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Saeed H, Padmesh S, Singh A, Nandy A, Singh SP, Deshwal RK. Impact of veterinary pharmaceuticals on environment and their mitigation through microbial bioremediation. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1396116. [PMID: 39040911 PMCID: PMC11262132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1396116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Veterinary medications are constantly being used for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in livestock. However, untreated veterinary drug active compounds are interminably discharged into numerous water bodies and terrestrial ecosystems, during production procedures, improper disposal of empty containers, unused medication or animal feed, and treatment procedures. This exhaustive review describes the different pathways through which veterinary medications enter the environment, discussing the role of agricultural practices and improper disposal methods. The detrimental effects of veterinary drug compounds on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are elaborated with examples of specific veterinary drugs and their known impacts. This review also aims to detail the mechanisms by which microbes degrade veterinary drug compounds as well as highlighting successful case studies and recent advancements in microbe-based bioremediation. It also elaborates on microbial electrochemical technologies as an eco-friendly solution for removing pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater. Lastly, we have summarized potential innovations and challenges in implementing bioremediation on a large scale under the section prospects and advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Saeed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Sudhakar Padmesh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Abhishek Nandy
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Sujit Pratap Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Ravi K. Deshwal
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, India
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El Yagoubi Y, Lemieux B, Segura PA, Cabana H. Characterization of laccases from Trametes hirsuta in the context of bioremediation of wastewater treatment plant effluent. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 171:110308. [PMID: 37660578 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The bioremediation of pharmaceutical compounds contained in wastewater, in an ecological and sustainable way, is possible via the oxidative action of fungal laccases. The discovery of new fungal laccases with unique physico-chemical characteristics pushes researchers to identify suitable laccases for specific applications. The aim of this study is to purify and characterize laccase isoenzymes produced from the Trametes hirsuta IBB450 strain for the bioremediation of pharmaceutical compounds. Two main laccases mixtures were observed and purified in the extracts and were called Yn and Yg. Peptide fingerprinting analysis suggested that Yn was constituted mainly of laccase Q02497 and Yg of laccase A0A6M5CX58, respectively. Robustness tests, based on tolerance and stability, showed that both laccases were affected in a relatively similar way by salts (KCl, NaCl), organic solvents (ACN, MeOH), denaturing compounds (urea, trypsin, copper) and were virtually unaffected and stable in wastewater. Determination of kinetic constants (Michaelis (KM), catalytic constant (kcat) and kinetic efficiency (K=kcat/KM)) for the transformation of synthetic hormone 17α-ethynylestradiol and the anti-inflammatory agent diclofenac indicates a lower KM and kcat for laccase Yn but relative similar K constant compared to Yg. Synergistic effects were observed for the transformation of diclofenac, unlike 17α-ethynylestradiol. Transformation studies of 17α-ethynylestradiol at different temperatures (4 and 21 °C) indicate a transformation rate reduction of approximately 75-80% at 4 °C against 25% for diclofenac in less than an hour. Finally, the classification of laccases Yg and Yn into one of eight groups (group A-H) suggests that laccase Yg belongs to group A (constitutive laccase) and laccase Yn belongs to group B (inducible laccase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Younès El Yagoubi
- Université de Sherbrooke Water Research Group (GREAUS), 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Bruno Lemieux
- Plateforme de purification des protéines de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Department of Microbiology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Pedro A Segura
- Université de Sherbrooke Water Research Group (GREAUS), 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Hubert Cabana
- Université de Sherbrooke Water Research Group (GREAUS), 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
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Amobonye A, Aruwa CE, Aransiola S, Omame J, Alabi TD, Lalung J. The potential of fungi in the bioremediation of pharmaceutically active compounds: a comprehensive review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1207792. [PMID: 37502403 PMCID: PMC10369004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of fungal species to produce a wide range of enzymes and metabolites, which act synergistically, makes them valuable tools in bioremediation, especially in the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from contaminated environments. PhACs are compounds that have been specifically designed to treat or alter animal physiological conditions and they include antibiotics, analgesics, hormones, and steroids. Their detrimental effects on all life forms have become a source of public outcry due their persistent nature and their uncontrolled discharge into various wastewater effluents, hospital effluents, and surface waters. Studies have however shown that fungi have the necessary metabolic machinery to degrade PhACs in complex environments, such as soil and water, in addition they can be utilized in bioreactor systems to remove PhACs. In this regard, this review highlights fungal species with immense potential in the biodegradation of PhACs, their enzymatic arsenal as well as the probable mechanism of biodegradation. The challenges encumbering the real-time application of this promising bioremediative approach are also highlighted, as well as the areas of improvement and future perspective. In all, this paper points researchers to the fact that fungal bioremediation is a promising strategy for addressing the growing issue of pharmaceutical contamination in the environment and can help to mitigate the negative impacts on ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Amobonye
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Christiana E. Aruwa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sesan Aransiola
- Bioresources Development Centre, National Biotechnology Development Agency, P.M.B. Onipanu, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
| | - John Omame
- National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, Lagos Field Office, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Toyin D. Alabi
- Department of Life Sciences, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Japareng Lalung
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Centre for Global Sustainability Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Rathore V, Patel S, Pandey A, Savjani J, Butani S, Dave H, Nema SK. Methotrexate degradation in artificial wastewater using non-thermal pencil plasma jet. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28502-z. [PMID: 37395874 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The rising global cancer rate is driving up the consumption of anticancer drugs. This causing a noticeable increase in the levels of these drugs in wastewater. The drugs are not metabolized effectively by the human body, leading to their presence in human waste, as well as in the effluent from hospitals and drug manufacturing industries. Methotrexate is a commonly used drug for treating various types of cancer. Its complex organic structure makes it difficult to degrade using conventional methods. The present work proposed a non-thermal pencil plasma jet treatment for methotrexate degradation. The air plasma produced in this jet setup is electrical characterized and plasma species/radicals are identified using emission spectroscopy. The degradation of drug is monitored by studying the change in solution physiochemical properties, HPLC-UV analysis, and removal of total organic carbon, etc.Results show that a 9-min plasma treatment completely degraded the drug solution that followed first-order degradation kinetics with rate constant 0.38 min-1 and 84.54% mineralization was observed. Additionally, an increase in electrical conductivity and dissolved solids compared to virgin water-plasma interaction indicated the formation of new, smaller compounds (2,4-Diaminopteridine-6-carboxylic acid, N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, etc.) after drug degradation. The plasma-treated methotrexate solution also showed lower toxicity toward freshwater chlorella algae compared to the untreated solution. Finally, it can be said that non-thermal plasma jets are economically and environmentally friendly devices that have the potential to be used for the treatment of complex and resistive anticancer drug-polluted wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Rathore
- Atmospheric Plasma Division, Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382428, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Shruti Patel
- National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Akanksha Pandey
- National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Jignasa Savjani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Shital Butani
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Heman Dave
- National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Nema
- Atmospheric Plasma Division, Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382428, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
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Castellano-Hinojosa A, Gallardo-Altamirano MJ, González-López J, González-Martínez A. Anticancer drugs in wastewater and natural environments: A review on their occurrence, environmental persistence, treatment, and ecological risks. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130818. [PMID: 36680899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of anticancer drugs (also known as chemotherapy drugs or antineoplastic drugs) has augmented over the last decades due to increased cancer incidence. Although there is an increasing concern about the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in natural environments and urban/domestic wastewater, anticancer drugs used in chemotherapy and anticancer medication have received less attention. In this review, the occurrence, environmental persistence, and known and potential ecological impacts of anticancer drugs is discussed. This review shows that these compounds are being increasingly detected in effluents of hospitals, influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants, river surface water and sediments, groundwater, and even drinking water. Anticancer drugs can impact aquatic organisms such as algae, crustaceans, rotifers, and fish and may promote changes in soil and water microbial communities that may alter ecosystem functioning. Our knowledge of technologies for the removal of anticancer drugs is still limited, and these drugs can be dispersed in nature in a diffuse way in an uncontrolled manner. For this reason, an improved understanding of the presence, persistence, and ecological impacts of anticancer drugs in wastewater and natural environments is needed to help design management strategies, protect aquatic microorganisms, and mitigate potential ecological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesús González-López
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, C/Ramon y Cajal, 4, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Hossein M, Asha R, Bakari R, Islam NF, Jiang G, Sarma H. Exploring eco-friendly approaches for mitigating pharmaceutical and personal care products in aquatic ecosystems: A sustainability assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137715. [PMID: 36621687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global water scarcity is exacerbated by climate change, population growth, and water pollution. Over half of the world's population will be affected by water shortages for at least a month annually by 2050 due toa lack of clean water sources. Even though recycling wastewater helps meet the growing demand, new pollutants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pose a health threat since conventional methods cannot remove them and their environmental monitoring regulations are yet in place. Therefore, the current review aims to investigate and propose eco-friendly technologies for removing PPCPs from wastewater and their implementation strategies for ecosystem safety. Findings indicated the absence of a single wastewater treatment technology that can remove all PPCPs in a single operation. Instead, biotechnological methods are one of the alternatives that can remove PPCPs from aquatic environments. In this context, community involvement and knowledge transfer are identified keys to clean water resources' long-term sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miraji Hossein
- Department' of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma, P. O. Box 338, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Ripanda Asha
- Department' of Chemistry, College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Dodoma, P. O. Box 338, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Ramadhani Bakari
- Department of Petroleum and Energy Engineering, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, 41000, Tanzania
| | - Nazim Forid Islam
- Institutional Biotech Hub (IBT Hub), Department of Botany, Nanda Nath Saikia College, Titabar, Assam, 785630, India
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Hemen Sarma
- Bioremediation Technology Research Group, Department of Botany, Bodoland University, Rangalikhata, Deborgaon, Kokrajhar (BTR), Assam, 783370, India.
