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Horak I, Horn S, Pieters R. The benefit of using in vitro bioassays to screen agricultural samples for oxidative stress: South Africa's case. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:689-710. [PMID: 37814453 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2264739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Applied pesticides end up in non-target environments as complex mixtures. When bioavailable, these chemicals pose a threat to living organisms and can induce oxidative stress (OS). In this article, attention is paid to OS and the physiological role of the antioxidant defense system. South African and international literature was reviewed to provide extensive evidence of pesticide-induced OS in non-target organisms, in vivo and in vitro. Although in vitro approaches are used internationally, South African studies have only used in vivo methods. Considering ethical implications, the authors support the use of in vitro bioassays to screen environmental matrices for their OS potential. Since OS responses are initiated and measurable at lower cellular concentrations compared to other toxicity endpoints, in vitro OS bioassays could be used as an early warning sign for the presence of chemical mixtures in non-target environments. Areas of concern in the country could be identified and prioritized without using animal models. The authors conclude that it will be worthwhile for South Africa to include in vitro OS bioassays as part of a battery of tests to screen environmental matrices for biological effects. This will facilitate the development and implementation of biomonitoring programs to safeguard the South African environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilzé Horak
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Suranie Horn
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Rialet Pieters
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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2
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Munschy C, Bely N, Héas-Moisan K, Olivier N, Pollono C, Govinden R, Bodin N. Species-specific bioaccumulation of persistent organohalogen contaminants in a tropical marine ecosystem (Seychelles, western Indian Ocean). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 336:139307. [PMID: 37354954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - N Bely
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - K Héas-Moisan
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - N Olivier
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - C Pollono
- Ifremer, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Ecosystèmes Marins, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - R Govinden
- SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - N Bodin
- SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles; Institute for Research and Development (IRD), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles; Sustainable Ocean Seychelles (SOS), BeauBelle, Mahé, Seychelles
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3
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Ojemaye CY, Ojemaye MO, Okoh AI, Okoh OO. Evaluation of the research trends on perfluorinated compounds using bibliometric analysis: knowledge gap and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:570-595. [PMID: 37128712 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2203639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Detection of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the environment has been a global concern because of the risk they pose due to their endocrine-disruptive properties. This study analyzed the global trends and research productivity of PFCs from 1990 to 2021. A total number of 3256 articles on PFCs were retrieved from the Web of Science focusing on different environmental and biological matrices. An increase in the productivity of research on PFCs was observed during the survey period which indicates that more research and publications on this class of contaminants are expected in the future. Evaluating the most productive countries and the number of citations per country on PFCs research shows that China and the United States of America were ranked in first and second places. It was also observed that research on PFCs received the most attention from scientists in developed countries, with little research emerging from Africa. Hence, research on PFCs in developing countries, especially low-income countries should be promoted. Consequently, more research programs should be implemented to investigate PFCs in countries and regions where research on these contaminants is low. The study will help researchers, government agencies and policymakers to tailor future research, allocation of funds to PFCs research and countries' collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y Ojemaye
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Mike O Ojemaye
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Environmental health Sciences, College of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omobola O Okoh
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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4
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Sun J, Cheng Y, Song Z, Ma S, Xing L, Wang K, Huang C, Li D, Chu J, Liu Y. Large-scale assessment of exposure to legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in China's shorebirds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 229:115946. [PMID: 37080273 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become more widely applied, whereas legacy PFAS such as PFOS continue to distribute ubiquitously in the environment. Large-scale assessment of wildlife exposure to both emerging and legacy PFAS plays a key role in effective biomonitoring to better discriminate regional contamination patterns and provide early warnings. Using eggs of two closely-related shorebird species collected across China during the breeding season in 2021, we constructed contrasting PFAS levels and profiles in coastal versus inland populations. The highest ∑PFAS concentrations were found in two Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) populations from the Bohai Sea, a semi-enclosed shallow bay located in northeast China. These two populations showed exceptionally high PFOA concentrations (mean: 94 and 121 ng/g wet weight; West and North Bohai Sea, respectively) dominating the overall PFAS profile (66% for both). This pattern is characteristic, compared to that of other seabird eggs worldwide. By comparison, PFAS profile in the white-faced plover (Charadrius dealbatus) population at the South China Sea coast was dominated by PFOS (46%), which showed similar levels to those at the North Bohai Sea coast (mean: 29 and 20 ng/g, respectively). PFAS concentrations of Kentish plovers from the remote Qinghai Lake were lower compared to the three coastal populations, and were dominated by PFNA (mean: 2.6 ng/g, 29%) and PFOS (mean: 2.5 ng/g, 27%). None of the eggs analyzed in the present study exceeded estimated toxicity reference values for PFOS or PFOA. Additionally, the emerging 6:2 Cl-PFESA was detected in eggs from all regions, while its concentrations were highest in the Bohai Sea populations, and short-chain PFBS was only detected in the North Bohai Sea population. Our results indicate intensive local emissions of PFOA and emerging PFAS at the Bohai Sea region, and warrant further investigation and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Sun
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, CN-266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Yachang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zitan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shisheng Ma
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, CN-266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Xing
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, CN-266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, CN-266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenjing Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Donglai Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource and Epidemic Disease Prevention, College of Life Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiansong Chu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, CN-266003, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Sun J, Xing L, Chu J. Global ocean contamination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review of seabird exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138721. [PMID: 37080473 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been extensively produced and used as surfactants and repellents for decades. To date, the global contamination pattern of PFAS in marine biota has seldomly been reviewed. Seabirds are ideal biomonitoring tools to study environmental contaminants and their effects. Here, we compiled and synthesized reported PFAS concentrations in various seabird species to reflect spatiotemporal patterns and exposure risks of major PFAS on a global ocean scale. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most studied PFAS in seabirds, which showed the highest level in eggs of common guillemots (U. aalge) from the Baltic Sea, followed by great cormorants (P. carbo) from the North Sea and double-crested cormorants (P.auritus) from the San Francisco Bay, whereas the lowest were those reported for Antarctic seabirds. The temporal pattern showed an overall higher level of PFOS in the late 1990s and early 2000s, consistent with the phase-out of perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride-based products. Maximum liver PFOS concentrations in several species such as cormorants and fulmars from Europe and North America exceeded the estimated toxicity reference values. Systematic evaluations using representative species and long time-series are necessary to understand contamination patterns in seabirds in South America, Africa, and Asia where information is lacking. In addition, limited research has been conducted on the identification and toxic effects of novel substitutes such as fluorotelomers and ether PFAS (F-53B, Gen-X etc.) in seabirds. Further research, including multi-omics analysis, is needed to comprehensively characterize the exposure and toxicological profiles of PFAS in seabirds and other wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Sun
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, CN-266003, Qingdao, China.
| | - Lingling Xing
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, CN-266003, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiansong Chu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, CN-266003, Qingdao, China.
