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Jocson RM, Alampay LP, Lachman JM, Reyes JC, Mamauag BL, Maramba DHA, Eagling-Peche S, Han Q, Calderon F. Feasibility and acceptability of a digital parent group chat intervention to prevent child and adolescent maltreatment in the Philippines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38840552 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes of MaPaChat, a parent support intervention delivered using Viber group chat to caregivers in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Forty caregivers of children aged 4-17 from predominantly low-income households participated in a culturally adapted version of the Parenting for Lifelong Health ParentChat programme. Feasibility was assessed by enrolment, attendance, and dropout rates. Semi-structured interviews with caregivers and programme facilitators explored programme acceptability. A single-group pre-post design was used to explore changes in child maltreatment, positive parenting, parenting stress, and other secondary outcomes. The mean attendance rate was 82% and the dropout rate was 10%. Caregivers and facilitators found the programme helpful in enhancing parenting knowledge and skills and were satisfied with the programme delivery using Viber group chat but also reported experiencing technological challenges. Pre-post comparisons suggested that the intervention has potential in reducing physical and emotional abuse and associated risk factors. The findings suggest that a parenting intervention delivered over digital group chat by trained community service providers may be a feasible and acceptable way to support caregivers in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne M Jocson
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Liane Peña Alampay
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jennel C Reyes
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Bernice Landoy Mamauag
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
- Division of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Philippines
| | | | | | - Qing Han
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francisco Calderon
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Han Q, Jocson R, Kunovski I, Raleva M, Juhari R, Okop K, Oppler A, Wilson K, Cirovic T, Sacolo Gwebu H, Alampay L, Eagling-Peche S, Calderon F, Vallance I, Muharam F, Chen Y, Lachman J. The bidirectional temporal relationship between parenting stress and child maltreatment: A cross-lagged study based on intervention and cohort data. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:302-308. [PMID: 38479502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenting stress has long been proposed as a major risk factor for child maltreatment. However, there is a lack of evidence from existing studies on the temporal sequence to establish a causal relationship. This study aims to examine bidirectional temporal relationships between parenting stress and child maltreatment. METHODS Longitudinal data from two different sources were analysed: a pre-post study of an online parenting programme conducted across six countries - the ePLH Evaluation Study, and a prospective cohort study in the United States - LONGSCAN. Cross-lagged panel model on parenting stress and child maltreatment was used in each dataset. RESULTS Based on repeatedly measured data of 484 caregivers in the ePLH study across five time points (every two weeks), we found that parenting stress at an earlier time point predicted later child maltreatment (IRR = 1.14, 95 % CI: 1.10,1.18). In addition, the occurrence of child maltreatment was associated with higher subsequent short-term parenting stress (IRR = 1.04, 95 % CI: 1.01,1.08) and thus could form a vicious circle. In the LONGSCAN analysis with 772 caregivers who were followed up from child age of 6 to child age of 16, we also found parenting stress at an earlier time point predicted later child maltreatment (β = 0.11, 95 % CI: 0.01,0.20), but did not observe an association between child maltreatment and subsequent long-term parenting stress. LIMITATIONS Potential information bias on the measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for a bidirectional temporal relationship between parenting stress and child maltreatment, which should be considered in parenting intervention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marija Raleva
- St. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jamie Lachman
- University of Oxford, UK; University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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3
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Ambrosio MDG, Lachman JM, Zinzer P, Gwebu H, Vyas S, Vallance I, Calderon F, Gardner F, Markle L, Stern D, Facciola C, Schley A, Danisa N, Brukwe K, Melendez-Torres GJ. A Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial to Optimize User Engagement With a Chatbot-Led Parenting Intervention: Protocol for the ParentText Optimisation Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e52145. [PMID: 38700935 PMCID: PMC11102037 DOI: 10.2196/52145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against children (VAC) is a serious public health concern with long-lasting adverse effects. Evidence-based parenting programs are one effective means to prevent VAC; however, these interventions are not scalable in their typical in-person group format, especially in low- and middle-income countries where the need is greatest. While digital delivery, including via chatbots, offers a scalable and cost-effective means to scale up parenting programs within these settings, it is crucial to understand the key pillars of user engagement to ensure their effective implementation. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the most effective and cost-effective combination of external components to optimize user engagement with ParentText, an open-source chatbot-led parenting intervention to prevent VAC in Mpumalanga, South Africa. METHODS This study will use a mixed methods design incorporating a 2 × 2 factorial cluster-randomized controlled trial and qualitative interviews. Parents of adolescent girls (32 clusters, 120 participants [60 parents and 60 girls aged 10 to 17 years] per cluster; N=3840 total participants) will be recruited from the Ehlanzeni and Nkangala districts of Mpumalanga. Clusters will be randomly assigned to receive 1 of the 4 engagement packages that include ParentText alone or combined with in-person sessions and a facilitated WhatsApp support group. Quantitative data collected will include pretest-posttest parent- and adolescent-reported surveys, facilitator-reported implementation data, and digitally tracked engagement data. Qualitative data will be collected from parents and facilitators through in-person or over-the-phone individual semistructured interviews and used to expand the interpretation and understanding of the quantitative findings. RESULTS Recruitment and data collection started in August 2023 and were finalized in November 2023. The total number of participants enrolled in the study is 1009, with 744 caregivers having completed onboarding to the chatbot-led intervention. Female participants represent 92.96% (938/1009) of the sample population, whereas male participants represent 7.03% (71/1009). The average participant age is 43 (SD 9) years. CONCLUSIONS The ParentText Optimisation Trial is the first study to rigorously test engagement with a chatbot-led parenting intervention in a low- or middle-income country. The results of this study will inform the final selection of external delivery components to support engagement with ParentText in preparation for further evaluation in a randomized controlled trial in 2024. TRIAL REGISTRATION Open Science Framework (OSF); https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/WFXNE. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/52145.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Parenting for Lifelong Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Seema Vyas
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Laurie Markle
- Parenting for Lifelong Health, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Stern
- Innovations in Development, Education and the Mathematical Sciences International, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Facciola
- Innovations in Development, Education and the Mathematical Sciences International, Reading, United Kingdom
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4
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Mihret AM, Heinrichs N. Intergenerational effects of child maltreatment on adolescents' anxiety and depression in Ethiopia: the important mediating and moderating roles of current psychological distress. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:126. [PMID: 38360563 PMCID: PMC10870629 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child abuse is widespread around the world, and one continent with particularly high rates is Africa. Research in high- and middle-income countries shows the cascading effect of parental history of child abuse and neglect on adolescents' maltreatment and, in turn, on mental health problems. This cascade has been reported in young children but has rarely been studied in parent-adolescent dyads or in low-income countries (LICs). The goal of this study was to test intergenerational associations of child abuse and neglect and to examine how these experiences are in turn associated with youth anxiety and depression in an LIC. METHODS A total of 231 adolescents (age: 13-21 years) and 185 of their parents (n = 90 fathers and n = 95 mothers) were recruited from secondary schools in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. Using a cross-sectional design, participants completed a set of questionnaires assessing child maltreatment (in adolescence and own past history in parents), parental psychological distress, youth depression and anxiety, and sociodemographic factors. RESULTS The frequencies of child maltreatment exposure were 68% for adolescents and 65% for their parents (when they were a child). Fifty-one percent and 42% of adolescents had borderline to clinical levels of anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively. Adolescents of parents with a history of child abuse and neglect also reported higher exposure to maltreatment themselves (p < 0.001). Current paternal, but not maternal, psychological distress mediated this intergenerational association of maltreatment experiences (95% CI [1.164, 9.467]). We further found parents' psychological distress to be a significant moderator of the indirect pathways of the intergenerational effect of child maltreatment on adolescents' anxiety and depression (95% CI [- 0.770, - 0.012]). CONCLUSIONS We found child maltreatment to be intergenerationally associated, and this effect subsequently affected adolescents' anxiety and depression through different pathways supporting the cascading effects across generations. Intervention plans may be effective through an array of possible indirect pathways and encourage the implementation of multiple access points to facilitate change in the lives of affected youth in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amare Misganaw Mihret
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Universität Bremen, Grazer Straße 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University Universität Bielefeld, Universität Straße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Nina Heinrichs
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Universität Bremen, Grazer Straße 6, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University Universität Bielefeld, Universität Straße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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5
