Phyco-synthesis of silver nanoparticles by environmentally safe approach and their applications

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, mostly because of the evident limitations associated with chemical and physical methods. Green synthesis, commonly referred to as "biogenic synthesis," is seen as an alternative approach to produce AgNPs (silver nanoparticles). The current work focuses on the use of Asterarcys sp. (microalga) for biological reduction of AgNO3 to produce AgNPs. The optimal parameters for the reduction of AgNPs were determined as molarity of 3 mM for AgNO3 and an incubation duration of 24 h at pH 9, using a 20:80 ratio of algal extract to AgNO3. The biosynthesized Ast-AgNPs were characterised using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns. The nanoparticles exhibited their highest absorption in the UV-visible spectra at 425 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation indicated the presence of characteristic peaks at certain angles: 38.30° (1 1 1), 44.40° (2 0 0), 64.64° (2 2 0), and 77.59° (3 1 1) according to the JCPDS file No. 04-0783. Based on SEM and TEM, the Ast-AgNPs had an average size of 35 nm and 52 nm, respectively. The zeta potential was determined to be - 20.8 mV, indicating their stability. The highest antibacterial effectiveness is shown against Staphylococcus aureus, with a zone of inhibition of 25.66 ± 1.52 mm at 250 μL/mL conc. of Ast-AgNPs. Likewise, Ast-AgNPs significantly suppressed the growth of Fusarium sp. and Curvularia sp. by 78.22% and 85.05%, respectively, at 150 μL/mL conc. of Ast-AgNPs. In addition, the Ast-AgNPs exhibited significant photocatalytic activity in degrading methylene blue (MB), achieving an 88.59% degradation in 120 min, revealing multiple downstream applications of Ast-AgNPs.

Metabolomic response of microalgae towards diclofenac sodium during its removal from water and concomitant recovery of pigments and lipids

The aim of this work was to assess the efficiency of freshwater green microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana for diclofenac sodium (DFS) removal, and metabolic response of alga to comprehend the metabolic pathways involved/affected during DFS decontamination. Results showed 91.51 % removal of DFS could be achieved within 9 days of algal treatment along with recovery of enhanced value-added bioresources i.e. chlorophyll, carotenoids, and lipids from the spent biomass. DFS also had an effect on enzyme activity including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (MDA). Furthermore, metabolomics profiling provided an in-depth insight into changes in the metabolic response of C. sorokiniana wherein DFS induced 32 metabolites in microalgae compared to unexposed-control. This study offers microalgae as a green option for DFS removal, and the metabolomics study complemented with DFS could be an approach to understand the stress-induced strategies of C. sorokiniana for concomitant value-added products recovery in presence of DFS.

Pharmaceutical residues: One of the significant problems in achieving 'clean water for all' and its solution

With the rapid emergence of various metabolic and multiple-drug-resistant infectious diseases, new pharmaceuticals are continuously being introduced in the market. The excess production and use of pharmaceuticals and their untreated/unmetabolized release in the environment cause the contamination of aquatic ecosystem, and thus, compromise the environment and human-health. The present review provides insights into the classification, sources, occurrence, harmful impacts, and existing technologies to curb these problems. A comprehensive detail of various biological and nanotechnological strategies for the removal of pharmaceutical residues from water is critically discussed focusing on their efficiencies, and current limitations to design improved-technologies for their lab-to-field applications. Furthermore, the review highlights and suggests the scope of integrated bionanotechnological methods for enhanced removal of pharmaceutical residues from water to fulfill the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UN-SDG) for providing clean potable water for all.

Environmental friendly Polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mats encapsulated and coated with green algae mediated Titanium oxide nanoparticles for efficient oil spill adsorption

Oil spill causes extreme environmental damage, from aquatic life to seabirds, disrupting the entire ecosystem. Herein, we have synthesized high scale, economical and bio-compatible, green algae mediated Titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles and Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber mats. We have studied the effect of encapsulation and coating of TiO₂ nanoparticles over nanofiber mats for highly efficient oil spill adsorption. TiO₂ encapsulated and coated PAN (TECP) nanofibers showed a maximum of 62.34 g g^-1 adsorption capacity of petroleum oil from the water surface. Moreover, the composite mats show maximum adsorption within 45 s for up to 5 repeated cycles. Further, it has been observed that the adsorption capacity has increased by increasing the weight of the composite nanofiber mats, which confirms its commercial applicability. Thus, this work provides rapid, large-scale, economical, bio-compatible, and highly effective adsorbents for oil spill cleaning and extraction over natural waterbodies.

The effect of solvents polarity and extraction conditions on the microalgal lipids yield, fatty acids profile, and biodiesel properties

This study reports the effects of polar (acetone/methanol) and non-polar (chloroform/hexane) solvents on lipid yield, fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) composition, and biodiesel properties of microalgae. The lipids yield extracted by hexane and chloroform (100.01 and 94.33 mg/g) were higher than by methanol and acetone (40.12 and 86.91 mg/g). The polarity of solvents also affected FAMEs composition of microalgal lipids. Total saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids of extracted lipids were 61.53% and 38.47% by chloroform and 38.85% and 61.15% by methanol. Moreover, polar and non-polar solvents affected the biodiesel properties such as cetane number and oxidative stability. In addition, higher ratio of chloroform to methanol and higher temperature increased the lipid yield and saturation degree of lipids, through ultrasound-assisted lipid extraction method. Overall, the results revealed that the lipids yield, FAMEs composition, and biodiesel quality of microalgal biomass can be significantly affected by solvents polarity and extraction conditions.