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6
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Plön S, Roussouw N, Uren R, Naidoo K, Siebert U, Cliff G, Bouwman H. Elements in muscle tissue of three dolphin species from the east coast of South Africa. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114707. [PMID: 36860028 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated elemental concentrations in muscle tissue of three species of dolphins incidentally bycaught off the KwaZulu-Natal coastline, South Africa. Thirty-six major, minor and trace elements were analysed in Indian Ocean humpback dolphin Sousa plumbea (n = 36), Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus (n = 32) and the Common dolphin Delphinus delphis (n = 8). Significant differences in concentration between the three species were observed for 11 elements (cadmium, iron, manganese, sodium, platinum, antimony, selenium, strontium, uranium, vanadium and zinc). Mercury concentrations (maximum 29 mg/kg dry mass) were generally higher than those reported for coastal dolphin species found elsewhere. Our results reflect a combination of species differences in habitat, feeding ecology, age, and possibly species physiology and exposure to pollution levels. This study confirms the high organic pollutant concentrations documented previously for these species from the same location, and provides a well-founded case for the need to reduce pollutant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Plön
- Bayworld Centre for Research and Education (BCRE), Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Medical Virology, Institute of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - N Roussouw
- Bayworld Centre for Research and Education (BCRE), Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - R Uren
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - K Naidoo
- KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board (KZNSB), Umhlanga Rocks, South Africa
| | - U Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Cliff
- KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board (KZNSB), Umhlanga Rocks, South Africa; School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - H Bouwman
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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7
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Fourie AJ, Uren RC, Marlin D, Bouwman H. Metals and co-presence of other pollutants in mussels (Perna perna) around Algoa Bay: Human consumption safety concerns. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114345. [PMID: 36410201 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elevated metal concentrations can become harmful to marine organisms and to humans that consume them. Metal concentrations at multiple sites around Algoa Bay, South Africa, were last investigated in the 1980s. We collected wild brown mussels (Perna perna) from seven sites around Algoa Bay, and quantified metallic elements using ICPMS. Metallic element concentrations differed significantly among the sampling sites and correlated with pollution sources at specific sites. The concentration of Pb in mussels at one site slightly exceeded South African limits. Based on the South African estimated daily intake, the target hazard quotient, and South African metal limits, mussels from Algoa Bay are safe for human consumption, except possibly from one site. However, combined with data on bisphenols and benzophenone UV filters in P. perna from the same sites, we suggest a possible health concern to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarein J Fourie
- Sustainable Seas Trust, 222 Main Road, Walmer, Gqeberha 6001, South Africa.
| | - Ryan C Uren
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Danica Marlin
- Sustainable Seas Trust, 222 Main Road, Walmer, Gqeberha 6001, South Africa
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Krüger SC, Botha A, Bowerman W, Coverdale B, Gore ML, van den Heever L, Shaffer LJ, Smit-Robinson H, Thompson LJ, Ottinger MA. Old World Vultures Reflect Effects of Environmental Pollutants Through Human Encroachment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1586-1603. [PMID: 35673892 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
African wildlife face challenges from many stressors including current and emerging contaminants, habitat and resource loss, poaching, intentional and unintentional poisoning, and climate-related environmental change. The plight of African vultures exemplifies these challenges due to environmental contaminants and other stressors acting on individuals and populations that are already threatened or endangered. Many of these threats emanate from increasing human population size and settlement density, habitat loss from changing land use for agriculture, residential areas, and industry, and climate-related changes in resource availability. Environmental chemicals that are hazardous include legacy chemicals, emerging chemicals of concern, and high-volume-use chemicals that are employed as weed killers and in other agricultural applications. Furthermore, there are differences in risk for species living in close proximity to humans or in areas affected by habitat loss, climate, and industry. Monitoring programs are essential to track the status of nesting pairs, offspring survival, longevity, and lifetime productivity. This is important for long-lived birds, such as vultures, that may be especially vulnerable to chronic exposure to chemicals as obligate scavengers. Furthermore, their position in the food web may increase risk due to biomagnification of chemicals. We review the primary chemical hazards to Old World vultures and the interacting stressors affecting these and other birds. Habitat is a major consideration for vultures, with tree-nesters and cliff-nesters potentially experiencing different risks of exposure to environmental chemicals. The present review provides information from long-term monitoring programs and discusses a range of these threats and their effects on vulture populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1586-1603. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C Krüger
- Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Scientific Services, Cascades, South Africa
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Andre Botha
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Midrand, South Africa
| | - William Bowerman
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Brent Coverdale
- Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Scientific Services, Cascades, South Africa
| | - Meredith L Gore
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - L Jen Shaffer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Hanneline Smit-Robinson
- BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Applied Behavioural Ecological & Ecosystem Research Unit, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Lindy J Thompson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Midrand, South Africa
| | - Mary Ann Ottinger
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Holleley CE, Grieve AC, Grealy A, Medina I, Langmore NE. Thicker eggshells are not predicted by host egg ejection behaviour in four species of Australian cuckoo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6320. [PMID: 35428801 PMCID: PMC9012832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defences of hosts against brood parasitic cuckoos include detection and ejection of cuckoo eggs from the nest. Ejection behaviour often involves puncturing the cuckoo egg, which is predicted to drive the evolution of thicker eggshells in cuckoos that parasitise such hosts. Here we test this prediction in four Australian cuckoo species and their hosts, using Hall-effect magnetic-inference to directly estimate eggshell thickness in parasitised clutches. In Australia, hosts that build cup-shaped nests are generally adept at ejecting cuckoo eggs, whereas hosts that build dome-shaped nests mostly accept foreign eggs. We analysed two datasets: a small sample of hosts with known egg ejection rates and a broader sample of hosts where egg ejection behaviour was inferred based on nest type (dome or cup). Contrary to predictions, cuckoos that exploit dome-nesting hosts (acceptor hosts) had significantly thicker eggshells relative to their hosts than cuckoos that exploit cup-nesting hosts (ejector hosts). No difference in eggshell thicknesses was observed in the smaller sample of hosts with known egg ejection rates, probably due to lack of power. Overall cuckoo eggshell thickness did not deviate from the expected avian relationship between eggshell thickness and egg length estimated from 74 bird species. Our results do not support the hypothesis that thicker eggshells have evolved in response to host ejection behaviour in Australian cuckoos, but are consistent with the hypothesis that thicker eggshells have evolved to reduce the risk of breakage when eggs are dropped into dome nests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Holleley
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Alice C Grieve
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Alicia Grealy
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Langmore Group, Research School of Biology, Building 46, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Iliana Medina
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Naomi E Langmore
- Langmore Group, Research School of Biology, Building 46, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia.
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Chung D, Lee JH, Lee SY, Oh YS, Shin HS. Quantitative analysis and contamination profiles of PCBs, OCPs, and PAHs in black-tailed gull eggs in the Republic of Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:268. [PMID: 35266055 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09905-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of 8 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 23 organic chlorine pesticides (OCPs), and 35 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in black-tailed gull eggs was described using ultrasound-assisted extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The ranges of the lower limits of detection for PCBs, OCPs, and PAHs were 0.006-0.029, 0.01-0.10, and 0.01-0.20 μg kg-1, respectively. The intraday precision was in the range of 0.650-12.9% and the intraday accuracy was in the range of 86.6-113%. When the proposed method was used to analyze the target compounds in gull eggs collected from six sites in the Republic of Korea, the analytical results demonstrated concentration ranges of 113.32-394.07 µg kg-1 for total PCBs, 422.92-1082.09 µg kg-1 for total OCPs, and 134.50-231.27 µg kg-1 for total PAHs in the samples. The PCA results for PAHs and OCPs were well differentiated by sampling site, whereas those for PCBs differed little by sampling site. There were more pyrogenic PAHs in the West Sea and the South Sea with many industrial areas than in the East Sea with few industrial areas. Differences in the OCP patterns of samples from the West Sea close to China were considered to be related to the use of DDT in China until recently. PCBs were accumulated in the samples regardless of region, so there was no significant difference in the PCB patterns between the samples obtained from the three Seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chung
- Natural Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Ho Lee
- Natural Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yong Lee
- Natural Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42, Hwangyeong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Suk Oh
- International Advanced Analytical Institute, Dokang-gu, Goyang, Gonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, 314-701, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Timokhina EP, Yaglov VV, Nazimova SV. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and the Adrenal Gland: From Toxicity to Endocrine Disruption. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100243. [PMID: 34678939 PMCID: PMC8539486 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors are exogenous compounds that pollute the environment and have effects similar to hormones when inside the body. One of the most widespread endocrine disruptors in the wild is the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Toxic doses of DDT are known to cause cell atrophy and degeneration in the adrenal zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Daily exposure in a developing organism to supposedly non-toxic doses of DDT have been found to impair the morphogenesis of both the cortex and the medulla of the adrenal glands, as well as disturbing the secretion of hormones in cortical and chromaffin cells. Comparison of high and very low levels of DDT exposure revealed drastic differences in the morphological and functional changes in the adrenal cortex. Moreover, the three adrenocortical zones have different levels of sensitivity to the disruptive actions of DDT. The zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis demonstrate sensitivity to both high and very low levels of DDT in prenatal and postnatal periods. In contrast, the zona fasciculata is less damaged by low (supposedly non-toxic) exposure to DDT and its metabolites but is affected by toxic levels of exposure; thus, DDT exerts both toxic and disruptive effects on the adrenal glands, and sensitivity to these two types of action varies in adrenocortical zones. Disruptive low-dose exposure leads to more severe affection of the adrenal function.