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Baerecke L, Ornellas A, Wamoyi J, Wambura M, Klapwijk J, Chetty AN, Simpson A, Janowski R, de Graaf K, Stern D, Clements L, Te Winkel E, Christine L, Mbosoli G, Nyalali K, Onduru OG, Booij A, Mjwara SN, Tsoanyane S, Mshana G, Mwakitalu ME, Melendez-Torres GJ, Calderon F, Awah I, Green O, Vallance I, Somefun O, Gardner F, Sherr L, Martin M, Lachman JM, Cluver LD. A hybrid digital parenting programme to prevent abuse of adolescents in Tanzania: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:119. [PMID: 38351094 PMCID: PMC10863242 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based parenting programmes have strong evidence in preventing and mitigating violence, but in-person programmes are challenging to deliver at scale. ParentApp is an open-source, offline-first app-based adaptation of the Parenting for Lifelong Health for Parents and Teens programme to promote playful and positive parenting, reduce risks for sexual violence victimisation, and prevent violence against adolescents. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of ParentApp compared to an attention-control group. METHODS This study is a two-arm pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial to test whether ParentApp reduces adolescent physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual violence risks and victimisation at 1 month and 12 months post-intervention. Caregivers of adolescents aged 10-17 years and their adolescent children (N = 2400 caregiver-adolescent dyads) will be recruited in urban and peri-urban communities in the Mwanza region of Tanzania. A total of 80 study clusters will be stratified and randomised (1:1) to the intervention group, who will receive ParentApp with support through a WhatsApp group, or to an attention-control group, who will receive a water, sanitation, and hygiene app. Quantitative data will be collected through outcomes questionnaires with caregivers and adolescents, administered at baseline, 4 months post-baseline, and 16 months post-baseline, as well as through routine implementation data and ParentApp engagement data. Qualitative data will be collected through individual interviews and focus groups with caregivers, adolescents, and implementing partner staff. DISCUSSION App-based interventions have the potential to expand access to evidence-based parenting support, but currently lack rigorous evidence in low- and middle-income countries. This is the first known randomised control trial of a hybrid digital parenting programme to prevent the abuse of adolescents in low- and middle-income settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered on the Open Science Framework on 14 March 2023, registration: OSF.IO/T9FXZ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Baerecke
- Safety and Violence Initiative, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Abigail Ornellas
- Safety and Violence Initiative, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joyce Wamoyi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mwita Wambura
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jonathan Klapwijk
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angelique N Chetty
- Safety and Violence Initiative, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ashlin Simpson
- Safety and Violence Initiative, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roselinde Janowski
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristen de Graaf
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Stern
- Innovations in Development, Education and the Mathematical Sciences (IDEMS) International, Reading, UK
| | - Lily Clements
- Innovations in Development, Education and the Mathematical Sciences (IDEMS) International, Reading, UK
| | - Esmee Te Winkel
- Innovations in Development, Education and the Mathematical Sciences (IDEMS) International, Reading, UK
| | - Laetitia Christine
- Innovations in Development, Education and the Mathematical Sciences (INNODEMS), Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Gervas Mbosoli
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Kija Nyalali
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Onduru Gervas Onduru
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Anna Booij
- Clowns Without Borders South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Gerry Mshana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Francisco Calderon
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isang Awah
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ohad Green
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Haruv Institute, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inge Vallance
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oluwaseyi Somefun
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorraine Sherr
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mackenzie Martin
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Safety and Violence Initiative, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Parenting for Lifelong Health, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucie D Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Parenting for Lifelong Health, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Naudin C, Gatti V, Kounou KB, Bagnéken CO, Ntjam MC, Clément MÈ, Brodard F. Physically Violent Parental Practices: A Cross-Cultural Study in Cameroon, Switzerland, and Togo. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:959-971. [PMID: 38045833 PMCID: PMC10689656 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Violence against children and adolescents is a widespread problem. However, most studies conducted in this field has been carried out in Western countries and studies are needed in non-Western countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where rates of child physical violence are high. The present study aimed firstly to document the different forms of physical violence and attitudes toward corporal punishment (CP) across Cameroon, Switzerland, and Togo. The second objective aimed, on the one hand, to understand the influence of cultural context, childhood physical abuse, and parental attitudes on physically violent parental practices in these three different cultural contexts. On the other, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of childhood physical abuse and parental attitudes on the effect of cultural contexts on parental practices. Five hundred and forty-seven parents from Togo, Cameroon, and Switzerland filled out questionnaires concerning violent parental practices (ICAST-P), childhood physical abuse (CTQ-SF), and parental attitudes in favor of CP. Firstly, results highlighted some cultural differences regarding parental attitudes and practices. Secondly, the hierarchical regression showed that physical violence could be partially predicted by the cultural context, childhood abuse, and attitudes in favor of CP. Finally, childhood abuse and parental attitudes mediated the link between the cultural context and parental practices. This study underscores the importance of considering the cultural context when examining parental practices. Moreover, these results provide a better understanding of these types of parental practices in less studied contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Naudin
