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Graciano DE, Pontes MS, Araujo LO, Lima RG, Grillo R, Machulek A, Santiago EF, Oliveira SL, Caires ARL. CuO nanoparticles' effect on the photosynthetic performance in seed tissues of Inga laurina (Fabaceae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:50722-50732. [PMID: 39102133 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have been produced on a large scale because they can be applied across various fields, especially in nano-enabled healthcare and agricultural products. However, the increasing use of CuONPs leads to their release and accumulation into the environment. The CuONPs uptaken by seeds and their implications on germination behavior have been reported, but little is known or understood about their impact on photosynthesis in seed tissues. To fill knowledge gaps, this study evaluated the effects of CuONP concentrations (0-300 mg L-1) on the photosynthetic activity of Inga laurina seeds. The microscopy data showed that CuONPs had an average size distribution of 57.5 ± 0.7 nm. Copper ion release and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by CuONPs were also evaluated by dialysis and spectroscopy experiments, respectively. CuONPs were not able to intrinsically generate ROS and released a low content of Cu2⁺ ions (4.5%, w/w). Time evolution of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy were used to monitor the seeds subjected to nanoparticles during 168 h. The data demonstrate that CuONPs affected the steady-state maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F m ' ), the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F v / F m ), and non-photochemical quenching ( NPQ ) of Inga laurina seeds over time. Besides, the NPQ significantly increased at the seed development stage, near the root protrusion stage, probably due to energy dissipation at this germination step. Additionally, the results indicated that CuONPs can change the oscillatory rhythms of energy dissipation of the seeds, disturbing the circadian clock. In conclusion, the results indicate that CuONPs can affect the photosynthetic behavior of I. laurina seeds. These findings open opportunities for using chlorophyll fluorescence as a non-destructive tool to evaluate nanoparticle impact on photosynthetic activity in seed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Espanguer Graciano
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Montcharles Silva Pontes
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Plant Resources Study Group, Natural Resources Program, Mato Grosso do Sul State University (UEMS), Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Leandro Oliveira Araujo
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Regiane Godoy Lima
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Renato Grillo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Machulek
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Etenaldo Felipe Santiago
- Plant Resources Study Group, Natural Resources Program, Mato Grosso do Sul State University (UEMS), Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Samuel Leite Oliveira
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigues Lima Caires
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Chirinos-Peinado D, Castro-Bedriñana J, Barnes EPG, Ríos-Ríos E, García-Olarte E, Castro-Chirinos G. Assessing the Health Risk and Trophic Transfer of Lead and Cadmium in Dairy Farming Systems in the Mantaro Catchment, Central Andes of Peru. TOXICS 2024; 12:308. [PMID: 38787087 PMCID: PMC11125971 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) transfer in three dairy farming areas in the Mantaro river headwaters in the central Peruvian Andes and at varying distances from the mining complex at La Oroya. At each of these sites, the transfer of trace metals from the soil to raw milk was estimated, and a hazard assessment for lead and cadmium was carried out in scenarios of minimum, average, and maximum milk consumption in a Peruvian population aged 2-85. Pb and Cd were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Significantly, the concentrations of lead and cadmium were found to exceed the maximum limits recommended by the World Health Organization, with a positive geospatial trend correlated with the distance from mining activity. Both Pb and Cd were found to be transferred through the soil-pasture-milk pathway, with the primary source of Cd being phosphate-based fertilizers used in pasture improvement. Pb was found to be the most significant contributor to the Hazard Index (HI) with those under 19 years of age and over 60 recording an HI of >1, with infants being the most vulnerable group due to their greater milk consumption in relation to their body weight. A marginal increase in contamination was observed in the dry season, indicating the need for studies to be expanded over several annual cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Chirinos-Peinado
- Nutritional Food Safety Research Center, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12007, Peru; (D.C.-P.); (E.G.-O.)
| | - Jorge Castro-Bedriñana
- Nutritional Food Safety Research Center, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12007, Peru; (D.C.-P.); (E.G.-O.)
| | - Eustace P. G. Barnes
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - Elva Ríos-Ríos
- Science Faculty, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru;
| | - Edgar García-Olarte
- Nutritional Food Safety Research Center, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12007, Peru; (D.C.-P.); (E.G.-O.)
