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Pirnia B, Soleimani A, Farhoudian A, Zahiroddin A. The contribution of childhood maltreatment to the incidence of heavy cannabis use in Iran (IRNS-CCI): A multicenter, matched-pairs, nested, case-control study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 149:106632. [PMID: 38368781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown the role of the interaction between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and life's adversities in the formation of addiction, including alcohol abuse. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to identify childhood maltreatment (CM) patterns with the strongest impact on the probability of heavy cannabis use (THCCOOH concentrations ≥150 ng/mL) in Iran. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Using survivor sampling, 350 adult participants were selected, and they were then allocated to three categories based on an optimal algorithm: 1) Sexual abuse, 2) Physical abuse, and 3) Physical neglect. METHODS From 1 September 2019 to 1 May 2023, we implemented a multicenter, matched-pairs, nested, case-control study based on the wave 3-wave 6 data of a longitudinal, multicenter, cohort study. The cases and controls (n = 350 men) were defined according to the severity of CM. The THC potency was evaluated with the delta-9 carboxy tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) levels in urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We calculated the population attributable fractions (PAFs) to identify the patterns of maltreatment associated with the highest odds of high-potency cannabis use. RESULTS Accumulating CM, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, and physical neglect, carried more than three times the risk of heavy cannabis use (OR 3.4 95 % CI 2.9-4.1), and the combination of the three indicators of maltreatment and a high BMI (25-29.9) carried more than four times the risk of heavy cannabis use (OR 4.7 95 % CI 2.7-4.1) compared to the controls. We estimated that in the case of zero CM for each of the three indicators, over 20 % of new cases of heavy cannabis use can be prevented. CONCLUSIONS The findings show the significance of CM as a predicator of heavy cannabis use in adulthood and in the abstinence phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Pirnia
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Soleimani
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Farhoudian
- Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zahiroddin
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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McCollum DC, Teeters JB, Moskal KR, Woodward MJ. Does Social Support Moderate the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Substance-Related Problems? Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:269-277. [PMID: 37853713 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2269570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: More than half of individuals in the United States have had adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which can result in physical and mental distress. ACEs has been linked with greater likelihood of harmful alcohol and drug use. Research has found that protective factors, such as social support, may potentially buffer against harmful substance use engagement among those who have experienced ACEs. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between perceived social support, ACEs, and alcohol and cannabis-related problems. Moreover, this study aimed to examine if specific domains of perceived social support (family, friends, and significant other) moderated the relationship between ACEs and alcohol and cannabis-related problems. Method: Validated measures of ACEs, perceived social support, and alcohol and cannabis problems were collected in a sample of 401 emerging adults via Prolific Academic (an online data collection platform). Results: Overall perceived social support and domains such as perceived family and friend social support moderated the relationship between ACEs and alcohol-related problems but not ACEs and cannabis-related problems. The association between ACEs and alcohol-related problems was strongest at low levels of perceived family and friend social support. Perceived social support was not associated with cannabis-related problems. Conclusions: Lack of social support is a potential risk factor for alcohol-related problems among emerging adults. Bolstering perceived social support from family and friends among those who have experienced ACEs may be beneficial in intervention and treatment efforts aiming to reduce harmful substance use in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamonde C McCollum
- Psychological Sciences Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jenni B Teeters
- Psychological Sciences Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Katie R Moskal
- Psychological Sciences Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Matthew J Woodward
- Psychological Sciences Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
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3
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Sebalo I, Königová MP, Sebalo Vňuková M, Anders M, Ptáček R. The Associations of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) With Substance Use in Young Adults: A Systematic Review. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231193914. [PMID: 38025908 PMCID: PMC10631312 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231193914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Young adulthood is a transitional period between adolescence and adulthood. Due to the unique pressures of taking on a new social role and associated uncertainties, young adults are at heightened risk for drug and alcohol use. Furthermore, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increases the likelihood of using maladaptive coping strategies such as using substances to avoid or soothe negative emotions. The current review aimed to summarize the associations between exposure to ACEs before the age of 18 years and subsequent drug or alcohol use between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Methods The review was performed in accordance with the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The literature search of the Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases was conducted in February 2022. Results The initial search yielded 7178 articles, with 777 duplicates. Consequently, 6401 titles were inspected for relevance. After reading the full text, 88 articles were included in the review. Conclusion This review provides clear evidence that exposure to multiple ACEs is a robust risk factor for the use of alcohol, cannabis and other drugs by young adults. Poor self-regulation and maladaptive coping strategies were identified as mechanisms explaining this link; however, further detailed research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sebalo
- Centre of Research and Education in Forensic Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michaela Poslt Königová
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Sebalo Vňuková
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Anders
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radek Ptáček
- Department of Psychiatry, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
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Cavalli JM, Cservenka A. Sex Moderates Associations Between Dimensions of Emotion Dysregulation and Problematic Cannabis Use. J Psychoactive Drugs 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37155938 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2210552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined whether sex moderates associations between emotion dysregulation (overall and six dimensions of emotion dysregulation) and problematic cannabis use. 741 adult past-month cannabis users (31.44% female) completed questionnaires on problematic cannabis use (Marijuana Problems Scale) and emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale). Mann-Whitney U tests and hierarchical multiple linear regressions were performed. Male cannabis users reported greater difficulties with overall emotion dysregulation, nonacceptance, goals, impulse, strategies, and clarity. Overall emotion dysregulation, nonacceptance, goals, impulse, and strategies were associated with more severe problematic cannabis use, with relationships weaker in female cannabis users. Lack of emotional awareness was associated with less severe problematic cannabis use in male cannabis users only. Examining individual differences in emotion dysregulation as they relate to problematic cannabis use suggests that treatments may need to be tailored for male cannabis users with a focus on specific emotion dysregulation dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Cavalli
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Anita Cservenka
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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5