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7
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Sharma J, Joshi M, Bhatnagar A, Chaurasia AK, Nigam S. Pharmaceutical residues: One of the significant problems in achieving 'clean water for all' and its solution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114219. [PMID: 36057333 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid emergence of various metabolic and multiple-drug-resistant infectious diseases, new pharmaceuticals are continuously being introduced in the market. The excess production and use of pharmaceuticals and their untreated/unmetabolized release in the environment cause the contamination of aquatic ecosystem, and thus, compromise the environment and human-health. The present review provides insights into the classification, sources, occurrence, harmful impacts, and existing technologies to curb these problems. A comprehensive detail of various biological and nanotechnological strategies for the removal of pharmaceutical residues from water is critically discussed focusing on their efficiencies, and current limitations to design improved-technologies for their lab-to-field applications. Furthermore, the review highlights and suggests the scope of integrated bionanotechnological methods for enhanced removal of pharmaceutical residues from water to fulfill the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UN-SDG) for providing clean potable water for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monika Joshi
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Akhilesh K Chaurasia
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Subhasha Nigam
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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8
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Pariente MI, Segura Y, Álvarez-Torrellas S, Casas JA, de Pedro ZM, Diaz E, García J, López-Muñoz MJ, Marugán J, Mohedano AF, Molina R, Munoz M, Pablos C, Perdigón-Melón JA, Petre AL, Rodríguez JJ, Tobajas M, Martínez F. Critical review of technologies for the on-site treatment of hospital wastewater: From conventional to combined advanced processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115769. [PMID: 35944316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to assess different technologies for the on-site treatment of hospital wastewater (HWW) to remove pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) as sustances of emerging concern at a bench, pilot, and full scales from 2014 to 2020. Moreover, a rough characterisation of hospital effluents is presented. The main detected PhCs are antibiotics and psychiatric drugs, with concentrations up to 1.1 mg/L. On the one hand, regarding the presented technologies, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are a good alternative for treating HWW with PhCs removal values higher than 80% in removing analgesics, anti-inflammatories, cardiovascular drugs, and some antibiotics. Moreover, this system has been scaled up to the pilot plant scale. However, some target compounds are still present in the treated effluent, such as psychiatric and contrast media drugs and recalcitrant antibiotics (erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole). On the other hand, ozonation effectively removes antibiotics found in the HWW (>93%), and some studies are carried out at the pilot plant scale. Even though, some families, such as the X-ray contrast media, are recalcitrant to ozone. Other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as Fenton-like or UV treatments, seem very effective for removing pharmaceuticals, Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria (ARBs) and Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs). However, they are not implanted at pilot plant or full scale as they usually consider extra reactants such as ozone, iron, or UV-light, making the scale-up of the processes a challenging task to treat high-loading wastewater. Thus, several examples of biological wastewater treatment methods combined with AOPs have been proposed as the better strategy to treat HWW with high removal of PhCs (generally over 98%) and ARGs/ARBs (below the detection limit) and lower spending on reactants. However, it still requires further development and optimisation of the integrated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Pariente
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Y Segura
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Álvarez-Torrellas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av/ Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Casas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Z M de Pedro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Diaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J García
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av/ Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J López-Muñoz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Marugán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - A F Mohedano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Molina
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Munoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Pablos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Perdigón-Melón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Alcalá, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - A L Petre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Alcalá, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Tobajas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Martínez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Current Challenges for Biological Treatment of Pharmaceutical-Based Contaminants with Oxidoreductase Enzymes: Immobilization Processes, Real Aqueous Matrices and Hybrid Techniques. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101489. [PMID: 36291698 PMCID: PMC9599273 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide access to pharmaceuticals and their continuous release into the environment have raised a serious global concern. Pharmaceuticals remain active even at low concentrations, therefore their occurrence in waterbodies may lead to successive deterioration of water quality with adverse impacts on the ecosystem and human health. To address this challenge, there is currently an evolving trend toward the search for effective methods to ensure efficient purification of both drinking water and wastewater. Biocatalytic transformation of pharmaceuticals using oxidoreductase enzymes, such as peroxidase and laccase, is a promising environmentally friendly solution for water treatment, where fungal species have been used as preferred producers due to their ligninolytic enzymatic systems. Enzyme-catalyzed degradation can transform micropollutants into more bioavailable or even innocuous products. Enzyme immobilization on a carrier generally increases its stability and catalytic performance, allowing its reuse, being a promising approach to ensure applicability to an industrial scale process. Moreover, coupling biocatalytic processes to other treatment technologies have been revealed to be an effective approach to achieve the complete removal of pharmaceuticals. This review updates the state-of-the-art of the application of oxidoreductases enzymes, namely laccase, to degrade pharmaceuticals from spiked water and real wastewater. Moreover, the advances concerning the techniques used for enzyme immobilization, the operation in bioreactors, the use of redox mediators, the application of hybrid techniques, as well as the discussion of transformation mechanisms and ending toxicity, are addressed.
