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Su R, Whitmore C, Alliston P, Tanzini E, Kouzoukas E, Marttila J, Dragonetti R, Selby P, Sherifali D. Demystifying diabetes health coaching: A scoping review unveiling the 'who' and 'where' of health coaching for adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2024:e15327. [PMID: 38597813 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex chronic condition that requires ongoing self-management. Diabetes health coaching interventions provide personalized healthcare programming to address physical and psychosocial aspects of diabetes self-management. AIMS This scoping review aims to explore the contexts and settings of diabetes health coaching interventions for adults with T2D, using the RE-AIM framework. METHODS A search was completed in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Emcare, Embase and Cochrane. Included citations described adults with exclusively T2D who had received a health coaching intervention. Citations were excluded if they focused on any other types of diabetes or diabetes prevention. RESULTS A total of 3418 records were identified through database and manual searches, with 29 citations selected for data extraction. Most health coaching interventions were delivered by health professionals, many employed lay health workers and a few included peer coaches. While many health coaching interventions were delivered remotely, in-person intervention settings were distributed among primary care, community health settings and non-healthcare sites. CONCLUSION The findings of this review suggest that diabetes health coaching may be implemented by a variety of providers in different settings. Further research is required to standardize training and implementation of health coaching and evaluate its long-term effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Su
- INTREPID Lab, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly Whitmore
- INTREPID Lab, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paige Alliston
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elise Tanzini
- INTREPID Lab, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Kouzoukas
- INTREPID Lab, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Marttila
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosa Dragonetti
- INTREPID Lab, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- INTREPID Lab, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Tschirhart H, Landeen J, Yost J, Nerenberg KA, Sherifali D. Perceptions of diabetes distress during pregnancy in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a qualitative interpretive description study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2024; 24:232. [PMID: 38570742 PMCID: PMC10988880 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-024-06370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes distress is commonly seen in adults with pre-existing diabetes and is associated with worsened glycemic management and self-management practices. While a majority of women report increased stress during pregnancy, it is unknown how women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes experience diabetes distress during this unique and transitional time. PURPOSE This study aimed to understand the experiences and perceptions of diabetes distress in women with pre-existing diabetes during pregnancy. METHODS A qualitative study using an interpretive description approach was conducted. In-depth, one to one interviewing was used to capture rich descriptions of the pregnancy experience. Nested, stratified, and theoretical sampling was used to recruit 18 participants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes from the quantitative strand of this mixed methods study. Constant comparative analysis was used to inductively analyze the data and develop themes. FINDINGS Four themes, each with several subthemes, emerged under the main finding of "Diabetes Distress": 1) Worry for Baby's Health - "What's this going to do to the baby?"' 2) Feeling Overwhelmed with Diabetes Management-"It just seemed unattainable"; 3) Living with Diabetes - "There's no way out" and 4) Cycle of Diabetes Distress. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study identify the sources and experiences of diabetes distress during pregnancy in women with pre-existing diabetes. Diabetes distress often presents as cyclical and multifaceted during pregnancy, with elements of fear for the unborn baby, difficulties with diabetes management, and having negative lived experiences of diabetes. Further work is needed to develop appropriate screening tools for pregnancy and interventions to mitigate diabetes distress. Diabetes educators are well-positioned provide emotional support and person-centred self-management education to individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Tschirhart
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Janet Landeen
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jennifer Yost
- M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara A Nerenberg
- Departments of Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Tschirhart H, Landeen J, Yost J, Nerenberg KA, Sherifali D. The Examination and Exploration of Diabetes Distress in Pre-existing Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Mixed-methods Study. Can J Diabetes 2024:S1499-2671(24)00056-X. [PMID: 38492737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes distress (DD) has been understudied in the pregnancy population. Pregnancy is known to be a complex, highly stressful time for women with diabetes because of medical risks and the high burden of diabetes management. Our aim in this study was to explain and understand DD in women with pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy. METHODS An explanatory, sequential mixed-methods study was undertaken. The first strand consisted of a cross-sectional study of 76 women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. A nested sampling approach was used to re-recruit 18 women back into the second strand for qualitative interviews using an interpretive description approach. RESULTS DD was measured by the validated Problem Area in Diabetes (PAID) scale. A PAID score of ≥40 was positive for distress. DD prevalence was 22.4% in the cross-sectional cohort and the average PAID score was 27.75 (standard deviation 16.08). In the qualitative strand, women with a range of PAID scores (10.0 to 60.0) were sampled for interviews. The majority of these participants described themes of DD in their interviews. Of the 15 women who described DD thematically, only 6 had positive PAID scores. CONCLUSIONS Integration of the mixed-methods data underscores important meta-inferences about DD in pregnancy, namely that DD was present to a greater degree than the PAID tool is sensitive to. DD was present qualitatively in most of the qualitative sample, despite interviewing women with a range of PAID scores. Future research on a pregnancy-specific DD scale is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Tschirhart
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Janet Landeen
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Yost
- M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kara A Nerenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Sherifali D, da Silva LP, Dewan P, Cader FA, Dakhil Z, Gyawali B, Klassen S, Yaseen IF, Jovkovic M, Khalid S, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Alliston P, Racey M. Peer Support for Type 2 Diabetes Management in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): A Scoping Review. Glob Heart 2024; 19:20. [PMID: 38404615 PMCID: PMC10885823 DOI: 10.5334/gh.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although there is evidence of peer support in high-income countries, the use of peer support as an intervention for cardiometabolic disease management, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), is unclear. Methods A scoping review methodology was used to search the databases MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, PsycINFO, LILACS, CDSR, and CENTRAL. Results Twenty-eight studies were included in this scoping review. Of these, 67% were developed in Asia, 22% in Africa, and 11% in the Americas. The definition of peer support varied; however, peer support offered a social and emotional dimension to help individuals cope with negative emotions and barriers while promoting disease management. Conclusions Findings from this scopingreview highlight a lack of consistency in defining peer support as a component of CMD management in LMICs. A clear definition of peer support and ongoing program evaluation is recommended for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sherifali
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lilian Pinto da Silva
- Faculty of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pooja Dewan
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - F. Aaysha Cader
- Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zainab Dakhil
- Ibn Al-Bitar Cardiac Centre, Al-Kindy College of Medicine/University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Bishal Gyawali
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sheila Klassen
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Israa Fadhil Yaseen
- Baghdad Heart Center, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Milos Jovkovic
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saira Khalid
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna Fitzpatrick-Lewis
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paige Alliston
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan Racey
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Ali MU, Mancini GBJ, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Connelly KA, O'Meara E, Zieroth S, Sherifali D. The effectiveness of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors on cardiorenal outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:72. [PMID: 38360604 PMCID: PMC10870515 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02154-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2022 Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) cardiorenal guideline provided clinical recommendations on sodium-glucose co-transport 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) use. Since then, additional trials of relevance for SGLT2i have been published. This update re-evaluates the clinical recommendations for using SGLTi and their indirect comparison with existing evidence on GLP-1RA as compared to the standard of care to reduce cardiorenal morbidity and mortality. METHODS We updated our existing search and screening of the literature from September 2021 to April 2023 for randomized controlled trials of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA with placebo control. We conducted risk of bias assessment, data extraction and updated our meta-analysis of studies with similar interventions and components. The certainty of the evidence was determined using GRADE. RESULTS Evidence from three new trials and additional results from an updated existing trial on SGLT2i met our inclusion criteria after an updated search. Across all the included studies, the total sample size was 151,023 adults, with 90,943 in SGLT2i trials and 60,080 in GLP-1 RA trials. The mean age ranged from 59.9 to 68.4 years. Compared with standard care, the use of SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA showed significant reductions in the outcomes of cardiovascular (CV) mortality (14% & 13%), any-cause mortality (12% & 12%), major adverse CV events (MACE) (11% & 14%), heart failure (HF) hospitalization (30% & 9%), CV death or HF hospitalization (23% & 11%), and kidney composite outcome (32% & 22%). In participants with T2D, both classes demonstrated significant cardiorenal protection. But, only GLP-1RA showed a reduction in non-fatal stroke (16%) and only SGLT2i showed a reduction in HF hospitalization (30%) in this population of people living with T2D. CONCLUSIONS This updated and comprehensive meta-analysis substantiates and strengthens the clinical recommendations of the CCS cardiorenal guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Ali
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - G B John Mancini
- Division of Cardiology, Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Kim A Connelly
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Eileen O'Meara
- Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shelley Zieroth
- Section of Cardiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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Kandasamy S, Kwan MY, Memon PK, Desai D, de Souza RJ, Montague P, Sherifali D, Wahi G, Anand S. Understanding Newcomer Challenges and Opportunities to Accessing Nature and Greenspace in Riverdale, Hamilton, Ontario: A Neighborhood-Centered Photovoice Study. Health Promot Pract 2024:15248399231225927. [PMID: 38317502 DOI: 10.1177/15248399231225927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Access to and engagement with greenspace is related to improved health benefits. We sought to collaborate with community members as partners in research and co-creators in knowledge to better understand which components within a newcomer-dense community help or hinder individual and community efforts to access greenspace and nature-based activities. METHODS We used photovoice methodology to engage with local residents in focus groups, photowalks, and photo-elicitation interviews. Themes were developed using direct content analysis. RESULTS A total of 39 participants (ages 11-70 years; median years in Canada of 3.25 years) were engaged in this program of research. From the analysis, we developed four themes: (a) peace and beauty; (b) memories of home; (c) safety and cleanliness; and (d) welcoming strengthened and new opportunities. Participants associated nature with peace, citing it as "under-rated" but "vital" to the neighborhood. Via photographs and stories, participants also shared a multitude of safety concerns that prevent their access to green/outdoor spaces for healthy active living programs or activities (e.g., woodchip-covered playgrounds, ample amounts of garbage littering the park and school grounds, lack of timely ice removal on sidewalks, limited safe biking paths, and unsafe motor vehicle practices at the crosswalks surrounding local parks). CONCLUSION To translate the key ideas and themes into an informed discussion with policy and decision-makers, we held an in-person exhibition and guided tour where community members, the lead photovoice researcher, and SCORE! principal investigator shared information about each theme in the form of a pseudo-narrative peppered with prepared discussion questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujane Kandasamy
- Infant, Child & Youth Health Lab, Department of Child & Youth Studies, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Y Kwan
- Infant, Child & Youth Health Lab, Department of Child & Youth Studies, Brock University, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parsa K Memon
- Settlement Worker in Schools (SWIS) Program, YMCA of Hamilton, Burlington & Brantford, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dipika Desai
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patty Montague
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilt, Hamilton, Ontario, Canadaon, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gita Wahi
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia Anand
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Ahmad A, Lim LL, Morieri ML, Tam CHT, Cheng F, Chikowore T, Dudenhöffer-Pfeifer M, Fitipaldi H, Huang C, Kanbour S, Sarkar S, Koivula RW, Motala AA, Tye SC, Yu G, Zhang Y, Provenzano M, Sherifali D, de Souza RJ, Tobias DK, Gomez MF, Ma RCW, Mathioudakis N. Precision prognostics for cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Commun Med (Lond) 2024; 4:11. [PMID: 38253823 PMCID: PMC10803333 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision medicine has the potential to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction in individuals with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies to identify potentially novel prognostic factors that may improve CVD risk prediction in T2D. Out of 9380 studies identified, 416 studies met inclusion criteria. Outcomes were reported for 321 biomarker studies, 48 genetic marker studies, and 47 risk score/model studies. RESULTS Out of all evaluated biomarkers, only 13 showed improvement in prediction performance. Results of pooled meta-analyses, non-pooled analyses, and assessments of improvement in prediction performance and risk of bias, yielded the highest predictive utility for N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (high-evidence), troponin-T (TnT) (moderate-evidence), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index (moderate-evidence), Genetic Risk Score for Coronary Heart Disease (GRS-CHD) (moderate-evidence); moderate predictive utility for coronary computed tomography angiography (low-evidence), single-photon emission computed tomography (low-evidence), pulse wave velocity (moderate-evidence); and low predictive utility for C-reactive protein (moderate-evidence), coronary artery calcium score (low-evidence), galectin-3 (low-evidence), troponin-I (low-evidence), carotid plaque (low-evidence), and growth differentiation factor-15 (low-evidence). Risk scores showed modest discrimination, with lower performance in populations different from the original development cohort. CONCLUSIONS Despite high interest in this topic, very few studies conducted rigorous analyses to demonstrate incremental predictive utility beyond established CVD risk factors for T2D. The most promising markers identified were NT-proBNP, TnT, TyG and GRS-CHD, with the highest strength of evidence for NT-proBNP. Further research is needed to determine their clinical utility in risk stratification and management of CVD in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lee-Ling Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Asia Diabetes Foundation, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mario Luca Morieri
- Metabolic Disease Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Ha-Ting Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feifei Cheng
- Health Management Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tinashe Chikowore
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Hugo Fitipaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Chuiguo Huang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Sudipa Sarkar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Wilhelm Koivula
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ayesha A Motala