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Warmingham JM, Duprey EB, Handley ED, Rogosch FA, Cicchetti D. Patterns of childhood maltreatment predict emotion processing and regulation in emerging adulthood. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:766-781. [PMID: 35287777 PMCID: PMC9474738 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment is a potent interpersonal trauma associated with dysregulation of emotional processes relevant to the development of psychopathology. The current study identified prospective links between patterns of maltreatment exposures and dimensions of emotion regulation in emerging adulthood. Participants included 427 individuals (48% Male; 75.9% Black, 10.8% White, 7.5% Hispanic, 6% Other) assessed at two waves. At Wave 1, children (10-12 years) from families eligible for public assistance with and without involvement with Child Protective Services took part in a research summer camp. Patterns of child maltreatment subtype and chronicity (based on coded CPS record data) were used to predict Wave 2 (age 18-24 years) profiles of emotion regulation based on self-report, and affective processing assessed via the Affective Go/No-Go task. Results identified associations between task-based affective processing and self-reported emotion regulation profiles. Further, chronic, multi-subtype childhood maltreatment exposure predicted difficulties with aggregated emotion dysregulation. Exposure to neglect with and without other maltreatment subtypes predicted lower sensitivity to affective words. Nuanced results distinguish multiple patterns of emotion regulation in a sample of emerging adults with high exposure to trauma and socioeconomic stress and suggest that maltreatment disrupts emotional development, resulting in difficulties identifying emotions and coping with emotional distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Warmingham
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Erinn B Duprey
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- The Children's Institute, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Fred A Rogosch
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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6
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Livingston NR, Hetelekides E, Bravo AJ, Looby A. Negative Affect Regulation and Marijuana Use in College Students: Evaluating the Mediating Roles of Coping and Sleep Motives. J Psychoactive Drugs 2023; 55:203-212. [PMID: 35341474 PMCID: PMC9512938 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2022.2054747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Negative affect regulation models suggest that marijuana may be used to reduce negative affect. Extant research has provided support for these models, indicating that specific motives for marijuana use, particularly coping motives (i.e., using to alleviate negative affects), mediate relations between affective vulnerabilities and marijuana outcomes. However, sleep motives (i.e., using to promote sleep) have been neglected from such models, despite their theoretical relevance. The present study tested two multiple mediation models in a large sample of marijuana-using college students (N = 1,453) to evaluate the indirect effects of coping and sleep motives in paths from depressive and anxiety symptoms to marijuana outcomes (use, consequences, and cannabis use disorder [CUD] symptoms). Both coping and sleep motives mediated the effects of depressive/anxiety symptoms on each marijuana variable. Moreover, significant double mediated effects were found, such that higher affective symptoms were associated with greater motives; which were associated with more marijuana use; which was related to more negative consequences and CUD symptoms. The findings provide support for sleep motives as a relevant pathway between affective vulnerabilities and marijuana outcomes. Additional research is needed to evaluate the potential benefits of interventions targeting specific marijuana motives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian J. Bravo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA USA
| | - Alison Looby
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY USA
| | - Stimulant Norms and Prevalence (SNAP) Study Team
- This project was completed by the Stimulant Norms and Prevalence Study (SNAP) Team, which includes the following investigators (in alphabetical order): Adrian J. Bravo, William & Mary (Co-PI); Bradley T. Conner, Colorado State University; Mitch Earleywine, University at Albany, State University of New York; James Henson, Old Dominion University; Alison Looby, University of Wyoming (Co-PI); Mark A. Prince, Colorado State University; Ty Schepis, Texas State University; Margo Villarosa-Hurlocker, University of New Mexico
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7
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Baiden P, Cavazos-Rehg P, Szlyk HS, Onyeaka HK, Peoples JE, Kasson E, Muoghalu C. Association between Sexual Violence Victimization and Electronic Vaping Product Use among Adolescents: Findings from a Population-based Study. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:637-648. [PMID: 36803403 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2177963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have investigated the association between sexual violence (SV) victimization and substance use, few studies have examined the association between SV victimization and electronic vaping product (EVP) use among adolescents in the United States. The objective of this study was to examine the cross-sectional association between SV victimization and EVP use among adolescents. METHODS Data were pooled from the 2017 and 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. An analytic sample of 28,135 adolescents (51.2% female) was analyzed using binary logistic regression. The outcome variable investigated was EVP use, and the main explanatory variable was SV victimization. RESULTS Of the 28,135 adolescents, the prevalence of past 30-day EVP use and SV victimization was 22.7% and 10.8%, respectively. Controlling for other factors, adolescents who experienced SV had 1.52 times higher odds of being EVP users when compared to their counterparts who did not experience SV (AOR = 1.52, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.27-1.82). Other factors associated with EVP use included cyberbullying victimization, symptoms of depression, and current use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. CONCLUSIONS Experiencing SV was associated with EVP use. Future studies that employ longitudinal designs may offer more insight into the mechanisms underlying the association between SV victimization and EVP use. In addition, school-based interventions that focus on sexual violence prevention and reducing substance use among adolescents are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Patricia Cavazos-Rehg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hannah S Szlyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Henry K Onyeaka
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JaNiene E Peoples
- The Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Erin Kasson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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8
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Rogers CJ, Forster M, Sussman S, Steinberg J, Barrington-Trimis JL, Grigsby TJ, Unger JB. The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Problematic Alcohol and Drug Use Trajectories and the Moderating Role of Social Support. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2829. [PMID: 36833526 PMCID: PMC9957226 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) have a strong association with alcohol and drug use; however, more research is needed to identify protective factors for this association. The present study assesses the longitudinal impact of ACE on problematic alcohol and drug use and the potential moderating effect of perceived social support. Data (n = 1404) are from a sample of Hispanic youth surveyed in high school through young adulthood. Linear growth curve models assessed the effect of ACE and perceived social support over time on problematic alcohol and drug use. Results indicated youth with ACE (vs. those without ACE) report more problematic alcohol and drug use in adolescence and have increased rates into young adulthood. Additionally, findings suggest that social support in high school may moderate the effects of ACE on problematic use over time. Among youth with high levels of support, the association of ACE with problematic alcohol and drug use was diminished. Although ACE can have a persistent impact on problematic alcohol and drug use from adolescence into adulthood, high social support during adolescence may mitigate the negative effects of ACE, lowering early problematic alcohol and drug use, offering the potential for lasting benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Rogers
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Myriam Forster
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Steven Sussman
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Jane Steinberg
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Jessica L. Barrington-Trimis
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Timothy J. Grigsby
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