- Family and Development Research Center (FADO), Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veronica Gatti
- Family and Development Research Center (FADO), Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kossi B. Kounou
- Research Team in Psychology, Orientation and Development, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | | | | | - Marie-Ève Clément
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, University of Québec in Outaouais, Saint-Jérome, Canada
| | - Fabrice Brodard
- Family and Development Research Center (FADO), Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Backhaus S, Leijten P, Meinck F, Gardner F. Different Instruments, Same Content? A Systematic Comparison of Child Maltreatment and Harsh Parenting Instruments. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3546-3563. [PMID: 36437787 PMCID: PMC10594851 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221134290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment and harsh parenting both include harmful actions by parents toward children that are physical (e.g., spanking, slapping) or emotional (e.g., threatening, yelling). The distinction between these two constructs, in meaning and measurement, is often unclear, leading to inconsistent research and policy. This study systematically identified, reviewed, and compared parent-reported child maltreatment (N = 7) and harsh parenting (N = 18) instruments. The overlap in parenting behaviors was 73%. All physical behaviors that were measured in harsh parenting instruments (e.g., spanking, beating up) were also measured in child maltreatment instruments. Unique physical behaviors measured in maltreatment instruments include twisting body parts and choking. All emotional behaviors in maltreatment instruments were included in harsh parenting instruments, and vice versa. Our findings suggest similar, but not identical, operationalizations of child maltreatment and harsh parenting. Our findings can help guide discussions on definitions, operationalizations, and their consequences for research on violence against children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franziska Meinck
- University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
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8
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Sim A, Jirapramukpitak T, Eagling-Peche S, Lwin KZ, Melendez-Torres GJ, Gonzalez A, Oo NN, Castello Mitjans I, Soan M, Punpuing S, Lee C, Chuenglertsiri P, Moo T, Puffer E. A film-based intervention to reduce child maltreatment among migrant and displaced families from Myanmar: Protocol of a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293623. [PMID: 37903143 PMCID: PMC10615270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is a global public health crisis with negative consequences for physical and mental health. Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC)-particularly those affected by poverty, armed conflict, and forced migration-may be at increased risk of maltreatment due to heightened parental distress and disruptions to social support networks. Parenting interventions have been shown to reduce the risk of child maltreatment as well as improve a range of caregiver and child outcomes, yet large-scale implementation remains limited in low-resource displacement settings. This study will examine the impact of an entertainment-education narrative film intervention on reducing physical and emotional abuse and increasing positive parenting among migrant and displaced families from Myanmar living in Thailand. METHOD The study is a pragmatic, superiority cluster randomized controlled trial with approximately 40 communities randomized to the intervention or treatment as usual arms in a 1:1 ratio. Participating families in the intervention arm will be invited to attend a community screening of the film intervention and a post-screening discussion, as well as receive a poster depicting key messages from the film. Primary outcomes are changes in physical abuse, emotional abuse, and positive parenting behaviour. Secondary outcomes include caregiver knowledge of positive parenting, caregiver attitudes towards harsh punishment, caregiver psychological distress, and family functioning. Outcomes will be assessed at 3 time points: baseline, 4 weeks post-intervention, and 4-month follow up. A mixed methods process evaluation will be embedded within the trial to assess intervention delivery, acceptability, perceived impacts, and potential mechanisms of change. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this study will be the first randomized controlled trial evaluation of a film-based intervention to reduce child maltreatment among migrant and displaced families in a LMIC. An integrated knowledge translation approach will inform uptake of study findings and application to potential scale up pending evaluation results. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was prospectively registered with the Thai Clinical Trials Registry on 22 February 2023 (TCTR20230222005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sim
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Khaing Zar Lwin
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Mary Soan
- Sermpanya Foundation, Mae Sot, Tak, Thailand
| | - Sureeporn Punpuing
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Catherine Lee
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Th’Blay Moo
- Inclusive Education Foundation, Mae Sot, Tak, Thailand
| | - Eve Puffer
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
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9