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sok Cin Tye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Sections on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gechang Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingchai Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Maria F Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Nestoras Mathioudakis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Geddie H, Visekruna S, Lawrence S, Sherifali D, Bassilious E. Type 1 Diabetes in Ontario Schools: Policy and Practice. Can J Diabetes 2024:S1499-2671(24)00021-2. [PMID: 38262529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a challenging chronic condition. Young children with T1D require daily support to manage their condition while at school. In 2018, Ontario established a provincial policy to ensure safe and equitable school participation for children with diabetes. Despite this, children and parents describe very different school experiences. In this qualitative study we describe the interpretation and implementation of school board policy related to the care of children with T1D from the perspective of school educators (principals/teachers). METHODS Policy documents were reviewed employing a qualitative descriptive research design using directed qualitative content analysis. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 teachers and principals from 10 publicly funded elementary schools across the Hamilton and Toronto District School Boards in 2021. RESULTS There are major differences in how policies regarding T1D are being implemented in schools. This includes how school staff are educated about T1D, and how they interpret and act on blood glucose information. Although educators often play an active role in supporting children, many face barriers, including competing priorities, fear, lack of information, and lack of support. Facilitators include effective communication/collaboration, actionable information, time, and a diabetes "champion." In some instances, access to nursing support could help to resolve barriers or create care gaps. CONCLUSIONS School board policy provides high-level guidance on how to support children with type 1 diabetes in school, but gaps remain. We provide specific recommendations regarding policy, staff education/training, roles and responsibilities, and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Geddie
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sanja Visekruna
- School of Nursing, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Lawrence
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, United States
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ereny Bassilious
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Sushko K, Strachan P, Butt M, Nerenberg K, Sherifali D. Supporting self-management in women with pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy: a mixed-methods sequential comparative case study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:1. [PMID: 38163872 PMCID: PMC10759746 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal glycemia is associated with pregnancy outcomes. Thus, supporting the self-management experiences and preferences of pregnant women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes is crucial to optimize glucose control and perinatal outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This paper describes the mixed methods integration of a sequential comparative case study. The objectives are threefold, as we integrated the quantitative and qualitative data within the overall mixed methods design: (1) to determine the predictors of glycemic control during pregnancy; (2) to understand the experience and diabetes self-management support needs during pregnancy among women with pre-existing diabetes; (3) to assess how self-management and support experiences helpe to explain glycemic control among women with pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy. The purpose of the mixing was to integrate the quantitative and qualitative data to develop rich descriptive cases of how diabetes self-management and support experiences and preferences in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during pregnancy help explain glucose control. A narrative approach was used to weave together the statistics and themes and the quantitative results were integrated visually alongside the qualitative themes to display the data integration. RESULTS The quantitative results found that women achieved "at target" glucose control (mean A1C of the cohort by the third visit: 6.36% [95% Confidence Interval 6.11%, 6.60%]). The qualitative findings revealed that feelings of fear resulted in an isolating and mentally exhausting pregnancy. The quantitative data also indicated that women reported high levels of self-efficacy that increased throughout pregnancy. Qualitative data revealed that women who had worked hard to optimize glycemia during pregnancy were confident in their self-management. However, they lacked support from their healthcare team, particularly around self-management of diabetes during labour and delivery. CONCLUSIONS The achievement of optimal glycemia during pregnancy was motivated by fear of pregnancy complications and came at a cost to women's mental health. Mental health support, allowing women autonomy, and the provision of peer support may improve the experience of diabetes self-management during pregnancy. Future work should focus on developing, evaluating and implementing interventions that support these preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Sushko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Patricia Strachan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michelle Butt
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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10
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Sherifali D, Whitmore C, Naeem F, Melamed OC, Dragonetti R, Kouzoukas E, Marttila J, Tang F, Tanzini E, Ramdass S, Selby P. Technology-Enabled Collaborative Care for Type-2 Diabetes and Mental Health (TECC-D): Findings From a Mixed Methods Feasibility Trial of a Responsive Co-Designed Virtual Health Coaching Intervention. Int J Integr Care 2024; 24:12. [PMID: 38370569 PMCID: PMC10870944 DOI: 10.5334/ijic.7608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex chronic condition associated with a lower quality of life due to disease specific distress. While there is growing support for personalized diabetes programs, care for mental health challenges is often fragmented and limited by access to psychiatry, and integration of care. The use of communication technology to improve team based collaborative care to bridge these gaps is promising but untested. Methods We conducted an explanatory sequential mixed methods study to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the co-designed Technology-Enabled Collaborative Care for Diabetes and Mental Health (TECC-D) program. Participants included adults aged ≥18 years who had a clinical diagnosis of T2D, and self-reported mental health concerns. Results 31 participants completed the 8-week virtual TECC-D program. Findings indicate that the program is feasible and acceptable and indicate that there is a role for virtual diabetes and mental health care. Discussion The TECC-D program, designed through an iterative co-design process and supported by innovative, responsive adaptations led to good uptake and satisfaction. Conclusion The TECC-D model is a feasible and scalable care solution that empowers individuals living with T2D and mental health concerns to take an active role in their care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton ON Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton ON Canada
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto ON Canada
| | - Carly Whitmore
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton ON Canada
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto ON Canada
| | - Farooq Naeem
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto ON Canada
| | - Osnat C. Melamed
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON Canada
| | - Rosa Dragonetti
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON Canada
| | - Erika Kouzoukas
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Frank Tang
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto ON Canada
| | - Elise Tanzini
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto ON Canada
| | - Seeta Ramdass
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto ON Canada
- Office of Social Accountability and Community Engagement, McGill University, Montreal QC Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto ON Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON Canada
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11
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Neil-Sztramko SE, Belita E, Hopkins S, Sherifali D, Anderson L, Apatu E, Kapiriri L, Tarride JE, Bellefleur O, Kaasalainen S, Marr S, Dobbins M. What are effective strategies to respond to the psychological impacts of working on the frontlines of a public health emergency? Front Public Health 2023; 11:1282296. [PMID: 38131026 PMCID: PMC10733471 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1282296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the healthcare and public health sectors. The impact of working on the frontlines as a healthcare or public health professional has been well documented. Healthcare organizations must support the psychological and mental health of those responding to future public health emergencies. Objective This systematic review aims to identify effective interventions to support healthcare workers' mental health and wellbeing during and following a public health emergency. Methods Eight scientific databases were searched from inception to 1 November 2022. Studies that described strategies to address the psychological impacts experienced by those responding to a public health emergency (i.e., a pandemic, epidemic, natural disaster, or mass casualty event) were eligible for inclusion. No limitations were placed based on study design, language, publication status, or publication date. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion and a third reviewer when needed. Results were synthesized narratively due to the heterogeneity of populations and interventions. Outcomes were displayed graphically using harvest plots. Results A total of 20,018 records were screened, with 36 unique studies included in the review, 15 randomized controlled trials, and 21 quasi-experimental studies. Results indicate that psychotherapy, psychoeducation, and mind-body interventions may reduce symptoms of anxiety, burnout, depression, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, with the lowest risk of bias found among psychotherapy interventions. Psychoeducation appears most promising to increase resilience, with mind-body interventions having the most substantial evidence for increases in quality of life. Few organizational interventions were identified, with highly heterogeneous components. Conclusion Promoting healthcare workers' mental health is essential at an individual and health system level. This review identifies several promising practices that could be used to support healthcare workers at risk of adverse mental health outcomes as they respond to future public health emergencies.Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=203810, identifier #CRD42020203810 (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Neil-Sztramko
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Belita
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Hopkins
- National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Anderson
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Apatu
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lydia Kapiriri
- Health, Aging & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Eric Tarride
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Center for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Programs for Assessment of Technology in Health, Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Bellefleur
- National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Maureen Dobbins
- National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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12
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McInnes N, Hall S, Lochnan HA, Harris SB, Punthakee Z, Sigal RJ, Hramiak I, Azharuddin M, Liutkus JF, Yale JF, Sultan F, Smith A, Otto RE, Sherifali D, Liu YY, Gerstein HC. Diabetes remission and relapse following an intensive metabolic intervention combining insulin glargine/lixisenatide, metformin and lifestyle approaches: Results of a randomised controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:3347-3355. [PMID: 37580972 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Non-surgical options for inducing type 2 diabetes remission are limited. We examined whether remission can be achieved by combining lifestyle approaches and short-term intensive glucose-lowering therapy. METHODS In this trial, 160 patients with type 2 diabetes on none to two diabetes medications other than insulin were randomised to (a) an intervention comprising lifestyle approaches, insulin glargine/lixisenatide and metformin, or (b) standard care. Participants with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) <7.3% (56 mmol/mol) at 12 weeks were asked to stop diabetes medications and were followed for an additional 52 weeks. The primary outcome was diabetes relapse defined as HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) at 24 weeks or thereafter, capillary glucose ≥10 mmol/L on ≥50% of readings, or use of diabetes medications, analysed as time-to-event. Main secondary outcomes included complete or partial diabetes remission at 24, 36, 48 and 64 weeks defined as HbA1c <6.5% (48 mmol/mol) off diabetes medications since 12 weeks after randomisation. A hierarchical testing strategy was applied. RESULTS The intervention significantly reduced the hazard of diabetes relapse by 43% (adjusted hazard ratio 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.40-0.81; p = .002). Complete or partial diabetes remission was achieved in 30 (38.0%) intervention group participants versus 16 (19.8%) controls at 24 weeks and 25 (31.6%) versus 14 (17.3%) at 36 weeks [relative risk 1.92 (95% confidence interval 1.14-3.24) and 1.83 (1.03-3.26), respectively]. The relative risk of diabetes remission in the intervention versus control group was 1.88 (1.00-3.53) at 48 weeks and 2.05 (0.98-4.29) at 64 weeks. CONCLUSIONS A 12-week intensive intervention comprising insulin glargine/lixisenatide, metformin and lifestyle approaches can induce remission of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia McInnes
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Hall
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather A Lochnan
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stewart B Harris
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zubin Punthakee
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Irene Hramiak
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Joanne F Liutkus
- JF Liutkus Medicine Professional Corporation, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Farah Sultan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ada Smith
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rose E Otto
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Yun Liu
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Sherifali D. I'll Take "Potpourri" for a Thousand. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:543. [PMID: 37595883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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14
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Tobias DK, Merino J, Ahmad A, Aiken C, Benham JL, Bodhini D, Clark AL, Colclough K, Corcoy R, Cromer SJ, Duan D, Felton JL, Francis EC, Gillard P, Gingras V, Gaillard R, Haider E, Hughes A, Ikle JM, Jacobsen LM, Kahkoska AR, Kettunen JLT, Kreienkamp RJ, Lim LL, Männistö JME, Massey R, Mclennan NM, Miller RG, Morieri ML, Most J, Naylor RN, Ozkan B, Patel KA, Pilla SJ, Prystupa K, Raghavan S, Rooney MR, Schön M, Semnani-Azad Z, Sevilla-Gonzalez M, Svalastoga P, Takele WW, Tam CHT, Thuesen ACB, Tosur M, Wallace AS, Wang CC, Wong JJ, Yamamoto JM, Young K, Amouyal C, Andersen MK, Bonham MP, Chen M, Cheng F, Chikowore T, Chivers SC, Clemmensen C, Dabelea D, Dawed AY, Deutsch AJ, Dickens LT, DiMeglio LA, Dudenhöffer-Pfeifer M, Evans-Molina C, Fernández-Balsells MM, Fitipaldi H, Fitzpatrick SL, Gitelman SE, Goodarzi MO, Grieger JA, Guasch-Ferré M, Habibi N, Hansen T, Huang C, Harris-Kawano A, Ismail HM, Hoag B, Johnson RK, Jones AG, Koivula RW, Leong A, Leung GKW, Libman IM, Liu K, Long SA, Lowe WL, Morton RW, Motala AA, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Pankow JS, Pathirana M, Pazmino S, Perez D, Petrie JR, Powe CE, Quinteros A, Jain R, Ray D, Ried-Larsen M, Saeed Z, Santhakumar V, Kanbour S, Sarkar S, Monaco GSF, Scholtens DM, Selvin E, Sheu WHH, Speake C, Stanislawski MA, Steenackers N, Steck AK, Stefan N, Støy J, Taylor R, Tye SC, Ukke GG, Urazbayeva M, Van der Schueren B, Vatier C, Wentworth JM, Hannah W, White SL, Yu G, Zhang Y, Zhou SJ, Beltrand J, Polak M, Aukrust I, de Franco E, Flanagan SE, Maloney KA, McGovern A, Molnes J, Nakabuye M, Njølstad PR, Pomares-Millan H, Provenzano M, Saint-Martin C, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Auh S, de Souza R, Fawcett AJ, Gruber C, Mekonnen EG, Mixter E, Sherifali D, Eckel RH, Nolan JJ, Philipson LH, Brown RJ, Billings LK, Boyle K, Costacou T, Dennis JM, Florez JC, Gloyn AL, Gomez MF, Gottlieb PA, Greeley SAW, Griffin K, Hattersley AT, Hirsch IB, Hivert MF, Hood KK, Josefson JL, Kwak SH, Laffel LM, Lim SS, Loos RJF, Ma RCW, Mathieu C, Mathioudakis N, Meigs JB, Misra S, Mohan V, Murphy R, Oram R, Owen KR, Ozanne SE, Pearson ER, Perng W, Pollin TI, Pop-Busui R, Pratley RE, Redman LM, Redondo MJ, Reynolds RM, Semple RK, Sherr JL, Sims EK, Sweeting A, Tuomi T, Udler MS, Vesco KK, Vilsbøll T, Wagner R, Rich SS, Franks PW. Second international consensus report on gaps and opportunities for the clinical translation of precision diabetes medicine. Nat Med 2023; 29:2438-2457. [PMID: 37794253 PMCID: PMC10735053 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine is part of the logical evolution of contemporary evidence-based medicine that seeks to reduce errors and optimize outcomes when making medical decisions and health recommendations. Diabetes affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, many of whom will develop life-threatening complications and die prematurely. Precision medicine can potentially address this enormous problem by accounting for heterogeneity in the etiology, clinical presentation and pathogenesis of common forms of diabetes and risks of complications. This second international consensus report on precision diabetes medicine summarizes the findings from a systematic evidence review across the key pillars of precision medicine (prevention, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis) in four recognized forms of diabetes (monogenic, gestational, type 1, type 2). These reviews address key questions about the translation of precision medicine research into practice. Although not complete, owing to the vast literature on this topic, they revealed opportunities for the immediate or near-term clinical implementation of precision diabetes medicine; furthermore, we expose important gaps in knowledge, focusing on the need to obtain new clinically relevant evidence. Gaps include the need for common standards for clinical readiness, including consideration of cost-effectiveness, health equity, predictive accuracy, liability and accessibility. Key milestones are outlined for the broad clinical implementation of precision diabetes medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre K Tobias
- Division of Preventative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jordi Merino
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abrar Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Catherine Aiken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jamie L Benham
- Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dhanasekaran Bodhini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Amy L Clark
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Colclough
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Rosa Corcoy
- CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sara J Cromer
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daisy Duan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie L Felton
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ellen C Francis
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Véronique Gingras
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romy Gaillard
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eram Haider
- Division of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alice Hughes
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Jennifer M Ikle
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Anna R Kahkoska
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jarno L T Kettunen
- Helsinki University Hospital, Abdominal Centre/Endocrinology, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raymond J Kreienkamp
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee-Ling Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Asia Diabetes Foundation, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jonna M E Männistö
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Robert Massey
- Division of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Niamh-Maire Mclennan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rachel G Miller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mario Luca Morieri
- Metabolic Disease Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jasper Most
- Department of Orthopedics, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Rochelle N Naylor
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bige Ozkan
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kashyap Amratlal Patel
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Scott J Pilla
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katsiaryna Prystupa
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sridharan Raghavan
- Section of Academic Primary Care, US Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary R Rooney
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin Schön
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zhila Semnani-Azad
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Magdalena Sevilla-Gonzalez
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pernille Svalastoga
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Children and Youth Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wubet Worku Takele
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Ha-Ting Tam
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anne Cathrine B Thuesen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mustafa Tosur
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, USDA/ARS, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amelia S Wallace
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline C Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessie J Wong
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Katherine Young
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Chloé Amouyal
- Department of Diabetology, APHP, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, NutriOmic team, Paris, France
| | - Mette K Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maxine P Bonham
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mingling Chen
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Feifei Cheng
- Health Management Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tinashe Chikowore
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sian C Chivers
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adem Y Dawed
- Division of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Aaron J Deutsch
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura T Dickens
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda A DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - María Mercè Fernández-Balsells
- Biomedical Research Institute Girona, IdIBGi, Girona, Spain
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit Girona, University Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Hugo Fitipaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Stephanie L Fitzpatrick
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Stephen E Gitelman
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Grieger
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marta Guasch-Ferré
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Public Health and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nahal Habibi
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chuiguo Huang
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arianna Harris-Kawano
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heba M Ismail
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Benjamin Hoag
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Sanford Children's Hospital, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- University of South Dakota School of Medicine, E Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Randi K Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Angus G Jones
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Robert W Koivula
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aaron Leong
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gloria K W Leung
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Kai Liu
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Alice Long
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William L Lowe
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert W Morton
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Science, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ayesha A Motala
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maleesa Pathirana
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sofia Pazmino
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinologyó, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dianna Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John R Petrie
- School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Camille E Powe
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandra Quinteros
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rashmi Jain
- Sanford Children's Specialty Clinic, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Debashree Ray
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Sports and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zeb Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vanessa Santhakumar
- Division of Preventative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Kanbour
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- AMAN Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sudipa Sarkar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gabriela S F Monaco
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Denise M Scholtens
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Divsion of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maggie A Stanislawski
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nele Steenackers
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinologyó, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Norbert Stefan
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julie Støy
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Sok Cin Tye
- Sections on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marzhan Urazbayeva
- Division of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinologyó, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Camille Vatier
- Sorbonne University, Inserm U938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, National Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity (PRISIS), Paris, France
| | - John M Wentworth
- Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wesley Hannah
- Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Sara L White
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gechang Yu
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingchai Zhang
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shao J Zhou
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jacques Beltrand
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 10116, Paris, France
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP Centre, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 10116, Paris, France
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP Centre, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ingvild Aukrust
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisa de Franco
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Kristin A Maloney
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew McGovern
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Janne Molnes
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mariam Nakabuye
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pål Rasmus Njølstad
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Children and Youth Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hugo Pomares-Millan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cécile Saint-Martin
- Department of Medical Genetics, AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Global Center for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yeyi Zhu
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungyoung Auh
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Russell de Souza
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea J Fawcett
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Clinical and Organizational Development, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Eskedar Getie Mekonnen
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emily Mixter
- Department of Medicine and Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John J Nolan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Endocrinology, Wexford General Hospital, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Louis H Philipson
- Department of Medicine and Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Liana K Billings
- Division of Endocrinology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Skokie, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Prtizker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen Boyle
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tina Costacou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John M Dennis
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Jose C Florez
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria F Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter A Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Siri Atma W Greeley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kurt Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Korey K Hood
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jami L Josefson
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Soo Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lori M Laffel
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siew S Lim
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | - James B Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shivani Misra
- Division of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Diabetes Centre, Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
- Medical Bariatric Service, Te Whatu Ora Counties, Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Oram
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Katharine R Owen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Division of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Wei Perng
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Toni I Pollin
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rodica Pop-Busui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Maria J Redondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Emily K Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arianne Sweeting
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Helsinki University Hospital, Abdominal Centre/Endocrinology, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miriam S Udler
- Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly K Vesco
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Clinial Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Wagner
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Science, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark.
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Lega IC, Yale JF, Chadha A, Paty B, Roscoe R, Snider M, Steier J, Bajaj HS, Barnes T, Gilbert J, Honshorst K, Kim J, Lewis J, MacDonald B, MacKay D, Mansell K, Senior P, Rabi D, Sherifali D. Hypoglycemia in Adults. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:548-559. [PMID: 37821214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
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16
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Wahi G, Kandasamy S, Bangdiwala SI, Baumann A, Crea-Arsenio M, Desai D, DiLiberto D, Georgiades K, Jackson-Best F, Kwan M, Montague P, Newbold KB, Sherifali D, Sim A, de Souza RJ, Anand SS. Strengthening Community Roots: Anchoring Newcomers in Wellness and Sustainability (SCORE!): A protocol for the co-design and evaluation of a healthy active living program among a newcomer community in Canada. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288851. [PMID: 37768908 PMCID: PMC10538726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of childhood obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors affecting newcomer Canadians living in lower socioeconomic circumstances is a concerning public health issue. This paper describes Strengthening Community Roots: Anchoring Newcomers in Wellness and Sustainability (SCORE!), an academic-community research partnership to co-design interventions that nurture and optimize healthy activity living (HAL) among a community of children and families new to Canada in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. METHODS/DESIGN Our overarching program is informed by a socio-ecological model, and will co-create HAL interventions for children and families new to Canada rooted in outdoor, nature-based physical activity. We will proceed in three phases: Phase 1) synthesis of existing evidence regarding nature based HAL interventions among children and families; Phase 2) program development through four data collection activities including: i) community engagement activities to build trustful relationships and understand barriers and facilitators, including establishing a community advisory and action board, qualitative studies including a photovoice study, and co-design workshops to develop programs; ii) characterizing the demographics of the community through a household survey; iii) characterizing the built environment and HAL programs/services available in the community by developing an accessible real-time systems map; and iv) reviewing municipal policies relevant to HAL and sustainability; leading to Phase 3) implementation and evaluation of the feasibility of co-designed HAL programs. CONCLUSION The etiology of childhood obesity and related chronic diseases is complex and multifactorial, as are intervention strategies. The SCORE! program of research brings together partners including community members, service providers, academic researchers, and organizational leaders to build a multi-component intervention that promotes the health and wellness of newcomer children and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Wahi
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sujane Kandasamy
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St Catherines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shrikant I. Bangdiwala
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Baumann
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Global Health Office, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary Crea-Arsenio
- Global Health Office, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dipika Desai
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah DiLiberto
- Global Health Office, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katholiki Georgiades
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Ron Joyce Children’s Health Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatimah Jackson-Best
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Kwan
- Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St Catherines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Montague
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. Bruce Newbold
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Sim
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J. de Souza
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia S. Anand
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Ahmad A, Lim LL, Morieri ML, Tam CHT, Cheng F, Chikowore T, Dudenhöffer-Pfeifer M, Fitipaldi H, Huang C, Kanbour S, Sarkar S, Koivula RW, Motala AA, Tye SC, Yu G, Zhang Y, Provenzano M, Sherifali D, de Souza R, Tobias DK, Gomez MF, Ma RCW, Mathioudakis NN. Precision Prognostics for Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. medRxiv 2023:2023.04.26.23289177. [PMID: 37162891 PMCID: PMC10168509 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.23289177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Precision medicine has the potential to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies to identify potentially novel prognostic factors that may improve CVD risk prediction in T2D. Out of 9380 studies identified, 416 studies met inclusion criteria. Outcomes were reported for 321 biomarker studies, 48 genetic marker studies, and 47 risk score/model studies. Results Out of all evaluated biomarkers, only 13 showed improvement in prediction performance. Results of pooled meta-analyses, non-pooled analyses, and assessments of improvement in prediction performance and risk of bias, yielded the highest predictive utility for N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (high-evidence), troponin-T (TnT) (moderate-evidence), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index (moderate-evidence), Genetic Risk Score for Coronary Heart Disease (GRS-CHD) (moderate-evidence); moderate predictive utility for coronary computed tomography angiography (low-evidence), single-photon emission computed tomography (low-evidence), pulse wave velocity (moderate-evidence); and low predictive utility for C-reactive protein (moderate-evidence), coronary artery calcium score (low-evidence), galectin-3 (low-evidence), troponin-I (low-evidence), carotid plaque (low-evidence), and growth differentiation factor-15 (low-evidence). Risk scores showed modest discrimination, with lower performance in populations different from the original development cohort. Conclusions Despite high interest in this topic, very few studies conducted rigorous analyses to demonstrate incremental predictive utility beyond established CVD risk factors for T2D. The most promising markers identified were NT-proBNP, TnT, TyG and GRS-CHD, with the highest strength of evidence for NT-proBNP. Further research is needed to determine their clinical utility in risk stratification and management of CVD in T2D.