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Livingston JA, Wang W, Testa M, Derrick JL, Nickerson AB, Miller KE, Haas JL, Espelage DL. Peer sexual harassment, affect, and substance use: Daily level associations among adolescents. J Adolesc 2022; 94:955-968. [PMID: 35861282 PMCID: PMC9547839 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peer sexual harassment is associated with adolescent substance use at the global level; however, it is unknown whether substance use occurs proximal in time to the sexual harassment experience. This study used daily reports to examine the proximal relations between sexual harassment victimization and affect and substance use. Based on theories of self-medication, we hypothesized that negative affect and substance use (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana) would be higher than typical on days when sexual harassment occurred relative to nonvictimization days. METHOD A community sample of 13-16-year-old adolescents (N = 204, 55.4% female) from a metropolitan area in the northeastern United States completed 56 days of online reports assessing experiences with peer sexual harassment, substance use (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana), and positive and negative affect. RESULTS Multilevel modeling revealed that experiencing sexual harassment on a given day was associated with higher than typical negative affect on that day, relative to nonvictimization days. The likelihood of cigarette and alcohol use (but not electronic cigarettes, marijuana, or positive affect) was greater on days when sexual harassment occurred. CONCLUSION Sexual harassment victimization is proximally associated with negative affect and alcohol and cigarette use, suggesting that adolescents may be using substances to cope with sexual harassment victimization. The co-occurrence of sexual harassment with negative affect and substance use points to the need for prevention efforts that conjointly address sexual harassment victimization, coping, and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Livingston
- School of Nursing, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 301D Wende Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Nursing, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 301D Wende Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214
- Department of Psychology and Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Maria Testa
- Department of Psychology and Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260
| | - Jaye L. Derrick
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Houston, TX 77204-5022
| | - Amanda B. Nickerson
- Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 428 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1000
| | - Kathleen E. Miller
- Department of Social Sciences, D’Youville College, SASE 242, Buffalo, NY 14201
| | - Jennifer L Haas
- School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 270 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Dorothy L. Espelage
- School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 103 Cameron Ave, Chapel Hill, 27599
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10
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Brown S, Fite PJ, Bortolato M. The mediating role of impulsivity in the associations between child maltreatment types and past month substance use. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 128:105591. [PMID: 35306342 PMCID: PMC9119917 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment has emerged as an important risk factor for substance use. However, despite evidence consistently demonstrating that substance use peaks during emerging adulthood, less is known about the specificity of maltreatment effects on substance use during this critical developmental period. Further, the factors that might play a role in these associations are not well understood. OBJECTIVE The current study examined the associations between child maltreatment types (i.e., physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect) and past month marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco use among emerging adults, and tested whether impulsivity accounted for these associations. METHODS Participants were 500 emerging adults ranging in age between 18 and 25 years old (M = 18.96, SD = 1.22, 49.6% male) recruited from a large, public university in the Midwest United States. RESULTS Tests of indirect effects suggested that impulsivity accounted for associations between emotional abuse and past month marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS Current findings provide support for impulsivity as a mechanism linking childhood emotional abuse to substance use among emerging adults, highlighting the need for targeted screening and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaquanna Brown
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA; Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, 2009 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Paula J Fite
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA; Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, 2009 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, 2009 Dole Human Development Center, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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11
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Rogers CJ, Pakdaman S, Forster M, Sussman S, Grigsby TJ, Victoria J, Unger JB. Effects of multiple adverse childhood experiences on substance use in young adults: A review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 234:109407. [PMID: 35306395 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACE), including maltreatment and household dysfunction, are consistent predictors of health compromising behaviors in adulthood. While most ACE studies have focused on adults, there is an emerging body of research focusing on young adulthood. METHODS This review describes research focused on the relationship between ACE and substance use among young adults. Two databases were searched for studies published from 1998 to 2021 that assess the relationship between ACE and substance use among young adults. Of the 1474 articles identified in the search, 43 met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Consensus across reviewed studies is that the relationship between ACE and substance use demonstrated in the general adult population is evident in young adults, although effects varied by demographic variables such as gender and ethnic background. CONCLUSIONS The need for standardized measures across studies, racial/ethnic considerations, and the importance of building trauma informed prevention programs targeting this age group are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rogers
- Department of Population and Public Health Science, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sheila Pakdaman
- Department of Population and Public Health Science, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Myriam Forster
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Population and Public Health Science, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Grigsby
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Jazmine Victoria
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Science, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Molina G, Whittaker A. Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder in adults with a history of adverse childhood experiences: A systematic review of psychological interventions. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2022; 2:100028. [PMID: 36845903 PMCID: PMC9948894 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have long-term effects on adult health, including unresolved trauma and substance use disorder (SUD). There are hypotheses of a mediating role of emotion regulation. This systematic literature review and narrative synthesis assessed the effectiveness of psychological interventions on emotion regulation, PTSD and SUD symptoms. Methods Searches were conducted using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews methodology. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental psychological interventions published between 2009 and 2019. Study characteristics, results and methodological quality were systematically analysed. Results Thirteen studies, including nine RCTs, were selected. Integrated SUD and PTSD treatments consisted of Seeking Safety, exposure-based treatment, Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model, and integrated cognitive behavioural therapy. Two studies reported emotion regulation. Five studies found a small to medium positive effect size of psychological interventions on PTSD outcomes. Two studies had a small positive effect size on SUD outcomes and two a small negative effect size. Attrition was high across most studies. Characteristics likely to affect the applicability of the review were described. Conclusion The review found some evidence of a small inconsistent positive effect of psychological interventions on PTSD outcomes, and no evidence of effect on SUD outcomes. The range of theoretical models was narrow. Overall quality was low with high clinical heterogeneity and missing key information, particularly on emotion regulation, an important transdiagnostic feature. Further research is required to establish interventions that can treat these multiple conditions with a focus on effectiveness, acceptability, and implementation in real life clinical practice.
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Key Words
- ACEs, adverse childhood experiences
- AEs, adverse events
- ATREM, Attachment-informed TREM
- CBT, Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy
- CI, confidence intervals
- CPTSD, complex PTSD
- DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale
- EMDR, eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing
- ER, emotion regulation
- FSP, family and social problems
- ICBT, Integrated CBT
- M, mean
- OR, odds ratio
- PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
- PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder
- RCT, randomised control trial
- SD, standard deviation
- SS, Seeking Safety
- SUD, substance use disorder
- SWiM, Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis
- TREM, Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model
- adverse childhood experiences
- emotion regulation
- posttraumatic stress disorder
- psychological interventions
- substance use disorder
- systematic review
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Molina
- CeGIDD, Pôle Santé Publique et Médecine Sociale, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital La Grave, TSA 60033, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- Corresponding author.
