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:188-196. [PMID: 31165912 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition can be an important pathway for the delivery of toxic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to ecosystems, especially in remote areas. Determining the sources of atmospheric PCBs can be difficult, because PCBs may travel long distances to reach the monitoring location, allowing for a variety of weathering processes that may alter PCB fingerprints. Previous efforts to determine the sources of atmospheric PCBs have been hampered by the electron capture detection methods used to measure PCBs. In this work, EPA method 1668, which is capable of measuring all 209 congeners, was used to measure PCBs in bulk atmospheric deposition at seven locations in the Green-Duwamish River watershed in and near Seattle, WA. Analysis of this data set via Positive Matrix Factorization allowed the identification of six factors that represent PCB sources. Four factors, representing approximately 88% of all PCB mass, are strikingly similar to unweathered Aroclors, suggesting minimal weathering during transport and/or local PCB sources at some sites. A fifth factor contained virtually all of the PCB 11 mass and represents PCBs from pigments. It explained approximately 39% of the Toxic Equivalency Quotient in the atmospheric deposition samples. The remaining factor contained non-Aroclor PCBs and may be related to silicone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Iris Winstanley
- Leidos, Environmental Planning & Restoration Portfolio, 18912 North Creek Parkway, Suite 101, Bothell, WA, 98011, USA
| | - Jennifer M Wallin
- Leidos, Environmental Planning & Restoration Portfolio, 18912 North Creek Parkway, Suite 101, Bothell, WA, 98011, USA
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13
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Devi NL, Yadav IC, Chakraborty P, Shihua Q. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Surface Soil from North-East India: Implication for Sources Apportionment and Health-Risk Assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:377-389. [PMID: 29713743 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although India never manufactured polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), evidence suggests the prevalence of PCBs in multi-environmental matrices. Despite the high level of PCBs that has been detailed in the major urban areas of India, little is known about the fate and sources of PCBs in Northeast India (NEI). This motivated us to investigate the contamination level and sources of PCBs in the surface soil. In this study, the environmental concentration and sources of 25 PCBs were investigated in surface soil (n = 60) from three states of NEI (lower Assam, Manipur, and Tripura). Additionally, the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and PCBs was studied to investigate the role of SOC in the distribution of PCBs. Overall, the concentration of ∑25PCBs ranged from 2950 to 16,700 pg/g dw (median 7080 pg/g dw), 3580-21,100 pg/g dw (median 11,500 pg/g dw), and 2040-11,000 pg/g dw (median 4270 pg/g dw) in Assam, Manipur, and Tripura, respectively. Low-chlorinated PCBs were more prevalent than highly chlorinated PCBs. PCB-49 was identified as the most abundant in soil, followed by PCB-52, and accounted for 13% and 12.9% of ∑25PCBs, respectively. With respect to land use categories, high ∑25PCBs were related to grassland areas and proximity to the roadside soil. The principal component analysis indicated emissions from technical PCB mixtures, combustion of municipal wastes/residential wood, incineration of hospital wastes, and e-waste recycling/disposal sites are the real sources of PCBs. Marginally, a moderate-to-weak correlation of SOC with ∑25PCBs (R2 = 0.144, p < 0.05) and their homologs (R2 = 0.280-0.365, p < 0.05) indicated the little role of SOC in the dispersion of PCBs. The estimated toxic equivalency of dioxin-like PCBs suggested that PCB-126 is the most toxic contaminant to endanger the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, BIT Campus, Patna, Bihar, 800014, India
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-geology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Qi Shihua
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-geology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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14
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Rodenburg LA, Dewani Y, Häggblom MM, Kerkhof LJ, Fennell DE. Forensic Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin and Furan Fingerprints to Elucidate Dechlorination Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10485-10493. [PMID: 28796943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) are persistent organic pollutants whose main removal process in the environment is due to biodegradation, and particularly anaerobic reductive dechlorination. Since PCDD/F congeners that are substituted in the lateral 2, 3, 7, and 8 positions are the most toxic, removal of these chlorines is advantageous, but previous studies have only demonstrated their removal under laboratory conditions. We evaluated a concentration data set of PCDD/F congeners with four or more chlorines along with all 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in surface water, treated and untreated wastewater, landfill leachate, and biosolids (NY CARP data set) to determine whether peri and peri/lateral dechlorination of PCDD/Fs occurs in these environments. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) applied to the data set revealed a factor indicative of the microbial dechlorination of PCBs, and this factor also contained a variety of non-2,3,7,8 substituted PCDD/F congeners. These results suggest that dechlorination of PCDD/Fs at the lateral positions is facile if not preferred in these environments. The relative lack of tetra- and penta-chlorinated PCDD/Fs suggested that dechlorination proceeds to PCDD/F congeners with less than four chlorines. The PMF results were confirmed by examining three samples that contained >90% PCB dechlorination products from the Fresh Kills Landfill and the Hudson River. Even without factor analysis, these samples demonstrated almost identical PCDD/F congener patterns. This study suggests that PCDD/Fs are reductively dechlorinated to nontoxic non-2,3,7,8 PCDD/F congeners in sewers and landfills as well as in the sediment of the Upper Hudson River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Yashika Dewani