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18
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Huang ES, Sinclair A, Conlin PR, Cukierman-Yaffe T, Hirsch IB, Huisingh-Scheetz M, Kahkoska AR, Laffel L, Lee AK, Lee S, Lipska K, Meneilly G, Pandya N, Peek ME, Peters A, Pratley RE, Sherifali D, Toschi E, Umpierrez G, Weinstock RS, Munshi M. The Growing Role of Technology in the Care of Older Adults With Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:1455-1463. [PMID: 37471606 PMCID: PMC10369127 DOI: 10.2337/dci23-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The integration of technologies such as continuous glucose monitors, insulin pumps, and smart pens into diabetes management has the potential to support the transformation of health care services that provide a higher quality of diabetes care, lower costs and administrative burdens, and greater empowerment for people with diabetes and their caregivers. Among people with diabetes, older adults are a distinct subpopulation in terms of their clinical heterogeneity, care priorities, and technology integration. The scientific evidence and clinical experience with these technologies among older adults are growing but are still modest. In this review, we describe the current knowledge regarding the impact of technology in older adults with diabetes, identify major barriers to the use of existing and emerging technologies, describe areas of care that could be optimized by technology, and identify areas for future research to fulfill the potential promise of evidence-based technology integrated into care for this important population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul R. Conlin
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Tali Cukierman-Yaffe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Epidemiology Department, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Herczeg Institute on Aging, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sei Lee
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Graydon Meneilly
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Naushira Pandya
- Department of Geriatrics, Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
| | | | - Anne Peters
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard E. Pratley
- AdventHealth Diabetes Institute, AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL
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19
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Chambers A, McKay D, Farnsworth K, Morrison AE, Witteman HO, Senior P, Halperin IJ, Bajaj HS, Barnes T, Gilbert J, Honshorst K, Kim J, Lewis J, MacDonald B, Mackay D, Mansell K, Senior P, Rabi D, Sherifali D. Do-It-Yourself Automated Insulin Delivery: A Health-care Practitioner User's Guide. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:389-397.e8. [PMID: 37532366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
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20
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Halperin IJ, Chambers A, Covello L, Farnsworth K, Morrison AE, Schuklenk U, Witteman HO, Senior P, Bajaj HS, Barnes T, Gilbert J, Honshorst K, Kim J, Lewis J, MacDonald B, Mackay D, Mansell K, Rabi D, Senior P, Sherifali D. Do-It-Yourself Automated Insulin Delivery: A Position Statement. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:381-388. [PMID: 37532365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
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21
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Robinson DJ, Hanson K, Jain AB, Kichler JC, Mehta G, Melamed OC, Vallis M, Bajaj HS, Barnes T, Gilbert J, Honshorst K, Houlden R, Kim J, Lewis J, MacDonald B, MacKay D, Mansell K, Rabi D, Sherifali D, Senior P. Diabetes and Mental Health. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:308-344. [PMID: 37321702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
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22
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Mangin D, Lamarche L, Agarwal G, Ali A, Cassels A, Colwill K, Dolovich L, Brown ND, Farrell B, Freeman K, Frizzle K, Garrison SR, Gillett J, Holbrook A, Jurcic-Vrataric J, McCormack J, Parascandalo J, Richardson J, Risdon C, Sherifali D, Siu H, Borhan S, Templeton JA, Thabane L, Trimble J. Team approach to polypharmacy evaluation and reduction: feasibility randomized trial of a structured clinical pathway to reduce polypharmacy. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2023; 9:84. [PMID: 37202822 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-023-01315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polypharmacy is associated with poorer health outcomes in older adults. Other than the associated multimorbidity, factors contributing to this association could include medication adverse effects and interactions, difficulties in managing complicated medication regimes, and reduced medication adherence. It is unknown how reversible these negative associations may be if polypharmacy is reduced. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of implementing an operationalized clinical pathway aimed to reduce polypharmacy in primary care and to pilot measurement tools suitable for assessing change in health outcomes in a larger randomized controlled trial (RCT). METHODS We randomized consenting patients ≥ 70 years old on ≥ 5 long-term medications into intervention or control groups. We collected baseline demographic information and research outcome measures at baseline and 6 months. We assessed four categories of feasibility outcomes: process, resource, management, and scientific. The intervention group received TAPER (team approach to polypharmacy evaluation and reduction), a clinical pathway for reducing polypharmacy using "pause and monitor" drug holiday approach. TAPER integrates patients' goals, priorities, and preferences with an evidence-based "machine screen" to identify potentially problematic medications and support a tapering and monitoring process, all supported by a web-based system, TaperMD. Patients met with a clinical pharmacist and then with their family physician to finalize a plan for optimization of medications using TaperMD. The control group received usual care and were offered TAPER after follow-up at 6 months. RESULTS All 9 criteria for feasibility were met across the 4 feasibility outcome domains. Of 85 patients screened for eligibility, 39 eligible patients were recruited and randomized; two were excluded post hoc for not meeting the age requirement. Withdrawals (2) and losses to follow-up (3) were small and evenly distributed between arms. Areas for intervention and research process improvement were identified. In general, outcome measures performed well and appeared suitable for assessing change in a larger RCT. CONCLUSIONS Results from this feasibility study indicate that TAPER as a clinical pathway is feasible to implement in a primary care team setting and in an RCT research framework. Outcome trends suggest effectiveness. A large-scale RCT will be conducted to investigate the effectiveness of TAPER on reducing polypharmacy and improving health outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov NCT02562352 , Registered September 29, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dee Mangin
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada.
- Dept. of General Practice, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Larkin Lamarche
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Gina Agarwal
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Abbas Ali
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Alan Cassels
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Kiska Colwill
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Lisa Dolovich
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
- University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Naomi Dore Brown
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Barbara Farrell
- Bruyère Research Institute, 43 Bruyère Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karla Freeman
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Kristina Frizzle
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Scott R Garrison
- University of Alberta, 6-60 University Terrace, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James Gillett
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Anne Holbrook
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Jane Jurcic-Vrataric
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - James McCormack
- University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jenna Parascandalo
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Julie Richardson
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Cathy Risdon
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Henry Siu
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Sayem Borhan
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Jeffery A Templeton
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Family Medicine, David Braley Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 100 Main Street West, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Johanna Trimble
- University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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23
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Racey M, Whitmore C, Alliston P, Cafazzo JA, Crawford A, Castle D, Dragonetti R, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Jovkovic M, Melamed OC, Naeem F, Senior P, Strudwick G, Ramdass S, Vien V, Selby P, Sherifali D. Technology-Supported Integrated Care Innovations to Support Diabetes and Mental Health Care: Scoping Review. JMIR Diabetes 2023; 8:e44652. [PMID: 37159256 DOI: 10.2196/44652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For individuals living with diabetes and its psychosocial comorbidities (eg, depression, anxiety, and distress), there remains limited access to interprofessional, integrated care that includes mental health support, education, and follow-up. Health technology, broadly defined as the application of organized knowledge or skill as software, devices, and systems to solve health problems and improve quality of life, is emerging as a means of addressing these gaps. There is thus a need to understand how such technologies are being used to support, educate, and help individuals living with co-occurring diabetes and mental health distress or disorder. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this scoping review was to (1) describe the literature on technology-enabled integrated interventions for diabetes and mental health; (2) apply frameworks from the Mental Health Commission of Canada and World Health Organization to elucidate the components, type, processes, and users of technology-enabled integrated interventions for diabetes and mental health; and (3) map the level of integration of interventions for diabetes and mental health. METHODS We searched 6 databases from inception to February 2022 for English-language, peer-reviewed studies of any design or type that used technology to actively support both diabetes and any mental health distress or disorder in succession or concurrently among people with diabetes (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes). Reviewers screened citations and extracted data including study characteristics and details about the technology and integration used. RESULTS We included 24 studies described in 38 publications. These studies were conducted in a range of settings and sites of care including both web-based and in-person settings. Studies were mostly website-based (n=13) and used technology for wellness and prevention (n=16) and intervention and treatment (n=15). The primary users of these technologies were clients and health care providers. All the included intervention studies (n=20) used technology for clinical integration, but only 7 studies also used the technology for professional integration. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this scoping review suggest that there is a growing body of literature on integrated care for diabetes and mental health enabled by technology. However, gaps still exist with how to best equip health care professionals with the knowledge and skills to offer integrated care. Future research is needed to continue to explore the purpose, level, and breadth of technology-enabled integration to facilitate an approach to overcome or address care fragmentation for diabetes and mental health and to understand how health technology can further drive the scale-up of innovative integrated interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Racey
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Carly Whitmore
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paige Alliston
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph A Cafazzo
- Healthcare Human Factors, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- eHealth Innovation, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Crawford
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Castle
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Milos Jovkovic
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Osnat C Melamed
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Farooq Naeem
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Senior
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gillian Strudwick
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Seeta Ramdass
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
- McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Victor Vien
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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24
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Stennett RN, Adamo KB, Anand SS, Bajaj HS, Bangdiwala SI, Desai D, Gerstein HC, Kandasamy S, Khan F, Lear SA, McDonald SD, Pocsai T, Ritvo P, Rogge A, Schulze KM, Sherifali D, Stearns JC, Wahi G, Williams NC, Zulyniak MA, de Souza RJ. A culturally tailored personaliseD nutrition intErvention in South ASIan women at risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (DESI-GDM): a randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072353. [PMID: 37130668 PMCID: PMC10163497 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION South Asians are more likely to develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) than white Europeans. Diet and lifestyle modifications may prevent GDM and reduce undesirable outcomes in both the mother and offspring. Our study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness and participant acceptability of a culturally tailored, personalised nutrition intervention on the glucose area under the curve (AUC) after a 2-hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnant women of South Asian ancestry with GDM risk factors. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 190 South Asian pregnant women with at least 2 of the following GDM risk factors-prepregnancy body mass index>23, age>29, poor-quality diet, family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative or GDM in a previous pregnancy will be enrolled during gestational weeks 12-18, and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to: (1) usual care, plus weekly text messages to encourage walking and paper handouts or (2) a personalised nutrition plan developed and delivered by a culturally congruent dietitian and health coach; and FitBit to track steps. The intervention lasts 6-16 weeks, depending on week of recruitment. The primary outcome is the glucose AUC from a three-sample 75 g OGTT 24-28 weeks' gestation. The secondary outcome is GDM diagnosis, based on Born-in-Bradford criteria (fasting glucose>5.2 mmol/L or 2 hours post load>7.2 mmol/L). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board (HiREB #10942). Findings will be disseminated among academics and policy-makers through scientific publications along with community-orientated strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03607799.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosain N Stennett
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristi B Adamo
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dipika Desai
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sujane Kandasamy
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farah Khan
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott A Lear
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah D McDonald
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tayler Pocsai
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Ritvo
- Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Rogge
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karleen M Schulze
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer C Stearns
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gita Wahi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael A Zulyniak
- Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Sushko K, Strachan P, Butt M, Nerenberg KA, Sherifali D. Understanding the self-management experiences and support needs during pregnancy among women with pre-existing diabetes: a qualitative descriptive study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:309. [PMID: 37131168 PMCID: PMC10152436 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing prevalence of pre-existing type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy and their associated perinatal risks, there is a need to focus on interventions to achieve optimal maternal glycemia to improve pregnancy outcomes. One strategy focuses on improving diabetes self-management education and support for expectant mothers with diabetes. This study's objective is to describe the experience of managing diabetes during pregnancy and identify the diabetes self-management education and support needs during pregnancy among women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. METHODS Using a qualitative descriptive study design, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 women with pre-existing type 1 or 2 diabetes in pregnancy (type 1 diabetes, n = 6; type 2 diabetes, n = 6). We employed conventional content analyses to derive codes and categories directly from the data. RESULTS Four themes were identified that related to the experiences of managing pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy; four others were related to the self-management support needs in this population. Women with diabetes described their experiences of pregnancy as terrifying, isolating, mentally exhausting and accompanied by a loss of control. Self-management support needs reported included healthcare that is individualized, inclusive of mental health support and support from peers and the healthcare team. CONCLUSIONS Women with diabetes in pregnancy experience feelings of fear, isolation and a loss of control, which may be improved through personalized management protocols that avoid "painting everybody with the same brush" as well as peer support. Further examination of these simple interventions may yield important impacts on women's experience and sense of connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Sushko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Patricia Strachan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michelle Butt