| | - Anne Whittaker
- NMAHP Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Pathfoot Building, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, Scotland, UK
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13
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Gerhardt S, Eidenmueller K, Hoffmann S, Bekier NK, Bach P, Hermann D, Koopmann A, Sommer WH, Kiefer F, Vollstädt-Klein S. A History of Childhood Maltreatment Has Substance- and Sex-Specific Effects on Craving During Treatment for Substance Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:866019. [PMID: 35492729 PMCID: PMC9046680 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.866019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Childhood maltreatment (CM) leads to detrimental mental health outcomes, such as substance use disorders (SUD). This study examined prevalence and severity of all five types of CM with respect to specific substances and sex in treatment-seeking individuals with SUD. The influences of type of CM and symptoms of depressiveness, anxiety, and perceived stress on substance craving at admission as well as craving reduction during SUD treatment were examined. METHODS N = 546 patients in treatment for SUD and N = 109 individuals in opioid maintenance treatment filled out questionnaires regarding CM (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and psychopathologies. Substance craving was assessed throughout treatment using the Mannheim Craving Scale. Group differences in CM, type of substance and sex were examined. General linear models were applied to examine influences on substance craving. RESULTS Higher prevalence and severity of all five subtypes of CM were observed in individuals with SUD compared to the general population. Women were more severely affected by emotional and sexual abuse than men. Patients with cannabis use disorder reported more severe experiences of emotional abuse compared to all other substances. Craving at admission to treatment was influenced by emotional abuse, however, symptoms of depressiveness, anxiety, and perceived stress contributed to craving at admission or craving reduction during treatment. CONCLUSION CM relates to SUD and should be incorporated in prevention and treatment of SUD. Underlying mechanisms of the association might relate to impairments in processing and regulation of stress, emotions, and interpersonal relations following a history of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gerhardt
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Eidenmueller
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffmann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nina K Bekier
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Bach
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Derik Hermann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Therapieverbund Ludwigsmühle gGmbH, Landau, Germany
| | - Anne Koopmann
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Bethania Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Feuerlein Center on Translational Addiction Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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14
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Baiden P, Onyeaka HK, Kyeremeh E, Panisch LS, LaBrenz CA, Kim Y, Kunz-Lomelin A. An Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences with Binge Drinking in Adulthood: Findings from a Population-Based Study. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:360-372. [PMID: 35023435 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.2012692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a major public health issue linked to negative health outcomes. Yet, few recent studies drawing on national data have examined the association between ACEs and binge drinking. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the association between ACEs and binge drinking among adults in the United States and whether this association is dependent on sex. Methods: Data for this study were obtained from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. An analytic sample of 41,322 adults aged 18-64 years (50.7% male) from 17 states was analyzed using binary logistic regression. The outcome variable was binge drinking, and the main explanatory variable was ACEs. Results: Of the 41,322 respondents, 21.3% engaged in binge drinking. About 30% of the respondents had no ACEs and 23.9% had four or more ACEs. In the multivariable logistic regression, we observed that sex moderated the association between ACEs and binge drinking. Odds were 1.36 times higher for females who experienced two ACEs (aOR = 1.36 p < .05, 95% CI = 1.04-1.77) and 1.58 times higher for females who experienced three ACEs (aOR = 1.58 p < .01, 95% CI = 1.17-2.12) to engage in binge drinking. Other factors associated with binge drinking include younger age, non-Hispanic White, higher income level, higher education, not being married, being overweight, and history of cigarette smoking. Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the importance of developing sex-appropriate screening and intervention strategies to support individuals exposed to ACEs and potentially mitigate negative health outcomes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Henry K Onyeaka
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/McLean Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emmanuel Kyeremeh
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa S Panisch
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Catherine A LaBrenz
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Yeonwoo Kim
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Alan Kunz-Lomelin
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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15
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Weiss NH, Kiefer R, Goncharenko S, Raudales AM, Forkus SR, Schick MR, Contractor AA. Emotion regulation and substance use: A meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 230:109131. [PMID: 34864568 PMCID: PMC8714680 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There has been exponential growth in research on emotion regulation and substance use in the past decade. The current meta-analysis evaluated variability in the magnitude of the relation between aspects of emotion regulation and substance use. A search of PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and PILOTS in December 2020 resulted in 6642 initial studies, of which 95 met inclusion criteria (association between emotion regulation and substance use was reported, participants were > 18 years old, article was in English). A total of 445 effects were obtained (N = 156,025 participants; weighted Mage = 29.31; 59.5% female; 66.1% White; 76.6% non-clinical). Emotion regulation and substance use were significantly related (r = 0.19; p < 0.001; 95%CI [0.17, 0.20]). Emotion regulation abilities were generally more strongly related to substance use than emotion regulation strategies; this pattern was stronger for behavioral vs. cognitive abilities and extended to both negative and positive emotions. Relations were stronger for older and clinical samples; mixed effects were found for sex and no conclusive effects were found for race. Despite limitations of the existing literature (e.g., cross-sectional, self-reports), results indicated that the magnitude of the relation between emotion regulation and substance use varied considerably as a function of emotion regulation and substance use constructs and sample characteristics.