Assessment of GO/ZnO nanocomposite for solar-assisted photocatalytic degradation of industrial dye and textile effluent

An ecofriendly and solar light-responsive graphene oxide wrapped zinc oxide nanohybrid has been synthesized hydrothermally using lemon and honey respectively as chelating and complexing agents. By tuning the reaction conditions, a heterostructure between GO and ZnO has been formed during synthesis. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanohybrid was investigated by degradation of hazardous organic textile dye (methylene blue) as well as wastewater under natural solar light. The nanohybrid exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity towards degradation (~ 89%) of methylene blue (MeB). Furthermore, along with decolorization, 71% of mineralization was also achieved. Interestingly, the nanohybrid has been found to be reusable up to 4 cycles without significant loss of photocatalytic activity. Along with this, the physicochemical parameters of the wastewater generated from textile industry have been also monitored before and after exposure to nanohybrid. The results revealed significant reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) (96.33%), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (96.23%), and total dissolved solids (TDS) (20.85%), suggesting its potential applicability in textile wastewater treatment.

Evaluation of four disease management programs: evidence from blue cross blue shield of Louisiana

Aims: Chronic diseases impose a substantial healthcare burden. This study sought to evaluate the clinical and economic impact of new disease management (DM) programs, targeting four major chronic disease groups: diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD)/hypertension (HTN), asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and congestive heart failure (CHF)/chronic kidney disease (CKD).Materials and methods: Between March 1, 2015, and February 28, 2018, members with Blue Cross Blue Shield of Louisiana insurance were contacted and enrolled in a DM program if they were aged 18 years through 64 years, eligible for a DM program, and had not been previously enrolled in a DM program. Active enrollees of a DM program ("IN" group) were compared to members who were not yet enrolled ("OUT" group). Average per member per month (PMPM) costs were aggregated annually to document any descriptive trends. Multivariable model estimates were used to compare PMPM costs for all IN subjects and all OUT subjects. Total medical savings were evaluated for the following time intervals: 1-12 months, 13-24 months, and 25-36 months.Results: For all four DM programs, average costs PMPM trended upward over time for the OUT cohort, while they remained relatively stable for the IN cohort. Some evidence also showed that DM programs improved clinical outcomes, such as hemoglobin A1c values. A difference in difference analysis showed PMPM savings for all four programs combined of $31.61, $50.45, and $53.72 after 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Multivariable modeling results showed total savings after 3 years of $14,460,174 for all DM programs combined.Limitations: Although multivariable models adjusted for several clinical, demographic, and economic characteristics; it is possible that some important confounders were missing due to lack of data.Conclusions: DM programs implemented to control diabetes, CHD/HTN, CHF/CKD, and asthma/COPD are cost-effective and show some evidence of improved clinical outcomes.

Multifaceted applications of isolated microalgae Chlamydomonas sp. TRC-1 in wastewater remediation, lipid production and bioelectricity generation

Green microalga, Chlamydomonas sp. TRC-1 (C. TRC-1), isolated from the outlet of effluent treatment plant of textile dyeing mill, was investigated for its competence towards bioremediation. Algal biomass obtained after remediation (ABAR) was implied for bioelectricity and biofuel production. C. TRC-1 could completely decolorize the effluent in 7 days. Significant reduction in pollution-indicating parameters was observed. Chronoamperometric studies were carried out using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Maximum current density, power and power density of 3.6 A m^-2, 4.13 × 10^-4 W and 1.83 W m^-2, respectively were generated in ABAR. EIS studies showed a decrease in resistance of ABAR, supporting better electron transfer as compared to algal biomass before remediation (ABBR). Its candidature for biofuel production was assessed by estimating the total lipid content. Results revealed enhancement in lipid content from 46.85% (ABBR) to 79.1% (ABAR). Current study advocates versatile potential of isolated C. TRC-1 for bioremediation of wastewater, bioelectricity production and biofuel generation.

Alveolar proteinosis associated with aluminium dust inhalation

Secondary alveolar proteinosis is a rare lung disease which may be triggered by a variety of inhaled particles. The diagnosis is made by detection of anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which appears milky white and contains lamellar bodies. Aluminium has been suggested as a possible cause, but there is little evidence in the literature to support this assertion. We report the case of a 46-year-old former boilermaker and boat builder who developed secondary alveolar proteinosis following sustained heavy aluminium exposure. The presence of aluminium was confirmed both by histological examination and metallurgical analysis of a mediastinal lymph node. Despite cessation of exposure to aluminium and treatment with whole-lung lavage which normally results in improvements in both symptoms and lung function, the outcome was poor and novel therapies are now being used for this patient. It may be that the natural history in aluminium-related alveolar proteinosis is different, with the metal playing a mediating role in the disease process. Our case further supports the link between aluminium and secondary alveolar proteinosis and highlights the need for measures to prevent excessive aluminium inhalation in relevant industries.