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kara A Nerenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
- Diabetes Care and Research Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Sushko K, Menezes HT, Butt M, Nerenberg K, Strachan P, Usman MA, Sherifali D. Trends and Self-Management Predictors of Glycemic Control During Pregnancy in Women With Preexisting Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study. Diabetes Spectr 2023; 36:182-192. [PMID: 37193202 PMCID: PMC10182963 DOI: 10.2337/ds22-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Because much of diabetes management during pregnancy occurs at home, self-management factors such as self-efficacy, self-care activities, and care satisfaction may affect glycemia. Our objective was to explore trends in glycemic control during pregnancy in women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes; assess self-efficacy, self-care, and care satisfaction; and examine these factors as predictors of glycemic control. Methods We conducted a cohort study from April 2014 to November 2019 at a tertiary center in Ontario, Canada. Self-efficacy, self-care, care satisfaction, and A1C were measured three times during pregnancy (T1, T2, and T3). Linear mixed-effects modeling explored trends in A1C and examined self-efficacy, self-care, and care satisfaction as predictors of A1C. Results We recruited 111 women (55 with type 1 diabetes and 56 with type 2 diabetes). Mean A1C significantly decreased by 1.09% (95% CI -1.38 to -0.79) from T1 to T2 and by 1.14% (95% CI -1.43 to -0.86) from T1 to T3. Self-efficacy significantly predicted glycemic control for women with type 2 diabetes and was associated with a mean change in A1C of -0.22% (95% CI -0.42 to -0.02) per unit increase in scale. The exercise subscore of self-care significantly predicted glycemic control for women with type 1 diabetes and was associated with a mean change in A1C of -0.11% (95% CI -0.22 to -0.01) per unit increase in scale. Conclusion Self-efficacy significantly predicted A1C during pregnancy in a cohort of women with preexisting diabetes in Ontario, Canada. Future research will continue to explore the self-management needs and challenges in women with preexisting diabetes in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Sushko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michelle Butt
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia Strachan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhammad Ali Usman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Diabetes Care and Research Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Howell D, McGowan P, Bryant-Lukosius D, Kirkby R, Powis M, Sherifali D, Kukreti V, Rask S, Krzyzanowska MK. Impact of a Training Program on Oncology Nurses’ Confidence in the Provision of Self-Management Support and 5As Behavioral Counseling Skills. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061811. [PMID: 36980697 PMCID: PMC10046590 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer patients and their families play a central role in the self-management of the medical, emotional, and lifestyle consequences of cancer. Nurses with training in self-management support can enable cancer patients to better manage the effects of cancer and treatment. Methods: As part of a randomized controlled trial, we developed a training program to build nurses’ confidence in the provision of self-management support (SMS). The SMS skills taught were adapted from the Stanford Peer Support training programs and embedded within the 5As (Assess, Advise, Agree, Assist, and Arrange) behavioral counseling process. We evaluated the impact of the training program on oncology nurses’ and coaches’ confidence using a Student’s t-test for paired samples in a nonrandomized, one-group pre/postsurvey. Results: Participants were experienced oncology nurses from three participating cancer centers. A two-tailed Student’s t-test for paired samples showed a significant improvement in nurses’ confidence for the 15 SMS microskills targeted in the training between the pretest and post-test as follows: for Center 1, a mean difference of 0.79 (t = 7.18, p ≤ 0.00001); for Center 2, a mean difference of 0.73 (t = 8.4, p ≤ 0.00001); for Center 3, a mean difference of 1.57 (t = 11.45, p ≤ 0.00001); and for coaches, a mean difference of 0.52 (t = 7.6, p ≤ 0.00001). Conclusions: Our training program improved oncology staff nurses’ and cancer coaches’ confidence in 15 SMS microskills and has potential for SMS training of nurses in routine care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Howell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrick McGowan
- School of Public Health & Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | | | - Ryan Kirkby
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Melanie Powis
- Medical Oncology Division, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Vishal Kukreti
- Medical Oncology Division, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Sara Rask
- Medical Oncology Division, Royal Victoria Hospital, Barrie, ON L4M 6M2, Canada
| | - Monica K. Krzyzanowska
- Medical Oncology Division, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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28
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Murphy L, Sherifali D, Ali MU, Ibrahim S. Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on Oncological Outcomes for Patients Living With Cancer. Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care 2023; 49:163-179. [PMID: 36789641 PMCID: PMC10084523 DOI: 10.1177/26350106231153073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the association between preexisting diabetes in persons living with cancer on diabetes and oncology-related health outcomes. Understanding this association is of priority because the incidence of both cancer and diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted in collaboration with an expert health sciences librarian. Two authors independently conducted the screening, data collection, and extraction processes. The risk of bias was assessed using several tools, depending on the study design. Relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The alpha threshold was 0.05. All analyses were performed using R statistical software (Metaphor and Demeter packages). RESULTS A total of 45 studies met the selection criteria, but 23 were excluded from the synthesis because they did not have the ranked outcome or correct comparison (persons with and without diabetes), totaling 22 studies included in the meta-analysis. In comparison to participants without preexisting diabetes, participants with preexisting diabetes and cancer were found to have a significantly higher risk of infection and cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal complications. Concurrent preexisting diabetes and cancer were also associated with increased health care service utilization and length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION The findings from this review highlight the importance of optimal concurrent management of both diseases by overcoming the compartmentalization of medical specializations through (1) integrated, multidisciplinary, shared, and coordinated clinical care pathways between oncology and diabetes health care providers/teams and (2) the continued development of evidence-based clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Murphy
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Diabetes Care and Research Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada.,McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Muhammad Usman Ali
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Diabetes Care and Research Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada.,McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sarah Ibrahim
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Advancing Collaborative Healthcare & Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Sushko K, Menezes HT, Wang QR, Nerenberg K, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Sherifali D. Patient-reported Benefits and Limitations of Mobile Health Technologies for Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Scoping Review. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:102-113. [PMID: 36182614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For women with pre-existing and gestational diabetes, pregnancy involves specialized and intensive medical care to optimize maternal and infant outcomes. Medical management for patients with diabetes in pregnancy typically occurs via frequent face-to-face outpatient appointments. COVID-19-induced barriers to face-to-face care have identified the need for high-quality, patient-centred virtual health-care modalities, such as mobile health (mHealth) technologies. Our aim in this review was to identify the patient-reported benefits and limitations of mHealth technologies among women with diabetes in pregnancy. We also aimed to determine how the women's experiences aligned with the best practice standards for patient-centred communication. METHODS The framework presented by Arksey and O'Malley for conducting scoping reviews, with refinements by Levac et al, was used to guide this review. Relevant studies were identified through comprehensive database searches of MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare and PsycINFO. Thomas and Harden's methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews guided the synthesis of patient-reported benefits and limitations of mHealth technology. RESULTS Overall, 19 studies describing the use of 16 unique mHealth technologies among 742 women were included in the final review. Patient-reported benefits of mHealth included convenience, support of psychosocial well-being and facilitation of diabetes self-management. Patient-reported limitations included lack of important technological features, perceived burdensome aspects of mHealth and lack of trust in virtual health care. CONCLUSIONS Women with diabetes report some benefits from mHealth use during pregnancy. Codesigning future technologies with end users may help address the perceived limitations and effectiveness of mHealth technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Sushko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Holly Tschirhart Menezes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qi Rui Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Donna Fitzpatrick-Lewis
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Nursing, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Diabetes Care and Research Program, The Boris Clinic, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Mavragani A, Sherifali D, Dragonetti R, Ashfaq I, Veldhuizen S, Naeem F, Agarwal SM, Melamed OC, Crawford A, Gerretsen P, Hahn M, Hill S, Kidd S, Mulsant B, Serhal E, Tackaberry-Giddens L, Whitmore C, Marttila J, Tang F, Ramdass S, Lourido G, Sockalingam S, Selby P. Technology-Enabled Collaborative Care for Concurrent Diabetes and Distress Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Feasibility Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e39724. [PMID: 36649068 PMCID: PMC9890354 DOI: 10.2196/39724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the delivery of diabetes care and worsened mental health among many patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). This disruption puts patients with T2D at risk for poor diabetes outcomes, especially those who experience social disadvantage due to socioeconomic class, rurality, or ethnicity. The appropriate use of communication technology could reduce these gaps in diabetes care created by the pandemic and also provide support for psychological distress. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to test the feasibility of an innovative co-designed Technology-Enabled Collaborative Care (TECC) model for diabetes management and mental health support among adults with T2D. METHODS We will recruit 30 adults with T2D residing in Ontario, Canada, to participate in our sequential explanatory mixed methods study. They will participate in 8 weekly web-based health coaching sessions with a registered nurse, who is a certified diabetes educator, who will be supported by a digital care team (ie, a peer mentor, an addictions specialist, a dietitian, a psychiatrist, and a psychotherapist). Assessments will be completed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks, with a 12-week follow-up. Our primary outcome is the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, as evident by the participant recruitment and retention rates. Key secondary outcomes include assessment completion and delivery of the intervention. Exploratory outcomes consist of changes in mental health, substance use, and physical health behaviors. Stakeholder experience and satisfaction will be explored through a qualitative descriptive study using one-on-one interviews. RESULTS This paper describes the protocol of the study. The recruitment commenced in June 2021. This study was registered on October 29, 2020, on ClinicalTrials.gov (Registry ID: NCT04607915). As of June 2022, all participants have been recruited. It is anticipated that data analysis will be complete by the end of 2022, with study findings available by the end of 2023. CONCLUSIONS The development of an innovative, technology-enabled model will provide necessary support for individuals living with T2D and mental health challenges. This TECC program will determine the feasibility of TECC for patients with T2D and mental health issues. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04607915; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04607915. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/39724.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Addictions Research Program, Clinical Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rosa Dragonetti
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Iqra Ashfaq
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott Veldhuizen
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Farooq Naeem
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Osnat C Melamed
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine (T-CAIREM), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean Kidd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benoit Mulsant
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Serhal
- Department of Virtual Mental Health, Outreach and Project ECHO, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leah Tackaberry-Giddens
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carly Whitmore
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Frank Tang
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Aging, Community and Health Research Unit, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Seeta Ramdass
- Diabetes Action Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Office of Social Accountability and Community Engagement, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,The Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Conseil Pour La Protection Des Malades, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sanjeev Sockalingam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Bariatric Surgery Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Nicotine Dependence Service, Addictions Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Addictions Research Program, Clinical Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Jain R, Stone JA, Agarwal G, Andrade JG, Bacon SL, Bajaj HS, Baker B, Cheng G, Dannenbaum D, Gelfer M, Habert J, Hickey J, Keshavjee K, Kitty D, Lindsay P, L'Abbé MR, Lau DCW, Macle L, McDonald M, Nerenberg K, Pearson GJ, Pham T, Poppe AY, Rabi DM, Sherifali D, Selby P, Smith E, Stern S, Thanassoulis G, Terenzi K, Tu K, Udell J, Virani SA, Ward RA, Warburton DER, Wharton S, Zymantas J, Hua-Stewart D, Liu PP, Tobe SW. Ligne directrice C-CHANGE pour l’harmonisation des lignes directrices nationales de prévention et de prise en charge des maladies cardiovasculaires en contexte de soins primaires au Canada: mise à jour 2022. CMAJ 2023; 195:E21-E42. [PMID: 36623864 PMCID: PMC9829070 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.220138-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Jain
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - James A Stone
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Gina Agarwal
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jason G Andrade
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Harpreet S Bajaj
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Brian Baker
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Gemma Cheng
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - David Dannenbaum
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Mark Gelfer
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jeffrey Habert
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - John Hickey
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Karim Keshavjee
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Darlene Kitty
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Patrice Lindsay
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - David C W Lau
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Laurent Macle
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Michael McDonald
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Glen J Pearson
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Thuy Pham
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Alexandre Y Poppe
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Peter Selby
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Eric Smith
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sol Stern
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Kristin Terenzi
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Karen Tu
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jacob Udell
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sean A Virani
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Richard A Ward
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Darren E R Warburton
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sean Wharton
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jennifer Zymantas
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Diane Hua-Stewart
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Peter P Liu
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont.