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Yoon S, Speyer R, Cordier R, Aunio P, Hakkarainen A. A Systematic Review on Evaluating Responsiveness of Parent- or Caregiver-Reported Child Maltreatment Measures for Interventions. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2297-2318. [PMID: 35603524 PMCID: PMC10518736 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221093690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Child maltreatment (CM) is a global public health and social problem, resulting in serious long-term health and socioeconomic consequences. As parents are the most common perpetrators of CM, parenting interventions are appropriate strategies to prevent CM. However, research on parenting interventions on CM has been hampered by lack of consensus on what measures are most responsive to detect a reduction in parental maltreating behaviours after parenting intervention. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the responsiveness of all current parent- or caregiver-reported CM measures. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed and Sociological Abstracts. The quality of studies and responsiveness of the measures were evaluated using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures. Only measures developed and published in English were included. Studies reporting data on responsiveness of the included measures were selected. Results: Sixty-nine articles reported on responsiveness of 15 identified measures. The study quality was overall adequate. The responsiveness of the measures was overall insufficient or not reported; high-quality evidence on responsiveness was limited. Conclusions: Only the Physical Abuse subscale of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool for use in Trials (ICAST-Trial) can be recommended as most responsive for use in parenting interventions, with high-quality evidence supporting sufficient responsiveness. All other overall scales or subscales of the 15 included measures were identified as promising based on current data on responsiveness. Additional psychometric evidence is required before they can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Yoon
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Renée Speyer
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Reinie Cordier
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Pirjo Aunio
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Brühl A, Ward CL, Lachman JM, Foran HM, Raleva M, Baban A, Heinrichs N. Co-Occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence Against Mothers and Maltreatment of Their Children With Behavioral Problems in Eastern Europe. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:2439-2463. [PMID: 37475529 PMCID: PMC10496420 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231188090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the co-occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against mothers and their risk of perpetrating child maltreatment (CM) in North Macedonia, the Republic of Moldova, and Romania. Risk factors for IPV, CM, and their co-occurrence were identified. Two samples (N1 = 112, N2 = 701) of mothers with children with behavioral problems were assessed. IPV was reported by 64% of mothers, CM by 96%, and their co-occurrence by 63%. Mothers exposed to emotional IPV reported more physical and emotional CM. Mothers exposed to physical IPV reported more physical CM. Motheŕs own history of CM and offspring's behavior problems were associated with IPV and CM co-occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Brühl
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Catherine L. Ward
- Department of Psychology and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Jamie M. Lachman
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Heather M. Foran
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Carinthia, Austria
| | - Marija Raleva
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University of Skopje, Skopje,
North Macedonia
| | - Adriana Baban
- Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj County, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nina Heinrichs
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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11
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Ahad MA, Parry YK, Willis E, Ullah S, Ankers M. Maltreatment of child labourers in Bangladesh: Prevalence and characteristics of perpetrators. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19031. [PMID: 37809976 PMCID: PMC10558293 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Child labourers are highly prone to maltreatment mostly perpetrated by members of their immediate family as well as employers and co-workers. This maltreatment is considered to be a serious public health issue. However, little is known about this form of violence. Purpose This study aimed to explore the views of key informants on the prevalence and attributes of perpetrators of the maltreatment of child labourers in Bangladesh. Methods The key experts were paediatricians, journalists, academics, and government bureaucrats such as policy makers and Non-Government Organisation employees working in the area of child abuse or labour relations. Interviews were purposefully conducted via TEAMS with 17 expert participants. A thematic analysis using NVivo was used to analyse the data. Results The key informants were of the opinion that the prevalence of the maltreatment of child labourers was unknown. However, they were of the view that physical maltreatment of child labourers occurred between 70% and 100% of the time, while emotional abuse and neglect was estimated to be 100% followed by 50% for financial exploitation. Child maltreatment is more likely to occur in informal workplace environments. Biological and foster parents were considered the primary perpetrators, while employers and adult co-workers were considered secondary perpetrators. Perpetrators of child labour maltreatment were often characterized as having a history of childhood maltreatment themselves, a lack of knowledge of social awareness and parenting, and suffer from economic difficulties. Conclusion The finding also calls into question the validity of key informant interviewing. Only the journalists, academics and medical experts had first-hand knowledge of the maltreatment of child labourers with experts in the NGO sector and government policy makers lacking detailed knowledge of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Ahad
- Department of Rural Sociology and Development, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Yvonne Karen Parry
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Eileen Willis
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Shahid Ullah
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Matthew Ankers
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, SA, 5042, Australia
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12