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Max M Häggblom
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University , 76 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Lee J Kerkhof
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University , 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Donna E Fennell
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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15
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Collina E, Bortolami M, Franzoni F, Lasagni M, Piccinelli E, Pitea D. PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB minimization: A 13-year experimental study along the flue gas cleaning system of a secondary aluminium refining plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:409-417. [PMID: 28458216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 13-years study shows that a careful design of the flue gas cleaning system of a full scale secondary aluminium refining plant results in a minimized and very stable emission of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDD), Polychlorinated Dibenzo Furans (PCDF) and dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB). The value of equivalent toxicity of PCDD/F in the emission was definitely of an order of magnitude less than the regulation limit. In the initial flue gas cleaning system, the PCB mean fingerprint after the slow cooling of the flue gas was typical of de novo synthesis. Instead, in the presence of quenching, there was evidence that the fast cooling of flue gas prevented the PCB de novo synthesis. In fact, the PCB profile was similar to that in the air collected from the aspiration hoods for the quenching. The gas-phase and solid-phase partitioning of PCBs, before and after the fabric filters, highlights the predominant role of the vapor phase with respect to the total removal efficiency. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons breakdown could be an additional de novo formation pathway even in industrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Collina
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università di Milano Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Marina Lasagni
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università di Milano Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Elsa Piccinelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università di Milano Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Demetrio Pitea
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Università di Milano Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
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16
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Pizzini S, Sbicego C, Corami F, Grotti M, Magi E, Bonato T, Cozzi G, Barbante C, Piazza R. 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (non-Aroclor PCB-11) as a marker of non-legacy PCB contamination in marine species: comparison between Antarctic and Mediterranean bivalves. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:28-35. [PMID: 28211332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study the accumulation of the 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-11) in monitoring organisms from the Antarctic and Mediterranean coastal environments has been investigated. This lesser-known PCB congener, unrelated to the industrial use of commercial mixtures, continues to be generated and released into the environment mainly as an unintentional by-product of pigment manufacturing. Specimens of the filter-feeders Adamussium colbecki from Terra Nova Bay and of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes philippinarum from the north-western Adriatic coasts were collected and analyzed for PCB-11 by Gas Chromatography coupled both to Low-Resolution and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LRMS, HRMS). In order to assess the influence of PCB-11 with respect to the legacy contamination, 126 PCB congeners related to the Aroclor commercial mixtures were simultaneously analyzed. PCB-11 was detected in all the samples, regardless of the species and of the geographical area, representing on average 17.6% and 15.6% of the total PCBs (n = 127) in Antarctic and Mediterranean samples, respectively. In the Adriatic area the highest concentrations were related to the influence of industrial activities or ship traffic, while the highest value found in Antarctic specimens, namely those collected in the austral summer 1997-1998, was ascribed to a local anthropogenic source. The occurrence of PCB-11 in the other samples from Terra Nova Bay may be related to Long-Range Atmospheric Transport (LRAT), facilitated by the higher volatility of the analyte compared to the heavier PCB congeners. Nevertheless, more in-depth studies are needed in order to evaluate the relative contribution of local and distant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pizzini
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy.