Self-sustainable Chlorella pyrenoidosa strain NCIM 2738 based photobioreactor for removal of Direct Red-31 dye along with other industrial pollutants to improve the water-quality

The genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of diazo dyes from industrial effluents pose a serious environmental threat by contaminating aquatic ecosystem and consequently impact human health. The potential of a diazo dye resistant, self-sustainable photosynthetic green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa NCIM 2738 provides a viable green technology for an efficient biodegradation of diazo dye Direct Red-31 (DR-31) and overall improvement of water quality. Herein, we for the first time report the degradation of DR-31 using C. pyrenoidosa. Batch experiments were performed to optimize the effect of initial pH, contact time and toxicity-range of DR-31 in order to achieve the optimal conditions for maximum decolourization in continuous cyclic photobioreactor. In batch culture, C. pyrenoidosa exhibited 96% decolourization with 40mgL(-1) dye at pH3. The equilibrium was attained within 30min and the maximum uptake of 30.53mgg(-1) algal biomass was observed during this period. This was found to be fitted well with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The FT-IR spectra showed a change from -N=N- to N-H suggesting the possible involvement of the azoreductase enzyme. The application of C. pyrenoidosa not only degraded the DR-31 but also improved the quality of water by reducing COD (82.73%), BOD (56.44%), sulphate (54.54%), phosphate (19.88%), and TDS (84.18%) which was further enhanced in continuous cyclic bioreactor treatment. The results clearly showed that C. pyrenoidosa provides an efficient, self-sustainable green technology for decolourization of DR-31 and improved the water quality.

Status of iodine deficiency in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh after 60 years of salt iodization

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh(HP), India is a known endemic area for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) since 1956. The present study was conducted in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh with the objective to assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency in school-age children.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

A total of 1864 children in the age group of 6-12 years were included. Clinical examination of thyroid of all children was undertaken. 'On the spot' urine samples were collected from 463 children. The salt samples were collected from 327 children.

RESULTS

The total goiter prevalence of 15.8% was found. The proportion of children with urinary iodine excretion (UIE) levels <50.0, 50.0-99.9 and ≥ 100 μg/l was 2.2, 14.3 and 83.5%, respectively. The median UIE level was 200 μg/l. About 82.3% of the families were consuming salt with iodine content ≥ 15 ppm.

CONCLUSION

The population in district Kangra is possibly in a transition phase from iodine deficient (as revealed by total goiter rate of 15.8%) to iodine sufficiency (as revealed by median UIE levels of 200 μg/l).

A diagnostic system for electrical faults in a high current discharge plasma setup

A diagnostic system to detect electrical faults inside a coaxial high current discharge device is presented here. This technique utilizes two biconical antennas picking up electromagnetic radiation from the discharge device, a voltage divider sensing input voltage, and a Rogowski coil measuring the main discharge current. A computer program then analyses frequency components in these signals and provides information as to whether the discharge event was normal or any breakdown fault occurred inside the coaxial device. The diagnostic system is developed for a 450 kV and 50 kA capillary discharge plasma setup. For the setup various possible faults are analyzed by electrical simulation, followed by experimental results. In the case of normal discharge through the capillary load the dominant frequency is ∼4 MHz. Under faulty conditions, the peak in magnitude versus frequency plot of the antenna signal changes according to the fault position which involves different paths causing variation in the equivalent circuit elements.

Chemical synthesis, pharmacological characterization, and possible formation in unicellular fungi of 3-hydroxy-anandamide

The fungal pathogen Candida albicans transforms arachidonic acid (AA) into 3-hydroxyarachidonic acid [3R-HETE], and we investigated if its nonpathogenic and 3R-HETE-producing close relative, Dipodascopsis uninucleata, could similarly transform the endocannabinoid/endovanilloid anandamide into 3-hydroxyanandamide (3-HAEA). We found that D. uninucleata converts anandamide into 3-HAEA, and we therefore developed an enantiodivergent synthesis for this compound to study its pharmacological activity. Both enantiomers of 3-HAEA were as active as anandamide at elevating intracellular Ca2+ via TRPV1 receptors overexpressed in HEK-293 cells, while a approximately 70-90-fold and approximately 45-60-fold lower affinity at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors was instead observed. Patch clamp recordings showed that 3R-HAEA activates a TRPV1-like current in TRPV1-expressing HEK-293 cells. Thus, 3R-HETE-producing yeasts might convert anandamide released by host cells at the site of infection into 3R-HAEA, and this event might contribute to the inflammatory and algogenous responses associated to fungal diseases.

Biological role of hepoxilins: upregulation of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase as a cellular response to oxidative stress?