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Meinck F, Neelakantan L, Steele B, Jochim J, Davies LM, Boyes M, Barlow J, Dunne M. Measuring Violence Against Children: A COSMIN Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of Child and Adolescent Self-Report Measures. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1832-1847. [PMID: 35446727 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221082152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on violence against children (VAC) requires meaningful, valid, and reliable self-report by children. Many instruments have been used globally and decisions to select suitable measures are complex. This review identifies child and adolescent self-report measures that are most likely to yield valid, reliable, and comparable data in this field. A systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD4201706) was conducted using the 2018 Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instrument (COSMIN) criteria. Six electronic databases and gray literature were searched. Manuscripts published in English and describing the development and psychometric qualities of child/adolescent self-report instruments were included. Thirty-nine original instruments and 13 adaptations were identified in 124 studies. The quality of evidence ranged from "very low" to "high" depending on the measure and the psychometric properties assessed. Most measures were not widely used, and some have been applied in many settings despite limited evidence of their psychometric rigor. Few studies assessed content validity, particularly with children. The ACE, CTQ, CTS-PC, CECA, ICAST, and JVQ have the best psychometric properties. An overview of items measuring frequency, onset, duration, perpetrators, and locations is provided as well as an assessment of the practicalities for administration to help researchers select the instrument best suited for their research questions. This comprehensive review shows the strengths and weaknesses of VAC research instruments. Six measures that have sufficient psychometric properties are recommended for use in research, with the caveat that extensive piloting is carried out to ensure sufficient content validity for the local context and population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lakshmi Neelakantan
- Moray House School of Education, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bridget Steele
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janina Jochim
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynn M Davies
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Boyes
- Curtin enAble Institute and School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jane Barlow
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Dunne
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University, Vietnam
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13
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Jocson RM, Alampay LP, Lachman JM, Maramba DHA, Melgar ME, Ward CL, Madrid BJ, Gardner F. Pre-post Mixed Methods Study of a Parent and Teen Support Intervention to Prevent Violence Against Adolescents in the Philippines. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:102-109. [PMID: 37086250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the feasibility of a culturally adapted parenting intervention (MaPa Teens) within the national cash transfer system to reduce violence against adolescents, the first such program in the Philippines. METHODS Thirty caregiver-adolescent dyads who were beneficiaries of a government conditional cash transfer program participated in a pilot of a locally adapted version of the Parenting for Lifelong Health for Parents and Teens program. Primary outcomes of reducing child maltreatment and associated risk factors were evaluated using a single-group, pre-post design. Focus group discussions explored the perceptions of participants and facilitators regarding program acceptability and feasibility. RESULTS Significant and moderate reductions were reported in overall child maltreatment and physical abuse (caregiver and adolescent reports) and in emotional abuse (adolescent report). There were significant reductions in neglect, attitudes supporting punishment, parenting stress, parental and adolescent depressive symptoms, parent-child relationship problems, and significant improvement in parental efficacy in managing child behavior. Adolescents reported reduced behavior problems, risk behavior, and witnessing of family violence. Participants valued learning skills using a collaborative approach, sustained their engagement between sessions through text messages and phone calls, and appreciated the close interaction with caring and skilled facilitators. Program areas of improvement included addressing barriers to attendance, increasing adolescent engagement, and revising the sexual health module. DISCUSSION The study provides preliminary support for the effectiveness and feasibility of the program in reducing violence against Filipino adolescents. Findings suggest potential adaptations of the program, and that investment in more rigorous testing using a randomized controlled trial would be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne M Jocson
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Liane Peña Alampay
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Marika E Melgar
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Department of Psychology and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Bernadette J Madrid