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12
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Abafe OA, Macheka LR, Abafe OT, Chokwe TB. Concentrations and human exposure assessment of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances in farmed marine shellfish in South Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130985. [PMID: 34289629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the consumption of seafood is a major route of human exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), data on their concentrations in marine shellfish and the exposure of the African population to PFAS through the consumption of shellfish is lacking. In this study, the concentrations of 15 PFAS were measured in four species of farmed marine shellfish by using a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method. These concentrations were used to determine the human daily intake of PFAS through the consumption of marine shellfish and the hazard quotient thereof. PFPeA, PFOS, PFHxA and PFTeDA were the most prevalent compounds with detection frequencies of 94, 88, 76 and 71%, respectively. The Σ11PFAS concentrations (in ng g-1 wet weight (ww)) ranged from 0.12 to 0.49, 4.83-6.43, 0.64-0.66 and 0.22 ng g-1 ww in abalone, mussel, oyster and lobster, respectively. The prevalence of PFCAs reflects the current contamination profile of PFAS in farmed shellfish. The estimated daily intake for Σ10 PFAS through the consumption of marine shellfish ranged from 0.05 to 1.58 ng kg-1 bw d-1. Overall, the hazard quotients for these compounds were low, indicating that these compounds do not pose a health risk to the South African population through shellfish consumption. This study provides background data for future studies on the occurrence of PFAS and other emerging contaminants in the African coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovokeroye A Abafe
- Residue Analysis Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-OVR, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa; School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Linda R Macheka
- Residue Analysis Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council-OVR, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa; School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, 0204, South Africa
| | - Onajite T Abafe
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Tlou B Chokwe
- Scientific Services Unit, Capricorn District Municipality, Polokwane, 0699, South Africa; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1709, South Africa
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van der Schyff V, Kwet Yive NSC, Polder A, Cole NC, Tatayah V, Kylin H, Bouwman H. Persistent organic pollutants in sea bird eggs from the Indian Ocean's Mascarene Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145348. [PMID: 33540163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in seabird eggs from St. Brandon's Atoll, a tropical island system in the western Indian Ocean. Ten eggs each of sooty terns (Onychoprion fuscatus), fairy terns (Gygis alba), and common noddies (Anous stolidus) were collected from the atoll. For a terrestrial reference, we analysed three feral chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) eggs from the same location. Sooty tern eggs contained the highest mean concentrations of three chemical classes: ƩCHL3 (0.21 ng/g wm; wet mass), ƩPCB10 (1.5 ng/g wm), and ƩPBDE6 (1.1 ng/g wm). Fairy tern eggs contained the highest mean concentrations of HCB (0.68 ng/g wm) and ƩCHB5 (0.83 ng/g wm). The chicken eggs contained the highest mean concentrations of ƩDDT3 (2.6 ng/g wm), while common noddy eggs contained the highest mean concentrations of ƩHCH2 (0.5 ng/g wm). We surmise that the differences in chemical composition between species reflect different pollutant compositions in prey from the bird's different foraging ranges. The sooty terns foraging offshore contained higher POPs concentrations than the nearshore-foraging common noddies. Fairy tern eggs contained intermediate concentrations, commensurate with their intermediate foraging. Inter-island differences in contaminant concentrations were seen between eggs of the common noddies from St. Brandon's Atoll and Rodrigues Island, 520 km to the south-east. Concentrations of contaminants found in this study were lower than values quantified by other studies, making St. Brandon's Atoll an ideal reference site to monitor background concentrations of POPs in the tropical Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica van der Schyff
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | - Anuschka Polder
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nik C Cole
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey Channel Islands, UK; Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, Grannum Road, Vacoas, Mauritius
| | - Vikash Tatayah
- Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, Grannum Road, Vacoas, Mauritius
| | - Henrik Kylin
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Macheka LR, Olowoyo JO, Mugivhisa LL, Abafe OA. Determination and assessment of human dietary intake of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances in retail dairy milk and infant formula from South Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142697. [PMID: 33065506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dairy milk and infant formula play important roles in the diet of adolescents, adults and infants, respectively, in the South African population. However, data on the occurrence of legacy and emerging contaminants such as PFAS in these important food sources is lacking. In this study, the concentration of fifteen PFAS were measured in 23 pooled retail dairy milk and 7 pooled infant formulas by means of an ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method. The concentrations of Σ15PFAS ranged from 0.08-15.51 ng mL-1 and 0.42-5.74 ng mL-1 in dairy milk and infant formulas, respectively. PFBA, PFPeA, PFuDA, PFTrDA and PFDoA were the most prevalent PFAS in both matrices with detection frequency > 96%. Highest PFAS concentrations of 2.02 ng ml-1 and 2.76 ng ml-1 were recorded for PFDoA in infant formulas and dairy milk, respectively. The concentrations of legacy PFAS -PFOA and PFOS, shows resemblance with global data, however, elevated concentrations of long chain C9 - C14 PFAS were observed in this study. Though, higher concentrations of PFAS were measured in full cream dairy milk, no statistical significant difference (P = 0.546) was observed for the various classes of dairy milk. The EDI of Σ15PFAS through infant formulas were 184.92, 329.47 and 166 ngkg-1BWday-1 for partially breastfed, exclusively formula fed and older infants, respectively. Similarly, the EDI of PFAS through dairy milk for toddlers, adolescents, female and male adults for the rural population were 14.17, 1.09, 2.59 and 3.16 ngkg-1BWday-1 respectively while they were 20.41, 3.84, 4.13 and 4.26 ngkg-1BWday-1 respectively in the urban population. Although, the EDI of PFAS through the consumption of infant formulas and dairy milk are lower than the daily tolerable limits, the relative importance of long-term exposure and the cumulative effects of multiple exposure pathways cannot be overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Macheka
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, School of Science and Technology, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council-OVR, Residue Analysis Laboratory, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Joshua O Olowoyo
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, School of Science and Technology, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Liziwe L Mugivhisa
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, School of Science and Technology, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Ovokeroye A Abafe
- Agricultural Research Council-OVR, Residue Analysis Laboratory, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag x5400, Durban 4001, South Africa.