| | - Sheldon W Tobe
- Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Jain), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences cardiaques, Division de cardiologie (Stone), Faculté de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Institut cardiovasculaire Libin de l'Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alb.; Département de médecine familiale (Agarwal), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine (Andrade), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Andrade), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Bureau de la politique et de la promotion de la nutrition (Aziz), Santé Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de Santé, Kinésiologie et Physiologie appliquée (Bacon), Université Concordia, et Centre de médecine comportementale de Montréal (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Centre de diabétologie Sinaï (Bajaj), Hôpital du Mont Sinaï; Département de psychiatrie (Baker), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Centre de médecine familiale Herzl (Cheng), Hôpital général juif; Département de médecine familiale (Cheng), Université McGill; Hôpital général juif, Département de médecine (Dannenbaum), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Département de médecine familiale (Gelfer), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Université de Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Hickey), Hôpital régional St. Martha, Antigonish, N.-É.; Institut des politiques, de la gestion et de l'évaluation de la santé (Keshavjee), École Dalla Lana de santé publique, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Kitty), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Département des sciences de la nutrition (L'Abbé), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de biochimie et de biologie moléculaire (Lau), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Institut de cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division de cardiologie (McDonald), Centre de recherche en cardiologie Ted Rogers, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Nerenberg), Institut cardiovasculaire Libin, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Division de cardiologie (Pearson), Institut de cardiologie Mazankowski; Université de l'Alberta, Faculté de médecine et de dentisterie (Pearson), Edmonton, Alb.; Division de néphrologie (Pham), Hôpital Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de neurologie (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Département de neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Rabi), Département de médecine, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre pour les dépendances et la santé mentale (Selby); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire (Selby), Faculté de médecine Temerty, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Département de neurosciences cliniques et Institut de neurologie Hotchkiss (Smith), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Centre médical Argus en santé familiale (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Services de santé Halton (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Thanassoulis), Université McGill, Montréal, Qc; Hôpital Humber River (Terenzi); Hôpital général de North York, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, Université de Toronto (Tu); Maladies cardiovasculaires, Hôpital Women's College et Centre de cardiologie Peter Munk (Udell), Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division de cardiologie (Virani), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Faculté de l'éducation, programme pour la santé autochtone et l'activité physique (Warburton), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Faculté de médecine Cumming (Ward), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alb.; Faculté des sciences de la santé (Wharton), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Institut de cardiologie de l'Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculté de médecine (Liu), Université de Toronto; Division de néphrologie (Tobe), Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook, Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculté de médecine du Nord de l'Ontario (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
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Ali MU, Mancini GBJ, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Lewis R, Jovkovic M, Zieroth S, O'Meara E, Connelly KA, Sherifali D. Reply to Du et al.-Obvious Differences Between GLP1RAs and SGLT2is in the Outcomes of Heart Failure, Renal Failure, and Stroke. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:90. [PMID: 36152771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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MacKay D, Chan C, Dasgupta K, Dominy C, Gagner M, Jin S, Kim J, Little JP, MacDonald B, McInnes N, Reichert S, Bajaj HS, Bajaj HS, Gilbert J, Houlden R, Kim J, MacDonald B, MacKay D, Mansell K, Rabi D, Senior P, Sherifali D. Remission of Type 2 Diabetes: Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Working Group. Can J Diabetes 2022; 46:753-761.e8. [PMID: 36567079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jin S, Bajaj HS, Brazeau AS, Champagne J, MacDonald B, MacKay D, Reichert SM, Vallis M, Bajaj HS, Gilbert J, Houlden R, Kim J, MacDonald B, MacKay D, Mansell K, Rabi D, Senior P, Sherifali D. Remission of Type 2 Diabetes: User's Guide: Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Working Group. Can J Diabetes 2022; 46:762-774. [PMID: 36567080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jain R, Stone JA, Agarwal G, Andrade JG, Bacon SL, Bajaj HS, Baker B, Cheng G, Dannenbaum D, Gelfer M, Habert J, Hickey J, Keshavjee K, Kitty D, Lindsay P, L'Abbé MR, Lau DCW, Macle L, McDonald M, Nerenberg K, Pearson GJ, Pham T, Poppe AY, Rabi DM, Sherifali D, Selby P, Smith E, Stern S, Thanassoulis G, Terenzi K, Tu K, Udell J, Virani SA, Ward RA, Warburton DER, Wharton S, Zymantas J, Hua-Stewart D, Liu PP, Tobe SW. Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guideline Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care: 2022 update. CMAJ 2022; 194:E1460-E1480. [PMID: 36343954 PMCID: PMC9828999 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.220138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Jain
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - James A Stone
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Gina Agarwal
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jason G Andrade
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Simon L Bacon
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Harpreet S Bajaj
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Brian Baker
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Gemma Cheng
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - David Dannenbaum
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Mark Gelfer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jeffrey Habert
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Karim Keshavjee
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Darlene Kitty
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Patrice Lindsay
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Mary R L'Abbé
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - David C W Lau
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Laurent Macle
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Michael McDonald
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Glen J Pearson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Thuy Pham
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Alexandre Y Poppe
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Peter Selby
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont.
| | - Eric Smith
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sol Stern
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Kristin Terenzi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Karen Tu
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jacob Udell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sean A Virani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Richard A Ward
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Darren E R Warburton
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sean Wharton
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Jennifer Zymantas
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Diane Hua-Stewart
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Peter P Liu
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
| | - Sheldon W Tobe
- Department of Family and Community Medicine (Jain), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Division of Cardiology (Stone), Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Stone), Symphony of Health, Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Andrade), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Montréal Heart Institute (Andrade), Université of Montréal, Que.; Office of Nutrition Policy Promotion (Aziz), Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Bacon), Concordia University, and the Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre (Bacon), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Sinai Centre for Diabetes (Bajaj), Mount Sinai Hospital; Department of Psychiatry (Baker), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Herzl Family Practice Centre (Cheng), Jewish General Hospital; Department of Family Medicine (Cheng), McGill University; Jewish General Hospital, Department of Medicine (Dannenbaum), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Practice (Gelfer), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; University of Toronto (Habert), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Hickey), St. Martha's Regional Hospital, Antigonish, NS; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Keshavjee), Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Kitty), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (L'Abbé), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Lau), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal (Macle), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Cardiology (McDonald), Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Nerenberg), Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Pearson), Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute; University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (Pearson), Edmonton, Alta.; Division of Nephrology (Pham), Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Poppe), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal; Department of Neurosciences (Poppe), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Rabi), Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Selby), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Selby), Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toront, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Smith), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Argus Medical Centre Family Health Organization (Stern), Oakville, Ont.; Halton Healthcare Services (Stern), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Thanassoulis), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Terenzi), Toronto, Ont.; North York General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital-UHN, University of Toronto (Tu), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiovascular Disease, Women's College Hospital and Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Cardiology (Virani), University of British Columbia; Faculty of Education, Indigenous Health & Physical Activity Program (Warburton), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Cumming School of Medicine (Ward), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Health Sciences (Wharton), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Health Sciences North (Zymantas); Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Zymantas), Sudbury, Ont.; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hua-Stewart), Toronto, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ont.; Faculty of Medicine (Liu), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Nephrology (Tobe), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Tobe), Sudbury, Ont
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Whitmore C, Sherifali D. Technology-Enabled Collaborative Care for Diabetes (TECC-D): Feasibility and Acceptability of a Disruptive Integrated Care Model. Can J Diabetes 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gehring ND, Johnston BC, Birken C, Buchholz A, Cooper J, Erdstein J, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Hadjiyannakis S, Hamilton J, Hatanaka D, Henderson M, Lebel T, Moore SA, Morrison KM, Page S, Pearce N, Sebastianski M, Sherifali D, St-Pierre J, Zenlea I, Ball GDC. A survey of stakeholders' perceived importance of health indicators and subgroup analyses to inform the Canadian clinical practice guideline for managing paediatric obesity. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12949. [PMID: 35666072 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess stakeholder ratings of health indicators and subgroup analyses in systematic reviews used to update the Canadian Clinical Practice Guideline for Managing Paediatric Obesity. METHODS Stakeholders (caregivers of children with obesity and Clinical Practice Guideline Steering Committee members) completed an online survey between April 2020 and March 2021. Participants rated importance of health indicators and subgroup analyses for behavioural and psychological, pharmacotherapeutic, and surgical interventions for managing paediatric obesity from not important to critically important using Grading, Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria. RESULTS No health indicators or subgroup analyses were rated not important by the 30 caregivers and 17 Steering Committee members. Across intervention types, stakeholders rated anxiety, depression, health-related quality of life, serious adverse events, plus age and weight status subgroups as critically important. CONCLUSION Stakeholder ratings will inform data reporting and interpretation to update Canada's Clinical Practice Guideline for Managing Paediatric Obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Gehring
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley C Johnston
- Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Catherine Birken
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annick Buchholz
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Cooper
- Patient and Family Partner, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julius Erdstein
- Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Stasia Hadjiyannakis
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill Hamilton
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mélanie Henderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tracy Lebel
- Patient and Family Partner, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah A Moore
- School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Shawn Page
- Patient and Family Partner, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Megan Sebastianski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie St-Pierre
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ian Zenlea
- Institute for Better Health, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoff D C Ball
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Sushko K, Sherifali D, Nerenberg K, Strachan PH, Butt M. Supporting self-management in women with pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy: a protocol for a mixed-methods sequential comparative case study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062777. [PMID: 36253034 PMCID: PMC9577889 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For women with pre-existing type 1 and type 2 diabetes, glycaemic targets are narrow during the preconception and prenatal periods to optimise pregnancy outcomes. Women aim to achieve glycaemic targets during pregnancy through the daily tasks of diabetes self-management. Diabetes self-management during pregnancy involves frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose and titration of insulin based on glucose measures and carbohydrate intake. Our objective is to explore how self-management and support experiences help explain glycaemic control among women with pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will conduct a four-phased mixed-methods sequential comparative case study. Phase I will analyse the data from a prospective cohort study to determine the predictors of glycaemic control during pregnancy related to diabetes self-management among women with pre-existing diabetes. In phase II, we will use the results of the cohort analysis to develop data collection tools for phase III. Phase III will be a qualitative description study to understand women's diabetes education and support needs during pregnancy. In phase IV, we will integrate the results of phases I and III to generate unique cases representing the ways in which self-management and support experiences explain glycaemic control in pregnancy. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The phase I cohort study received approval from our local ethics review board, the Hamilton Integrated Ethics Review Board. We will seek ethics approval for the phase III qualitative study prior to its commencement. Participants will provide informed consent before study enrolment. We plan to publish our results in peer-reviewed journals and present our findings to stakeholders at relevant conferences/symposia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Sushko
- School of Nursing, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia H Strachan
- Nursing, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Butt
- School of Nursing, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Di S, Petch J, Gerstein HC, Zhu R, Sherifali D. Optimizing Health Coaching for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Using Machine Learning: Model Development and Validation Study. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e37838. [PMID: 36099006 PMCID: PMC9516374 DOI: 10.2196/37838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Health coaching is an emerging intervention that has been shown to improve clinical and patient-relevant outcomes for type 2 diabetes. Advances in artificial intelligence may provide an avenue for developing a more personalized, adaptive, and cost-effective approach to diabetes health coaching.