The 12S-lipoxygenase (12S-LOX) pathway of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is bifurcated at 12(S)-hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,10E (12S-HpETE) in the reduction route to form 12S-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HETE) and in 8(S/R)-hydroxy-11(S),12S-trans-epoxyeicosa-5Z,9E,14Z-trienoic acid (HXA3) synthase pathway, previously known as isomerization route, to form hepoxilins. Earlier we showed that the HXA3 formation is restricted to cellular systems devoid of hydroperoxide reducing enzymes, e.g. GPxs, thus causing a persistent oxidative stress situation. Here, we show that HXA3 at as low as 100 nM concentration upregulates phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) mRNA and protein expressions, whereas other metabolites of AA metabolism 12S-HpETE and 12S-HETE failed to stimulate the PHGPx. Moreover, the decrease in 12S-HpETE below a threshold value of the hydroperoxide tone causes both suppression of the overall 12S-LOX activity and a shift from HXA3 formation towards 12S-HETE formation. We therefore propose that under persistent oxidative stress the formation of HXA3 and the HXA3-induced upregulation of PHGPx constitute a compensatory defense response to protect the vitality and functionality of the cell.

Tubercular and chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis of cranio-facial bones: a retrospective analysis

AIM

To analyse current trends in our population with respect to the presentation, diagnosis and management of tubercular and chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis of the cranio-facial bones.

DESIGN

Retrospective study.

SETTING

Tertiary healthcare centre.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study population comprised 14 patients with tubercular and chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis who were managed in the otorhinolaryngology department between May 2002 and December 2005.

RESULTS

Odontogenic infections, sinus infections and aural infections were the most commonly identified aetiological factors. Most of the patients presented with swelling, pain and discharging sinus. The diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical evaluation, radiological investigations and histopathological analysis, with six cases diagnosed with tubercular osteomyelitis and eight cases with chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis. All the patients were initially commenced on oral antibiotics, which were continued for two weeks in all cases with chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis. All the patients with pyogenic osteomyelitis underwent surgical management, with one patient requiring repeated surgical interventions. All the patients with tubercular osteomyelitis received anti-tubercular chemotherapy, with complete cure.

CONCLUSIONS

Osteomyelitis of the cranio-facial bones is an uncommon entity which requires a high index of clinical suspicion along with radiological and histopathological investigations in order to establish the diagnosis. Tubercular osteomyelitis is clinically and radiologically indistinguishable from pyogenic osteomyelitis, and the two conditions can be differentiated only on the basis of histopathological evaluation of involved tissue.

Acetylsalicylic acid as antifungal in Eremothecium and other yeasts

Interesting distribution patterns of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) sensitive 3-hydroxy (OH) oxylipins were previously reported in some representatives of the yeast genus Eremothecium--an important group of plant pathogens. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and 3-OH oxylipin specific antibodies in this study, we were able to map the presence of these compounds also in other Eremothecium species. In Eremothecium cymbalariae, these oxylipins were found to cover mostly the spiky tips of narrowly triangular ascospores while in Eremothecium gossypii, oxylipins covered the whole spindle-shaped ascospore with terminal appendages. The presence of these oxylipins was confirmed by chemical analysis. When ASA, a 3-OH oxylipin inhibitor, was added to these yeasts in increasing concentrations, the sexual stage was found to be the most sensitive. Our results suggest that 3-OH oxylipins, produced by mitochondria through incomplete beta-oxidation, are associated with the development of the sexual stages in both yeasts. Strikingly, preliminary studies on yeast growth suggest that yeasts, characterized by mainly an aerobic respiration rather than a fermentative pathway, are more sensitive to ASA than yeasts characterized by both pathways. These data further support the role of mitochondria in sexual as well as asexual reproduction of yeasts and its role to serve as a target for ASA antifungal action.

Benign vascular tumors of female genital tract

Vascular tumors are rare in female genital tract (FGT). The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of vascular tumors in FGT and to highlight their clinicopathologic features. As a retrospective study, clinical features including imaging studies, gross findings, and microscopic features of cases (ten) diagnosed as having vascular tumors of FGT over 4 years were reviewed. The age range of our cases was 12-52 years. The presenting complaint was abdominal pain/mass, postcoital bleeding, and vaginal and vulval mass. In most cases, duration of symptoms was 6 months to 2 years. Only one case had a long-standing history of 8 years. The vascular tumors occurred most commonly in ovary (six), followed by vulva (two), and one each in cervix and vagina. Clinical diagnoses ranged from cystadenoma in ovarian tumors to endocervical polyp in cervical tumor. Histologically, all were benign vascular neoplasms, ranging from hemangioma (five), lymphangioma (one), lymphangioma circumscriptum (one) to angiomatosis (two) and arteriovenous malformation (one). Thus, we conclude that vascular lesions in FGT can present with symptoms similar to epithelial malignancies and may lead to unwarranted radical surgery. Vascular lesions of cervix and vulvovaginal region pose special problem during pregnancy. Risk of Kasabach-Merritt coagulopathy has to be considered in larger vascular tumors. Most of these cases can be treated by surgery.

