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Jagannathan M, Dhinasekaran D, Rajendran AR, Cho S. A Review of Electroactive Nanomaterials in the Detection of Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds and Future Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:989. [PMID: 37998164 PMCID: PMC10669399 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical and impedimetric detection of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in blood, urine, sweat, and saliva is widely used in clinical diagnosis. NOC detection is used to identify illnesses such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), cardiovascular complications, diabetes, cancer, and others. In recent years, nanomaterials have shown significant potential in the detection of NOCs using electrochemical and impedimetric sensors. This potential is due to the higher surface area, porous nature, and functional groups of nanomaterials, which can aid in improving the sensing performance with inexpensive, direct, and quick-time processing methods. In this review, we discuss nanomaterials, such as metal oxides, graphene nanostructures, and their nanocomposites, for the detection of NOCs. Notably, researchers have considered nanocomposite-based devices, such as a field effect transistor (FET) and printed electrodes, for the detection of NOCs. In this review, we emphasize the significant importance of electrochemical and impedimetric methods in the detection of NOCs, which typically show higher sensitivity and selectivity. So, these methods will open a new way to make embeddable electrodes for point-of-detection (POD) devices. These devices could be used in the next generation of non-invasive analysis for biomedical and clinical applications. This review also summarizes recent state-of-the-art technology for the development of sensors for on-site monitoring and disease diagnosis at an earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Jagannathan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13210, Republic of Korea;
| | - Durgalakshmi Dhinasekaran
- Department of Medical Physics, College of Engineering Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Ajay Rakkesh Rajendran
- Functional Nano-Materials (FuN) Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13210, Republic of Korea;
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Naik TSSK, Singh S, Narasimhappa P, Varshney R, Singh J, Khan NA, Zahmatkesh S, Ramamurthy PC, Shehata N, Kiran GN, Sunil K. Green and sustainable synthesis of CaO nanoparticles: Its solicitation as a sensor material and electrochemical detection of urea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19995. [PMID: 37968362 PMCID: PMC10651922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Urea is recognized as one of the most frequently used adulterants in milk to enhance artificial protein content, and whiteness. Drinking milk having high urea concentrations which causes innumerable health disputes like ulcers, indigestion, and kidney-related problems. Therefore, herein, a simple and rapid electroanalytical platform was developed to detect the presence of urea in milk using a modified electrode sensor. Calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) were green synthesized and used as a catalyst material for developing the sensor. Synthesized materials formation was confirmed by different techniques like FTIR, UV-visible, XRD, SEM-EDX, and Raman spectroscopy. The carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified using the CaO NPs and used as a working electrode during the analysis followed by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The fabricated calcium oxide modified carbon paste electrode (CaO/CPE) successfully detected the presence of urea in the lower concentration range (lower limit of detection (LLOD) = 0.032 µM) having a wide linear detection range of 10-150 µM. Adsorption-controlled electrode process was achieved at the scan rate variation parameter. The leading parameters like the selectivity, repeatability, and stability of the CaO/CPE were investigated. The relative standard deviation of sensor was ± 3.8% during the interference and stability study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Sunil Kumar Naik
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Pavithra Narasimhappa
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Radhika Varshney
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Nadeem A Khan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security (IRC-MWS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Nabila Shehata
- Environmental Science and Industrial Development Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - G N Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, SSIT, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumkur, Karnataka, 572107, India
| | - K Sunil
- Department of Chemistry, SSIT, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumkur, Karnataka, 572107, India
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Gnanasekaran L, Shanmugapriya D, Sasikala V, Vadivel S, Chen WH, Arthi M, Soto-Moscoso M. Nanocubic copper cobaltite for methyl orange degradation through photocatalytic process. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137311. [PMID: 36410501 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cubic spinel structured CuCo2O4 (Copper cobaltite) nanospheres were fabricated by thermal decomposition method. The visible light degradation of organic contaminant methyl orange (MO) was focused in this study using the synthesized pure CuO, Co3O4 and CuCo2O4 with different weight ratios of raw materials (90:10, 75:25 and 50:50). It could be well realized that after the characterization techniques, the synthesized CuCo2O4 materials resembled cubic spinel structure as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigation. Meanwhile, all the synthesized materials through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have showed cubic shaped particles and among the CuCo2O4 materials, CuCo2O4 (50:50) expressed not as much of crystallinity due to the agglomerated nanospheres. On the other hand, well crystalline CuCo2O4 (75:25) displayed higher surface area than the other materials when analysed through Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrum has evinced the formation of CuCo2O4 nanostructures. In addition, the cubic spinel structured CuCo2O4 provided positive results over visible light irradiation. Finally, the CuCo2O4 (75:25) sample has scored high as much of 85% MO degradation compared with others. This sample was progressed with repetitive recycling tests and presented the best photocatalytic degradation efficiency. The upgraded results of CuCo2O4 sample have been linked with the developed synergistic effects during the formation of binary metal oxides. Also, the interfacial electron-hole formation leads to the migration and hindering of charge carriers for visible light activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Gnanasekaran