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10
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Wang G, Jiang Y, Tang K, Zhang Y, Andersen HR. Efficient recovery of dissolved Fe(II) from near neutral pH Fenton via microbial electrolysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129196. [PMID: 35739726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fe(II) regeneration from ferric sludge via a biocathode and citrate system has recently been proposed to avoid iron-sludge accumulation and iron consumption in homogeneous Fenton treatments. However, poor regeneration rate of Fe(II) from ferric sludge at a near-neutral pH, without an iron-complexing agent, limited its wider practical application. Here, a biocathode augmented with Geobacter sulfurreducens hosted by a microbial electrolysis cell was developed to efficiently regenerate dissolved Fe(II) from ferric sludge at near-neutral pH levels, without using iron-complexing agents. In the Geobacter sulfurreducens-rich biocathode without complexing agents, the regeneration rate of dissolved Fe(II) increased three-fold compared with the biocathode before inoculating Geobacter sulfurreducens. The highest concentration of dissolved Fe(II) increased from 45 mg Fe/L to 199 mg Fe/L at pH 6 when 0.5 V of voltage was applied. Furthermore, 84 mg Fe/L of dissolved Fe(II) was successfully regenerated from ferric sludge during the 123 days' operation of flow-through biocathode. Finally, the regenerated Fe(II) solution without organic matters was successfully applied in a near-neutral pH Fenton treatment to remove recalcitrant pollutants. This Geobacter sulfurreducens-rich biocathode, with its low chemical consumption, high regeneration rate and feasibility for continuous flow operation, offers a more efficient method to realize iron-free in homogeneous Fenton treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Rasmus Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Wan Mohtar WHM, Wan-Mohtar WAAQI, Zahuri AA, Ibrahim MF, Show PL, Ilham Z, Jamaludin AA, Abdul Patah MF, Ahmad Usuldin SR, Rowan N. Role of ascomycete and basidiomycete fungi in meeting established and emerging sustainability opportunities: a review. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14903-14935. [PMID: 37105672 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2184785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal biomass is the future's feedstock. Non-septate Ascomycetes and septate Basidiomycetes, famously known as mushrooms, are sources of fungal biomass. Fungal biomass, which on averagely comprises about 34% protein and 45% carbohydrate, can be cultivated in bioreactors to produce affordable, safe, nontoxic, and consistent biomass quality. Fungal-based technologies are seen as attractive, safer alternatives, either substituting or complementing the existing standard technology. Water and wastewater treatment, food and feed, green technology, innovative designs in buildings, enzyme technology, potential health benefits, and wealth production are the key sectors that successfully reported high-efficiency performances of fungal applications. This paper reviews the latest technical know-how, methods, and performance of fungal adaptation in those sectors. Excellent performance was reported indicating high potential for fungi utilization, particularly in the sectors, yet to be utilized and improved on the existing fungal-based applications. The expansion of fungal biomass in the industrial-scale application for the sustainability of earth and human well-being is in line with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Environmental Management Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Research Institutes and Industry Centres, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, MidlandsMidwest, Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Afnan Ahmadi Zahuri
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Zul Ilham
- Environmental Science and Management Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin
- Environmental Science and Management Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Fazly Abdul Patah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Rokhiyah Ahmad Usuldin
- Functional Omics and Bioprocess Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Agro-Biotechnology Institute, Malaysia, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Neil Rowan
- Research Institutes and Industry Centres, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, MidlandsMidwest, Westmeath, Ireland
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12
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González-Burciaga LA, Núñez-Núñez CM, Proal-Nájera JB. Challenges of TiO 2 heterogeneous photocatalysis on cytostatic compounds degradation: state of the art. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:42251-42274. [PMID: 34741739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The following work provides a perspective on the degradation of cytostatic pollutants through TiO2 heterogeneous photocatalysis. Cytostatic drugs are emerging pollutants used for cancer treatment found in hospital and domestic wastewater. Small amounts of cytostatic pollutants may pose severe health problems in human beings, animals, and plants after prolonged contact. This research presents a general review of some water treatment methods, such as aerobic activated sludge, enzymatic degradation, nanofiltration and chlorination, that have been used for the degradation or elimination of cytostatic drugs in wastewater. In recent years, photocatalysis has become important to solve this problem; these advanced oxidation process uses pure and modified TiO2 to degrade cytostatic contaminants and convert them into non-harmful substances or to eliminate them completely. This work contains a comprehensive review of the heterogeneous photocatalysis process and mechanism, and its application on the removal of cytostatic pollutants. Even if research on the topic is still scarce, this literature review provides interesting highlights on the scope of the research field, and the path such research could follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A González-Burciaga
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Durango, Calle Sigma 119, Fracc. 20 de Noviembre II, Durango, 34220, México
| | - Cynthia M Núñez-Núñez
- Universidad Politécnica de Durango, Carretera Durango-México km 9.5, Col. Dolores Hidalgo, Durango, 34300, México
| | - José B Proal-Nájera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR-Unidad Durango, Calle Sigma 119, Fracc. 20 de Noviembre II, Durango, 34220, México.
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13
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Sanabria P, Wilde ML, Ruiz-Padillo A, Sirtori C. Trends in Fenton and photo-Fenton processes for degradation of antineoplastic agents in water matrices: current knowledge and future challenges evaluation using a bibliometric and systematic analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:42168-42184. [PMID: 34403053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastic agents present potential hazards to human health and the environment. For this reason, these compounds have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers in the environmental sciences field. In order to help guide future research, it is important to understand the current state of investigation of the occurrence of these microcontaminants and methods for their removal, especially focusing on Fenton and photo-Fenton processes applied to various aqueous matrices in which this class of pharmaceuticals is present. For this purpose, a systematic review of these topics was performed by bibliometric analysis of articles published during the last decade and available in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. This study enables visualization of the current panorama and trends in this field, providing a guide for future collaborative research and exchange of knowledge. Various strategies have been suggested to improve the efficiency of Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, mainly by means of the application of multiples additions of iron, the use of heterogeneous catalysts, and/or the use of chelating agents. Some studies have evaluated different radiation sources employed for photo-Fenton processes, such as solar and/or artificial radiation. In turn, the identification of transformation products generated by Fenton and photo-Fenton treatments, together with their evaluation by in silico (Q)SAR predictions or experimental toxicological bioassays, are related subjects that have been less reported in published works and that should be studied in depth. These subjects can support treatment evaluations that are more realistic, considering their limitations or potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Sanabria
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo L Wilde
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Padillo
- Mobility and Logistics Laboratory. Transportation Department, Federal Universityof Santa Maria, Roraima Av., 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Sirtori
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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14
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Narayanan M, El-Sheekh M, Ma Y, Pugazhendhi A, Natarajan D, Kandasamy G, Raja R, Saravana Kumar RM, Kumarasamy S, Sathiyan G, Geetha R, Paulraj B, Liu G, Kandasamy S. Current status of microbes involved in the degradation of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118922. [PMID: 35114308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of aquatic systems with pharmaceuticals, personal care products, steroid hormones, and agrochemicals has been an immense problem for the earth's ecosystem and health impacts. The environmental issues of well-known persistence pollutants, their metabolites, and other micro-pollutants in diverse aquatic systems around the world were collated and exposed in this review assessment. Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) influents and effluents, as well as industrial, hospital, and residential effluents, include detectable concentrations of known and undiscovered persistence pollutants and metabolites. These components have been found in surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and natural water reservoirs receiving treated and untreated effluents. Several studies have found that these persistence pollutants, and also similar recalcitrant pollutants, are hazardous to a variety of non-targeted creatures in the environment. In human and animals, they can also have severe and persistent harmful consequences. Because these pollutants are harmful to aquatic organisms, microbial degradation of these persistence pollutants had the least efficiency. Fortunately, only a few wild and Genetically Modified (GMOs) microbial species have the ability to degrade these PPCPs contaminants. Hence, researchers have been studying the degradation competence of microbial communities in persistence pollutants of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and respective metabolites for decades, as well as possible degradation processes in various aquatic systems. As a result, this review provides comprehensive information about environmental issues and the degradation of PPCPs and their metabolites, as well as other micro-pollutants, in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathiyazhagan Narayanan
- PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Adhiyamaan Educational and Research Institutions (AERI), Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, 635 130, India.
| | - Mostafa El-Sheekh
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Ying Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | - Gajendiran Kandasamy
- Department of Microbiology, MGR College, Adhiyamaan Educational and Research Institutions (AERI), Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, 635 130, India
| | - Rathinam Raja
- Central Research Laboratory, Research and Development Wing, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (SBMCH) - BIHER, Chromepet, Chennai, 600 044, India
| | - R M Saravana Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Kumarasamy
- PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Adhiyamaan Educational and Research Institutions (AERI), Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, 635 130, India
| | - Govindasamy Sathiyan
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Geetha
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Paulraj
- PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Adhiyamaan Educational and Research Institutions (AERI), Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, 635 130, India
| | - Guanglong Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sabariswaran Kandasamy
- Department of Biomass and Energy Conversion, Institute of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai - 602 105, India.