Objective
We aim to apply Q-learning, a widely used reinforcement learning algorithm, to a diabetes health-coaching data set to develop a model for recommending an optimal coaching intervention at each decision point that is tailored to a patient’s accumulated history.
Methods
In this pilot study, we fit a two-stage reinforcement learning model on 177 patients from the intervention arm of a community-based randomized controlled trial conducted in Canada. The policy produced by the reinforcement learning model can recommend a coaching intervention at each decision point that is tailored to a patient’s accumulated history and is expected to maximize the composite clinical outcome of hemoglobin A1c reduction and quality of life improvement (normalized to [ 0, 1 ], with a higher score being better). Our data, models, and source code are publicly available.
Results
Among the 177 patients, the coaching intervention recommended by our policy mirrored the observed diabetes health coach’s interventions in 17.5% (n=31) of the patients in stage 1 and 14.1% (n=25) of the patients in stage 2. Where there was agreement in both stages, the average cumulative composite outcome (0.839, 95% CI 0.460-1.220) was better than those for whom the optimal policy agreed with the diabetes health coach in only one stage (0.791, 95% CI 0.747-0.836) or differed in both stages (0.755, 95% CI 0.728-0.781). Additionally, the average cumulative composite outcome predicted for the policy’s recommendations was significantly better than that of the observed diabetes health coach’s recommendations (tn-1=10.040; P<.001).
Conclusions
Applying reinforcement learning to diabetes health coaching could allow for both the automation of health coaching and an improvement in health outcomes produced by this type of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Di
- Centre for Data Science and Digital Health, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy Petch
- Centre for Data Science and Digital Health, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ruoqing Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Afshar R, Askari AS, Sidhu R, Cox S, Sherifali D, Camp PG, Tang TS. Out of the mouths of Peer Leaders: Perspectives on how to improve a telephone-based peer support intervention in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14853. [PMID: 35437815 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the experiences of peer leaders with respect to delivering core components of a 12-month, telephone-based peer support intervention in type 2 diabetes within a tertiary-care setting. METHODS Seventeen peer leaders were recruited and interviewed. Interviews lasted approximately 20 to 45 min, were audio-taped, and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were analysed by two team members using the qualitative descriptive approach. FINDINGS Peer leaders reported mutually beneficial and reciprocal relationships with participants. They encountered challenges in maintaining regular contact with participants and in motivating them to make lifestyle changes. To improve the programme, peer leaders suggested having more frequent - but shorter - training sessions and reducing the diabetes education component of the training programme. To enhance the intervention fidelity and retention rate, they recommended matching peer leaders to participants on more meaningful variables (e.g. diabetes-related commonalities, personality, life experiences, etc.) beyond just gender, geographic proximity and availability. They also requested more frequent face-to-face contacts with participants (Modality of Contact), and additional ongoing support from the research team. CONCLUSION Peer leaders were satisfied with the intervention design. However, future studies may consider more comprehensive peer leader-matching algorithms and increased opportunities for in-person communication modalities. CLINICALTRIALS gov Identifier: NCT02804620.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowshanak Afshar
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Amir S Askari
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rawel Sidhu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Susan Cox
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Pat G Camp
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tricia S Tang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Ali MU, Mancini GBJ, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Lewis R, Jovkovic M, Zieroth S, O'Meara E, Connelly KA, Sherifali D. The Effectiveness of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Cardiorenal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1201-1210. [PMID: 35961756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for the cardiorenal risk reduction properties of antihyperglycemic medications originally prescribed for type 2 diabetes, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) is rapidly emerging. We completed a meta-analysis of recent literature to provide evidence-based estimates of benefit across various populations and outcomes. METHODS We searched Medline and Cochrane databases from 2015 to September 2021 for randomized controlled trials of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA with placebo control. Reviewers screened citations, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias and certainty of evidence. We assessed statistical and methodological heterogeneity and performed a meta-analysis of studies with similar interventions and components. RESULTS A total of 137,621 adults (51% male) from 19 studies were included; 14 studies with unclear risk of bias and 5 with low risk of bias. Compared with standard of care, use of SGLT2i showed significant reductions for the outcome of cardiovascular (CV) mortality (14%), any-cause mortality (13%), major adverse CV events (MACE) (12%), heart failure (HF) hospitalization (31%), CV death or HF hospitalization (24%), nonfatal myocardial infarction (10%), and kidney composite outcome (36%). Treatment with GLP-1RA was associated with significant reductions for the outcome of CV mortality (13%), any-cause mortality (12%), MACE (14%), CV death or HF hospitalization (11%), nonfatal stroke (16%), and kidney composite outcome (22%). CONCLUSIONS The use of GLP-1RA and SGLT2i leads to a statistically significant benefit across most cardiorenal outcomes in the populations studied. This review shows a role for SGLT2i and GLP-1RA in cardiorenal protection in adults, independent of type 2 diabetes status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Ali
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - G B John Mancini
- Division of Cardiology, Centre for Cardiovascular Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Donna Fitzpatrick-Lewis
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth Lewis
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milos Jovkovic
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelley Zieroth
- Max Rady College of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eileen O'Meara
- Division of Cardiology, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kim A Connelly
- Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Burnett T, Battista K, Butt M, Sherifali D, Leatherdale ST, Dobbins M. The association between public health engagement in school-based substance use prevention programs and student alcohol, cannabis, e-cigarette and cigarette use. Can J Public Health 2022; 114:94-103. [PMID: 35864306 PMCID: PMC9302865 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-022-00655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the associations between public health engagement (PHE) in school-based substance use prevention programs and student substance use. For the purposes of this study, PHE refers to any form of collaboration between the local government public health agency and the school to promote the physical and mental health of students. METHODS Data for this study were collected from the Cannabis, Obesity, Mental health, Physical activity, Alcohol use, Smoking and Sedentary behaviour (COMPASS) study during the 2018/2019 data collection year. Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between PHE and student substance use. RESULTS Data from 84 schools and 42,149 students were included; 70% of schools had PHE in substance use prevention programs. PHE in substance use prevention appears to have had no significant impact on student substance use in our models. When PHE was divided into five methods of engagement, it was found that when public health solved problems jointly with schools, the odds of a student using alcohol or cannabis significantly increased. When schools were split into low- and high-use schools for each substance measured, some methods of PHE significantly decreased the odds of cannabis and cigarette use in high-use schools and significantly increased the odds of alcohol and cannabis use in low-use schools. CONCLUSION This study highlights the need to develop better partnerships and collaborations between public health and schools, and the importance of ensuring that school-based substance use prevention programs are evidence-based and tailored to the specific needs of schools and students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trish Burnett
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Kate Battista
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada
| | - Michelle Butt
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
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Ali MU, Sherifali D, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Kenny M, Lamarche L, Raina P, Mangin D. Interventions to address polypharmacy in older adults living with multimorbidity: Review of reviews. Can Fam Physician 2022; 68:e215-e226. [PMID: 35831093 PMCID: PMC9842141 DOI: 10.46747/cfp.6807e215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize evidence from published systematic reviews evaluating the effect of polypharmacy interventions on clinical and intermediate outcomes. It also summarizes the adverse events that may occur as a result of these interventions. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted using the electronic databases MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018085767). STUDY SELECTION The search yielded a total of 21,329 citations, of which 619 were reviewed as full text and 5 met the selection criteria. SYNTHESIS The polypharmacy interventions were found to produce statistically significant reductions in potentially inappropriate prescribing and improved medication adherence; however, the observed effects on clinical and intermediate outcomes were inconsistent. None of the included reviews reported any significant benefit of polypharmacy interventions for quality-of-life outcomes. Specific to health care utilization and cost, polypharmacy interventions reduced health care resource usage and expenditure. The reviews reported no differences in adverse drug events between polypharmacy interventions and usual care groups. The overall certainty of evidence was reported as low to very low across included reviews. CONCLUSION Polypharmacy interventions are associated with reductions in potentially inappropriate prescribing and improvements in medication adherence. However, there is limited evidence of their effectiveness for clinical and intermediate outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Ali
- Epidemiologist with the McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Team (MERST) at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont
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Neil-Sztramko SE, Teggart K, Moore C, Sherifali D, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Coletta G, Phillips SM, Newbold KB, Alvarez E, Kuspinar A, Kennedy CC, Santaguida PL, Ganann R. Community-based group physical activity and/or nutrition interventions to promote mobility in older adults: an umbrella review. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:539. [PMID: 35768770 PMCID: PMC9241281 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity and a healthy diet are important in helping to maintain mobility with aging. This umbrella review aims to identify group-based physical activity and/or nutrition interventions for community-dwelling older adults that improve mobility-related outcomes. METHODS Five electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Sociological Abstracts) were searched from inception to December 2021. Eligibility criteria included systematic reviews exploring the effectiveness of physical activity or structured exercise, alone or combined with nutrition interventions on mobility-related outcomes (aerobic capacity, physical function, balance, falls/safety, muscle strength, health-related quality of life/wellbeing). Interventions must have been delivered in a group setting to community-dwelling older adults aged 55+. Two reviewers independently performed eligibility screening, critical appraisal (using AMSTAR 2) and data extraction. The GRADE approach was used to reflect the certainty of evidence based on the size of the effect within each mobility-related outcome category. Older adult/provider research partners informed data synthesis and results presentation. RESULTS In total, 62 systematic reviews (1 high, 21 moderate, 40 low/critically low quality) were identified; 53 included physical activity only, and nine included both physical activity and nutritional supplements. No reviews included nutrition interventions alone. Combined aerobic/resistance, general physical activity, and mind-body exercise all improved physical function and balance (moderate-high certainty). Aerobic/resistance training improved aerobic capacity (high certainty). Resistance training and general physical activity improved muscle strength (moderate certainty). Aerobic/resistance training and general physical activity are likely to reduce falls among older adults (moderate certainty). There was no evidence of benefit for nutritional supplementation with physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Group-based physical activity interventions that combine aerobic and resistance, general PA and mind-body exercise can improve measures of mobility in community-dwelling older adults. We found no reviews focused on nutrition only, highlighting a gap in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Neil-Sztramko
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 175 Longwood Rd S, Suite 210a, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Kylie Teggart
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Caroline Moore
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Donna Fitzpatrick-Lewis
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Giulia Coletta
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - K Bruce Newbold
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Alvarez
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 175 Longwood Rd S, Suite 210a, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ayse Kuspinar
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Courtney C Kennedy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Pasqualina L Santaguida
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 175 Longwood Rd S, Suite 210a, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Rebecca Ganann