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Mitra D, Adhikari P, Djebaili R, Thathola P, Joshi K, Pellegrini M, Adeyemi NO, Khoshru B, Kaur K, Priyadarshini A, Senapati A, Del Gallo M, Das Mohapatra PK, Nayak AK, Shanmugam V, Panneerselvam P. Biosynthesis and characterization of nanoparticles, its advantages, various aspects and risk assessment to maintain the sustainable agriculture: Emerging technology in modern era science. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:103-120. [PMID: 36706690 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current review aims to gain knowledge on the biosynthesis and characterization of nanoparticles (NPs), their multifactorial role, and emerging trends of NPs utilization in modern science, particularly in sustainable agriculture, for increased yield to solve the food problem in the coming era. However, it is well known that an environment-friendly resource is in excessive demand, and green chemistry is an advanced and rising resource in exploring eco-friendly processes. Plant extracts or other resources can be utilized to synthesize different types of NPS. Hence NPs can be synthesized by organic or inorganic molecules. Inorganic molecules are hydrophilic, biocompatible, and highly steady compared to organic types. NPs occur in numerous chemical conformations ranging from amphiphilic molecules to metal oxides, from artificial polymers to bulky biomolecules. NPs structures can be examined by different approaches, i.e., Raman spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and solid-state NMR. Nano-agrochemical is a unification of nanotechnology and agro-chemicals, which has brought about the manufacture of nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, nano-herbicides, nano-insecticides, and nano-fungicides. NPs can also be utilized as an antimicrobial solution, but the mode of action for antibacterial NPs is poorly understood. Presently known mechanisms comprise the induction of oxidative stress, the release of metal ions, and non-oxidative stress. Multiple modes of action towards microbes would be needed in a similar bacterial cell for antibacterial resistance to develop. Finally, we visualize multidisciplinary cooperative methods will be essential to fill the information gap in nano-agrochemicals and drive toward the usage of green NPs in agriculture and plant science study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733 134, West Bengal, India; Crop Production Division, ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Priyanka Adhikari
- Centre for excellence on GMP extraction facility (DBT, Govt. of India), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, 781101, Assam, India
| | - Rihab Djebaili
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pooja Thathola
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Almora, 263643, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kuldeep Joshi
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Almora, 263643, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Marika Pellegrini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Nurudeen O Adeyemi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Bahman Khoshru
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase- 10, Sector- 64, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Ankita Priyadarshini
- Crop Production Division, ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Ansuman Senapati
- Crop Production Division, ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Maddalena Del Gallo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Amaresh Kumar Nayak
- Crop Production Division, ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Vijayakumar Shanmugam
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase- 10, Sector- 64, Mohali, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Periyasamy Panneerselvam
- Crop Production Division, ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India.
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Phung LD, Kumar A, Watanabe T. CuO nanoparticles in irrigation wastewater have no detrimental effect on rice growth but may pose human health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157602. [PMID: 35896133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) being released into agricultural soils via sewage systems has raised widespread concern about their negative effects on crop plants, soils, and potential risks to human health via the food chain. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the effect of CuO NPs in irrigation water on plant growth and Cu accumulation in a rice-soil system using continuous sub-irrigation with treated wastewater (CSI), and (ii) assess the Cu exposure and potential health risk associated with rice consumption. CuO NPs were examined in treated municipal wastewater (TWW) at environmentally acceptable concentrations (0, 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 mg Cu L-1), allowing for effluent discharge and/or crop irrigation reuse. Low CuO NP concentrations in TWW had no adverse effect on plant growth, yield, or grain quality. Cu accumulation significantly increased in various parts of rice plants and paddy soils at 2.0 mg Cu L-1. CuO NPs had no discernible effect on rice plants when compared to CuSO4 at 0.2 mg Cu L-1. The estimated daily intake of Cu derived from inadvertent consumption of Cu-contaminated rice (by CuO NPs in TWW) for young children aged 0-6 years exceeded the oral reference dose for toxicity. Overall, we found no acute toxicity of CuO NPs in TWW to rice plants, but significant Cu accumulation in grains. This implies that there is a high risk of human health problems associated with rice that was intensively irrigated with TWW containing CuO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Duc Phung
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan; Center for Foreign Languages and International Education, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Viet Nam.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