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15
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Kasonga TK, Coetzee MAA, Kamika I, Momba MNB. Assessing a co-culture fungal granule ability to remove pharmaceuticals in a sequencing batch reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:1684-1699. [PMID: 33151811 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1847204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac sodium (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBP) was evaluated through fungal granules development in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Fungal granules were developed in co-culture of T. polyzona, A. niger, T. longibrachiatum, M. circinelloides and R. microsporus at a retention time (RT) of 2 days and 1 day. Ligninolytic enzymes [laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP)] were determined. Removal of pharmaceuticals was assessed and metabolites identified using the SPE-UPLC-QToF/MS methods. A pH range of 3-4.6 was found to improve the granulation development from day 6 and the production of ligninolytic enzymes [MnP (253.00 ± 14.19 U/L), Lac (111.58 ± 10.00 U/L) and LiP (95.25 ± 8.22 U/L)]. At steady-state, a removal of 97.41±0.25%, 99.83±0.14%, and 99.91±0.08 were achieved at an RT of 2 days for CBZ, DCF, and IBP, respectively, and of 91.94±0.05%, 99.31±0.12% and 97.72±0.23% at an RT of 1 days for the same PhCs. A variety of chemical reactions have been proposed for degradation pathways catalysed by enzyme-producing fungi, generating fragment ions of intermediate compounds. This study is highly relevant for cost-effective and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment processes in water scare countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Kabeya Kasonga
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martie A A Coetzee
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ilunga Kamika
- Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit; School of Science; College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
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16
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Del Álamo AC, Pariente MI, Molina R, Martínez F. Advanced bio-oxidation of fungal mixed cultures immobilized on rotating biological contactors for the removal of pharmaceutical micropollutants in a real hospital wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:128002. [PMID: 34896717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hospital wastewater represents an important source of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) as contaminants of emerging concern for urban wastewater treatment plants. This work evaluates a fungal biological treatment of a hospital effluent before discharging in the municipal sewer system. This treatment was performed in rotating biological contactors (RBCs) covered with wooden planks in order to promote the attachment of the fungal biomass. These bioreactors, initially inoculated with Trametes versicolor as white rot fungi, have created biofilms of a diversified population of fungal (wood-decaying fungi belonging to Basidiomycota and Ascomycetes) and bacterial (Beta-proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria) microorganisms. The mixed fungal/bacterial community achieved a stable performance in terms of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous reductions for 75 days of continuous operation. Moreover, a remarkable removal of pharmaceutical micropollutants was accomplished especially for antibiotics (98.4 ± 0.7, 83 ± 8% and 76 ± 10 for azithromycin, metronidazole and sulfamethoxazole, respectively). Previous studies have proven a high efficiency of fungi for the removal of microcontaminants as a result of advanced bio-oxidation processes mediated by oxidizing hydroxyl radicals. This study evidences the development of a stable fungal-bacterial mixed culture over wooden-modified RBCs for in-situ removal of pharmaceutical compounds of hospital wastewater under non-sterile conditions and non-strict temperature control, avoiding periodical fungal inoculation due to destabilization and displacement of fungal cultures by indigenous wastewater bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cruz Del Álamo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain
| | - M I Pariente
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain
| | - R Molina
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain.
| | - F Martínez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain
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17
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Abstract
The accumulation of waste and toxic compounds has become increasingly harmful to the environment and human health. In this context, the use of laccases has become a focus of interest, due to the properties of these versatile enzymes: low substrate specificity, and water formation as a non-toxic end product. Thus, we begin our study with a general overview of the importance of laccase for the environment and industry, starting with the sources of laccases (plant, bacterial and fungal laccases), the structure and mechanism of laccases, microbial biosynthesis, and the immobilization of laccases. Then, we continue with an overview of agro-waste treatment by laccases wherein we observe the importance of laccases for the biodisponibilization of substrates and the biodegradation of agro-industrial byproducts; we then show some aspects regarding the degradation of xenobiotic compounds, dyes, and pharmaceutical products. The objective of this research is to emphasize and fully investigate the effects of laccase action on the decomposition of lignocellulosic materials and on the removal of harmful compounds from soil and water, in order to provide a sustainable solution to reducing environmental pollution.
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18
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Świacka K, Maculewicz J, Kowalska D, Caban M, Smolarz K, Świeżak J. Presence of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in wild-living aquatic organisms - Current state of knowledge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127350. [PMID: 34607031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades an increasing number of studies has been published concerning contamination of aquatic ecosystems with pharmaceuticals. Yet, the distribution of these chemical compounds in aquatic environments raises many questions and uncertainties. Data on the presence of selected pharmaceuticals in the same water bodies varies significantly between different studies. Therefore, since early 1990 s, wild organisms have been used in research on environmental contamination with pharmaceuticals. Indeed, pharmaceutical levels measured in biological matrices may better reflect their overall presence in the aquatic environments as such levels include not only direct exposure of a given organisms to a specific pollutant but also processes such as bioaccumulation and biomagnification. In the present paper, data concerning occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic biota was reviewed. So far, pharmaceuticals have been studied mainly in fish and molluscs, with only a few papers available on crustaceans and macroalgae. The most commonly found pharmaceuticals both in freshwater and marine organisms are antibiotics, antidepressants and NSAIDS while there is no information about the presence of anticancer drugs in aquatic organisms. Furthermore, only single studies were conducted in Africa and Australia. Hence, systematization of up-to-date knowledge, the main aim of this review, is needed for further research targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Świacka
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jakub Maculewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kowalska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Smolarz
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Justyna Świeżak
- Department of Experimental Ecology of Marine Organisms, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
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19
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Yadav A, Rene ER, Kanti Mandal M, Kumar Dubey K. Biodegradation of cyclophosphamide and etoposide by white rot fungi and their degradation kinetics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126355. [PMID: 34798252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of cyclophosphamide and etoposide by Trametes versicolor (AH05), Ganoderma lucidum (MTCC-1039), and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (MTCC-787) were tested for 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days, respectively. G. lucidum achieved the highest degradation efficiency of cyclophosphamide (71.5%) and etoposide (98.4%) after 6 days of treatment. The degradation efficiency of T. versicolor and P. chrysosporium for etoposide was 79.8% and 76.8%, respectively. However, no degradation of cyclophosphamide was achieved with P. chrysosporium, although it showed the highest sorption efficiency for cyclophosphamide (23.7%). Trametes versicolor achieved only 1.4% degradation of cyclophosphamide, that includes both biodegradation and biosorption. The pseudo first-order degradation kinetics explained the degradation of etoposide and cyclophosphamide with t1/2 values of 1.32 and 4.43 days and 'k' constant of 0.16 and 0.54 day-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, India
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mrinal Kanti Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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20
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Sajedi F, Moghaddas J. Synthetic wastewater treatment of anticancer agents using synthesized hydrophilic silica aerogels. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2022.2027446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdows Sajedi
- Transport Phenomena Research Center, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafarsadegh Moghaddas
- Transport Phenomena Research Center, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Bilal M, Lam SS, Iqbal HMN. Biocatalytic remediation of pharmaceutically active micropollutants for environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118582. [PMID: 34856243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of an alarming number of recalcitrant pollutants from various industrial activities presents a serious threat to environmental sustainability and ecological integrity. Bioremediation has gained immense interest around the world due to its environmentally friendly and cost-effective nature. In contrast to physical and chemical methods, the use of microbial enzymes, particularly immobilized biocatalysts, has been demonstrated as a versatile approach for the sustainable mitigation of environmental pollution. Considerable attention is now devoted to developing novel enzyme engineering approaches and state-of-the-art bioreactor design for ameliorating the overall bio-catalysis and biodegradation performance of enzymes. This review discusses the contemporary and state of the art technical and scientific progress regarding applying oxidoreductase enzyme-based biocatalytic systems to remediate a vast number of pharmaceutically active compounds from water and wastewater bodies. A comprehensive insight into enzyme immobilization, the role of mediators, bioreactors designing, and transformation products of pharmaceuticals and their associated toxicity is provided. Additional studies are necessary to elucidate enzymatic degradation mechanisms, monitor the toxicity levels of the resulting degraded metabolites and optimize the entire bio-treatment strategy for technical and economical affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
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22
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Jureczko M, Przystaś W. Removal of two cytostatic drugs: bleomycin and vincristine by white-rot fungi - a sorption study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:651-662. [PMID: 34150265 PMCID: PMC8172822 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cytostatic drugs cannot be easily removed by conventional sewage treatment plants, resulting in their ultimate release into aquatic systems where they become a threat. Thus, new technologies which can be used to eliminate these drugs more effectively before they enter the environment are increasingly important. Fungal treatment of wastewaters is a promising and environmentally friendly technology for pharmaceutical remediation. The aim of this work is to examine the biosorption of two cytostatics, bleomycin and vincristine, in the aqueous solution by fungal biomass. METHODS Five white-rot fungi were used in this study: Fomes fomentarius (CB13), Hypholoma fasciculare (CB15), Phyllotopsis nidulans (CB14), Pleurotus ostreatus (BWPH), and Trametes versicolor (CB8). Tests were conducted on different types of biomass (alive and dead - autoclaved) and in various physico-chemical conditions: varied drug concentrations (5, 10 and 15 mg/L), temperatures (from 15.4 to 29.6 °C), and pH (from 3.2 to 8.8). RESULTS The results showed that among alive biomass, T. versicolor (CB8) had the greatest sorption ability for bleomycin and P. nidulans (CB14) worked best for vincristine. The tested sorption process could be described by a pseudo-second order kinetics model. Sorption equilibrium studies demonstrated that for bleomycin Redlich-Peterson, while for vincristine Langmuir model fitted best. The thermodynamic studies showed that the sorption process was endothermic chemisorption for bleomycin, and exothermic physisorption for vincristine. For both drugs the sorption ability increased with an increase of the pH value. CONCLUSION The biosorption on fungal biomass is a favorable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment processes for anticancer drug removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Jureczko