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16
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Berhe O, Gerhardt S, Schmahl C. Clinical Outcomes of Severe Forms of Early Social Stress. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 54:417-438. [PMID: 34628586 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early social stress, particularly severe but nevertheless frequent forms such as abuse and neglect, are among the major risk factors for the development of mental disorders. However, we only have very limited knowledge of the psychobiological disease mechanisms underlying the influence of early life stress and stress-related disorders during this vulnerable phase of life. Early stress can have long-lasting adverse effects on the brain and other somatic systems, e.g. through influences on brain development. In adulthood, the prior experience of abuse or neglect can result in complex clinical profiles. Besides conditions such as mood and anxiety disorders as well as posttraumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders (SUD) are among the most prevalent sequelae of early social stress. Current social stress further influences the development and maintenance of these disorders, e.g., by increasing the risk of relapses. In this chapter, we will first give an overview of currently used methods to assess the phenomenology and pathophysiology of stress-related disorders and then focus on the phenomenological and neurobiological background of the interaction between early social stress and SUD. We will give an overview of important insights from neuroimaging studies and will also highlight recent findings from studies using digital tools such as ecological momentary assessment or virtual reality to capture the influence of early social stress as well as current social stress in everyday life of persons with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Berhe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Gerhardt
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Drazdowski TK, Kliewer WL, Marzell M. College students' using marijuana to sleep relates to frequency, problematic use, and sleep problems. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2021; 69:103-112. [PMID: 31498749 PMCID: PMC7061072 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1656634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the rising rates of insufficient sleep and the popularity of marijuana, we investigated using marijuana as a sleep aid, marijuana use frequency, problematic marijuana use, and sleep problems. Participants: Participants included a convenience sample of college students who endorsed using marijuana in the past year from May to December 2013 (N = 354; 68% female, 57% White). Methods: Path analyses investigated if using marijuana to sleep predicted: (1) marijuana use outcomes and (2) sleep problems; and if sleep problems predicted marijuana use outcomes. Results: Using marijuana to sleep was related to increased use and problematic use, as well as worse sleep efficiency. Daytime dysfunction related to sleepiness was associated with elevated levels of marijuana use and problematic use. Similar associations were found across sex and race. Conclusions: College students should be informed of the potential misconceptions between marijuana and improved sleep and provided with evidence-based alternatives to improve their sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess K. Drazdowski
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, 11075 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite 200, Los Angeles, CA 90025
- Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd., Eugene, OR 97401
| | - Wendy L. Kliewer
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, PO Box 842018, Richmond VA 23284
| | - Miesha Marzell
- Binghamton University, Department of Social Work, PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
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18
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Abarno CN, Glover NI, Morris PE, Zvolensky MJ, Buckner JD. Functional Impairment in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic among Cannabis Users. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:2221-2228. [PMID: 34608833 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1981389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has contributed to over 2 million deaths and hospitalization of many individuals worldwide. Although preliminary evidence suggests that cannabis use has increased during the pandemic, there has been little research on the impact of cannabis use on COVID-related psychological outcomes. Cannabis use among college students is associated with problematic psychosocial outcomes; thus, it follows that cannabis users during the pandemic may experience more functional impairment problems with daily living as a result of increased psychological distress from the pandemic and difficulty with regulating that distress. METHODS The current study tested whether cannabis use status was related to functional impairment in daily activities and whether this was due to difficulty with emotion regulation and COVID-related distress. The sample comprised of 727 (184 current cannabis users) young adults in Louisiana, a state that had some of the highest rates of COVID-19 deaths and infections in the U.S. RESULTS Cannabis use was related to greater functional impairment in daily activities and this relation was mediated by the sequential effects of difficulty with emotion regulation and COVID-related distress. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that cannabis users during the COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing problematic psychosocial outcomes further highlighting the need for the development of interventions to help target COVID-related distress and improve psychosocial functioning during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina N Abarno
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nina I Glover
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Paige E Morris
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Julia D Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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19
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Ibrahim S, Sidani S, Lok J, Mukerji G, Sherifali D. Recreational Cannabis Usage Among Young Adults Living with Diabetes: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. Diabetes Ther 2020; 11:1407-1417. [PMID: 32314248 PMCID: PMC7261302 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00818-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canada is the second country in the world to legalize recreational cannabis (marijuana). Young adults are the highest users of cannabis. Recreational cannabis use may increase anxiety, depression, breathing problems, and weight in young adults in general and further result in poor control of sugar levels, increased consumption of carbohydrates, and poor self-management in young adults living with diabetes. There is limited research on the influence of recreational cannabis usage on young adults living with diabetes. PURPOSE To explore the frequency of recreational cannabis usage, self-management behaviors and experiences of cannabis-related adverse events, to identify the factors encouraging recreational cannabis usage, and to determine the influence of recreational cannabis usage on self-reported health among young adults living with diabetes. METHODS A sequential explanatory mixed method design will be used. The first phase will be a cross-sectional online survey in which quantitative data will be collected on the demographic and health/clinical characteristics, cannabis use patterns, and diabetes self-management of young adults living with diabetes who use cannabis. The second phase will involve the collection of qualitative data through telephone, semi-structured, one-on-one interviews. Potential participants will be recruited through study flyers, posters, and clinicians from two outpatient diabetes clinics in the province of Ontario, Canada. PLANNED OUTCOMES The findings from this study may provide useful information regarding the effects of recreational cannabis consumption on young adults living with diabetes. This, in turn, may provide guidance to healthcare providers on how to counsel, assist, educate, and support diabetes-related management through strategies and interventions for this patient population, contributing to patient health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ibrahim
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Souraya Sidani
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jana Lok
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Geetha Mukerji
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Endocrinology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Diabetes Care and Research Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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20
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Hogarth L. Addiction is driven by excessive goal-directed drug choice under negative affect: translational critique of habit and compulsion theory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:720-735. [PMID: 31905368 PMCID: PMC7265389 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction may be a goal-directed choice driven by excessive drug value in negative affective states, a habit driven by strong stimulus-response associations, or a compulsion driven by insensitivity to costs imposed on drug seeking. Laboratory animal and human evidence for these three theories is evaluated. Excessive goal theory is supported by dependence severity being associated with greater drug choice/economic demand. Drug choice is demonstrably goal-directed (driven by the expected value of the drug) and can be augmented by stress/negative mood induction and withdrawal-effects amplified in those with psychiatric symptoms and drug use coping motives. Furthermore, psychiatric symptoms confer risk of dependence, and coping motives mediate this risk. Habit theory of addiction has weaker support. Habitual behaviour seen in drug-exposed animals often does not occur in complex decision scenarios, or where responding is rewarded, so habit is unlikely to explain most human addictive behaviour where these conditions apply. Furthermore, most human studies have not found greater propensity to habitual behaviour in drug users or as a function of dependence severity, and the minority that have can be explained by task disengagement producing impaired explicit contingency knowledge. Compulsion theory of addiction also has weak support. The persistence of punished drug seeking in animals is better explained by greater drug value (evinced by the association with economic demand) than by insensitivity to costs. Furthermore, human studies have provided weak evidence that propensity to discount cost imposed on drug seeking is associated with dependence severity. These data suggest that human addiction is primarily driven by excessive goal-directed drug choice under negative affect, and less by habit or compulsion. Addiction is pathological because negative states powerfully increase expected drug value acutely outweighing abstinence goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hogarth
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK.