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Ji H, Guo Z, Wang G, Wang X, Liu H. Effect of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles on the growth, nutrient absorption, and potential health risk of the seasonal vegetable Medicago polymorpha L. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14038. [PMID: 36164609 PMCID: PMC9508880 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Medicago polymorpha L., a seasonal vegetable, is commonly grown in China. The increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) such as ZnO and CuO NPs in agriculture has raised concerns about their potential risks for plant growth and for human consumption. There is a lack of research on the effects of ZnO and CuO NPs on agronomic performance of Medicago polymorpha L. and their potential risks for human health. Methods In this study, different treatment concentrations of ZnO NPs (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1) and CuO NPs (10, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg-1) were used to determine their effects on the growth and nutrient absorption of Medicago polymorpha L., as well as their potential risk for human health. Results The results showed that ZnO and CuO NPs increased the fresh weight of Medicago polymorpha L. by 5.8-11.8 and 3.7-8.1%, respectively. The best performance for ZnO NPs occurred between 25-50 mg kg-1 and the best performance for CuO NPs occurred between 10-25 mg kg-1. Compared with the control, ZnO and CuO NPs improved the macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca). The following micronutrients were also improved: iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn), with the exception of nitrogen (N) accumulation. Low treatment concentrations exhibited more efficient nutrient uptake than high treatment concentrations. A comprehensive analysis showed that the optimum concentrations were 25 mg kg-1 for ZnO NPs and 10 mg kg-1 for CuO NPs. The potential non-carcinogenic health risk of Medicago polymorpha L. treated with ZnO and CuO NPs was analyzed according to the estimated daily intake (EDI), the hazard quotient (HQ), and the cumulative hazard quotient (CHQ). Compared with the oral reference dose, the EDI under different ZnO and CuO NPs treatments was lower. The HQ and CHQ under different ZnO and CuO NPs treatments were far below 1. This indicated that Medicago polymorpha L. treated with ZnO and CuO NPs did not pose any non-carcinogenic health risk to the human body. Therefore, ZnO and CuO NPs were considered as a safe nano fertilizer for Medicago polymorpha L. production according to growth analysis and a human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Ji
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Hilly Area, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi Guo
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongjiang Liu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Wu Q, Jiang X, Wu H, Zou L, Wang L, Shi J. Effects and Mechanisms of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles with Regard to Arsenic Availability in Soil-Rice Systems: Adsorption Behavior and Microbial Response. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8142-8154. [PMID: 35654440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are widely used as fungicides in agriculture. Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous contaminant in paddy soil. The present study was focused on the adsorption behavior of CuO NPs with regard to As as well as the characteristics of the microbial community changes in As-contaminated soil-rice systems in response to CuO NPs. The study found that CuO NPs could be a temporary sink of As in soil; a high dose of CuO NPs promoted the release of As from crystalline iron oxide, which increased the As content in the liquid phase. The study also found that the As bioavailability changed significantly when the dose of CuO NPs was higher than 50 mg kg-1 in the soil-rice system. The addition of 100 mg kg-1 CuO NPs increased the microbial diversity and the abundance of genes involved in As cycling, decreased the abundance of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing genes, and decreased As accumulation in grains. Treatment with 500 mg kg-1 CuO NPs increased the abundance of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing genes, decreased Fe plaques, and increased As accumulation in rice. The adverse effects of CuO NPs on crops and associated risks need to be considered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaohan Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hanxin Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lina Zou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lubin Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiyan Shi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory for Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Kumar A, Choudhary A, Kaur H, Guha S, Mehta S, Husen A. Potential Applications of Engineered Nanoparticles in Plant Disease Management: A Critical Update. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133798. [PMID: 35122813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by pathogenic entities pose severe issues to global food security. Effective sensory applications and tools for the effective determination of plant diseases become crucial to the assurance of food supply and agricultural sustainability. Antibody-mediated molecular assays and nucleic acid are gold-standard approaches for plant disease diagnosis, but the evaluating methodologies are liable, complex, and laborious. With the rise in global food demand, escalating the food production in threats of diverse pathogen ranges, and climate change is a major challenge. Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have been inserted into conventional laboratory sequence technologies or molecular assays that provide a remarkable increment in selectivity and sensitivity. In the present scenario, they are useful in plant disease management as well as in plant health monitoring. The use of NPs could sustainably mitigate numerous food security issues and or threats in disease management by decreasing the risk of chemical inputs and alleviating supra detection of pathogens. Overall, this review paper discusses the role of NPs in plant diseases management, available commercial products. Additionally, the future directions and their regulatory laws in the usage of the nano-diagnostic approach for plant health monitoring have been explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antul Kumar
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Anuj Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Harmanjot Kaur
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Satyakam Guha
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sahil Mehta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; School of Agricultural Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Sohna Rural, Haryana, 122103, India
| | - Azamal Husen
- Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box: 138, Wolaita, Ethiopia.