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- The Biotechnology Centre, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wioletta Przystaś
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- The Biotechnology Centre, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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23
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Tišma M, Žnidaršič-Plazl P, Šelo G, Tolj I, Šperanda M, Bucić-Kojić A, Planinić M. Trametes versicolor in lignocellulose-based bioeconomy: State of the art, challenges and opportunities. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 330:124997. [PMID: 33752945 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although Trametes versicolor is one of the most investigated white-rot fungi, the industrial application of this fungus and its metabolites is still far from reaching its full potential. This review aims to highlight the opportunities and challenges for the industrial use of T. versicolor according to the principles of circular bioeconomy. The use of this fungus can contribute significantly to the success of efforts to valorize lignocellulosic waste biomass and industrial lignocellulosic byproducts. Various techniques of T. versicolor cultivation for enzyme production, food and feed production, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production are listed and critically evaluated, highlighting bottlenecks and future perspectives. Applications of T. versicolor crude laccase extracts in wastewater treatment, removal of lignin from lignocellulose, and in various biotransformations are analyzed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tišma
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Polona Žnidaršič-Plazl
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gordana Šelo
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Tolj
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, University Hospital Center of Osijek, Clinical of Internal Medicine, Department of Nephrology, Josipa Hutlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marcela Šperanda
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR - 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Bucić-Kojić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mirela Planinić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Kelbert M, Pereira CS, Daronch NA, Cesca K, Michels C, de Oliveira D, Soares HM. Laccase as an efficacious approach to remove anticancer drugs: A study of doxorubicin degradation, kinetic parameters, and toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124520. [PMID: 33239208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of an anticancer drug by laccase was investigated for the first time, bringing a new approach to treat these hazardous substances through the direct enzymatic application. Degradations of doxorubicin by laccase were performed in different enzymatic concentrations, pH values and temperatures through kinetic studies. The highest enzymatic degradation of doxorubicin was achieved at pH 7 and 30 ºC, which resembles effluent characteristics from wastewater treatment plants. Assays were carried out in different doxorubicin concentrations to comprehend the enzymatic kinetics of degradation. Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters obtained were maximum velocity obtained (Vmax) of 702.8 µgDOX h-1 L-1 and Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) of 4.05 µM, which showed a good affinity for the substrate. The toxicity was evaluated against L-929 cell line, and the degraded doxorubicin solution did not show a reduction in cell viability in the concentration of 250 µg L-1. In contrast, the doxorubicin shows a reduction of 27% in cell viability. Furthermore, in the highest tested concentration (1000 µg L-1), enzymatic degradation reduced in up 41.4% the toxicity of doxorubicin, which indicates laccase degrades doxorubicin to non-toxic compounds. In conclusion, this study provides a new application to laccase since the results showed great potential to remove anticancer drugs from effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikon Kelbert
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Camila Senna Pereira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Naionara Ariete Daronch
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Karina Cesca
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Camila Michels
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Débora de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Moreira Soares
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil.
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25
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Madadi R, Bester K. Fungi and biochar applications in bioremediation of organic micropollutants from aquatic media. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 166:112247. [PMID: 33735702 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The conventional wastewater treatment system such as bacteria, is not able to remove recalcitrant micropollutants effectively. While, fungi have shown high capacity in degradation of recalcitrant compounds. Biochar, on the other hand, has gained attention in water and wastewater treatment as a low cost and sustainable adsorbent. This paper aims to review the recent applications of three major fungal divisions including Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mucoromycotina, in organic micropollutants removal from wastewater. Moreover, it presents an insight into fungal bioreactors, fungal biofilm and immobilization system. Biochar adsorption capacities for organic micropollutants removal under different operating conditions are summarized. Finally, few recommendations for further research are established in the context of the combination of fungal biofilm with the technologies relying on the adsorption by porous carbonaceous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Madadi
- Department of agricultural biotechnology, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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26
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Jureczko M, Przystaś W, Krawczyk T, Gonciarz W, Rudnicka K. White-rot fungi-mediated biodegradation of cytostatic drugs - bleomycin and vincristine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124632. [PMID: 33359974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of the environment with anticancer drugs, which show recalcitrance to conventional wastewater treatment, has become a significant ecological threat. Fungi represent a promising non-conventional biological alternative for water conditioning. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of five white-rot fungi (Fomes fomentarius (CB13), Hypholoma fasciculare (CB15), Phyllotopsis nidulans (CB14), Pleurotus ostreatus (BWPH) and Trametes versicolor (CB8)) in the removal of bleomycin and vincristine. The removal capacity was measured at 0, 4, 9, and 14 days of incubation using SPE-UPLC-MS. The enzymatic profiles of laccase, manganese, and lignin peroxidases and wide range of eco- and cytotoxicity, assays of the post-process samples were also conducted. We observed >94% vincristine elimination by F. fomentarius, H. fasciculare and T. versicolor after only 4 days. Bleomycin removal occurred after a minimum of 9 days and only when the drug was incubated with T. versicolor (36%) and H. fasciculare (25%). The removal of both cytostatics was associated with laccase production, and the loss of eco- and cytotoxicity, especially in regard to viability of Lemna minor and Daphnia magna, as well as fibroblasts morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Jureczko
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Przystaś
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; The Biotechnology Centre, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Krawczyk
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Weronika Gonciarz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland.
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Yadav A, Rene ER, Mandal MK, Dubey KK. Threat and sustainable technological solution for antineoplastic drugs pollution: Review on a persisting global issue. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128285. [PMID: 33297229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past 20 years, the discharge of pharmaceuticals and their presence in the aquatic environment have been continuously increasing and this has caused serious public health and environmental concerns. Antineoplastic drugs are used in chemotherapy, in large quantities worldwide, for the treatment of continuously increasing cancer cases. Antineoplastic drugs also contaminate water sources and possess mutagenic, cytostatic and eco-toxicological effects on microorganisms present in the aquatic environment as well as on human health. Due to the recalcitrant nature of antineoplastic drugs, the commonly used wastewater treatment processes are not able to eliminate these drugs. Globally, various anticancer drugs are being consumed during chemotherapy in hospitals and households by out-patients. These anti-cancer agents enter the water bodies in their original form or as metabolites via urine and faeces of the out-patients or the patients admitted in hospitals. Due to its high lipid solubility, the antineoplastic drugs accumulate in the fatty tissues of the organisms. These drugs enter through the food chain and cause adverse health effects on humans due to their cytotoxic and genotoxic properties. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) elucidated new regulations for the management of hazardous pharmaceuticals in the water environment. In this paper, the role of antineoplastic agents as emerging water contaminants, its transfer through the food chain, its eco-toxicological properties and effects, technological solutions and management aspects were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Yadav
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mrinal Kanti Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India; Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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28
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Mello LC, da Fonseca TG, Denis Moledode de Souza A. Ecotoxicological assessment of chemotherapeutic agents using toxicity tests with embryos of Mellita quinquiesperforata. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 159:111493. [PMID: 32736201 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of anticancer agents has increased in the recent decades, and these substances may be present in sewage. Consequently, they may reach the environment when sanitation infrastructure is ineffective. This study evaluated the toxicity of three anticancer agents-Tamoxifen (TAM), Cisplatin (CisPt), and Cyclophosphamide (CP)-on the development of embryos of the sand-dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata. Adult individuals were collected in sandy beaches, and gametes were obtained. Freshly-fertilized eggs were exposed to increasing sets of concentrations of each compound, and the effective concentrations needed to cause a 50% effect in the organisms (EC50) were calculated. The three compounds were toxic, and their EC50 values were 16.78 ± 2.42 ng·L-1 (TAM), 27.20 ± 38.26 ng·L-1 (CisPt), and 101.82 ± 70.96 ng·L-1 (CP). There is no information on the environmental levels of these compounds in Brazil, but as they were already detected in ng·L-1 levels worldwide, it can be expected that these substances pose environmental risks to the marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Costa Mello
- Center of Studies on Aquatic Pollution and Ecoxicology (NEPEA), São Paulo State University - UNESP, São Vicente, SP 11330-900, Brazil
| | - Taina Garcia da Fonseca
- Center of Studies on Aquatic Pollution and Ecoxicology (NEPEA), São Paulo State University - UNESP, São Vicente, SP 11330-900, Brazil; Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Abessa Denis Moledode de Souza
- Center of Studies on Aquatic Pollution and Ecoxicology (NEPEA), São Paulo State University - UNESP, São Vicente, SP 11330-900, Brazil.