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15
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Li ZR, Luo XJ, Lin L, Zeng YH, Mai BX. Effect of laying sequence and selection of maternal tissues in assessment of maternal transfer of organohalogenated contaminants during chicken egg formation: A pilot study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116157. [PMID: 33321435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have reported maternal transfer of organic contaminants in oviparous species, with inconsonant results. Egg-laying sequence and selected maternal tissues may impact on assessment of potential maternal transfer of contaminants. Here, this hypothesis was verified by exposing chickens (Gallus domesticus) to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and dechlorane plus (DPs). Concentrations in eggs laid during exposure exhibited periodic fluctuations (conforming to egg-laying cycles) and a decreasing trend during depuration. Fluctuation patterns of DPs and BDE209 differed from those of other compounds. The PBDE congener profiles in eggs were dominated by BDE209 during exposure and by BDE100 and 153 during depuration. The abundance of PCB congener (CB138) which is recalcitrant to metabolism increased with laying sequence. Maternal transfer potential was negatively correlated (P = 0.0014, R2 = 0.7874) to the log KOW of chemicals (log KOW >7) when the muscle, heart, lung, or stomach was used. No correlations were found when the liver, fat, kidneys, or intestine was used (log KOW >7), although DPs and BDE209 showed the highest maternal transfer potential. Different fluctuation patterns of DPs and BDE209 in eggs and increased abundance of BDE209 in eggs laid in the initial egg-laying period imply that the liver, fat, kidney, or intestinal tissues could be more appropriate in assessing maternal transfer of the target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Lan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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16
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Uren RC, Bothma F, van der Lingen CD, Bouwman H. Differences in metal compositions and concentrations of sympatric predatory fish and squid from the South Atlantic Ocean. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2020.1810121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Uren
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Francois Bothma
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carl D van der Lingen
- Fisheries Management, Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town and Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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17
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Ssebugere P, Sillanpää M, Matovu H, Wang Z, Schramm KW, Omwoma S, Wanasolo W, Ngeno EC, Odongo S. Environmental levels and human body burdens of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in Africa: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139913. [PMID: 32540660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are known organic pollutants with adverse health effects on humans and the ecosystem. This paper synthesises literature about the status of the pollutants and their precursors, identifies knowledge gaps and discusses future perspectives on the study of PFASs in Africa. Limited data on PFASs prevalence in Africa is available because there is limited capacity to monitor PFASs in African laboratories. The levels of PFASs in Africa are higher in samples from urban and industrialized areas compared to rural areas. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are the dominant PFASs in human samples from Africa. Levels of PFOS and PFOA in these samples are lower than or comparable to those from industrialized countries. PFOA and PFOS levels in drinking water in Africa are, in some cases, higher than the EPA drinking water guidelines suggesting potential risk to humans. The levels of PFASs in birds' eggs from South Africa are higher, while those in other environmental media from Africa are lower or comparable to those from industrialized countries. Diet influences the pollutant levels in fish, while size and sex affect their accumulation in crocodiles. No bioaccumulation of PFASs in aquatic systems in Africa could be confirmed due to small sample sizes. Reported sources of PFASs in Africa include municipal landfills, inefficient wastewater treatment plants, consumer products containing PFASs, industrial wastewater and urban runoff. Relevant stakeholders need to take serious action to identify and deal with the salient sources of PFASs on the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia
| | - Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum Müenchen, German National Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Solomon Omwoma
- Department of Physical Sciences, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 210-40601, Bondo, Kenya
| | - William Wanasolo
- Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Uganda
| | | | - Silver Odongo
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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18
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Munschy C, Bely N, Héas-Moisan K, Olivier N, Pollono C, Hollanda S, Bodin N. Tissue-specific bioaccumulation of a wide range of legacy and emerging persistent organic contaminants in swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from Seychelles, Western Indian Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111436. [PMID: 32753219 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) is a major marine resource of high economic value to industrial and artisanal fisheries. As a top predator with a long lifespan, it is prone to accumulate high levels of contaminants. The bioaccumulation of a wide range of both legacy and emerging persistent organic contaminants was investigated in the muscle, liver and gonads of swordfish collected from the Seychelles, western Indian Ocean. The detection of all target contaminants, some at frequencies above 80%, highlights their widespread occurrence, albeit at low levels. Mean concentrations in muscle were 5637, 491 and 331 pg g-1 ww for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), respectively. ∑BFR mean concentrations were far below, i.e. 47 pg g-1 ww. The data are among the first obtained for such a high diversity of contaminants in an oceanic top predator worldwide and constitute a benchmark of the contamination of Indian Ocean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | - N Bely
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - K Héas-Moisan
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - N Olivier
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - C Pollono
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - S Hollanda
- SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - N Bodin
- SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles; IRD (French Research Institute for Sustainable Development), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
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19
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Munschy C, Vigneau E, Bely N, Héas-Moisan K, Olivier N, Pollono C, Hollanda S, Bodin N. Legacy and emerging organic contaminants: Levels and profiles in top predator fish from the western Indian Ocean in relation to their trophic ecology. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109761. [PMID: 32562947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tuna and billfish are large pelagic fish of ecological importance in open oceans. As top predators with a long lifespan, they are prone to exposure to various contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and contaminants of emerging concern. In this study, three pollutant families were investigated, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). Contamination was investigated in individuals from three tropical tuna species, namely bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnusalbacares) tunas and the billfish swordfish (Xiphias gladius), collected from various areas of the western Indian Ocean (WIO) in 2013-2014. Contamination levels and profiles were examined in fish muscle, together with biological parameters (fish length / age, sex, lipid content) and ecological tracers (carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes). POP levels were low in all species in comparison to other locations worldwide, revealing a low impact of anthropogenic organic contaminants in the WIO. A predominance of OCPs (especially DDTs) versus PCBs was highlighted in all species; PFASs were predominant over chlorinated POPs in tunas. Among the studied PFASs, long-chain PFCAs were found to prevail over PFOS in all species. Organic contaminant profiles differed across species according to their foraging habitat; swordfish and bigeye tuna, which both feed in deep oceanic layers, showed similarities in their contaminant profiles. Geographically, the distinct DDT profiles of fish from the Mozambique Channel suggested an exposure to different DDT sources, in line with regional use of this insecticide and coupled with an extended residence time of fish in the Channel. To our knowledge, the data presented here are among the first obtained for legacy and emerging organic contaminants in various species of large pelagic predators from the WIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | - E Vigneau
- StatSC, ONIRIS, INRA, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - N Bely
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - K Héas-Moisan
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - N Olivier
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - C Pollono
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - S Hollanda
- SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - N Bodin
- SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles; Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), UMR MARBEC, Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
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20
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Wu Q, Schlag S, Uren R, van der Lingen CD, Bouwman H, Vetter W. Polyhalogenated Compounds (Halogenated Natural Products and POPs) in Sardine ( Sardinops sagax) from the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6084-6091. [PMID: 32378893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products (HNPs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were quantified in South African sardines (Sardinops sagax) from one site in the South Atlantic Ocean and one in the Indian Ocean. At both sites, HNPs [2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1), mixed halogenated compound 1 (MHC-1), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TBA), 2'-MeO-BDE 68 (BC-2), and 6-MeO-BDE 47 (BC-3)] were 1 order of magnitude higher concentrated than anthropogenic POPs [mainly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), ∼3 ng/g lipids]. MHC-1 and Q1 were the major HNPs in the samples from both sites, contributing with up to 49 and 52 ng/g lipids, respectively. The same 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDE)/PCB ratio suggested that the major POPs were evenly distributed at both sites. Different ratios of Q1/MHC-1 in the samples from the Indian (∼2:1) and South Atlantic (∼1:1) Oceans indicated that the occurrence of HNPs in seafood is difficult to predict and should be investigated more in detail. The PCB levels in sardines were found to pose no risk to human consumers, whereas HNPs could not be evaluated because of the lack of toxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sarah Schlag
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ryan Uren
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carl D van der Lingen
- Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 8000 Cape Town, South Africa
- Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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van der Schyff V, Kwet Yive NSC, Polder A, Cole NC, Bouwman H. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in tern eggs from St. Brandon's Atoll, Indian Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 154:111061. [PMID: 32174506 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic fluorinated compounds of concern for human and environmental health. There is no data on PFAS concentrations in marine bird eggs from the Western Indian Ocean. We analysed eight PFAS in eggs of fairy terns (Gygis alba), sooty terns (Onychoprion fuscatus), and common noddies (Anous stolidus) from St. Brandon's Atoll. Fairy tern eggs contained the highest concentrations, followed by sooty terns and common noddies. Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) had the highest mean concentration (2.3 ng/g wm), followed by perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) (2.0 ng/g wm), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (0.93 ng/g wm) in fairy tern eggs. Concentrations of all PFAS were lower than values found in literature. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were three orders of magnitude lower than toxicity reference values and levels of lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level concentrations. Eggs from St. Brandon's would be useful to monitor background changes on a regional and perhaps global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica van der Schyff
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | - Anuschka Polder
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nik C Cole
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, Trinity, Jersey Channel Islands, UK; Mauritian Wildlife Foundation, Grannum Road, Vacoas, Mauritius
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Veldsman LM, Kylin H, Bronkhorst P, Engelbrecht I, Bouwman H. A method to determine the combined effects of climate change (temperature and humidity) and eggshell thickness on water loss from bird eggs. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:781-793. [PMID: 30864071 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Differences in bird eggshell thicknesses occur due to numerous factors, including thinning due to persistent organic pollutants. Not only does thinning weaken the shell; weaker shells combined with elevated ambient temperature and changes in humidities may result in changes in water loss rates from the egg contents. Therefore, thinner eggshells raise concern of water being lost faster than normal at lower relative humidities, which may affect hatching. To investigate the combined effects, we developed and tested an effective method that measures water loss through different thickness eggshells at controlled temperatures and relative humidities to assist in ascertaining the combined effects of climate change (temperature and humidity) and changes in eggshell thickness on bird reproduction. The fastest rate of loss was at 40% RH at 40 °C (0.1 mL/cm2/day), and the slowest was at 22 °C at 80% RH (0.02 mL/cm2/day). Eggshell thickness had a significant effect on water loss at all humidity treatments, except at the highest temperature and humidity treatment (80% RH and 40 °C). Temperature explained 40% of the variance, RH explained 20%, and interactions between temperature and humidity explained 15% of the variance (repeated-measures, two-way ANOVA). Generalized linear analyses revealed that both factors temperature and humidity contributed significantly in any two-way combinations. We have laid the ground for a system to test the combined effects of temperature and humidity changes associated with climate change and eggshell thinning associated with pollutants, on water loss across eggshells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-M Veldsman
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - H Kylin
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - P Bronkhorst
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - I Engelbrecht
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - H Bouwman
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Lehner AF, Stensen L, Zimmerman A, Bush A, Buchweitz J. Veterinary utility of dried blood spots for detailed analysis of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicol Mech Methods 2020; 30:284-296. [PMID: 31994964 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1722773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds of anthropogenic origin that resist atmospheric and microbial degradation and thus persist in the environment and in food chains for exceptionally long periods of time. Veterinarians and wildlife researchers need simple methodologies for monitoring and measuring such compounds including two large and diverse categories, organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), compounds that have been largely banned from production and use except for specific exceptions. We present development of methodologies for detection and quantitation of 22 OCs and 10 PCB congeners by tandem quadrupole gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of Dried Blood Spots (DBS). Development was enabled by (1) optimization of suspension and extraction methodologies for DBS; (2) strategic streamlining and condensation of Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) settings on GC/MS/MS; and (3) improvement of GC settings to accommodate all 32 compounds in a single chromatographic run per sample. The method was validated for parameters of linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, recovery and precision, and results from blood were shown to correlate well with those from DBS despite both being only 50 uL in volume. The method was applied successfully to blood samples from nine avian specimens submitted to the MSU Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, and all were shown to bear the burden of varying levels of OCs and/or PCB compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Lehner
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lauren Stensen
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alan Zimmerman
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Adam Bush
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John Buchweitz
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Toxicology Section, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA.,Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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24
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Wu Q, Bouwman H, Uren RC, van der Lingen CD, Vetter W. Halogenated natural products and anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants in chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) from three sites along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts of South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113282. [PMID: 31563788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chokka squid (Loligo reynaudii) from three sites along the South African coast were analyzed for halogenated natural products (HNPs) and anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs). HNPs were generally more than one order of magnitude more abundant than POPs. The most prevalent pollutant, i.e. the HNP 2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1), was detected in all chokka squid samples with mean concentrations of 105, 98 and 45 ng/g lipid mass, respectively, at the Indian Ocean (site A), between both oceans (site B) and the South Atlantic Ocean (site C). In addition, bromine containing polyhalogenated 1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrroles (PMBPs), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP, up to 28 ng/g lipid mass), polybrominated methoxy diphenyl ethers, MHC-1, TBMP and other HNPs were also detected. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the predominant class of anthropogenic POPs. PCB 153 was the most abundant PCB congener in chokka squid from the Indian Ocean, and PCB 138 in samples from the South Atlantic Ocean and between both oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ryan C Uren
- Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Carl D van der Lingen
- Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, South Africa; Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry, Garbenstraße 28, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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25
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Ullah S, Faiz P, Aamir M, Sabir MA, Mahmood Q. Occurrence and spatio-vertical distribution of DDT in soils of abandoned DDT factory area, Amangarh, Pakistan. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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26
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Aznar-Alemany Ò, Sala B, Plön S, Bouwman H, Barceló D, Eljarrat E. Halogenated and organophosphorus flame retardants in cetaceans from the southwestern Indian Ocean. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:791-799. [PMID: 30965250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs, HBCD, DBDPE, PBEB and HBB, dechloranes and OPFRs, as well as natural MeO-PBDEs were monitored in muscle tissue of three dolphin species from the southwestern Indian Ocean (Delphinus delphis, Sousa plumbea and Tursiops aduncus) collected between 2012 and 2015. The mean PBDE concentration was 416 ± 333 ng g-1 lw. BDE-47 was found in all samples and was almost half the total PBDE contamination. BDE-209, BDE-100 and BDE-99 were present in ≥85% of the samples. HBCD was detected in just two samples at 20 and 330 ng g-1 lw. PBEB and HBB were not detected, while DBDPE was in all samples but always below its limit of quantification. Dec 602 was the only quantifiable dechlorane at 232 ± 549 ng g-1 lw. Mean OPFR concentration was 10452 ± 11301 ng g-1 lw. TBOEP was found in all samples making up most of the total OPFR contamination. MeO-PBDEs were detected in all samples at 114 ± 137 ng g-1 lw. Data on flame retardants in biota and environmental samples from the southwestern Indian Ocean are scarce and, as a result, comparisons are difficult. However, data from other marine predators in the region, such as penguins, suggest that further studies are needed to determine if these concentrations are the consequence of a high local contamination or widespread thoughout the Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Òscar Aznar-Alemany
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC); Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Berta Sala
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC); Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Stephanie Plön
- Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute (ESSRI), Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC); Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC); Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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27
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Zhao ZQ, Zheng TC, Zhang WJ, Shen XL, Lv L, Li YM. Degradation of 3-fluoroanilne by Rhizobium sp. JF-3. Biodegradation 2019; 30:433-445. [PMID: 31240422 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-019-09885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The interest of fluoroanilines in the environment is due to their extensive applications in industry and their low natural biodegradability. A pure bacterial strain capable of degrading 3-fluoroaniline (3-FA) as the sole source of carbon and energy was isolated from a sequencing batch reactor operating for the treatment of 3-FA. The strain (designated as JF-3) was identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis as a member of the genus Rhizobium. When grown in 3-FA medium at concentrations of 100-700 mg/L, strain JF-3 almost completely removed 3-FA within 72 h. However, the obvious cell growth inhibition was observed in cultures treated with 3-FA concentrations greater than 500 mg/L. The degradation kinetics of 3-FA were consistent with Haldane's model with the maximum degradation rate as 67.66 mg/(g dry cell h). The growth kinetics of strain JF-3 followed Andrew's model with the maximum growth rate as 30.87 h-1. Also, strain JF-3 was able to degrade 4-fluoroaniline, aniline, and catechol, but hardly grew on 2-fluoroaniline, 2,4-dfluoroaniline, 2,3,4-trifluoroaniline, 3-fluorocatechol, and 4-fluorocatechol. Additionally, it was able to grow over a wide pH range (pH 6-10), and also showed tolerance to salinity with lower than 1.0%. This result, in combination with the enzyme assays and analysis of metabolite intermediates, indicated an unconventional pathway for 3-fluoroaniline metabolism that involved conversion to 3-aminophenol and resorcinol by monooxygenase, and which was subsequently metabolized via the ortho-cleavage pathway. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the utilization of 3-FA as a growth substrate by Rhizobium sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qing Zhao