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Shahane SP, Kumar A. Estimation of health risks due to copper-based nanoagrochemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:25046-25059. [PMID: 34837610 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study estimated health risks due to two types of copper-based nanoagrochemicals (Cu (OH)2 and CuO nanoparticles (NPs)), during inadvertent ingestion of soil and consumption of leafy vegetables for a hypothetical exposure scenario. The dissolution of copper-based nanoagrochemicals in human digestive system was considered for estimating realistic doses. No risk was found during soil ingestion (hazard quotient (HQ) <1). HQ (no dissolution of Cu (OH) 2 nanopesticides) (HQ= 0.015) comes out to be 2 times higher than that of HQ (100% dissolution of Cu (OH)2 nanopesticides into copper ions) (HQ= 0.007). In case of risk from consumption of leafy vegetables, the following order of risk was found (high to low HQ value): Cu (OH)2 (HQ= 1925) >CuO NPs (1402). Combined exposure of Cu (OH)2 nanopesticide through soil ingestion as well as consumption of contaminated edible leafy vegetables resulted in health risks. The calculated maximum allowable applicable concentration values of Cu (OH)2 and CuO NPs without posing risk to human and plant toxicity were found to be 1.14 and 0.45 mg/L, respectively. These findings can be used now for deciding safe use of copper-based nanoagrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Pravin Shahane
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India.
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Shen M, Liu W, Zeb A, Lian J, Wu J, Lin M. Bioaccumulation and phytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in soil-grown Brassica chinensis L. and potential risks. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 306:114454. [PMID: 35007793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) widely used have caught the attention of researchers, nevertheless, phytotoxicity, bioaccumulation, and potential risks thereof to the green leafy still have knowledge defects. A pot experiment was intended to cultivate pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) following root exposure to ZnO NPs and Zn2+. ZnO NPs promoted plant growth and Zn accumulation, formed a dose-dependent effect on chlorophyll and carotenoids, and induced fluctuations in antioxidant enzyme activities and alleviated the oxidative damage of pakchoi. Particularly, 1000 mg kg-1 ZnO NPs resulted in malondialdehyde (MDA) content of pakchoi shoots that was 87% higher than control. TEM was used to observe ZnO NPs of root cells and found that its possible way to enter the plant was endocytosis. Research on the content of several co-existing nutrients showed that 100 mg kg-1 ZnO NPs significantly (p < 0.05) promoted the absorption of Ca, P and Fe by pakchoi shoots. In parallel, the hazard quotient (HQ) was used to assess the potential health risk of ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Hebei Petroleum University of Technology, Heibei, 067000, China.
| | - Weitao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Aurang Zeb
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Jiapan Lian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Jiani Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Maohong Lin
- Foshan Environmental Protection Investment Limited Company, Foshan, 528051, China.