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29
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Environmental Remediation of Antineoplastic Drugs: Present Status, Challenges, and Future Directions. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of cancer is on the rise, and as a result, the number of therapeutics administered for chemotherapy is increasing. The occupational exposure, recalcitrant nature and ecotoxicological toxicity of these therapeutics, referred to as antineoplastic (ANP) drugs, have raised concerns about their safe remediation. This review provides an overview of the environmental source of ANPs agents, with emphasis on the currently used remediation approaches. Outpatient excreta, hospital effluents, and waste from pharmaceutical industries are the primary source of ANP waste. The current review describes various biotic and abiotic methods used in the remediation of ANP drugs in the environment. Abiotic methods often generate transformation products (TPs) of unknown toxicity. In this light, obtaining data on the environmental toxicity of ANPs and its TPs is crucial to determine their toxic effect on the ecosystem. We also discuss the biodegradation of ANP drugs using monoculture of fungal and bacterial species, and microbial consortia in sewage treatment plants. The current review effort further explores a safe and sustainable approach for ANP waste treatment to replace existing chemical and oxidation intensive treatment approaches. To conclude, we assess the possibility of integrating biotic and abiotic methods of ANP drug degradation.
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30
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Ghaderi M, Asadi P, Kouhirostamkolaei M. Applying response surface methodology on the results of serial sequencing batch moving bed reactor. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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31
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Jaén-Gil A, Buttiglieri G, Benito A, Gonzalez-Olmos R, Barceló D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S. Metoprolol and metoprolol acid degradation in UV/H 2O 2 treated wastewaters: An integrated screening approach for the identification of hazardous transformation products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120851. [PMID: 31326839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advancements on analytical strategies to determine the chemicals present in treated wastewater are necessary to clearly link their occurrence with the ecotoxicity of such effluents. This study describes the development of an integrated screening approach to determine the highest number of pharmaceutical transformation products (TPs) in a single run. The identification of TPs was based on the comparison of detected features with literature sources, compound prediction tools, in-house libraries and reference standards using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). This integrated approach allowed a better estimation (in silico) of the ecotoxicological contribution of the individual TPs identified. As a proof of concept, this methodology was applied for identification of the TPs generated from metoprolol and its main human metabolite (metoprolol acid) in pure water, hospital wastewater and industrial wastewater treated by UV/H2O2. Twenty-four TPs with potential ecotoxicological implications were identified and their presence was pinpointed as a function of the treated wastewater. An integrated screening approach has been developed using four different screening methodologies in the same run. Additionally, the metabolite MTPA has been considered as a target pollutant in UV/H2O2 experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Jaén-Gil
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Aleix Benito
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Gonzalez-Olmos
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003, Girona, Spain.
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32
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Potential of enzymatic process as an innovative technology to remove anticancer drugs in wastewater. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:23-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Degradation and transformation of fluoroquinolones by microorganisms with special emphasis on ciprofloxacin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6933-6948. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Camacho-Muñoz D, Petrie B, Lopardo L, Proctor K, Rice J, Youdan J, Barden R, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Stereoisomeric profiling of chiral pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewaters and the receiving environment - A catchment-scale and a laboratory study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:558-572. [PMID: 30981914 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chiral pharmaceutically active compounds (cPACs) are not currently governed by environmental regulation yet are expected to be in the future. As cPACs can exert stereospecific toxicity in the aquatic environment, it is essential to better understand their stereoselective behaviour here. Therefore, this study aims to provide a new perspective towards comprehensive evaluation of cPACs at a river catchment level, including their stereochemistry as a chemical phenomenon driving fate of chiral molecules in the environment. A large spatial and temporal monitoring program was performed in Southwest England. It included 5 sewage treatment works and the receiving waters of the largest river catchment in Southwest England. Simultaneously, lab-scale microcosm studies in simulated activated sludge bioreactors and river water microcosm were performed to evaluate stereoselective degradation of cPACs. A multi-residue enantioselective method allowed the analysis of a total of 18 pairs of enantiomers and 3 single enantiomers in wastewater and river water samples. Our monitoring program revealed: (1) spatial and temporal variations of cPACs in influent wastewaters resulting from different patterns of usage as well as an (2) enantiomeric enrichment of cPACs, likely due to human metabolism, despite their commercialization as racemic mixtures. A similar chiral signature was observed in effluent and receiving waters. Stereoselective degradation was observed in trickling filters (TF) for naproxen, ketoprofen, cetirizine and 10,11-dihydroxy-10-hydroxycarbamazepine, in sequencing batch reactors (SBR) for ifosfamide and in activated sludge (AS) for cetirizine. The extent of enantiomer-specific fate was wastewater treatment dependent in the case of naproxen (TF showed higher stereoselectivity than AS and SBR) and cetirizine (TF and AS showed higher stereoselectivity than SBR) due to differing microbial population. Furthermore, stereoselective degradation of naproxen was highly variable among STWs using similar treatments (TF) and operating in the same region. Microbial stereoselective degradation was also confirmed by both activated and river water simulated microcosm for chloramphenicol, ketoprofen, indoprofen, naproxen and 10,11-dihydroxy-10-hydroxycarbamazepine. Results from our large scale river catchment monitoring study and lab simulated microcosm show wide-ranging implications of enantiomerism of cPACs on environmental risk assessment (ERA). As two enantiomers of the same compound show different biological effects (e.g. toxicity), their non-racemic presence in the environment might lead to inaccurate ERA. This is because current ERA approaches do not require analysis at enantiomeric level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Camacho-Muñoz
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Bruce Petrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Luigi Lopardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kathryn Proctor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jack Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | | | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation & Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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Llorca M, Castellet-Rovira F, Farré MJ, Jaén-Gil A, Martínez-Alonso M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Sarrà M, Barceló D. Fungal biodegradation of the N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:346-356. [PMID: 30577003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressant drugs such as Venlafaxine (VFX) and O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODMVFX) are emerging contaminants that are commonly detected in aquatic environments, since conventional wastewater treatment plants are unable to completely remove them. They can be precursors of hazardous by-products, such as the carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), generated upon water chlorination, as they contain the dimethylamino moiety, necessary for the formation of NDMA. In this study, the capability of three white rot fungi (Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus) to remove both antidepressants from water and to decrease NDMA formation potential was investigated. Furthermore, transformation by-products (TPs) generated along the treatment process were elucidated and also correlated with their NDMA formation potential. Very promising results were obtained for T. versicolor and G. lucidum, both being able to remove up to 100% of ODMVFX. In the case of VFX, which is very recalcitrant to conventional wastewater treatment, a 70% of removal was achieved by T. versicolor, along with a reduction in NDMA formation potential, thus decreasing the associated problems for human health and the environment. However, the NDMA formation potential remained practically constant during treatment with G. lucidum despite of the equally high VFX removal (70%). This difference was attributed to the generation of different TPs during both fungal treatments. For example, G. lucidum generated more ODMVFX, which actually has a higher NDMA formation potential than the parent compound itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llorca
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Castellet-Rovira
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Engineering School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María-José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Adrián Jaén-Gil
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Maira Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Sarrà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Engineering School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Ethica SN, Saptaningtyas R, Muchlissin SI, Sabdono A. The development method of bioremediation of hospital biomedical waste using hydrolytic bacteria. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-018-0232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Naghdi M, Taheran M, Brar SK, Kermanshahi-Pour A, Verma M, Surampalli RY. Removal of pharmaceutical compounds in water and wastewater using fungal oxidoreductase enzymes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:190-213. [PMID: 29175684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to recalcitrance of some pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), conventional wastewater treatment is not able to remove them effectively. Therefore, their occurrence in surface water and potential environmental impact has raised serious global concern. Biological transformation of these contaminants using white-rot fungi (WRF) and their oxidoreductase enzymes has been proposed as a low cost and environmentally friendly solution for water treatment. The removal performance of PhACs by a fungal culture is dependent on several factors, such as fungal species, the secreted enzymes, molecular structure of target compounds, culture medium composition, etc. In recent 20 years, numerous researchers tried to elucidate the removal mechanisms and the effects of important operational parameters such as temperature and pH on the enzymatic treatment of PhACs. This review summarizes and analyzes the studies performed on PhACs removal from spiked pure water and real wastewaters using oxidoreductase enzymes and the data related to degradation efficiencies of the most studied compounds. The review also offers an insight into enzymes immobilization, fungal reactors, mediators, degradation mechanisms and transformation products (TPs) of PhACs. In brief, higher hydrophobicity and having electron-donating groups, such as amine and hydroxyl in molecular structure leads to more effective degradation of PhACs by fungal cultures. For recalcitrant compounds, using redox mediators, such as syringaldehyde increases the degradation efficiency, however they may cause toxicity in the effluent and deactivate the enzyme. Immobilization of enzymes on supports can enhance the performance of enzyme in terms of reusability and stability. However, the immobilization strategy should be carefully selected to reduce the cost and enable regeneration. Still, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms involved in enzymatic degradation and the toxicity levels of TPs and also to optimize the whole treatment strategy to have economical and technical competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Naghdi