| | - Chiara Sbicego
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Fabiana Corami
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Marco Grotti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bonato
- S.E.S.A. S.p.A. - Società Estense Servizi Ambientali, Via Principe Amedeo, 43/A, 35042 Este, PD, Italy
| | - Giulio Cozzi
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venice Mestre, VE, Italy
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17
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Prisciandaro M, Piemonte V, di Celso GM, Ronconi S, Capocelli M. Thermodynamic features of dioxins' adsorption. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:645-652. [PMID: 27866764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the six more poisonous species among all congeners of dioxin group are taken into account, and the P-T diagram for each of them is developed. Starting from the knowledge of vapour tensions and thermodynamic parameters, the theoretical adsorption isotherms are calculated according to the Langmuir's model. In particular, the Langmuir isotherm parameters (K and wmax) have been validated through the estimation of the adsorption heat (ΔHads), which varies in the range 20-24kJ/mol, in agreement with literature values. This result will allow to put the thermodynamical basis for a rational design of different process units devoted to dioxins removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Prisciandaro
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and of Economics, University of L'Aquila, Viale Giovanni Gronchi 18, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piemonte
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Biomedico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Ronconi
- Arta Abruzzo, Department of L'Aquila, Bazzano (AQ), 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mauro Capocelli
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Biomedico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy
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18
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Cetin B, Ozturk F, Keles M, Yurdakul S. PAHs and PCBs in an Eastern Mediterranean megacity, Istanbul: Their spatial and temporal distributions, air-soil exchange and toxicological effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:1322-1332. [PMID: 27825846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Istanbul, one of the mega cities in the world located between Asia and Europe, has suffered from severe air pollution problems due to rapid population growth, traffic and industry. Atmospheric levels of PAHs and PCBs were investigated in Istanbul at 22 sampling sites during four different sampling periods using PUF disk passive air samplers and spatial and temporal variations of these chemicals were determined. Soil samples were also taken at the air sampling sites. At all sites, the average ambient air Σ15PAH and Σ41PCB concentrations were found as 85.6 ± 68.3 ng m-3 and 246 ± 122 pg m-3, respectively. Phenanthrene and anthracene were the predominant PAHs and low molecular weight congeners dominated the PCBs. The PAH concentrations were higher especially at urban sites close to highways. However, the PCBs showed moderately uniform spatial variations. Except four sites, the PAH concentrations were increased with decreasing temperatures during the sampling period, indicating the contributions of combustion sources for residential heating, while PCB concentrations were mostly increased with the temperature, probably due to enhanced volatilization at higher temperatures from their sources. The results of the Factor Analysis represented the impact of traffic, petroleum, coal/biomass and natural gas combustion and medical waste incineration plants on ambient air concentrations. A similar spatial distribution trend was observed in the soil samples. Fugacity ratio results indicated that the source/sink tendency of soil for PAHs and PCBs depends on their volatility and temperature; soil generally acts as a source for lighter PAHs and PCBs particularly in higher temperatures while atmospheric deposition is a main source for higher molecular weight compounds in local soils. Toxicological effect studies also revealed the severity of air and soil pollution especially in terms of PAHs in Istanbul.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cetin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Ozturk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Melek Keles
- Environmental Engineering Department, Abant Izzet Baysal University (AIBU), 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
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19
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Shunthirasingham C, Gawor A, Hung H, Brice KA, Su K, Alexandrou N, Dryfhout-Clark H, Backus S, Sverko E, Shin C, Park R, Noronha R. Atmospheric concentrations and loadings of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin (GLB): Spatial and temporal analysis (1992-2012). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:124-33. [PMID: 26846187 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term air monitoring data for POPs are required to determine the effectiveness of source reduction measures and factors controlling air concentrations. Air samples were collected between 1992 and 2012 at three sites with different geographical characteristics (Burnt Island, Egbert and Point Petre) in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin (GLB) using high-volume samplers and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Spatial and temporal trends of gas-phase concentrations of OCPs, selected PCB congeners and ƩPCBs (84 congeners) were assessed. Egbert had the highest concentrations of some OCPs due to historical [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), dieldrin, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH)] and current (endosulfan) applications of these pesticides in the surrounding agricultural cropland. This shows that agricultural areas are a source of OCPs to the GLB. High