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10
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Nag R, Cummins E. Human health risk assessment of lead (Pb) through the environmental-food pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151168. [PMID: 34710405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water and farm-to-fork pathways have been identified as the predominant environmental pathways associated with human exposure (HE) to Pb. This study integrates a GIS-based survey of metal concentrations in soil and a probabilistic quantitative risk assessment of Pb through the food chain. The case study area was selected in the east of Ireland. A step-wise exposure assessment collated the data for Pb concentration in soil and water media, bioaccumulation of Pb in unprocessed food products, such as potatoes, carrots, green vegetables, and salad vegetables. The daily mean HE to Pb through selected food products was found to be 0.073 mg day-1, where a mean weekly exposure was estimated as 0.0065 mg kg body weight-1 week-1. Multiple risk estimates were used. Hazard Quotient (HQ), Daily Dietary Index (DDI), Daily Intake of Metal (DIM), Health Risk Index (HRI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Cancer Risk (CR) were found as 0.234 to 0.669, 0.002, 0.0002, 0.020 to 0.057, 0.234 to 0.669, and 0.00001, respectively which signify a low to moderate risk. A sensitivity analysis revealed that intake of potato is the most sensitive parameter of the model, which is positively correlated (coeff. + 0.66) followed by concentration of Pb in the arable soil (+0.49), bioaccumulation in tubers (+0.37), consumption of salad vegetables (+0.20), and consumption of green vegetables (+0.13) (top 5). A back-calculated limit of Pb in the soil (51 mg kg-1) justifies the lower threshold limit of Pb (50-300 mg kg-1) in agricultural soil set by the European Union to mitigate potential bio-transfer into food products. The study concludes there is a low to moderate risk posed by Pb, within the system boundary of the probabilistic model, and highlights the significance of limiting Pb concentrations in the vegetable producing agricultural soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Nag
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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11
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Nag R, O'Rourke SM, Cummins E. Risk factors and assessment strategies for the evaluation of human or environmental risk from metal(loid)s - A focus on Ireland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149839. [PMID: 34455276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Elevated human exposure to metals and metalloids (metal(loid)s) may lead to acute sickness and pose a severe threat to human health. The human body is exposed to metal(loid)s principally through food, water, supplements, and (occasionally) air. There are inherent background levels of many metal(loid)s in regional soils as a consequence of geological sources. Baseline levels coupled with anthropogenic sources such as regional application of biosolids may lead to increased levels of certain metal(loid)s in soil, leading to potential transfer to water sources and potential uptake by plants. The latter could potentially transfer into the feed-to-food chain, viz. grazing animals, and bio-transfer to food products resulting in human exposure. This study addresses health concerns due to excessive intake of metal(loid)s by conducting a traditional review of peer-reviewed journals between 2015 and 2019, secondary references and relevant websites. The review identified the most researched metal(loid)s as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, As, Hg, Mn, Fe in the environment. The potential uptake of metal(loid)s by plants (phytoavailability) is a function of the mobility/retainability of metal(loid)s in the soil, influenced by soil geochemistry. The most critical parameters (including soil pH, soil organic matter, clay content, cation exchange capacity, the capability of decomposition of organic matter by microbes, redox potential, ionic strength) influencing metal(loid)s in soil are reviewed and used as a foundation to build a framework model for ranking metal(loid)s of concern. A robust quantitative risk assessment model is recommended for evaluating risk from individual metal(loid)s based on health-based indices (Daily Dietary Index (DDI), No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL), and Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)). This research proposes a risk assessment framework for potentially harmful metal(loid)s in the environment and highlights where regulation and intervention may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Nag
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sharon Mary O'Rourke
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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12
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Skiba E, Pietrzak M, Glińska S, Wolf WM. The Combined Effect of ZnO and CeO 2 Nanoparticles on Pisum sativum L.: A Photosynthesis and Nutrients Uptake Study. Cells 2021; 10:3105. [PMID: 34831328 PMCID: PMC8624121 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are emerging pollutants that are likely to occur in the contemporary environment. So far, their combined effects on terrestrial plants have not been thoroughly investigated. Obviously, this subject is a challenge for modern ecotoxicology. In this study, Pisum sativum L. plants were exposed to either CeO2 NPs or ZnO NPs alone, or mixtures of these nano-oxides (at two concentrations: 100 and 200 mg/L). The plants were cultivated in hydroponic system for twelve days. The combined effect of NPs was proved by 1D ANOVA augmented by Tukey's post hoc test at p = 0.95. It affected all major plant growth and photosynthesis parameters. Additionally, HR-CS AAS and ICP-OES were used to determine concentrations of Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca, K, Zn, and Ce in roots and shoots. Treatment of the pea plants with the NPs, either alone or in combination affected the homeostasis of these metals in the plants. CeO2 NPs stimulated the photosynthesis rate, while ZnO NPs prompted stomatal and biochemical limitations. In the mixed ZnO and CeO2 treatments, the latter effects were decreased by CeO2 NPs. These results indicate that free radicals scavenging properties of CeO2 NPs mitigate the toxicity symptoms induced in the plants by ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Skiba
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.P.); (W.M.W.)
| | - Monika Pietrzak
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.P.); (W.M.W.)
| | - Sława Glińska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (M.P.); (W.M.W.)