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Mehrdad Taheran
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Azadeh Kermanshahi-Pour
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, B3J 1Z1, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mausam Verma
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - R Y Surampalli
- Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, P.O. Box 14354, Lenexa, KS 66285, USA
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Castellet-Rovira F, Lucas D, Villagrasa M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D, Sarrà M. Stropharia rugosoannulata and Gymnopilus luteofolius: Promising fungal species for pharmaceutical biodegradation in contaminated water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 207:396-404. [PMID: 29190482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are environmental micropollutants that pose an emerging challenge because they are poorly eliminated in conventional wastewater treatment plants. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to solve this problem, and wastewater fungal treatment is a promising alternative. In this study, six different ligninolytic fungi (Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Irpex lacteus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Gymnopilus luteofolius and Agrocybe erebia) were studied as bioremediation candidates for the removal and degradation of six recalcitrant pharmaceutical micropollutants: Carbamazepine (CBZ), Venlafaxine (VFX), Iopromide (IPD), Diclofenac (DCF), Cyclophosphamide (CFD) and Ifosfamide (IFD). Self-immobilization in a pellet shape was achieved for all fungal mycelia (which was the first time that this was reported for S. rugosoannulata, G. luteofolius, and A. erebia). Biodegradation achievement was greater than 90% for IPD with G. luteofolius and greater than 70% for CBZ with S. rugosoannulata, which suggests a great potential for this alternative biological treatment. Besides, this was the first report where fungal treatment achieved CFD and IFD removals greater than 20% for the treatment with T. versicolor, G. lucidum and S. rugosoannulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Castellet-Rovira
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Lucas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101-E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Villagrasa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101-E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101-E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101-E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Sarrà
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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Lucas D, Castellet-Rovira F, Villagrasa M, Badia-Fabregat M, Barceló D, Vicent T, Caminal G, Sarrà M, Rodríguez-Mozaz S. The role of sorption processes in the removal of pharmaceuticals by fungal treatment of wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:1147-1153. [PMID: 28847135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the sorption processes in the elimination of pharmaceuticals (PhACs) during the fungal treatment of wastewater has been evaluated in this work. The sorption of four PhACs (carbamazepine, diclofenac, iopromide and venlafaxine) by 6 different fungi was first evaluated in batch experiments. Concentrations of PhACs in both liquid and solid (biomass) matrices from the fungal treatment were measured. Contribution of the sorption to the total removal of pollutants ranged between 3% and 13% in relation to the initial amount. The sorption of 47 PhACs in fungi was also evaluated in a fungal treatment performed in 26days in a continuous bioreactor treating wastewater from a veterinary hospital. PhACs levels measured in the fungal biomass were similar to those detected in conventional wastewater treatment (WWTP) sludge. This may suggest the necessity of manage fungal biomass as waste in the same manner that the WWTP sludge is managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lucas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - F Castellet-Rovira
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Villagrasa
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - M Badia-Fabregat
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Vicent
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - G Caminal
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC) CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Sarrà
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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Kosjek T, Negreira N, Heath E, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Aerobic activated sludge transformation of vincristine and identification of the transformation products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:892-904. [PMID: 28830049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify (bio)transformation products of vincristine, a plant alkaloid chemotherapy drug. A batch biotransformation experiment was set-up using activated sludge at two concentration levels with and without the addition of a carbon source. Sample analysis was performed on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a high-resolution hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometer. To identify molecular ions of vincristine transformation products and to propose molecular and chemical structures, we performed data-dependent acquisition experiments combining full-scan mass spectrometry data with product ion spectra. In addition, the use of non-commercial detection and prediction algorithms such as MZmine 2 and EAWAG-BBD Pathway Prediction System, was proven to be proficient for screening for transformation products in complex wastewater matrix total ion chromatograms. In this study eleven vincristine transformation products were detected, nine of which were tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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41
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Olicón-Hernández DR, González-López J, Aranda E. Overview on the Biochemical Potential of Filamentous Fungi to Degrade Pharmaceutical Compounds. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1792. [PMID: 28979245 PMCID: PMC5611422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals represent an immense business with increased demand due to intensive livestock raising and an aging human population, which guarantee the quality of human life and well-being. However, the development of removal technologies for these compounds is not keeping pace with the swift increase in their use. Pharmaceuticals constitute a potential risk group of multiclass chemicals of increasing concern since they are extremely frequent in all environments and have started to exhibit negative effects on micro- and macro-fauna as well as on human health. In this context, fungi are known to be extremely diverse and poorly studied microorganisms despite being well suited for bioremediation processes, taking into account their metabolic and physiological characteristics for the transformation of even highly toxic xenobiotic compounds. Increasing studies indicate that fungi can transform many structures of pharmaceutical compounds, including anti-inflammatories, β-blockers, and antibiotics. This is possible due to different mechanisms in combination with the extracellular and intracellular enzymes, which have broad of biotechnological applications. Thus, fungi and their enzymes could represent a promising tool to deal with this environmental problem. Here, we review the studies performed on pharmaceutical compounds biodegradation by the great diversity of these eukaryotes. We examine the state of the art of the current application of the Basidiomycota division, best known in this field, as well as the assembly of novel biodegradation pathways within the Ascomycota division and the Mucoromycotina subdivision from the standpoint of shared enzymatic systems, particularly for the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes, which appear to be the key enzymes in these catabolic processes. Finally, we discuss the latest advances in the field of genetic engineering for their further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío R Olicón-Hernández
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water Research, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Jesús González-López
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water Research, University of GranadaGranada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
| | - Elisabet Aranda
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water Research, University of GranadaGranada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of GranadaGranada, Spain
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42
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Palli L, Castellet-Rovira F, Pérez-Trujillo M, Caniani D, Sarrà-Adroguer M, Gori R. Preliminary evaluation ofPleurotus ostreatusfor the removal of selected pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1529-1537. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palli
- Dept. d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria (EE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB); Bellaterra 08193 Spain
- Dept., of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence; Florence 50139 Italy
| | - Francesc Castellet-Rovira
- Dept. d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria (EE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB); Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Miriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Donatella Caniani
- School of Engineering (SI-UniBas); University of Basilicata; Potenza 85100 Italy
| | - Montserrat Sarrà-Adroguer
- Dept. d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria (EE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB); Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Riccardo Gori
- Dept., of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence; Florence 50139 Italy
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Grandclément C, Seyssiecq I, Piram A, Wong-Wah-Chung P, Vanot G, Tiliacos N, Roche N, Doumenq P. From the conventional biological wastewater treatment to hybrid processes, the evaluation of organic micropollutant removal: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 111:297-317. [PMID: 28104517 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Because of the recalcitrance of some micropollutants to conventional wastewater treatment systems, the occurrence of organic micropollutants in water has become a worldwide issue, and an increasing environmental concern. Their biodegradation during wastewater treatments could be an interesting and low cost alternative to conventional physical and chemical processes. This paper provides a review of the organic micropollutants removal efficiency from wastewaters. It analyses different biological processes, from conventional ones, to new hybrid ones. Micropollutant removals appear to be compound- and process- dependent, for all investigated processes. The influence of the main physico-chemical parameters is discussed, as well as the removal efficiency of different microorganisms such as bacteria or white rot fungi, and the role of their specific enzymes. Even though some hybrid processes show promising micropollutant removals, further studies are needed to optimize these water treatment processes, in particular in terms of technical and economical competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Grandclément
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Marseille, France; Société Seakalia SAS, Groupe Ovalee, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Héliopolis, 13013, Marseille, France
| | | | - Anne Piram
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
| | | | - Guillaume Vanot
- Société Seakalia SAS, Groupe Ovalee, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Héliopolis, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Tiliacos
- Société Seakalia SAS, Groupe Ovalee, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Héliopolis, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Roche
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Marseille, France.