- Child Protection Unit, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Janowski R, Green O, Shenderovich Y, Stern D, Clements L, Wamoyi J, Wambura M, Lachman JM, Melendez-Torres GJ, Gardner F, Baerecke L, Te Winkel E, Booij A, Setton O, Tsoanyane S, Mjwara S, Christine L, Ornellas A, Chetty N, Klapwijk J, Awah I, Manjengenja N, Sokoine K, Majikata S, Cluver LD. Optimising engagement in a digital parenting intervention to prevent violence against adolescents in Tanzania: protocol for a cluster randomised factorial trial. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1224. [PMID: 37353844 PMCID: PMC10288745 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against adolescents is a universal reality, with severe individual and societal costs. There is a critical need for scalable and effective violence prevention strategies such as parenting programmes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where rates of maltreatment are highest. Digital interventions may be a scalable and cost-effective alternative to in-person delivery, yet maximising caregiver engagement is a substantial challenge. This trial employs a cluster randomised factorial experiment and a novel mixed-methods analytic approach to assess the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility of intervention components designed to optimise engagement in an open-source parenting app, ParentApp for Teens. The app is based on the evidence-based Parenting for Lifelong Health for Teens programme, developed collaboratively by academic institutions in the Global South and North, the WHO, and UNICEF. METHODS/DESIGN Sixteen neighbourhoods, i.e., clusters, will be randomised to one of eight experimental conditions which consist of any combination of three components (Support: self-guided/moderated WhatsApp groups; App Design: sequential workshops/non-sequential modules; Digital Literacy Training: on/off). The study will be conducted in low-income communities in Tanzania, targeting socioeconomically vulnerable caregivers of adolescents aged 10 to 17 years (16 clusters, 8 conditions, 640 caregivers, 80 per condition). The primary objective of this trial is to estimate the main effects of the three components on engagement. Secondary objectives are to explore the interactions between components, the effects of the components on caregiver behavioural outcomes, moderators and mediators of programme engagement and impact, and the cost-effectiveness of components. The study will also assess enablers and barriers to engagement qualitatively via interviews with a subset of low, medium, and high engaging participants. We will combine quantitative and qualitative data to develop an optimised ParentApp for Teens delivery package. DISCUSSION This is the first known cluster randomised factorial trial for the optimisation of engagement in a digital parenting intervention in a low- and middle-income country. Findings will be used to inform the evaluation of the optimised app in a subsequent randomised controlled trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, PACTR202210657553944. Registered 11 October 2022, https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=24051 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselinde Janowski
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32-37 Wellington Square, Oxford, Ox1 2ER, UK.
| | - Ohad Green
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32-37 Wellington Square, Oxford, Ox1 2ER, UK
| | - Yulia Shenderovich
- Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Stern
- Innovations in Development, Education, and the Mathematical Sciences (IDEMS International), Reading, UK
| | - Lily Clements
- Innovations in Development, Education, and the Mathematical Sciences (IDEMS International), Reading, UK
| | - Joyce Wamoyi
- National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Mwita Wambura
- National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32-37 Wellington Square, Oxford, Ox1 2ER, UK
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Parenting for Lifelong Health, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32-37 Wellington Square, Oxford, Ox1 2ER, UK
| | - Lauren Baerecke
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Esmee Te Winkel
- Innovations in Development, Education, and the Mathematical Sciences (IDEMS International), Reading, UK
| | - Anna Booij
- Clowns Without Borders South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Orli Setton
- Freelance Designer and Illustrator, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Sussie Mjwara
- Clowns Without Borders South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Laetitia Christine
- Innovations in Development, Education, and the Mathematical Sciences (INNODEMS), Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Abigail Ornellas
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Chetty
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Klapwijk
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32-37 Wellington Square, Oxford, Ox1 2ER, UK
| | - Isang Awah
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32-37 Wellington Square, Oxford, Ox1 2ER, UK
| | | | - Kudely Sokoine
- Investing in Children and Strengthening Their Societies, Shinyanga, Tanzania
| | - Sabrina Majikata
- Investing in Children and Strengthening Their Societies, Shinyanga, Tanzania
| | - Lucie D Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32-37 Wellington Square, Oxford, Ox1 2ER, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Lachman JM, Juhari R, Stuer F, Zinser P, Han Q, Gardner F, McCoy A, Yaacob SN, Kahar R, Mansor M, Madon Z, Arshat Z, Nadzri FZM, Aftar NFA, Landers C. "Before I was like a Tarzan. But now, I take a pause": mixed methods feasibility study of the Naungan Kasih parenting program to prevent violence against children in Malaysia. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:241. [PMID: 36737719 PMCID: PMC9898888 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite impressive strides in health, social protection, and education, children continue to experience high rates of child maltreatment in Malaysia. This mixed-methods study assessed the feasibility of a five-session, social learning-based parenting program delivered by government staff in a community setting to reduce violence against children. METHODS Parents of children from birth to 17 years were recruited from two communities near Kuala Lumpur to participate in the government-run program called the Naungan Kasih Positive Parenting Program ("Protecting through Love" in Bahasa Melayu). Quantitative data from female caregivers (N = 74) and children ages 10-17 (N = 26) were collected along with qualitative interviews and focus groups with parents, children, and facilitators. The primary outcome was child maltreatment with secondary outcomes including neglect, positive parenting, acceptability of corporal punishment, harsh parenting, positive discipline, and child behavior problems. Multilevel Poisson regression and multilevel linear regression were conducted to compare baseline and post-test outcomes. Qualitative interviews and focus groups examined how participants experienced the program utilizing a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS Quantitative analyses found pre-post