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Kumar A, Choudhary A, Kaur H, Mehta S, Husen A. Smart nanomaterial and nanocomposite with advanced agrochemical activities. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:156. [PMID: 34664133 PMCID: PMC8523620 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional agriculture solely depends upon highly chemical compounds that have negatively ill-affected the health of every living being and the entire ecosystem. Thus, the smart delivery of desired components in a sustainable manner to crop plants is the primary need to maintain soil health in the upcoming years. The premature loss of growth-promoting ingredients and their extended degradation in the soil increases the demand for reliable novel techniques. In this regard, nanotechnology has offered to revolutionize the agrotechnological area that has the imminent potential over conventional agriculture and helps to reform resilient cropping systems withholding prominent food security for the ever-growing world population. Further, in-depth investigation on plant-nanoparticles interactions creates new avenues toward crop improvement via enhanced crop yield, disease resistance, and efficient nutrient utilization. The incorporation of nanomaterial with smart agrochemical activities and establishing a new framework relevant to enhance efficacy ultimately help to address the social acceptance, potential hazards, and management issues in the future. Here, we highlight the role of nanomaterial or nanocomposite as a sustainable as well stable alternative in crop protection and production. Additionally, the information on the controlled released system, role in interaction with soil and microbiome, the promising role of nanocomposite as nanopesticide, nanoherbicide, nanofertilizer, and their limitations in agrochemical activities are discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antul Kumar
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Anuj Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Harmanjot Kaur
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 India
| | - Sahil Mehta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
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14
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Jośko I, Kusiak M, Xing B, Oleszczuk P. Combined effect of nano-CuO and nano-ZnO in plant-related system: From bioavailability in soil to transcriptional regulation of metal homeostasis in barley. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126230. [PMID: 34492984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The co-existence of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the environment is an emerging issue remaining poorly investigated. The present study aimed at analyzing the fate of binary mixtures of CuO and ZnO ENPs in a soil-plant system. The ENPs were singly or jointly dosed into soil at 300 mg kg-1 and aged for 7 and 30 days. To evaluate nano-specific effects, individual and combined treatments of metal salts were also applied. Interactions between ENPs and soil-grown barley Hordeum vulgare were determined in terms of biomass, plant mineral composition as well as expression of genes regulating metal homeostasis (ZIP1,3,6,8,10,14, RAN1, PAA1,2, MTP1, COPT5) and detoxification (MT1-3). The bioavailability of Zn and Cu in bulk soil and in the rooting zone was determined using the 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 extraction. After combined treatment of ENPs, the extractable concentrations of Cu and Zn were lower than upon individual exposure in bulk soil. The opposite tendency was noted for metal salts. Genes related to metal uptake (ZIP) and cellular compartment (PAA2, RAN1) were mostly up-regulated by single rather than combined application of ENPs. The single and joint exposure to metals salts induced the down-regulation of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Jośko
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, University of Life Sciences, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kusiak
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, University of Life Sciences, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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15
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Gomez A, Narayan M, Zhao L, Jia X, Bernal RA, Lopez-Moreno ML, Peralta-Videa JR. Effects of nano-enabled agricultural strategies on food quality: Current knowledge and future research needs. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123385. [PMID: 32763688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming more feasible to use nano-enabled agricultural products such as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides to improve the efficiency of agrochemical delivery to crop plants. Experimental results have shown that nano-agrochemicals have great potential for reducing the environmental impact of traditional agrochemicals while simultaneously significantly increasing crop production. However, emerging data suggest that nano-enabled products are not only capable of increasing yield, but also result in alterations in crop quality. Variation in proteins, sugars, starch content, as well as in metallic essential elements have been reported. Verbi gratia, albumin, globulin, and prolamin have been significantly increased in rice exposed to CeO2 engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), while CeO2, CuO, and ZnO ENPs have increased Ca, Mg, and P in several crops. Conversely, reductions in Mo and Ni have been reported in cucumber and kidney beans exposed to CeO2 and ZnO engineered nanomaterials, respectively. However, reports on specific effects in human health due to the consumption of agricultural products obtained from plants exposed to nano-agrochemicals are still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gomez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave. El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave. El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xiaorong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Ricardo A Bernal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave. El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Martha L Lopez-Moreno
- Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, PO Box 9019, Mayagüez, 00681-9019, Puerto Rico
| | - Jose R Peralta-Videa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave. El Paso, TX 79968, United States.