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21
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Miller KM, Briggs HE, Elkins J, Kim I, Mowbray O. Physical Abuse and Adolescent Sexual Behaviors: Moderating Effects of Mental Health Disorders and Substance Use. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2020; 13:55-62. [PMID: 32318228 PMCID: PMC7163811 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-018-0221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine the direct effects of child physical abuse on sexual behaviors and whether mental health problems and substance use moderated the associations between exposure to child physical abuse and sexual behavioral practices among adolescents who participated in the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). The data show statistically significant relationships between physical abuse and risky sexual behaviors for youth who met the clinical criteria for lifetime Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and reported marijuana use. Data from future studies can inform sexual health practice development with adolescents and emerging adults with a history of physical abuse, marijuana use/abuse and PTSD. These findings underscore the importance of exploring presence of symptoms associated with PTSD and marijuana use as part of a comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment for physically abused adolescents and emerging adults to determine if they are engaging in risky sexual behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keva M. Miller
- School of Social Work, Portland State University, 1800 SW 6th Ave., Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | | | - Jennifer Elkins
- School of Social Work, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Irang Kim
- School of Social Work, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
- Department of Social Work, Northwestern State University of Louisiana, Natchitoches, LA USA
| | - Orion Mowbray
- School of Social Work, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
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22
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Cavalli JM, Cservenka A. Emotion Dysregulation Moderates the Association Between Stress and Problematic Cannabis Use. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:597789. [PMID: 33488425 PMCID: PMC7820070 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.597789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Research suggests emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic risk factor for substance use and addiction and that stress may lead to problematic cannabis use. Thus, the current study examines how emotion dysregulation moderates the associations between stress (stressful life events and perceived stress) and problematic cannabis use. Methods: Eight hundred and fifty-two adults reporting any lifetime cannabis use completed an anonymous online survey. Participants completed a brief demographic questionnaire and were asked to report their past 30-day use of cannabis, alcohol, nicotine, and illicit substances. Problematic cannabis use (via the Marijuana Problem Scale), emotion dysregulation (via the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale), perceived stress (via the Perceived Stress Scale), and stressful life events (via the Holmes-Rahe Life Stress Inventory) were assessed. Hierarchical multiple linear regressions were conducted. Results: Findings indicate that when examining the moderating role of emotion dysregulation, more stressful life events and less perceived stress were associated with more severe problematic cannabis use, and these associations were stronger at higher levels of emotion dysregulation. Conclusions: These results demonstrate a strong step toward understanding how emotion dysregulation moderates the relationship between stress and problematic cannabis use; however, longitudinal studies are needed to determine directionality of effects. Overall, these results suggest the importance of examining emotion dysregulation as a moderator of both stressful life events and stress perception as they relate to problematic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Cavalli
- Substance Use and Neurocognition Lab, School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Anita Cservenka
- Substance Use and Neurocognition Lab, School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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23
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Do marijuana use motives matter? Meta-analytic associations with marijuana use frequency and problems. Addict Behav 2019; 99:106102. [PMID: 31473571 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As laws expanding the accessibility of marijuana proliferate, it is increasingly important to understand how various motivations for use are differentially associated with marijuana use (e.g., frequency, quantity) and problems associated with marijuana use (e.g., reduced productivity, relationship conflict, legal issues). We conducted a meta-analytic review (k = 48, N = 11,274) of the zero-order and partial association between five marijuana use motives (i.e., coping, enhancement, social, conformity, and expansion) and a range of marijuana use outcomes (e.g., use frequency, problematic use). For marijuana use frequency zero-order correlations, we found significant positive correlations for coping, enhancement, social, and expansion, but not conformity. For marijuana use problems zero-order correlations, we found significant positive correlations for all five motives. When adjusting for the other motives, only coping, enhancement, and expansion were significantly positively associated with marijuana use frequency, and conformity was significantly negatively related to marijuana use frequency. For marijuana use problems, only coping and conformity had significant positive correlations. These results show that marijuana use motives are an important part of understanding the frequency of marijuana use and the development of marijuana use problems. These results may have implications for intervention development and public policy.
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24
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Baiden P, Tadeo SK. Examining the association between bullying victimization and prescription drug misuse among adolescents in the United States. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:317-324. [PMID: 31454592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have examined the association between bullying victimization and adolescent substance behaviors, there is a dearth of research investigating the association between bullying victimization and prescription drug misuse. The objective of this study was to examine the cross-sectional association between bullying victimization and prescription drug misuse among adolescents. METHODS Data for this study came from the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. A sample of 9974 adolescents aged 14-18 years (50.1% female) were analyzed using binary logistic regression with prescription drug misuse as the outcome variable and bullying victimization as the main explanatory variable. RESULTS Of the 9,974 adolescents, 13.1% misused prescription drugs. One in ten adolescents were victims of both school bullying and cyberbullying, 5.1% were victims of only cyberbullying, 9% were victims of only school bullying, and 75.8% experienced neither school bullying nor cyberbullying victimization. In the binary logistic regression model, adolescents who experienced both school bullying and cyberbullying victimization had 1.66 times higher odds of misusing prescription drugs (AOR = 1.66, p < .001, 95% CI = 1.34-2.06) and adolescents who experienced only school bullying victimization had 1.30 times higher odds of misusing prescription drugs (AOR = 1.30, p < .05, 95% CI = 1.02-1.64). Being lesbian, gay, or bisexual; feeling sad or hopeless; cigarette smoking; binge drinking; cannabis use; and illicit drug use were statistically significantly associated with prescription drug misuse. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the association between bullying victimization and prescription drug misuse could contribute to early identification of adolescents who may misuse prescription drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, 211 S. Cooper St., Box 19129, Arlington, TX 76019, United States.
| | - Savarra K Tadeo
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, 211 S. Cooper St., Box 19129, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
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25
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Meshesha LZ, Abrantes AM, Anderson BJ, Blevins CE, Caviness CM, Stein MD. Marijuana use motives mediate the association between experiences of childhood abuse and marijuana use outcomes among emerging adults. Addict Behav 2019; 93:166-172. [PMID: 30711670 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experiences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and childhood physical abuse (CPA) are associated with poor mental health outcomes including substance use in subsequent years. Marijuana use motives (i.e., coping with negative affect, enhancing positive affect, or improving social interactions) may influence problematic substance use among young adults. Specifically, motives may be associated with severity of marijuana use outcomes among individuals who have experienced CSA or CPA. This study investigated the indirect effect of marijuana use motives between experiences of CSA or CPA and marijuana use and problems among emerging adults. METHOD Participants were 397 young adults (50.1% male, 66.2% White) between ages 18-25 years, who reported 15.85 (SD = 11.66) days of marijuana use in the past month. Participants reported on history of childhood abuse, marijuana use days, problems, and motives for use. RESULTS Findings suggest a significant indirect effect of coping motives in the association between CPA and marijuana use days and marijuana problems. Further, both coping motives and marijuana use days indicated a significant indirect effect between CPA and problems. Motives of socializing or enhancement did not have a significant indirect effect between CPA and marijuana use or problems. There were no significant findings with CSA and marijuana use outcomes. DISCUSSION Coping motives might be an important potential target for future marijuana interventions in persons with childhood physical abuse.