o,p'-/p,p'-DDT ratios were determined and an increasing trend was observed at Point Petre and Burnt Island up to 2004; indicating that the GLB is influenced by dicofol-type DDT sources, which have higher o,p'-/p,p'-DDT ratios than technical DDT. Atmospheric PCB concentrations at Egbert and Point Petre are higher than those measured at Burnt Island, likely due to urban influence and greater populations. Loadings calculations suggest that the atmosphere is a source of α-endosulfan and p,p'-DDT to the lakes and the opposite is true for p,p'-DDE. Long-term decreasing trends were observed for both OCPs and PCBs; consistent with control measures implemented in North America. Atmospheric PCB concentrations are decreasing relatively slowly, with halflives in the range of 9-39 years. Chlordane, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, dieldrin, and DDT-related substances showed halflives in the range of 7-13 years. α-HCH and γ-HCH were decreasing rapidly in air, with halflives of 5 years. Long-term declining trends of PCBs and OCPs suggest that regulatory efforts to reduce emissions to the GLB environment have been effective, but emissions from primary and secondary sources might limit future declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubashini Shunthirasingham
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Anya Gawor
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Kenneth A Brice
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ky Su
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Nick Alexandrou
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Helena Dryfhout-Clark
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6842 Eighth Line, Egbert ON L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Sean Backus
- Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Ed Sverko
- National Laboratory for Environmental Testing (NLET), Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Cecilia Shin
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Richard Park
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ronald Noronha
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
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20
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Holt E, Kočan A, Klánová J, Assefa A, Wiberg K. Spatiotemporal patterns and potential sources of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles from Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19602-19612. [PMID: 27392626 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using pine needles as a bio-sampler of atmospheric contamination is a relatively cheap and easy method, particularly for remote sites. Therefore, pine needles have been used to monitor a range of semi-volatile contaminants in the air. In the present study, pine needles were used to monitor polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the air at sites with different land use types in Sweden (SW), Czech Republic (CZ), and Slovakia (SK). Spatiotemporal patterns in levels and congener profiles were investigated. Multivariate analysis was used to aid source identification. A comparison was also made between the profile of indicator PCBs (ind-PCBs-PCBs 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) in pine needles and those in active and passive air samplers. Concentrations in pine needles were 220-5100 ng kg(-1) (∑18PCBs - ind-PCBs and dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs)) and 0.045-1.7 ng toxic equivalent (TEQ) kg(-1) (dry weight (dw)). Thermal sources (e.g., waste incineration) were identified as important sources of PCBs in pine needles. Comparison of profiles in pine needles to active and passive air samplers showed a lesser contribution of lower molecular weight PCBs 28 and 52, as well as a greater contribution of higher molecular weight PCBs (e.g., 180) in pine needles. The dissimilarities in congener profiles were attributed to faster degradation of lower chlorinated congeners from the leaf surface or metabolism by the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Holt
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Anton Kočan
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anteneh Assefa
- Department of Chemistry, Umea University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Li Y, Yang Y, Yu G, Huang J, Wang B, Deng S, Wang Y. Emission of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs) from municipal waste incinerators in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 158:17-23. [PMID: 27239966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) and hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz), which are listed in the Stockholm Convention, are commonly known as unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs). As municipal waste incinerators (MWIs) have burgeoned in China, the emission of UPOPs is of great concerns. Compared to the extensive studies of PCDD/Fs emission, not much information of non-dioxin UPOPs (i.e., PCBs, HxCBz, and PeCBz) is available. In the present study, samples from raw gas (RG) after boiler, stack gas (SG) after air pollution control devices (APCDs) and fly ash (FA) samples were collected from typical MWIs in China. The analyses of SG samples indicate that PCDD/Fs are the major contributor to TEQ value, but non-dioxin UPOPs are the dominant compounds in terms of mass concentration. The mean emission factors of dl-PCBs, PeCBz, and HxCBz in SG are 0.372, 144, and 84.7 μg/t, respectively. In contrast with gaseous samples, FA contains higher mass concentration of PCDD/Fs and PCBs than that of PeCBz and HxCBz. In terms of homologues distribution of PCBs, di- to tetra-CBs were the predominant species in both SG and FA samples. PCB-126 is the major contributor to the TEQ concentration. The comparison of UPOPs composition in SG and RG samples shows that activated carbon adsorption process is capable of removing most PCDD/Fs, but less efficient for the removal of non-dioxin UPOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancheng Li
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujue Wang