Benign vascular tumors of female genital tract

Vascular tumors are rare in female genital tract (FGT). The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of vascular tumors in FGT and to highlight their clinicopathologic features. As a retrospective study, clinical features including imaging studies, gross findings, and microscopic features of cases (ten) diagnosed as having vascular tumors of FGT over 4 years were reviewed. The age range of our cases was 12–52 years. The presenting complaint was abdominal pain/mass, postcoital bleeding, and vaginal and vulval mass. In most cases, duration of symptoms was 6 months to 2 years. Only one case had a long-standing history of 8 years. The vascular tumors occurred most commonly in ovary (six), followed by vulva (two), and one each in cervix and vagina. Clinical diagnoses ranged from cystadenoma in ovarian tumors to endocervical polyp in cervical tumor. Histologically, all were benign vascular neoplasms, ranging from hemangioma (five), lymphangioma (one), lymphangioma circumscriptum (one) to angiomatosis (two) and arteriovenous malformation (one). Thus, we conclude that vascular lesions in FGT can present with symptoms similar to epithelial malignancies and may lead to unwarranted radical surgery. Vascular lesions of cervix and vulvovaginal region pose special problem during pregnancy. Risk of Kasabach–Merritt coagulopathy has to be considered in larger vascular tumors. Most of these cases can be treated by surgery.

Oxylipin covered ascospores of Eremothecium coryli

Eremothecium coryli is known to produce intriguing spindle-shaped ascospores with long and thin whip-like appendages. Here, ultra structural studies using scanning electron microscopy, indicate that these appendages serve to coil around themselves and around ascospores causing spore aggregation. Furthermore, using immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy it was found that hydrophobic 3-hydroxy oxylipins cover the surfaces of these ascospores. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, only the oxylipin 3-hydroxy 9:1 (a monounsaturated fatty acid containing a hydroxyl group on carbon 3) could be identified. Sequential digital imaging suggests that oxylipin-coated spindle-shaped ascospores are released from enclosed asci probably by protruding through an already disintegrating ascus wall.

Unilateral gestational macromastia--a rare disorder

Macromastia is the massive enlargement of the breast, unilateral or bilateral, disproportionate to the growth of the rest of the body. It is called gravid macromastia or gigantomastia of pregnancy when it occurs during pregnancy. It may or may not regress following parturition. Gestational macromastia is exceptionally rare. We report a 28-year-old female with gigantomastia of the left breast. She presented at four months post-partum with painful massive enlargement of the left breast since the third month of pregnancy. The overlying skin was stretched out and showed multiple ulcers with foul smelling discharge. The nipple and areola were unremarkable. Simple mastectomy was done, as fine needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of phylloides tumour. The breast specimen measured 30 x 30 x 9 cm and was replaced totally by grey-white tissue involving all the resection margins. No normal breast tissue or fat was identified. Histopathology showed periductal as well as diffuse fibrosis, adenosis and lactational changes. No features of phylloides tumour or carcinoma were present and it was diagnosed as unilateral gestational macromastia.

Mapping 3-hydroxy oxylipins on ascospores of Eremothecium sinecaudum

3-Hydroxy oxylipins were uncovered on ascospores of Eremothecium sinecaudum using immunofluorescence microscopy. This was confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. These oxylipins were observed only on ascospore parts characterised by nano-scale surface ornamentations simulating a corkscrew as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. Conventional ascospore staining further confirms its hydrophobic nature. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy we found that the corkscrew part with spiky tip of needle-shaped ascospores may play a role in rupturing the ascus in order to affect its release. Through oxylipin inhibition studies we hypothesise a possible role for 3-hydroxy oxylipins in facilitating the rupturing process.

Oxylipins and ascospore morphology in the ascomycetous yeast genus Dipodascus

Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to assess members of the yeast genus Dipodascus for the presence of 3-hydroxy oxylipins. Fluorescence was associated with the aggregating ascospores in all species tested, thus suggesting the association of 3-hydroxy oxylipins with these cells, especially the surrounding slime sheaths. An ultrastructural study of the ascospores revealed sheaths with indentations, probably caused by the close packing of the ascospores to form clusters. In addition, an increase in the neutral and glycolipid fractions as well as a decrease in the phospholipid fraction during ascosporogenesis in D. ambrosiae was found.

Malignant nasal paraganglioma: a case report and review of the literature

A rare case of malignant nasal paraganglioma is described. A 30 year old female patient presented with a one year history of bilateralnasal obstruction, nasal deformity and recurrent epistaxis. CT scan demonstrated an enhancing mass occupying both nasal cavities, right maxillary antrum and anterior ethmoid sinus. Histopathologic diagnosis was malignant paraganglioma. A total maxillectomy with excision of growth was performed. Post-operative radiotherapy and chemotherapy was given but patient expired before the completion of therapy. Nose being a rare site for paragangliomas, these lesions present a diagnostic challenge to histopathologists and clinicians alike. A review of the four previously described malignant nasal paragangliomas is also presented.

Characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus protein disulfide isomerase family gene

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungus which causes pulmonary complications in humans and animals. The clinical spectrum observed with A. fumigatus is attributed to the multifunctional nature of its antigens. Lack of understanding on the molecular processes and complexity of the fungus have spurred interest in the identification and characterization of its antigens/allergens with biological activities and virulence functions. For identification of some of these antigens/allergens, a cDNA library of A. fumigatus was screened with antibodies of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) patients. One of the reactive clones was sequenced and observed to have an open reading frame of 1095 nucleotides corresponding to a polypeptide of 364 amino acids. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence showed significant homology with the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) superfamily. The expressed recombinant fusion protein exhibited specific IgG and IgE binding with antibodies present in ABPA patients' sera. The recombinant protein in vitro catalyzed folding of scrambled RNase. The probable epitopic regions of the deduced amino acid sequence were mapped by algorithmic analysis. This is the first report of isolation of a gene encoding a member of the PDI family from A. fumigatus. The PDI superfamily of proteins may play an important role in the protein folding mechanisms of A. fumigatus antigens/allergens for their interaction with the host.

Bioprospecting for novel hydroxyoxylipins in fungi: presence of 3-hydroxy palmitic acid in Saccharomycopsis malanga

Electron microscopy studies indicated that the major oxylipin 3-hydroxy palmitic acid (16:0) was associated with aggregating vegetative cells and formed a web-like structure around these cells. Cross sections through this structure showed a hydrophilic outer layer and a more hydrophobic inner layer suggesting that the web-like structure is in fact tube-like micelles. This information sheds more light on the role of these hydroxyoxylipins in fungi.

Acetylation by histone acetyltransferase CREB-binding protein/p300 of STAT6 is required for transcriptional activation of the 15-lipoxygenase-1 gene

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) induces expression of reticulocyte-type 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) in various mammalian cells via the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) signaling system. We studied the mechanism of 15-LOX-1 induction in A549 lung epithelial cells and found that genistein, a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevented phopsphorylation of STAT6, its binding to the 15-LOX-1 promoter, and the expression of catalytically active enzyme. In contrast, cycloheximide did not prevent 15-LOX-1 induction. Surprisingly, we found that IL-4 up-regulated the histone acetyltransferase activity of CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300, which is responsible for acetylation of nuclear histones and STAT6. The acetylation of both proteins appears to be essential for the IL-4-induced signal transduction cascade, because inhibition of CBP/p300 by the viral wild-type E1A oncoprotein abrogated acetylation of both histones and STAT6 and strongly suppressed transcriptional activation of the 15-LOX-1 gene. Moreover, we found that the inhibition by sodium butyrate of histone deacetylases, which apparently suppress 15-LOX-1 gene transcription, synergistically enhanced the IL-4-stimulated 15-LOX-1 expression. These data suggest that both phosphorylation and acetylation of STAT6 as well as acetylation of nuclear histones are involved in transcriptional activation of the 15-LOX-1 gene, although these reactions follow differential kinetics. STAT6 phosphorylation proceeds within the first hour of IL-4 stimulation. In contrast, CBP/p300-mediated acetylation requires 9-11 h, and similar kinetics were observed for the expression of the active enzyme. Thus, our results suggest that in the absence of IL-4, nuclear histones may be bound to regulatory elements of the 15-LOX-1 gene, preventing its transcription. IL-4 stimulation causes rapid phosphorylation of STAT6, but its binding to the promoter appears to be prevented by nonacetylated histones. After 9-11 h, when histones become acetylated, STAT6 binding sites may be demasked so that the phosphorylated and acetylated transcription factor can bind to activate gene transcription.

Endostatin regulates branching morphogenesis of renal epithelial cells and ureteric bud

Endostatin (ES) inhibits endothelial cell migration and has been found to bind to glypicans (Gpcs) on both endothelial cells and renal epithelial cells. We examined the possibility that ES might regulate epithelial cell morphogenesis. The addition of ES to cultured epithelial cells causes an inhibition of both hepatocyte growth factor- and epidermal growth factor-dependent process formation and migration. In contrast, ES does not inhibit epidermal growth factor-dependent morphogenesis in renal epithelial cells derived from Gpc-3 -/mice, whereas expression of Gpc-1 in these cells reconstitutes ES responsiveness. Gpc-3 -/mice have been shown to display enhanced ureteric bud (UB) branching early in development, and cultured UB cells release ES into the media, suggesting that ES binding to Gpcs may regulate UB branching. The addition of ES inhibits branching of the explanted UB, whereas a neutralizing Ab to ES enhances UB outgrowth and branching. Thus, local expression of ES at the tips of the UB may play a role in the regulation of UB arborization.

Bioprospecting for novel oxylipins in fungi: the presence of 3-hydroxy oxylipins in Pilobolus

As previously found in various members of the Mucorales, 3-hydroxy oxylipins in Mucor genevensis are associated with the sporangia, i.e. mainly the columella structure and between aggregating sporangiospores. To determine if this phenomenon is also true in distantly related members, the mucoralean fungus Pilobolus was examined. This fungus is characterized by relatively large sub sporangial-columella structures which actively eject sporangia in a sticky liquid for attachment onto herbage surrounding its growth medium--in this case horse dung. Strikingly, this fungus produced a novel oxylipin i.e. a 3-hydroxy monounsaturated fatty acid, possibly a nonenoic acid, which is mainly associated with the sub sporangial-columella structure and aggregating sporangiospores. The specificity of the antibody against 3-hydroxy oxylipins used in immunofluorescence mapping of the mucoralean fungi, was further confirmed in the yeast, Saccharomycopsis malanga which produces 3-hydroxy palmitate in crystal form. These crystals occur between aggregating yeast cells. On the basis of the available data, we hypothesize that 3-hydroxy oxylipins probably function as adhesives, attaching fungal cells to each other or to other surfaces through entropic based hydrophobic forces and/or hydrogen bonds.