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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Belita E, Neil-Sztramko SE, Miller A, Anderson LN, Apatu E, Bellefleur O, Kapiriri L, Read K, Sherifali D, Tarride JÉ, Dobbins M. A scoping review of strategies to support public health recovery in the transition to a "new normal" in the age of COVID-19. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1244. [PMID: 35739496 PMCID: PMC9219400 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, the public health workforce has experienced re-deployment from core functions such as health promotion, disease prevention, and health protection, to preventing and tracking the spread of COVID-19. With continued pandemic deployment coupled with the exacerbation of existing health disparities due to the pandemic, public health systems need to re-start the delivery of core public health programming alongside COVID-19 activities. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify strategies that support the re-integration of core public health programming alongside ongoing pandemic or emergency response. Methods The Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews was used to guide this study. A comprehensive search was conducted using: a) online databases, b) grey literature, c) content experts to identify additional references, and d) searching reference lists of pertinent studies. All references were screened by two team members. References were included that met the following criteria: a) involved public health organizations (local, regional, national, and international); b) provided descriptions of strategies to support adaptation or delivery of routine public health measures alongside disaster response; and c) quantitative, qualitative, or descriptive designs. No restrictions were placed on language, publication status, publication date, or outcomes. Data on study characteristics, intervention/strategy, and key findings were independently extracted by two team members. Emergent themes were established through independent inductive analysis by two team members. Results Of 44,087 records identified, 17 studies were included in the review. Study designs of included studies varied: descriptive (n = 8); qualitative (n = 4); mixed-methods (n = 2); cross-sectional (n = 1); case report (n = 1); single-group pretest/post-test design (n = 1). Included studies were from North America (n = 10), Africa (n = 4), and Asia (n = 3) and addressed various public health disasters including natural disasters (n = 9), infectious disease epidemics (n = 5), armed conflict (n = 2) and hazardous material disasters (n = 1). Five emergent themes were identified on strategies to support the re-integration of core public health services: a) community engagement, b) community assessment, c) collaborative partnerships and coordination, d) workforce capacity development and allocation, and e) funding/resource enhancement. Conclusion Emergent themes from this study can be used by public health organizations as a beginning understanding of strategies that can support the re-introduction of essential public health services and programs in COVID-19 recovery. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13663-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Belita
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, HSC 2J22, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Sarah E Neil-Sztramko
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 175 Longwood Road South, Suite 210a, Hamilton, ON, L8P 0A1, Canada
| | - Alanna Miller
- National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools, McMaster Innovation Park, 175 Longwood Road South, Suite 210a, Hamilton, ON, L8P 0A1, Canada
| | - Laura N Anderson
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Emma Apatu
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Olivier Bellefleur
- Centre de collaboration nationale sur les politiques publiques et la santé (CCNPPS), National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy (NCCHPP) , 190, boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, Québec, H2P 1E2, Canada
| | - Lydia Kapiriri
- Department of Health, Aging & Society, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W. KTH 236, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M4, Canada
| | - Kristin Read
- National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools, McMaster Innovation Park, 175 Longwood Road South, Suite 210a, Hamilton, ON, L8P 0A1, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jean-Éric Tarride
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Maureen Dobbins
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools , 175 Longwood Road South, Suite 210a, Hamilton, ON, L8P 0A1, Canada
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Nunes E, Colenso-Semple L, McKellar S, Yau T, Ali M, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Sherifali D, Gaudichon C, Tomé D, Atherton P, Robles M, Naranjo-Modad S, Braun M, Landi F, Phillips S. Increasing Protein Ingestion Minimally Increases Lean Mass and Muscle Strength in Subjects Enrolled in Resistance Exercise Training a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Dev Nutr 2022. [PMCID: PMC9193295 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac073.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression aimed to determine if increasing daily protein ingestion contributes to gaining lean mass (LM), muscle strength, and physical/functional test performance in healthy persons. Methods The present review was registered on PROSPERO - CRD42020159001. A systematic search in Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Sciences databases was undertaken. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) including healthy and non-obese adult participants increasing daily protein intake were selected. Subgroup analysis, splitting the studies by participation in resistance exercise training (RE), age (< 65 or ≥ 65 y), and daily protein ingestion were also performed. Results 74 RCT fit our inclusion criteria. The age range of the participants was 19 to 85 y, and study protocols in the trials lasted from 6 to 108 wks (76% of the studies between 8 and 12 wks). In ∼80% of the studies, baseline protein ingestion was at least 1.2 g of protein/kg/d. Increasing daily protein ingestion may lead to small gains in LM in subjects enrolled in RE (SMD [standardized mean difference] = 0.22, CI95% [95% confidence interval] 0.14:0.30, P < 0.01, 62 studies, moderate level of evidence). Also, ≥ 65 y subjects ingesting 1.2–1.59 g of protein/kg/d and younger subjects (< 65 y) increasing their ingestion to ≥ 1.6 g of protein/kg/d during RE showed a higher LM gain. Lower-body strength gain was slightly higher at ≥ 1.6 g of protein/kg/d during RE (SMD = 0.40, CI95% 0.09:0.35, P < 0.01, 19 studies, low level of evidence). Bench press strength was slightly increased by ingesting more protein in < 65 y subjects during RE (SMD = 0.18, CI95% 0.03:0.33, P = 0.01, 32 studies, low level of evidence). Effects on handgrip strength are unclear and only marginal for performance in physical function tests. Conclusions The number of studies increasing daily protein ingestion alone was too low (n = 6) to conduct a meta-analysis. The current evidence shows that increasing protein ingestion by consuming supplements or food, resulted in small additional gain in LM, and lower body muscle strength in healthy adults enrolled in RE. Effects on bench press strength and performance in physical function tests are minimal. The effect on handgrip strength was unclear. Funding Sources This research received a grant from the International Life Science Institute (Europe) and CNPq.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip Atherton
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research
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Neil-Sztramko S, Coletta G, Teggart K, Ganann R, Kuspinar A, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Newbold B, Phillips S, Moore C, Kennedy C, Sherifali D, Alvarez E. Community-based physical activity and/or nutrition interventions to promote mobility in older adults: An umbrella review. Ann Fam Med 2022; 20:2937. [PMID: 36944044 PMCID: PMC10549072 DOI: 10.1370/afm.20.s1.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Physical activity and a healthy diet are important in helping to maintain mobility and quality of life with aging. Delivery of physical activity and nutrition interventions in a group setting adds the benefits of social participation. Several published systematic reviews have explored a broad range of PA and/or nutrition interventions for older adults, making it challenging to bring together the best scientific evidence to inform program design and to inform multicomponent intervention development. This umbrella review aims to identify group-based physical activity and nutrition interventions for community-dwelling older adults that improve mobility. Methods: Five electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Sociological Abstracts) were searched from inception to April 28, 2020. Eligibility criteria included systematic reviews exploring the effectiveness of physical activity and/or nutrition interventions, delivered in a group setting for community-dwelling older adults. Two reviewers independently performed eligibility screening, critical appraisal (using AMSTAR 2) and data extraction. The GRADE approach was used to assess the overall certainty of the evidence. Older adult/provider research partners informed data synthesis and results presentation. Results: In total, 54 systematic reviews (1 high, 21 moderate, 32 low/critically low quality) were identified; 46 included physical activity only, and eight included both physical activity and nutritional supplements. No reviews included nutrition interventions alone. Combined aerobic/resistance, general physical activity, and mind-body exercise all improved physical function and balance (moderate-high certainty). Aerobic/resistance training improved aerobic capacity (high certainty). Resistance training and general physical activity improved muscle strength (moderate certainty). Aerobic/resistance training and general physical activity are likely to reduce falls among older adults (moderate certainty). There was no evidence of benefit for nutritional supplementation with physical activity. Conclusions: Multicomponent group-based physical activity interventions can improve measures of mobility in community-dwelling older adults. We found no reviews focused on nutrition only, highlighting a gap in the literature.
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Nunes EA, Colenso-Semple L, McKellar SR, Yau T, Ali MU, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Sherifali D, Gaudichon C, Tomé D, Atherton PJ, Robles MC, Naranjo-Modad S, Braun M, Landi F, Phillips SM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of protein intake to support muscle mass and function in healthy adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:795-810. [PMID: 35187864 PMCID: PMC8978023 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression to determine if increasing daily protein ingestion contributes to gaining lean body mass (LBM), muscle strength, and physical/functional test performance in healthy subjects. A protocol for the present study was registered (PROSPERO, CRD42020159001), and a systematic search of Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Sciences databases was undertaken. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) where participants increased their daily protein intake and were healthy and non-obese adults were included. Research questions focused on the main effects on the outcomes of interest and subgroup analysis, splitting the studies by participation in a resistance exercise (RE), age (<65 or ≥65 years old), and levels of daily protein ingestion. Three-level random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were conducted on data from 74 RCT. Most of the selected studies tested the effects of additional protein ingestion during RE training. The evidence suggests that increasing daily protein ingestion may enhance gains in LBM in studies enrolling subjects in RE (SMD [standardized mean difference] = 0.22, 95% CI [95% confidence interval] 0.14:0.30, P < 0.01, 62 studies, moderate level of evidence). The effect on LBM was significant in subjects ≥65 years old ingesting 1.2-1.59 g of protein/kg/day and for younger subjects (<65 years old) ingesting ≥1.6 g of protein/kg/day submitted to RE. Lower-body strength gain was slightly higher by additional protein ingestion at ≥1.6 g of protein/kg/day during RE training (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI 0.09:0.35, P < 0.01, 19 studies, low level of evidence). Bench press strength is slightly increased by ingesting more protein in <65 years old subjects during RE training (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI 0.03:0.33, P = 0.01, 32 studies, low level of evidence). The effects of ingesting more protein are unclear when assessing handgrip strength and only marginal for performance in physical function tests. In conclusion, increasing daily protein ingestion results in small additional gains in LBM and lower body muscle strength gains in healthy adults enrolled in resistance exercise training. There is a slight effect on bench press strength and minimal effect performance in physical function tests. The effect on handgrip strength is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everson A Nunes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Investigation of Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lauren Colenso-Semple
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean R McKellar
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Yau
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhammad Usman Ali
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna Fitzpatrick-Lewis
- McMaster Evidence Review and Synthesis Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Michelle Braun
- International Flavors & Fragrances, Research and Development, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Afshar R, Sidhu R, Askari AS, Sherifali D, Camp PG, Cox S, Tang TS. “Tis better to give than receive?” Health-related benefits of delivering peer support in type 2 diabetes: A mixed methods study. Can J Diabetes 2022; 46:518-525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McInnes N, Hall S, Hramiak I, Sigal RJ, Goldenberg R, Gupta N, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Braga M, Woo V, Sultan F, Otto R, Smith A, Sherifali D, Liu YY, Gerstein HC, McInnes N, Gerstein HC, Hall S, Blanchard S, Pinder N, Yun Liu Y, McInnes N, Sultan F, Otto R, Smith A, Sherifali D, Gerstein HC, Hramiak I, Paul T, Joy T, Watson M, Driscoll M, Sigal R, Butalia S, Rossiter B, Smith M, Tully V, Goldenberg R, Gupta N, Schlosser R, Sionit D, Talsania T, Huynh J, Birch S, Davdani S, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Bovan D, Raffray M, Braga M, McInnes N, Smith A, Tazzeo T, Otto R, Scott K, Hiltz Mackenzie K, Woo V, Berard L, Mandock C, Anderlic T. Remission of Type 2 Diabetes Following a Short-term Intensive Intervention With Insulin Glargine, Sitagliptin, and Metformin: Results of an Open-label Randomized Parallel-Design Trial. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:178-185. [PMID: 34728531 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate remission of type 2 diabetes following a short-term intervention with insulin glargine, sitagliptin/metformin, and lifestyle approaches. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this open multicenter trial, 102 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to 1) a 12-week intervention with sitagliptin/metformin, insulin glargine, and lifestyle therapy or 2) control group. Participants with HbA1c <7.3% (<56 mmol/mol) at 12 weeks were asked to stop diabetes medications and were followed for evidence of relapse over 52 weeks. Diabetes relapse criteria included HbA1c ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol), ≥50% of capillary glucose readings >10 mmol/L over 1 week, and reinitiation of diabetes medications with or without abnormal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or 2-h plasma glucose on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Time-to-relapse analysis was conducted to compare the treatment groups with (primary analysis) and without (supplementary analysis) FPG/OGTT relapse criteria. RESULTS With the FPG/OGTT relapse criteria included, the hazard ratio (HR) of relapse was 0.72 (95% CI 0.47-1.10) in the intervention group compared with the control group (primary analysis), and the number of participants remaining in remission was not significantly different between treatment groups at 24, 36, 48, and 64 weeks. In the supplementary analyses without these criteria, HR of relapse was 0.60 (95% CI 0.39-0.95), and the number of participants remaining in remission was significantly higher (26 vs. 10%) in the intervention group at 36 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Although our primary outcome was not statistically significant, the tested approach deserves further study with further optimization of its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia McInnes
- 1Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,2Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,3Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Hall
- 2Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene Hramiak
- 4Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- 5Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Nikhil Gupta
- 6LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology, Concord, Ontario, Canada
| | - Remi Rabasa-Lhoret
- 7Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manoela Braga
- 1Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Woo
- 8Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Farah Sultan
- 3Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rose Otto
- 1Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ada Smith
- 1Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- 9School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Yun Liu
- 2Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- 1Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,2Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,3Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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