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Anezaki K, Nakano T, Kashiwagi N. Estimation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Sources in Industrial Port Sediments Using a Bayesian Semifactor Model Considering Unidentified Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:765-771. [PMID: 26716388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using the chemical balance method, and considering the presence of unidentified sources, we estimated the origins of PCB contamination in surface sediments of Muroran Port, Japan. It was assumed that these PCBs originated from four types of Kanechlor products (KC300, KC400, KC500, and KC600), combustion and two kinds of pigments (azo and phthalocyanine). The characteristics of these congener patterns were summarized on the basis of principal component analysis and explanatory variables determined. A Bayesian semifactor model (CMBK2) was applied to the explanatory variables to analyze the sources of PCBs in the sediments. The resulting estimates of the contribution ratio of each kind of sediment indicate that the existence of unidentified sources can be ignored and that the assumed seven sources are adequate to account for the contamination. Within the port, the contribution ratio of KC500 and KC600 (used as paints for ship hulls) was extremely high, but outside the port, the influence of azo pigments was observable to a limited degree. This indicates that environmental PCBs not derived from technical PCBs are present at levels that cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Anezaki
- Environmental and Geological Research Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hokkaido Research Organization , N19W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819 Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University , 2-4 Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kashiwagi
- The Institute of Statistical Mathematics , 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
- SOKENDAI , Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
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Rodenburg LA, Krumins V, Curran JC. Microbial dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -furans at the Portland Harbor Superfund site, Oregon, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7227-7235. [PMID: 26010118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Portland Harbor (Oregon, USA) has been declared a "Superfund" site because it is impacted by a variety of contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs). Using data collected in the remedial investigation, concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in sediment and water were examined using positive matrix factorization to look for evidence that PCBs and PCDD/Fs are dechlorinated by anaerobic bacteria. This process has long been known to occur in sediments. Recently, it has been recognized that PCB and PCDD/F dechlorination may also occur in other anaerobic environments, such as in landfills, sewers, and groundwater. The results indicate that a factor related to the dechlorination of PCBs and PCDD/Fs was present in the water but not in the sediment. Spatial patterns in dechlorination products suggest that they come primarily from groundwater. Dechlorination products comprise 22% of the PCBs in the water. The Portland Harbor therefore represents the third major US watershed in which PCBs appear to undergo dechlorination in an environment other than sediment, suggesting that the microbial dechlorination of PCBs and PCDD/Fs is more common than previously assumed. In addition, the Portland Harbor is impacted by PCBs generated inadvertently during the production of pigments, such as PCB 11, which alone exceeded the 64 pg/L federal water quality standard for the sum of PCBs in two of 120 whole water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- †Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Valdis Krumins
- †Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Joanna Crowe Curran
- ‡Northwest Hydraulic Consultants, 16300 Christensen Road, Suite 350, Seattle, Washington 98188-3422, United States
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24
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Kuzu SL, Saral A, Summak G, Coltu H, Demir S. Ambient polychlorinated biphenyl levels and their evaluation in a metropolitan city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:13-19. [PMID: 24291129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, summer and autumn ambient PCB concentrations were investigated in metropolitan city of Istanbul. 84 congeners were targeted from di-CBs to nona-CBs on both particle and gaseous phases. Gaseous ambient concentrations were determined to be 372 ± 134 pg·m(-3), while on the particle phase this value was 49 ± 17 pg·m(-3), corresponding to an average of 420 pg·m(-3). About one-tenth of all PCBs lay in ambient aerosols, while 90% of all comprise 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-CBs. Measured ambient concentrations of each congener group were tested against meteorological data. The di-CB concentrations were independent of ambient temperature while northerly winds lead to an increase in their concentrations, which was an indicator of considerable contribution to di-CB concentrations from the medical waste incineration plant in Istanbul. In contrast, other congeners' concentrations were found to be correlated with southerly winds. Being an inland sea and having been contaminated, for years, by industrial discharges along the coastline, volatilization from Marmara Sea was considered as the most probable source of other congeners. PSCF analysis was run with 12-hour trajectories to locate possible local sources and check these results. Gas/particle partitioning was applied using three different models. mr and br values for log PL(0) model were determined as -0.23 ± 0.09 and -3.25 ± 0.38, respectively. For absorption based log Koa model, m and b values were calculated as 0.23 ± 0.08 and -4.73 ± 0.83, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Levent Kuzu