Involvement of aspirin-sensitive oxylipins in vulvovaginal candidiasis

3(R)-Hydroxyoxylipins are produced via an aspirin-sensitive pathway in Candida albicans, an abundant pathogen in vulvovaginal candidiasis. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of aspirin on vaginal isolates of C. albicans from patients with recurrent candidiasis. Aspirin alone and with clotrimazole, a commonly used drug, strongly suppressed growth of C. albicans. 3(R)-Hydroxyoxylipins, which were selectively located in hyphae and other filamentous structures, but not in free blastospores, were almost totally suppressed by aspirin. Moreover, C. albicans stimulated prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in HeLa cells. PGE(2) is a stimulus for germ tube formation in C. albicans. We conclude therefore that the administration of aspirin should be beneficial in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis by dual ways: (i) by inhibition of 3(R)-hydroxyoxylipin formation, and (ii) by inhibition of PGE(2) formation in the infected host tissue.

Clinical, hematological and histomorphological profile of myelodysplastic syndrome

AIM

The present study was designed to analyse clinical, haematological and histomorphogical features in 37 cases of myelodysplasic syndrome (MDS).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

FAB criteria was used to diagnose MDS in 37 patients. Clinical details, peripheral blood findings, bone marrow aspirate and biopsy were reviewed.

RESULTS

Of 37 cases, there were 25 females and 12 males in age range of 2 years to 75 years. There were three children. There were nine cases of refractory anaemia (RA), 18 of refractory anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB), nine of refractory anaemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t) and one of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). All were denovo MDS. All patients had pallor. Hepato and/or splenomegaly was seen in 15 cases. Anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia was seen in 37, 6 and 23 cases respectively. Bone marrow aspiration (BMA) was hyper to normo cellular in 35 cases. Dyshemopoiesis was seen in one or more cell lines in all cases. Bone marrow biopsy (BMB) was available in 16 cases. Abnormal localisation of immature precursors (ALIP) was seen in 11/12 biopsies of RAEB and 3/4 of RAEB-t. BMB was helpful in diagnosis of 3 doubtful cases (one RAEB and two RAEB-t), and upgrading of 2 cases of RAEB to RAEB-t. On follow up, 1 case of RA, 3 of RAEB, 1 of RAEB-t developed AML. One case of RAEB developed ALL and 2 progressed to RAEB-t.

CONCLUSION

Primary MDS is seen in all age groups. Pallor is commonest presentation. RAEB was commonest subgroup seen. BMB is helpful in diagnosis of doubtful cases. ALIP is a reliable diagnostic feature of MDS. BMB is a diagnostic as well as prognostic tool in MDS cases which should be taken as a mandatory investigation.

Nongestational pure ovarian choriocarcinoma with contralateral teratoma

BACKGROUND

Nongestational pure ovarian choriocarcinoma is a rare malignancy with only 29 cases described to date.

CASE

We describe a case associated with mature cystic teratoma of the contralateral ovary. Details of all 30 cases including clinical features, associations, surgicopathological findings, operative procedures, postoperative chemotherapy, and outcome are summarized.

CONCLUSION

This rare malignancy responds well to surgery and postoperative chemotherapy including the methotrexate-based regimes.

Characterization of the polarity of reversed-phase liquid chromatographic stationary phases in the presence of 1-propanol using solvatochromism and multivariate curve resolution

This work characterizes solvation effects in reversed-phase liquid chromatography in the presence of 1-propanol. The solvatochromic method combined with a multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares analysis method has been used to characterize two modified silica surfaces--phenyl bonded and C18 bonded silica in mobile-phase mixtures of methanol--water and acetonitrile--water in the presence of 1-propanol. The presence of a small amount of 1-propanol has been shown to affect mainly the polarity properties of the stationary phases while the mobile-phase properties are largely unaffected. The chain collapse mechanism for the C18 stationary phase at higher concentrations of water seems to be inhibited in the presence of 1-propanol, and partitioning is the predominant solute retention mechanism. The phenyl-based phase shows considerably different behavior from that of the C18 phase, and propanol appears to disrupt the pi-stacking interactions between the solute and the phenyl rings anchored to the silica support.

Inflammatory pseudotumour of lung

Inflammatory pseudotumour of lung is a rare benign lung tumour of uncertain aetiology. It is difficult to distinguish clinically as well as histologically from inflammatory lesions, hamartomas and neoplasms. Only two such cases have been reported from India earlier. We report one such case, that was clinically misdiagnosed as neuroblastoma.