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Kentopp SD, Johnson N, Fresquez C, Prince MA, Conner BT. Risk Seeking Moderates the Association Between Emotion Dysregulation and Cannabis-Related Consequences. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042619847220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hogarth L, Martin L, Seedat S. Relationship between childhood abuse and substance misuse problems is mediated by substance use coping motives, in school attending South African adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 194:69-74. [PMID: 30412899 PMCID: PMC6327152 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adults, it has been shown that the relationship between childhood abuse and substance misuse problems is mediated by the belief that substance use helps cope with negative affective states. By contrast, in adolescents, it is unknown whether drug use coping motives play this same mediating role. METHODS Secondary analysis of 1149 school attending adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa (average age = 16.24 years, range = 13-23; 60% female). Questionnaire measures obtained during a single test session (among a larger battery) assessed childhood trauma (CTQ), alcohol (AUDIT) and drug problems (DUDIT), and coping orientation (A-COPE) which contained three items assessing drug use to cope with negative affect. RESULTS The three types of childhood abuse measured by the CTQ - emotional, physical and sexual - were positively associated with greater alcohol/drug problems, and drug use coping motives. Drug use coping motives mediated the relationships between childhood abuse types and alcohol/drug problems, and these mediational pathways remained significant when gender and other subscales of the A-COPE were included as covariates. CONCLUSIONS These data are preliminary insofar as drug use coping motives were assessed with a non-validated subscale of the A-COPE. Nevertheless, drug use to cope with negative affect mediated the relationship between all three types of childhood abuse (emotional, physical, sexual) and alcohol/drug problems in school attending adolescents. The implication is that drug prevention programs for this risk group should seek to mitigate drug use coping motives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hogarth
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - Lindi Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Wallace GT, Conner BT, Shillington AM. Using Classification Trees to Examine Predictors of Marijuana Use Among a Wide Range of Variables. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1799-1811. [PMID: 31076003 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1611855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Young adults have elevated risk for negative marijuana use-related outcomes, and there is heterogeneity among users. Identifying risk factors for marijuana user status will improve understanding of different populations of users, which may inform prediction of individuals most likely to experience negative outcomes. Objectives: To identify predictors of marijuana use initiation in young adults. We simultaneously examined a broad range of potential predictors and all their possible interactions, including constructs that have not been previously studied in substance use initiation research. Methods: Data were repeated cross-sectional survey responses from college students in Colorado (N = 4052, 77% White, 61% female, mean age = 22.77). Measures came from the National College Health Assessment, which assesses numerous health and behavioral constructs. We used recursive partitioning and random forest models to identify predictors of ever having used marijuana out of 206 variables. Results: Classification trees identified engagement in increased alcohol use and sexual behavior as salient correlates of marijuana use initiation. Parsimonious recursive partitioning trees explained a substantial amount of variability in marijuana user status (39% in the full model and 24% when alcohol variables were excluded). Random forest models predicted user status with 74.11% and 66.91% accuracy in the full model and when alcohol variables were excluded, respectively. Conclusions: Results support the use of exploratory analyses to explain heterogeneity among marijuana users and non-users. Since engagement in other health-risk behaviors were salient predictors of use initiation, prevention efforts to reduce harm from marijuana use may benefit from targeting risk factors for health-risk behaviors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma T Wallace
- a Department of Psychology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Bradley T Conner
- a Department of Psychology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Audrey M Shillington
- b School of Social Work , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
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Oshri A, Duprey EB, Kogan SM, Carlson MW, Liu S. Growth patterns of future orientation among maltreated youth: A prospective examination of the emergence of resilience. Dev Psychol 2018; 54:1456-1471. [PMID: 29952602 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During adolescence, a positive outlook toward the future (i.e., future orientation) can protect youth from the risks conferred by childhood adversity. Research to date, however, has largely considered future orientation as a static attribute. Developmental systems perspectives suggest that future orientation, when considered across time, will exhibit dynamic trajectories with levels changing in response to the varying balance of risks and resources in youths' environments. Investigating the developmental course and consequences of future orientation is particularly germane to maltreated youth who may benefit from programs that target this protective mechanism. The present study tested hypotheses regarding the developmental course of future orientation, including the association of distinct future orientation trajectories with time-varying risk factors and resources, and the association of continuity and change in future orientation trajectories with young adult psychosocial functioning. Hypotheses were investigated with longitudinal (T1 Mage = 12.22, T2 Mage = 13.52, T3 Mage = 14.79, T4 Mage = 18.54), multireporter data from a nationally representative sample of maltreated youth (N = 1,461). Growth mixture modeling (GMM) identified three classes of growth trajectories in future orientation: high-persistent, low start/increasing, and high start/decreasing. Time-variant and -invariant risk factors and resources differentiated youths' future orientation trajectories. Youth in the high-persistent and low start/increasing trajectories were more likely to attain young adulthood developmental milestones-including independent living skills, social capital, employment, and higher weekly income. This study documents how an important component of resilient adaptation emerges and promotes positive outcomes among highly vulnerable youth. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science
| | | | | | | | - Sihong Liu
- Department of Human Development and Family Science
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Fanale CM, Maarhuis P, Wright BR, Caffrey K. The effect of attitudinal barriers to mental health treatment on cannabis use and mediation through coping motives. Addict Behav 2017; 69:35-41. [PMID: 28129611 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to adolescent marijuana dependence: Examining moderation by FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5). Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:1489-502. [PMID: 26535939 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the prospective association between child maltreatment and the development of substance use disorder in adolescence with the aim of investigating pathways underlying this relation, as well as genetic moderation of these developmental mechanisms. Specifically, we tested whether youth who experienced maltreatment prior to age 8 were at risk for the development of marijuana dependence in adolescence by way of a childhood externalizing pathway and a childhood internalizing pathway. Moreover, we tested whether variation in FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5) CATT haplotype moderated these pathways. The participants were 326 children (n =179 maltreated; n = 147 nonmaltreated) assessed across two waves of data collection (childhood: ages 7-9 and adolescence: ages 15-18). Results indicated that higher levels of child externalizing symptoms significantly mediated the effect of child maltreatment on adolescent marijuana dependence symptoms for individuals with one or two copies of the FKBP5 CATT haplotype only. We did not find support for an internalizing pathway from child maltreatment to adolescent marijuana dependence, nor did we find evidence of moderation of the internalizing pathway by FKBP5 haplotype variation. Findings extend previous research by demonstrating that whether a maltreated child will traverse an externalizing pathway toward substance use disorder in adolescence is dependent on FKBP5 genetic variation.