- Yildiz Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34220, Davutpaşa-Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Arslan Saral
- Yildiz Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34220, Davutpaşa-Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gülsüm Summak
- Yildiz Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34220, Davutpaşa-Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Coltu
- Yildiz Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34220, Davutpaşa-Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Selami Demir
- Yildiz Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, 34220, Davutpaşa-Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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25
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Jansson S, Grabic R. Multivariate relationships between molecular descriptors and isomer distribution patterns of PCBs formed during household waste incineration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3082-3090. [PMID: 24194416 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The congener-specific concentrations of mono- to deca-chlorinated biphenyls (PC1-10B) in post-combustion zone flue gases from a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor were evaluated and correlated with a set of physicochemical properties and chlorine substitution descriptors. The objective was to identify parameters that affect post-combustion zone polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) formation and interpreting observed correlations by using principal component analysis (PCA), and bidirectional orthogonal projections to latent structures (O2PLS). Both physicochemical variables and chlorine substitution descriptors were shown to have significant effects on the PCB congener distribution; however, the physicochemical descriptors were more influential in all-homologue models, whereas the chlorine substitution descriptors had a greater impact in single-homologue models, which suggests that PCB formation in general may be under thermodynamic control, whereas the distribution of isomers within homologues is more sensitive to chlorine substitution parameters. The EHOMO and ELUMO variables notably influenced both the PCA and the O2PLS models, which indicate that reactivity and polarization in the molecular structures of the PCBs is of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden,
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26
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Van Caneghem J, Block C, Vandecasteele C. Destruction and formation of dioxin-like PCBs in dedicated full scale waste incinerators. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 94:42-47. [PMID: 24120013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Destruction and formation of dioxin-like PCBs in full scale waste incinerators is studied by analysing input waste streams and boiler and fly ash of a grate furnace incinerator (GFI) incinerating MSW, of a Fluidised Bed Combustor (FBC) incinerating a mix of 50% sludge, 25% refuse derived fuel (RDF) and 25% automotive shredder residue (ASR) and of a rotary kiln incinerator (RKI) incinerating hazardous waste. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprints of the waste inputs show that PCB oils Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254 late are the major dioxin-like PCB contamination source of sludge, RDF and ASR. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprints of the waste inputs are clearly different from the fingerprints of the outputs, i.e. boiler and fly ash, indicating that in full scale waste incinerators dioxin-like PCBs in the input waste are destroyed and other dioxin-like PCBs are newly formed in the post combustion zone. The dioxin-like PCB fingerprint of boiler and fly ash of all three incinerators corresponds well to the fly ash fingerprint obtained in lab scale de novo synthesis experiments, indicating that dioxin-like PCBs are mainly formed through this mechanism. The high PCB concentration in the input waste mix of the RKI does not promote the formation of dioxin-like PCBs through precursor condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Van Caneghem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven, De Croylaan 46, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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27
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Phan DNC, Jansson S, Marklund S. Effects of regional differences in waste composition on the thermal formation of polychlorinated aromatics during incineration. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1586-1592. [PMID: 24007615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two artificial wastes (A and B) whose contents reflect regional differences in municipal solid waste composition, were used to investigate the thermal formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), and naphthalenes (PCNs) during incineration. Flue gas samples were simultaneously collected at three ports in the post-combustion zone corresponding to flue gas temperatures of 400, 300, and 200 °C. The combustion of Waste B, which had a higher chlorine and metal content than Waste A, produced greater levels of highly-chlorinated homologues, as demonstrated by a higher degree of chlorination. The total concentrations of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, and PCNs formed in the combustion of both wastes increased as temperature decreased along the convector. There were no significant differences in total concentrations between Waste A and Waste B combustion at specific temperatures, with exception of PCDFs at 400 °C. Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) modeling, used to evaluate the data for all compound groups, suggest that during flue gas quenching at temperatures of 400 °C low-chlorinated homologues are preferentially formed in the presence of copper, which is known to be a very active catalyst for this process. At 300 and 200 °C, the formation of highly-chlorinated homologues is favored.