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - D Shanmugapriya
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - V Sasikala
- Department of Chemistry, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Sethumathavan Vadivel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 411, Taiwan
| | - M Arthi
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600095, India
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Sanko V, Şenocak A, Oğuz Tümay S, Demirbas E. A novel comparative study for electrochemical urea biosensor design: effect of different ferrite nanoparticles (MFe2O4, M: Cu, Co, Ni, Zn) in urease immobilized composite system. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 149:108324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Aluminum oxide quantum dots (Al2O3): An Immediate Sensing aptitude for the detection of urea. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Nanodiagnostics for Human and Gut Metabolites Diagnostics: Recent Advances and Challenges. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090733. [PMID: 36140118 PMCID: PMC9496054 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites are the intermediatory products of metabolic processes catalyzed by numerous enzymes found inside the cells. Detecting clinically relevant metabolites is important to understand their physiological and biological functions along with the evolving medical diagnostics. Rapid advances in detecting the tiny metabolites such as biomarkers that signify disease hallmarks have an immense need for high-performance identifying techniques. Low concentrations are found in biological fluids because the metabolites are difficult to dissolve in an aqueous medium. Therefore, the selective and sensitive study of metabolites as biomarkers in biological fluids is problematic. The different non-electrochemical and conventional methods need a long time of analysis, long sampling, high maintenance costs, and costly instrumentation. Hence, employing electrochemical techniques in clinical examination could efficiently meet the requirements of fully automated, inexpensive, specific, and quick means of biomarker detection. The electrochemical methods are broadly utilized in several emerging and established technologies, and electrochemical biosensors are employed to detect different metabolites. This review describes the advancement in electrochemical sensors developed for clinically associated human metabolites, including glucose, lactose, uric acid, urea, cholesterol, etc., and gut metabolites such as TMAO, TMA, and indole derivatives. Different sensing techniques are evaluated for their potential to achieve relevant degrees of multiplexing, specificity, and sensitivity limits. Moreover, we have also focused on the opportunities and remaining challenges for integrating the electrochemical sensor into the point-of-care (POC) devices.
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Bai W, Zhao X, Yin B, Guo L, Zhang W, Wang X, Yang W. Characteristics of PM 2.5 in an Industrial City of Northern China: Mass Concentrations, Chemical Composition, Source Apportionment, and Health Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095443. [PMID: 35564844 PMCID: PMC9104452 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban and suburban PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously during selected periods representing each season in 2019 in Zibo, China. Samples were analysed for water-soluble inorganic ions, carbon components, and elements. A chemical mass balance model and health risk assessment model were used to investigate the source contributions to PM2.5 and the human health risks posed by various pollution sources via the inhalation pathway. Almost 50% of the PM2.5 samples exceeded the secondary standard of China's air quality concentration limit (75 µg/m3, 24 h). Water-soluble inorganic ions were the main component of PM2.5 in Zibo, accounting for 50 ± 8% and 56 ± 11% of PM2.5 at the urban and suburban sites, respectively. OC and OC/EC decreased significantly in the past few years due to enhanced energy restructuring. Pearson correlation analysis showed that traffic emissions were the main source of heavy metals. The Cr(VI) concentrations were 1.53 and 1.92 ng/m3 for urban and suburban sites, respectively, exceeding the national ambient air quality standards limit of 0.025 ng/m3. Secondary inorganic aerosols, traffic emissions, and secondary organic aerosols were the dominant contributors to PM2.5 in Zibo, with the total contributions from these three sources accounting for approximately 80% of PM2.5 and the remaining 20% attributed to traffic emissions. The non-carcinogenic risks from crustal dust for children were 2.23 and 1.15 in urban and suburban areas, respectively, exceeding the safe limit of 1.0 in both locations, as was the case for adults in urban areas. Meanwhile, the carcinogenic risks were all below the safe limit, with the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from traffic emissions being just below the limits. Strict control of precursor emissions, such as SO2, NOx, and VOCs, is a good way to reduce PM2.5 pollution resulting from secondary aerosols. Traffic control, limiting or preventing outdoor activities, and wearing masks during haze episodes may be also helpful in reducing PM2.5 pollution and its non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health impacts in Zibo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
| | - Baohui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
| | - Liyao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wenge Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (W.B.); (X.Z.); (B.Y.); (L.G.); (W.Y.)
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