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Carey CE, Agrawal A, Zhang B, Conley ED, Degenhardt L, Heath AC, Li D, Lynskey MT, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Wang T, Bierut LJ, Hariri AR, Nelson EC, Bogdan R. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) polymorphism rs604300 interacts with childhood adversity to predict cannabis dependence symptoms and amygdala habituation: Evidence from an endocannabinoid system-level analysis. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 124:860-77. [PMID: 26595473 PMCID: PMC4700831 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence for heritable variation in cannabis involvement and the discovery of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, no consistent patterns have emerged from candidate endocannabinoid (eCB) genetic association studies of cannabis involvement. Given interactions between eCB and stress systems and associations between childhood stress and cannabis involvement, it may be important to consider childhood adversity in the context of eCB-related genetic variation. We employed a system-level gene-based analysis of data from the Comorbidity and Trauma Study (N = 1,558) to examine whether genetic variation in six eCB genes (anabolism: DAGLA, DAGLB, NAPEPLD; catabolism: MGLL, FAAH; binding: CNR1; SNPs N = 65) and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) predict cannabis dependence symptoms. Significant interactions with CSA emerged for MGLL at the gene level (p = .009), and for rs604300 within MGLL (ΔR2 = .007, p < .001), the latter of which survived SNP-level Bonferroni correction and was significant in an additional sample with similar directional effects (N = 859; ΔR2 = .005, p = .026). Furthermore, in a third sample (N = 312), there was evidence that rs604300 genotype interacts with early life adversity to predict threat-related basolateral amygdala habituation, a neural phenotype linked to the eCB system and addiction (ΔR2 = .013, p = .047). Rs604300 may be related to epigenetic modulation of MGLL expression. These results are consistent with rodent models implicating 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endogenous cannabinoid metabolized by the enzyme encoded by MGLL, in the etiology of stress adaptation related to cannabis dependence, but require further replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Carey
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Daofeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | | | | | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
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Schäfer I, Barnow S, Pawils S. [Substance use disorders as a cause and consequence of childhood abuse. Basic research, therapy and prevention in the BMBF-funded CANSAS-Network]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 59:35-43. [PMID: 26497814 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) belong to the most frequent behavioural consequences of childhood abuse and neglect (CAN). In community samples, about 20% of adults with experiences of abuse or neglect in childhood have a lifetime diagnosis of an SUD. About 30% of individuals seeking treatment for a post-traumatic disorder have an SUD and 24–67% of all patients in treatment for an SUD have a history of CAN. About 16% of all children and adolescents under the age of 20 in Germany grow up in families where an alcohol- and/or drug-dependence is present. The children of parents with SUDs have, in addition to other risks to their development in cognitive and psychosocial domains, an increased risk of experiencing violence and neglect. Regarding both perspectives, SUD as a cause and as a consequence of CAN, a better understanding of relevant mediators and risk factors is necessary to improve prevention and develop adequate treatments. The aims of the BMBF-funded research network CANSAS are: 1. To gain a better understanding of the relationships between these two important public health problems (basic research), 2. To provide evidence-based treatments for survivors of CAN with SUDs and to increase the awareness for the necessity to diagnose CAN in patients with SUDs in counselling and treatment facilities (research on diagnostics and therapy), 3. To improve the systematic evaluation of child welfare among children of parents with SUDs through counselling services and to promote links between addiction services and youth welfare services (prevention research and health services research). In a multidisciplinary approach, the CANSAS network brings together experts in the fields of trauma treatment, epidemiology, basic research, health services research, prevention research as well as addiction services.
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Gomez J, Becker S, O'Brien K, Spirito A. Interactive Effect of Child Maltreatment and Substance Use on Depressed Mood Among Adolescents Presenting to Community-Based Substance Use Treatment. Community Ment Health J 2015; 51:833-40. [PMID: 26017474 PMCID: PMC4565743 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-015-9894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents referred to community behavioral health centers (CBHC) for substance use (SU) problems report high rates of child maltreatment. Although SU and maltreatment are independent risk factors for adolescent depression, few studies have examined their interactive effects. This study examined the interactive effects of SU (alcohol and marijuana) and exposure to different types of trauma on depressed mood among 74 adolescents referred to a CBHC for SU. Hierarchical regressions controlling for sex and common adolescent comorbidities showed that sexual abuse had a stronger relationship with depressed mood than other types of maltreatment. Although SU was not independently related to depressed mood, consistent with the self-medication hypothesis, increased SU was associated with lower levels of depressed mood among adolescents with greater exposure to sexual abuse. Results suggest that teens presenting to CBHCs for SU should be assessed for multiple forms of maltreatment and for depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judelysse Gomez
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Sara Becker
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-5, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kimberly O'Brien
- Simmons School of Social Work, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 The Fenway, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Spirito
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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Weiss NH, Sullivan TP, Tull MT. Explicating the role of emotion dysregulation in risky behaviors: A review and synthesis of the literature with directions for future research and clinical practice. Curr Opin Psychol 2015; 3:22-29. [PMID: 25705711 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Extant literature provides support for emotion dysregulation as a transdiagnostic construct with relevance to the pathogenesis and treatment of numerous psychiatric difficulties and maladaptive behaviors, including risky, self-destructive, and health-compromising behaviors (e.g., substance use, risky sexual behavior). The aim of the present review is to synthesize theory and empirical research on the relationship between emotion dysregulation and risky behaviors. In addition, we highlight cutting-edge approaches for investigating the emotion dysregulation-risky behavior, including examination of the role of positive emotional experiences and inclusion of context-dependent and physiological assessments. Finally, we note the relevance of the emotion dysregulation-risky behavior relation to intervention efforts aimed at reducing risky behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole H Weiss
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511
| | - Tami P Sullivan
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511
| | - Matthew T Tull
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216
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