- College of Chemical & Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, People's Republic of China. .,College of Environment & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tu-Cai Zheng
- College of Chemical & Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Planning, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Shen
- College of Chemical & Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Lv
- College of Chemical & Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Engineering Division, Department of Mine, Metallurgy and Geology Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, 36000, Mexico
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28
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Bouwman H, Yohannes YB, Nakayama SMM, Motohira K, Ishizuka M, Humphries MS, van der Schyff V, du Preez M, Dinkelmann A, Ikenaka Y. Evidence of impacts from DDT in pelican, cormorant, stork, and egret eggs from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:647-658. [PMID: 30901658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
DDT remains in use for malaria control in South Africa. We quantified DDTs in aquatic bird eggs from the highly biodiverse northern KwaZulu-Natal, a province of South Africa where DDT has been used for more than 80 years for malaria control. Pelican eggs had the highest ΣDDT concentration (7200 ng/g lipid mass; lm), Little Egret eggs had 6900 ΣDDT lm, African Openbill eggs had 3400 ng/g lm ΣDDT, and White-breasted Cormorant had 2400 ng/g lm. All species had non-significantly different mean concentrations of o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, and ΣDDT, but with significant differences for p,p-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, %DDT, %DDD, and %lipid. The thinnest pelican eggshell (0.40 mm) had a ΣDDT concentration of 3300 ng/g lm.; the thickest shell (0.96 mm) had the lowest ΣDDT concentration at 29 ng/g lm; a 58% difference. Linear regressions of concentrations with shell thickness for the pelican eggs were significant for p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD, indicating risk of reproductive impairment. Compositional profiles indicate different food webs for the different species. DDT concentrations were lower than from another DDT-sprayed locality in South Africa, possible linked to differences in hydrology and rainfall. We conclude that significant ecotoxic threats associated with DDT remain in this area, and possibly threatens birds from less polluted areas. Our findings suggest continued negative human health and environmental impacts from DDT. There is an urgency to move away from DDT as quickly as possible; alternatively, to implement practices that prevent emissions of DDT to the environment while protecting human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bouwman
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Y B Yohannes
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - S M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Motohira
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M S Humphries
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - V van der Schyff
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - M du Preez
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - A Dinkelmann
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Y Ikenaka
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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29
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Groffen T, Wepener V, Malherbe W, Bervoets L. Distribution of perfluorinated compounds (PFASs) in the aquatic environment of the industrially polluted Vaal River, South Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:1334-1344. [PMID: 30857097 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are highly persistent chemicals, which have a bioaccumulative potential and can be found in wildlife around the world. Although multiple studies have been performed on PFASs pollution of the aquatic environment, little is known on PFASs pollution on the African continent and their possible risks for human health. In the present study, we examined the distribution of 15 PFASs in fish, invertebrates, sediment and water, collected at three sites, representing a gradient of industrial and mining pollution, along the Vaal River, South Africa. Furthermore, possible risks for human health through consumption of contaminated fish were examined. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most dominant PFAS measured in biota, whereas perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) was measured in higher concentrations in water. Mean PFAS concentrations in water ranged from <LOQ to 38.5ng/L. PFAS concentrations in water decreased along the gradient and were similar or lower compared to other studies in Europe, Asia and America. PFAS measurements in sediment were <LOQ, with the exception of PFOS at Thabela Thabeng (2.36ng/g dry weight (dw)). Average ∑PFAS concentrations in biota increased along the gradient and ranged from <LOQ to 34.5ng/g wet weight (ww) in invertebrates, <LOQ to 289ng/g ww in liver and <LOQ to 34.0ng/g ww in muscle tissue. Although PFOS concentrations were relatively high compared to literature, concentrations of other PFASs were rather low. A potential risk for humans through consumption of PFAS-contaminated fish was assessed. Tolerable daily intake values (grams of fish that can be eaten daily without risking health effects) were much lower than the average South African fish consumption per day, implying a potential risk for human health through consumption of PFAS contaminated fish. CAPSULE: Concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in water, sediment, fish and invertebrates from the Vaal River were low or intermediate and posed a potential risk for human health through consumption of contaminated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thimo Groffen
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Victor Wepener
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, 11 Hoffman Street, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Wynand Malherbe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, 11 Hoffman Street, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicology Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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30
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Steyn L, Bouwman H, Maina JN. Associations between DDT and egg parameters of the House Sparrow Passer domesticus from the Thohoyandou area of South Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:249-256. [PMID: 29421736 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the pesticide DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its metabolites, DDE (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) and DDD (Dichlorobischlorophenylethane) were associated with adverse effects on multiple endpoints of the eggs of House Sparrows from the Thohoyandou area in South Africa, where DDT is used for malaria control. Eggshell thickness, pore numbers, pore shapes, and volume densities of the pores were measured to test possible adverse effects. Analysis was done using a scanning electron microscope and the concentrations of the pesticides were determined with the aid of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The highest concentrations recorded was p,p'-DDE at 0.84 μg/g wm (wet mass) in the eggs collected from Mangondi (a site last sprayed five years before sampling). Overall, the concentrations of total DDT recorded in this study were lower than reported by most other studies conducted in the same area. The association between DDT concentrations and House Sparrows eggshells were noticeable in the eggshell thicknesses, with significant differences between the eggs collected from Muledane (a site last sprayed 30 years before sampling) and Makula (a site sprayed both years of sampling) (P < 0.0022). Limited differences were found between the pore numbers and pore density of eggshells from the various sites. It may be that the limited effect on the pore numbers and volume densities of the pores are associated with low concentrations of DDT in the House Sparrow eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Steyn
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
| | - H Bouwman
- Research Unit, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - J N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
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du Preez M, Nel R, Bouwman H. First report of metallic elements in loggerhead and leatherback turtle eggs from the Indian Ocean. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:716-728. [PMID: 29407836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bio-monitoring of pollutants in long-lived animals such as sea turtles is an important tool in ecotoxicology. We present the first report on metallic elements in sea turtle eggs from the Indian Ocean. Eggs of the leatherback and loggerhead turtle that breed on the Indian Ocean coast of South Africa were analysed for 30 elements. The eggshells and egg contents of the loggerhead turtle, the smaller of the two species, had higher or significantly higher concentrations than leatherbacks, except for strontium - the reason is unknown. Elemental concentrations in eggshells and contents were the same or lower compared with other studies. The differences in concentrations in the egg contents and eggshells between the two species are likely due to different trophic levels, migration patterns, life histories, age, and growth, as well as differences in pollution sources and the uptake, retention and elimination characteristics of the different elements by the different species. We found no congruence between patterns in eggshells and corresponding egg contents, for both species. However, eggshells and egg contents showed congruence between species. The lack of congruence between eggshells and contents within each species precludes using eggshell concentrations as a proxy for egg content concentrations. Copper, strontium, and selenium occurred at concentrations higher than available toxic reverence values. Further research is warranted, including the analyses of POPs, as well as possible deme discrimination based on compositional pattern differences. Turtles serve as 'active samplers' returning to the same location to breed-something that is not practical with marine mammals or elasmobranchs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M du Preez
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - R Nel
- Department of Zoology and Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - H Bouwman
- Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Zheng S, Wang P, Sun H, Matsiko J, Hao Y, Meng D, Li Y, Zhang G, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Tissue distribution and maternal transfer of persistent organic pollutants in Kentish Plovers (Charadrius alexandrines) from Cangzhou Wetland, Bohai Bay, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1105-1113. [PMID: 28892854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several persistent organic pollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), were comprehensively investigated in the egg, muscle and liver samples of Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrines) collected from Cangzhou Wetland in western Bohai Bay, China. DDTs were the most abundant contaminants (35.4-9853ngg-1 lipid weight, lw), followed by HCHs, PCBs, PBDEs and HCB. PCDD/Fs exhibited the lowest concentrations in all tissues (8.74-4763pgg-1 lw). PCBs and PCDD/Fs were dominated by penta- and hexa-homologs, and PBDEs mostly consisted of the signature congeners of BDE formulations, such as BDE-209, -47, -153 and -99. Significant correlations were found between the lipid-normalized concentrations in muscle and liver (r: 0.37-0.90, p<0.05) and no significant differences (p<0.05), indicating the homogenous distribution of POPs in tissue lipids at steady state. The ratios of concentrations in muscle and liver (M/L) ranged from 0.20 to 1.51, and higher ratios of M/L were found for those compounds with log Kow in the range of 6.5-7.0, suggesting the preferential accumulation of mid-halogenated compounds in muscle. Significant correlations were generally observed between the concentrations in egg and the maternal tissue (p<0.05). The concentration ratios of egg to liver (E/L) were in the range of 0.10-1.24 except for p,p'-DDT (12.7), and compounds with log Kow of 6.5-7.0 exhibited higher E/L ratios, suggesting the selective maternal transfer of mid-halogenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Derong Meng
- Cangzhou Normal University, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Garcia-Heras MS, Arroyo B, Simmons RE, Camarero PR, Mateo R, Mougeot F. Blood concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in an avian predator endemic to southern Africa: Associations with habitat, electrical transformers and diet. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:440-449. [PMID: 28986081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Persistent pollutants such as organochlorine compounds (OCs) have been highlighted as a cause of population decline in avian predators. Understanding patterns of OCs contamination can be crucial for the conservation of affected species, yet little is known on these threats to African raptors. Here we report on OC concentrations in an endangered predator endemic to southern Africa, the Black Harrier Circus maurus. Blood samples were collected in 2012-2014 from wild nestlings (n = 90) and adults (n = 23) in south-western South Africa, where agriculture and urbanization have developed rapidly since the 1950s. Polychlorinated biphenyl (ΣPCB) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ΣDDT, for p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE) were detected in 79% and 84% of sampled individuals, respectively, with varying concentrations among demographic groups: nestlings had significantly higher ΣPCB and p,p'-DDT concentrations than adults, while adults had higher levels of p,p'-DDE than nestlings. Levels of ΣPCB significantly increased with an index of electric transformer density, a measure of the number and power of electric transformers around active nests. We propose this index as a useful tool for assessing ΣPCB exposure risk in other wildlife. Levels of p,p'-DDE significantly increased with the proportion of wetlands within the breeding territory, and also with the proportion of bird biomass in the diet. No association was found between OC levels and the protected area status of nesting sites. Physiological effects of contaminants were also manifest in increased white blood cell counts with higher p,p'-DDT levels. Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio increased with higher ΣPCB levels, suggesting increased physiological stress and reduced immunity in contaminated individuals. Our results suggest that OCs are still a current cause of concern for endangered Black Harriers, as well as other sympatric predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Garcia-Heras
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Beatriz Arroyo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Robert E Simmons
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Pablo R Camarero
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francois Mougeot
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Bornman MS, Aneck-Hahn NH, de Jager C, Wagenaar GM, Bouwman H, Barnhoorn IEJ, Patrick SM, Vandenberg LN, Kortenkamp A, Blumberg B, Kimmins S, Jegou B, Auger J, DiGangi J, Heindel JJ. Endocrine Disruptors and Health Effects in Africa: A Call for Action. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:085005. [PMID: 28935616 PMCID: PMC5783641 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Africa faces a number of unique environmental challenges. Unfortunately, it lacks the infrastructure needed to support the comprehensive environmental studies that could provide the scientific basis to inform environmental policies. There are a number of known sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other hazardous chemicals in Africa. However, a coordinated approach to identify and monitor these contaminants and to develop strategies for public health interventions has not yet been made. OBJECTIVES This commentary summarizes the scientific evidence presented by experts at the First African Endocrine Disruptors meeting. We describe a "call to action" to utilize the available scientific knowledge to address the impact of EDCs on human and wildlife health in Africa. DISCUSSION We identify existing knowledge gaps about exposures to EDCs in Africa and describe how well-designed research strategies are needed to address these gaps. A lack of resources for research and a lag in policy implementation slows down intervention strategies and poses a challenge to advancing future health in Africa. CONCLUSION To address the many challenges posed by EDCs, we argue that Africans should take the lead in prioritization and evaluation of environmental hazards, including EDCs. We recommend the institution of education and training programs for chemical users, adoption of the precautionary principle, establishment of biomonitoring programs, and funding of community-based epidemiology and wildlife research programs led and funded by African institutes and private companies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1774.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Bornman
- Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Natalie H Aneck-Hahn
- Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Urology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christiaan de Jager
- Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gesina M Wagenaar
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University , Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Sean M Patrick
- Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Health and Health Sciences , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London , Uxbridge, UK
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sarah Kimmins
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
| | - Bernard Jegou
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET-INSERM UMR 1085 ), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) , Rennes, France
- Ecole des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP) , Rennes, France
| | - Jacques Auger
- INSERM U1016, Equipe Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiologie de la Reproduction, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes , Paris, France
| | - Joseph DiGangi
- International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Lesch V, Bouwman H, Kinoshita A, Shibata Y. First report of perfluoroalkyl substances in South African Odonata. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:153-160. [PMID: 28211329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated substances are global and ubiquitous pollutants. However, very little is known about these substances in invertebrates, and even less in terrestrial invertebrates in particular. We analysed adult male dragonflies from six sites in South Africa for perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluro-n-undecanoic acid (PFUnA), perfluoro-n-dodecanoic acid (PFDoA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS). PFOS was detected in all individuals, with less quantifiable occurrences of the other substances. The dragonflies from the three northern sites located in farming areas had significantly lower ΣPFASs concentrations than the southern sites located closer to industrial areas (median ΣPFASs of 0.32 ng/g wm (wet mass) for North, and 9.3 ng/g wm for South). All substances except PFOS occurred at similar concentrations at all six sites when quantifiable, but PFOS dominated in the Southern sites. The highest median concentration was from Bloemhof Dam (ΣPFASs = 21 ng/g wm), which is known to be polluted by PFOS. Perfluorinated substances are not known to be manufactured in South Africa, therefore the residues detected are likely to have been derived from imported products. Odonata play a significant role in freshwater ecology. Any impacts on these aquatic and aerial predators are likely to have effects on aquatic and associated ecosystems. Further studies are required over a much larger geographic region and to investigate sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velesia Lesch
- Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Hindrik Bouwman
- Research Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ayako Kinoshita
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Guigueno MF, Fernie KJ. Birds and flame retardants: A review of the toxic effects on birds of historical and novel flame retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:398-424. [PMID: 28193557 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are a diverse group of chemicals, many of which persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in biota. Although some FRs have been withdrawn from manufacturing and commerce (e.g., legacy FRs), many continue to be detected in the environment; moreover, their replacements and/or other novel FRs are also detected in biota. Here, we review and summarize the literature on the toxic effects of various FRs on birds. Birds integrate chemical information (exposure, effects) across space and time, making them ideal sentinels of environmental contamination. Following an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) approach, we synthesized information on 8 of the most commonly reported endpoints in avian FR toxicity research: molecular measures, thyroid-related measures, steroids, retinol, brain anatomy, behaviour, growth and development, and reproduction. We then identified which of these endpoints appear more/most sensitive to FR exposure, as determined by the frequency of significant effects across avian studies. The avian thyroid system, largely characterized by inconsistent changes in circulating thyroid hormones that were the only measure in many such studies, appears to be moderately sensitive to FR exposure relative to the other endpoints; circulating thyroid hormones, after reproductive measures, being the most frequently examined endpoint. A more comprehensive examination with concurrent measurements of multiple thyroid endpoints (e.g., thyroid gland, deiodinase enzymes) is recommended for future studies to more fully understand potential avian thyroid toxicity of FRs. More research is required to determine the effects of various FRs on avian retinol concentrations, inconsistently sensitive across species, and to concurrently assess multiple steroid hormones. Behaviour related to courtship and reproduction was the most sensitive of all selected endpoints, with significant effects recorded in every study. Among domesticated species (Galliformes), raptors (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes), songbirds (Passeriformes), and other species of birds (e.g. gulls), raptors seem to be the most sensitive to FR exposure across these measurements. We recommend that future avian research connect biochemical disruptions and changes in the brain to ecologically relevant endpoints, such as behaviour and reproduction. Moreover, connecting in vivo endpoints with molecular endpoints for non-domesticated avian species is also highly important, and essential to linking FR exposure with reduced fitness and population-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie F Guigueno
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7S 1A1; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7S 1A1.