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Ferrando-Climent L, Gonzalez-Olmos R, Anfruns A, Aymerich I, Corominas L, Barceló D, Rodriguez-Mozaz S. Elimination study of the chemotherapy drug tamoxifen by different advanced oxidation processes: Transformation products and toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:284-292. [PMID: 27810526 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a chemotherapy drug considered as recalcitrant contaminant (with low biodegradability in conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment), bioaccumulative, ubiquitous, and potentially hazardous for the environment. This work studies the removal of Tamoxifen from water by advanced oxidation processes, paying special attention to the formation of transformation products (TPs) and to the evolution of toxicity (using the Microtox® bioassay) during the oxidation processes. Five types of treatments were evaluated combining different technologies based on ozone, hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation: i) O3, ii) O3/UV, iii) O3/H2O2 (peroxone), iv) UV and v) UV/H2O2. Complete removal of tamoxifen was achieved after 30 min for all the treatments carried out with O3 while a residual concentration (about 10% of initial one) was observed in the treatments based on UV and UV/H2O2 after 4 h of reaction. Eight TPs were tentatively identified and one (non-ionizable molecule) was suspected to be present by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. An increase of toxicity was observed during all the oxidation processes. In the case of ozone-based treatments that increase was attributed to the presence of some of the TPs identified, whereas in the case of UV-based treatments there was no clear correlation between toxicity and the identified TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrando-Climent
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain; Tracer Technology Department, Oil and Gas Section, Institute for Energy Technology, P.O. Box 40, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Rafael Gonzalez-Olmos
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Anfruns
- LEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ignasi Aymerich
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Lluis Corominas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
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Koltsakidou Α, Antonopoulou M, Sykiotou M, Εvgenidou Ε, Konstantinou I, Lambropoulou DA. Photo-Fenton and Fenton-like processes for the treatment of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil under simulated solar radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4791-4800. [PMID: 27981483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, photo-Fenton and Fenton-like processes were investigated for the degradation and mineralization of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). For the optimization of photo-Fenton treatment under simulated solar light (SSL) radiation, the effects of several operating parameters (i.e., 5-FU concentration, Fe3+, and oxidant concentration) on the treatment efficiency were studied. According to the results, SSL/[Fe(C2Ο4)3]3-/Η2Ο2 process was the most efficient, since faster degradation of 5-FU and higher mineralization percentages were achieved. All the applied processes followed quite similar transformation routes which include defluorination-hydroxylation as well as pyrimidine ring opening, as demonstrated by the transformation products identified by high resolution mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicity of the treated solutions was evaluated using the Microtox assay. In general, low toxicity was recorded for the initial solution and the solution at the end of the photocatalytic treatment, while an increase in the overall toxicity was observed only at the first stages of SSL/Fe3+/Η2Ο2 and SSL/Fe3+/S2O82- processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Α Koltsakidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Antonopoulou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, 30100, Agrinio, Greece
| | - M Sykiotou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ε Εvgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - D A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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46
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Escudero-Oñate C, Ferrando-Climent L, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Santos LHMLM. Occurrence and Risks of Contrast Agents, Cytostatics, and Antibiotics in Hospital Effluents. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2017_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Diao N. Combined approach for soybean wastewater chemical oxygen demand reduction using Aspergillus niger pelletization technology. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1262751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science & Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Ningning Diao
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R.China
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Wang J, Yao Z, Yang M, Wang Y, Xia Q, Jiang Z. A Fe3O4/FeAl2O4 composite coating via plasma electrolytic oxidation on Q235 carbon steel for Fenton-like degradation of phenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14927-14936. [PMID: 27074928 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Fe3O4/FeAl2O4 composite coatings were successfully fabricated on Q235 carbon steel by plasma electrolytic oxidation technique and used to degrade phenol by Fenton-like system. XRD, SEM, and XPS indicated that Fe3O4 and FeAl2O4 composite coating had a hierarchical porous structure. The effects of various parameters such as pH, phenol concentration, and H2O2 dosage on catalytic activity were investigated. The results indicated that with increasing of pH and phenol content, the phenol degradation efficiency was reduced significantly. However, the degradation rate was improved with the addition of H2O2, but dropped with further increasing of H2O2. Moreover, 100 % removal efficiency with 35 mg/L phenol was obtained within 60 min at 303 K and pH 4.0 with 6.0 mmol/L H2O2 on 6-cm(2) iron oxide coating. The degradation process consisted of induction period and rapid degradation period; both of them followed pseudo-first-order reaction. Hydroxyl radicals were the mainly oxidizing species during phenol degradation by using n-butanol as hydroxyl radical scavenger. Based on Fe leaching and the reaction kinetics, a possible phenol degradation mechanism was proposed. The catalyst exhibited excellent stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongping Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixing Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohua Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Aquatic fungi: targeting the forgotten in microbial ecology. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 31:140-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Arca-Ramos A, Kumar VV, Eibes G, Moreira MT, Cabana H. Recyclable cross-linked laccase aggregates coupled to magnetic silica microbeads for elimination of pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8929-8939. [PMID: 26817474 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the use of magnetic mesoporous silica microbeads (MMSMB) as supports was proposed to produce magnetically-separable cross-linked enzyme aggregates (MCLEAs). The effects of cross linking time, addition of bovine serum albumin as protein feeder, pH, glutaraldehyde concentration, and laccase:MMSMB mass ratio on the immobilization yield and enzyme load were investigated. The best conditions allowed the rapid preparation of MCLEAs with high enzyme load, i.e., 1.53 U laccase/mg MCLEAs. The stability of MCLEAs was improved with regard to low pH, presence of chemical denaturants, and real wastewater matrix, compared to free laccase. In addition, the novel biocatalyst exhibited good operational stability, maintaining up to 70 % of its initial activity after 10 successive batch reactions. Finally, MCLEAs demonstrated its catalytic potential to transform acetaminophen and various non-phenolic pharmaceutical active compounds as mefenamic acid, fenofibrate, and indomethacin from biologically treated wastewater effluent, with similar or even higher efficiency than free laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arca-Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - V V Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - G Eibes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M T Moreira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - H Cabana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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