Evidence for the presence of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase in human platelets: implications for its involvement in the regulatory network of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism

The 12-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in platelets and other cells is bifurcated into a reduction route yielding 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and an isomerization route forming hepoxilins. Here we show for the first time the presence of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) protein and its activity in platelets. The ratio of the activity of PHGPx to that of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1) was consistently found to be approx. 1:60 in platelets and UT7 megakaryoblasts. Moreover, short-lived PHGPx mRNA was detected in megakaryocytes but not in platelets. Carboxymethylation of selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases by iodoacetate, which results in the inactivation of PHGPx and GPx-1 without inhibition of 12-lipoxygenase, markedly altered the pattern of arachidonic acid metabolism in human platelets. Whereas the formation of 12-HETE was inhibited by 80%, a concomitant accumulation of 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HpETE) by two orders of magnitude as well as the formation of hepoxilins A(3) and B(3) were observed. The formation of hepoxilins also occurred when 12-HpETE was added to untreated platelets. In selenium-deficient UT7 cells, which were devoid of GPx-1 but not of PHGPx, the reduction of 12-HPETE was retained, albeit with a lower rate than in control cells containing GPx-1. We therefore believe that both GPx-1 and PHGPx are involved in the regulatory network of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway in platelets and other mammalian cells. Moreover, the diminution of hydroperoxide tone in platelets incubated with arachidonic acid leads primarily to the formation of 12-HETE, whereas the increase in hydroperoxide tone (a situation found under oxidative stress or selenium deficiency or on incubation with 12-HPETE) partly diverts the 12-lipoxygenase pathway from the reduction route to the isomerization route, thus resulting in the formation of hepoxilins.

Oral cysticercosis?report of six cases

BACKGROUND

Cysticercosis cellulosae rarely involves the oral region in humans.

METHODS

Six cases of oral cysticercosis were diagnosed, three each in lips and buccal mucosa. Diagnosis was made by characteristic gross and histopathologic appearances.

RESULTS

Of 146 cases of cysticercosis, 6 (4.1%) were of the oral cavity. All 6 cases were initially seen with painless swellings. Clinical differential diagnosis ranged from retention cyst, lipoma, fibroma, neurofibroma, and angular stomatitis. Histopathologic examination revealed cysticercus larvae.

CONCLUSIONS

The oral cavity is a rare site of involvement by cysticercosis, even in an endemic area. Histopathologic findings of the excised cyst are diagnostic of the lesion.

Phospholipase A(2)s and lipid peroxidation

Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids can proceed both enzymatically via the mammalian 15-lipoxygenase-1 or the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase system and non-enzymatically. In some cells, such as reticulocytes, this process is biologically programmed, whereas in the majority of biological systems lipid peroxidation is a deleterious process that has to be repaired via a deacylation-reacylation cycle of phospholipid metabolism. Several reports in the literature pinpoint a stimulation by lipid peroxidation of the activity of secretory phospholipase A(2)s (mainly pancreatic and snake venom enzymes) which was originally interpreted as a repair function. However, recent experiments from our laboratory have demonstrated that in mixtures of lipoxygenated and native phospholipids the former are not preferably cleaved by either secretory or cytosolic phospholipase A(2)s. We propose that the platelet activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolases of type II, which cleave preferentially peroxidised or lipoxygenated phospholipids, are competent for the phospholipid repair, irrespective of their role in PAF metabolism. A corresponding role of Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2), which has been proposed to be involved in phospholipid remodelling in biomembranes, has not been addressed so far. Direct and indirect 15-lipoxygenation of phospholipids in biomembranes modulates cell signalling by several ways. The stimulation of phospholipase A(2)-mediated arachidonic acid release may constitute an alternative route of the arachidonic acid cascade. Thus, 15-lipoxygenase-mediated oxygenation of membrane phospholipids and its interaction with phospholipase A(2)s may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diseases, such as bronchial asthma and atherosclerosis.

Arachidonic acid stimulates cell growth and forms a novel oxygenated metabolite in Candida albicans

Infection of human tissues by Candida albicans has been reported to cause the release of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosanoids and other proinflammatory mediators from host cells. Therefore, we investigated the interaction of this pathogen with AA. AA stimulated cell growth at micromolar concentrations when used as a sole carbon source. Moreover, it selectively inhibited the antimycin A-resistant alternative oxidase. [1-(14)C]AA was completely metabolised by C. albicans. Only one-seventh of the radioactivity metabolised was found in CO(2), whereas two-thirds occurred in carbohydrates suggesting a predominant role of the glyoxalate shunt of citrate cycle. About 1% of radioactivity was found in polar lipids including eicosanoids. A novel AA metabolite, which revealed immunoreactivity with an antibody against 3(R)-hydroxy-oxylipins, was identified as 3, 18-dihydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, endogenous 3(R)-hydroxy-oxylipins were found in hyphae but not in yeast cells. Such compounds have recently been shown to be connected with the sexual stage of the life cycle of Dipodascopsis uninucleata. Together, we propose that infection-mediated release of AA from host cells may modulate cell growth, morphogenesis and invasiveness of C. albicans by several modes. A better understanding of its role is thus promising for novel approaches towards the treatment of human mycoses.