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Brits M, de Vos J, Weiss JM, Rohwer ER, de Boer J. Critical review of the analysis of brominated flame retardants and their environmental levels in Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:174-189. [PMID: 27591369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
World-wide, the prevalence of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) is well documented for routine analysis of environmental and biological matrices. There is, however, limited information on these compounds in the African environment and insufficient information on the analytical approaches used to obtain data. This paper presents a review on BFR levels in the African environment and the various analytical methodologies specifically applied in Africa for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls and alternative-BFRs. The analyses include liquid sample preparation using liquid-liquid and solid phase extraction and solid sample preparation involving Soxhlet extraction, with ultrasound-assisted extraction increasingly being applied. Instrumental detection techniques were limited to gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector and electron impact ionisation with single quadrupole mass spectrometers. Information on congener profile prevalence in indoor dust, soil, aquatic environment (water, sediment, and aquatic organisms), eggs, wastewater treatment plant compartments, landfills (leachate and sediment) and breast milk are presented. Although PBDEs were inconsistently detected, contamination was reported for all investigated matrices in the African environment. The manifestation in remote regions indicates the ubiquitous prevalence and long-range transport of these compounds. Levels in sediment, and breast milk from some African countries were higher than reported for Asia and Europe. Due to limited data or non-detection of alternative-BFRs, it is unclear whether banned formulations were replaced in Africa. Most of the data reported for BFR levels in Africa were obtained in non-African laboratories or in South Africa and formed the basis for our discussion of reported contamination levels and related methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brits
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa; VU University, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Separation Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Jayne de Vos
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Egmont R Rohwer
- Laboratory for Separation Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Jacob de Boer
- VU University, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Munschy C, Bodin N, Potier M, Héas-Moisan K, Pollono C, Degroote M, West W, Hollanda SJ, Puech A, Bourjea J, Nikolic N. Persistent Organic Pollutants in albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) from Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean) and South Africa in relation to biological and trophic characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 148:196-206. [PMID: 27084988 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) by Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), was investigated in individuals collected from Reunion Island (RI) and South Africa's (SA) southern coastlines in 2013, in relation to biological parameters and feeding ecology. The results showed lower PCB and DDT concentrations than those previously reported in various tuna species worldwide. A predominance of DDTs over PCBs was revealed, reflecting continuing inputs of DDT. Tuna collected from SA exhibited higher contamination levels than those from RI, related to higher dietary inputs and higher total lipid content. Greater variability in contamination levels and profiles was identified in tuna from RI, explained by a higher diversity of prey and more individualistic foraging behaviour. PCB and DDT contamination levels and profiles varied significantly in tuna from the two investigated areas, probably reflecting exposure to different sources of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | - N Bodin
- IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), UMR 248 MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation & Conservation), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - M Potier
- IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), UMR 248 MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation & Conservation), Centre de Recherche Halieutique, Avenue Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34200 Sète, France
| | - K Héas-Moisan
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - C Pollono
- IFREMER (Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - M Degroote
- IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), UMR 248 MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation & Conservation), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - W West
- DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries), Private Bag X2, Roggebaai 8012, South Africa
| | - S J Hollanda
- SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - A Puech
- IFREMER, Délégation Ocean Indien, Rue Jean Bertho, BP 60, 97822 Le Port Cedex, La Réunion, France
| | - J Bourjea
- IFREMER, UMR 248 MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation & Conservation), Centre de Recherche Halieutique, Avenue Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34200 Sète, France
| | - N Nikolic
- IFREMER, Délégation Ocean Indien, Rue Jean Bertho, BP 60, 97822 Le Port Cedex, La Réunion, France
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Gui D, Karczmarski L, Yu RQ, Plön S, Chen L, Tu Q, Cliff G, Wu Y. Profiling and Spatial Variation Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants in South African Delphinids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4008-4017. [PMID: 26967261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The continuous disposal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in South Africa (SA) warrants concern about their detrimental effects on humans and wildlife. We surveyed six dolphin species (n = 90) incidentally captured in shark net installations or stranded off the SA east and south coast from 2005 to 2009 to study the POP exposure. Sousa plumbea, an inshore and estuarine species, was found to be the most contaminated by total POPs (21 100 ng g(-1) lw) of all the dolphins off SA, followed by Tursiops aduncus (19 800 ng g(-1) lw), Lagenodelphis hosei (13 600 ng g(-1) lw), and Delphinus capensis (5500 ng g(-1) lw), whereas POP levels in the offshore or pelagic delphinids were much lower. In all delphinids, dominant pollutants were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), which represented more than 60% of the total concentration of total POPs, followed by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, 30%). Concentrations of DDTs in S. plumbea and T. aduncus off SA were among the highest levels reported in delphinids globally. Approximately half of the adult T. aduncus had PCB concentrations above the effect threshold for impairment of immune functions. The concentrations of Mirex and Dieldrin in SA delphinids were higher than those found in species from other regions of the Southern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Gui
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Leszek Karczmarski
- The Swire Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong , Cape d'Aguilar Road, Shek O, Hong Kong
| | - Ri-Qing Yu
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Tyler , Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
| | - Stephanie Plön
- Coastal and Marine Research Institute, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University , PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape 6031, South Africa
| | - Laiguo Chen
- Urban Environment and Ecology Research Center, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences (SCIES), Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, China
| | - Qin Tu
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Geremy Cliff
- KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, Private Bag 2, Umhlanga Rocks 4320, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and Biomedical Resource Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban, KwaZulu-Natal 4001, South Africa
| | - Yuping Wu
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
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Tanaka K, Takada H, Yamashita R, Mizukawa K, Fukuwaka MA, Watanuki Y. Facilitated Leaching of Additive-Derived PBDEs from Plastic by Seabirds' Stomach Oil and Accumulation in Tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11799-807. [PMID: 26325685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study suggested the transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants from ingested plastics to seabirds' tissues. To understand how the PBDEs are transferred, we studied leaching from plastics into digestive fluids. We hypothesized that stomach oil, which is present in the digestive tract of birds in the order Procellariiformes, acts as an organic solvent, facilitating the leaching of hydrophobic chemicals. Pieces of plastic compounded with deca-BDE were soaked in several leaching solutions. Trace amounts were leached into distilled water, seawater, and acidic pepsin solution. In contrast, over 20 times as much material was leached into stomach oil, and over 50 times as much into fish oil (a major component of stomach oil). Analysis of abdominal adipose, liver tissue, and ingested plastics from 18 wild seabirds collected from the North Pacific Ocean showed the occurrence of deca-BDE or hexa-BDEs in both the tissues and the ingested plastics in three of the birds, suggesting transfer from the plastic to the tissues. In birds with BDE209 in their tissues, the dominance of BDE207 over other nona-BDE isomers suggested biological debromination at the meta position. Model calculation of PBDE exposure to birds based on the results of the leaching experiments combined with field observations suggested the dominance of plastic-mediated internal exposure to BDE209 over exposure via prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Tanaka
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hideshige Takada
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rei Yamashita
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Mizukawa
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Fukuwaka
- Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency , Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-0802, Japan
| | - Yutaka Watanuki
- Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University , Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
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