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16
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Xiong T, Zhang T, Xian Y, Kang Z, Zhang S, Dumat C, Shahid M, Li S. Foliar uptake, biotransformation, and impact of CuO nanoparticles in Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:423-439. [PMID: 32990874 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves can intercept and directly absorb nanoparticles (NPs) that deposit on their surface, which can lead severe phytotoxicity. However, there is a large blind spot when it comes to the fate and phytotoxicity of NPs after leaf exposure, even though foliar uptake is likely to occur. In this study, lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L. var. ramosa Hort.) were exposed to different concentrations of copper-oxide NPs (CuO-NPs, 0, 100, and 1000 mg L-1) for 5, 10, and 15 days. Foliar uptake, subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and impact of CuO-NPs on nutrient status, antioxidant systems, and lettuce growth were examined. Substantially elevated Cu levels were observed in lettuce leaves (up to 6350 mg kg-1), which was one magnitude greater than that in the roots (up to 525 mg kg-1). Cu translocation factors from leaves to roots ranged from 1.80 to 15.6%. The application of CuO-NPs severely inhibited lettuce growth and altered the nutrient status in plants (especially Mn, K, and Ca). Moreover, CuO-NPs increased H2O2 generation, malonaldehyde level (on the 5th and 10th day of exposure), and catalase activity (on the 15th day of exposure) in lettuce leaves. The Cu concentrations in subcellular fractions were ranked: cell wall ≈ organelles > soluble fraction in lettuce leaves, and organelles > cell wall > soluble fraction in lettuce roots. Undissolved Cu forms were predominant in lettuce, which may have helped to reduce the Cu's mobility and phytotoxicity in the plant. The findings of this study will be of great interest in areas with high levels of metal-NPs in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yuanhong Xian
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Camille Dumat
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir (CERTOP), UMR5044, Université Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, 5 allée Antonio Machado, 31058, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- INP-ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Shaoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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17
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Hashimoto T, Mustafa G, Nishiuchi T, Komatsu S. Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Inorganic and Organic Chemicals with Silver Nanoparticles on Soybean under Flooding Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1300. [PMID: 32075105 PMCID: PMC7072913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive utilization of silver nanoparticles (NPs) in agricultural products results in their interaction with other chemicals in the environment. To study the combined effects of silver NPs with nicotinic acid and potassium nitrate (KNO3), a gel-free/label-free proteomic technique was used. Root length/weight and hypocotyl length/weight of soybean were enhanced by silver NPs mixed with nicotinic acid and KNO3. Out of a total 6340 identified proteins, 351 proteins were significantly changed, out of which 247 and 104 proteins increased and decreased, respectively. Differentially changed proteins were predominantly associated with protein degradation and synthesis according to the functional categorization. Protein-degradation-related proteins mainly consisted of the proteasome degradation pathway. The cell death was significantly higher in the root tips of soybean under the combined treatment compared to flooding stress. Accumulation of calnexin/calreticulin and glycoproteins was significantly increased under flooding with silver NPs, nicotinic acid, and KNO3. Growth of soybean seedlings with silver NPs, nicotinic acid, and KNO3 was improved under flooding stress. These results suggest that the combined mixture of silver NPs, nicotinic acid, and KNO3 causes positive effects on soybean seedling by regulating the protein quality control for the mis-folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, it might improve the growth of soybean under flooding stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hashimoto
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan; (T.H.); (G.M.)
| | - Ghazala Mustafa
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan; (T.H.); (G.M.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Institute for Gene Research, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan;
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan; (T.H.); (G.M.)
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