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28
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Garmash O, Hermanson MH, Isaksson E, Schwikowski M, Divine D, Teixeira C, Muir DCG. Deposition history of polychlorinated biphenyls to the Lomonosovfonna Glacier, Svalbard: a 209 congener analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12064-12072. [PMID: 24073820 DOI: 10.1021/es402430t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 37 m deep ice core representing 1957-2009 and snow from 2009 to 2010 were collected on the Lomonosovfonna glacier, Svalbard (78.82° N; 17.43° E) and analyzed for 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Congener profiles in all samples showed the prevalence of tetra- and pentachlorobiphenyls, dominated in all samples by PCB-44, PCB-52, PCB-70 + PCB-74, PCB-87 + PCB-97, PCB-95, PCB-99, PCB-101, and PCB-110. The ∑PCB flux varied over time, but the peak flux, ∼19 pg cm(-2) year(-1) from 1957 to 1966, recurred in 1974-1983, 1998-2009, and 2009-2010. The minimum was 5.75 pg cm(-2) year(-1) in 1989-1998, following a 15 year decline. Peak ∑PCB fluxes here are lower than measured in the Canadian Arctic. The analysis of all 209 congeners revealed that PCB-11 (3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl) was present in all samples, representing 0.9-4.5% of ∑PCB. PCB-11 was not produced in a commercial PCB product, and its source to the Arctic has not been well-characterized; however, our results confirm that the sources to Lomonosovfonna have been active since 1957. The higher fluxes of ∑PCB correspond to periods when average 5 day air mass back trajectories have a frequency of 8-10% and reach 60° N or beyond over northern Europe and western Russia or the North Sea into the U.K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Garmash
- School of Industrial Engineering, Tampere University of Applied Sciences , FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
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Jansson S, Andersson PL. Relationships between congener distribution patterns of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCNs, PCBs, PCBzs and PCPhs formed during flue gas cooling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 416:269-275. [PMID: 22226393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The congener patterns of mono- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PC(1-8)DD), dibenzofurans (PC(1-8)DF), naphthalenes (PC(1-8)N), mono- to deca-chlorinated biphenyls (PC(1-10)B), di- to hexa-chlorinated benzenes (PC(2-6)Bz) and mono- to penta-chlorinated phenols (PC(1-5)Ph) in flue gas samples collected simultaneously at 450°C, 300°C and 200°C in the post-combustion zone during waste incineration in a laboratory-scale reactor in a previous study, were in this study evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). To our knowledge this is the most comprehensive chemical and multivariate analysis to date of the thermal formation of dioxins. The PCA indicated that different formation pathways occur in the temperature regions 450-300°C and 300-200°C, and reflected a chlorination effect of PCDF and PCDD between 450°C and 200°C which could not be discerned or was less pronounced for the other compound groups. Toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs, as well as total TEQ values (TEQ(Total)) were also calculated, and correlations between changes in levels of specific congeners and the TEQs were explored in the PCA. Levels of four HxCDF congeners and 1,2,3,4,8-, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF showed the strongest correlations with TEQ(Total) (R(2)≥0.9). In addition, levels of 1,2,4-TriCBz correlated strongly with TEQ(Total) (R(2)>0.7), supporting previous reports that it may be a potential indicator of the TEQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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