reductions in overall child maltreatment, physical abuse, emotional abuse, attitudes supporting corporal punishment, parent sense of inefficacy, and child behavior problems. There were no reported changes on positive and harsh parenting, parental mental health, and marital satisfaction, nor were there any other significant changes reported by children. Qualitative findings suggested that the program had tangible benefits for female caregivers involved in the program, with the benefits extending to their family members. CONCLUSIONS This feasibility study is one of the few studies in Southeast Asia that examined the feasibility and initial program impact of a parenting program delivered by government staff to families with children across the developmental spectrum from birth to 17 years. Promising results suggest that the program may reduce child maltreatment across a range of child ages. Findings also indicate areas for program improvement prior to further delivery and testing, including additional training and content on sexual and reproductive health, parenting children with disabilities, and online child protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Lachman
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England ,grid.8756.c0000 0001 2193 314XSocial and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland ,grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R. Juhari
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - F. Stuer
- Maestral International, Minneapolis, USA
| | - P. Zinser
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Q. Han
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - F. Gardner
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - A. McCoy
- Peace Culture Foundation, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - S. N. Yaacob
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - R. Kahar
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - M. Mansor
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Z. Madon
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Z. Arshat
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - F. Z. M. Nadzri
- grid.11142.370000 0001 2231 800XFaculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - N. F. A. Aftar
- grid.265727.30000 0001 0417 0814Faculty of Psychology and Education, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - C. Landers
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, USA
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16
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Neelakantan L, Fry D, Florian L, Silion D, Filip M, Thabeng M, Te K, Sunglao JA, Lu M, Ward CL, Baban A, Jocson RM, Alampay L, Meinck F. "What does that mean?": The content validity of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool - Child version (ICAST-C) in Romania, South Africa, and the Philippines. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 134:105869. [PMID: 36137404 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool (Children's Version), known as the ICAST-C Version 3, is used widely to assess violence against children, but there is limited psychometric evidence, especially on content validity. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the content validity of the ICAST-C with adolescents in Romania, South Africa, and the Philippines. METHODS A purposive sample of adolescents (N = 53, 51 % female) were recruited from urban areas in Romania, the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and Metro Manila, Philippines. Semi-structured one-on-one in-depth cognitive interviews sought adolescent perspectives on the relevance, comprehensibility, and comprehensiveness of the ICAST-C. Data were analysed using template analysis. RESULTS The ICAST-C was broadly perceived to be relevant and comprehensive in measuring violence against children in all study locations. However, there were issues with the comprehensibility of the measure, described at three levels: interpreting items, undertaking coherent elaborations of relevant behaviors and places, and generating a coherent response to the questions. CONCLUSIONS Suggestions to revise the ICAST-C include, among others, adding a practice or how-to section on answering the survey, clarifying the intent of questions, especially on neglect and sexual abuse, emphasizing that questions cover all locations, and asking more positive questions. Pilot studies testing the content validity and cultural appropriateness are needed as a matter of practice in large self-report surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Neelakantan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK; Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Deborah Fry
- Childlight - Global Institute for Child Safety, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lani Florian
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Doriana Silion
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania
| | - Madalina Filip
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania
| | | | - Kathlyn Te
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines
| | | | - Mengyao Lu
- Childlight - Global Institute for Child Safety, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Department of Psychology and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adriana Baban
- Department of Psychology, Babes-Bolyai University, Romania
| | - Rosanne M Jocson
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Liane Alampay
- Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK; OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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17
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Casas-Muñoz A, Velasco-Rojano ÁE, González-García N, Benjet C, Caraveo-Anduaga JJ, Martínez-Vélez NA, Loredo-Abdalá A. ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool for Children (ICAST-C): Translation and adaptation to Mexican Spanish, and psychometric properties tested in Mexico City adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 133:105826. [PMID: 35987050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research using the IPSCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool for Children (ICAST-C), has provided ample evidence of the magnitude of violence against children. Knowledge about its psychometric characteristics and validity is limited. Hence, our objective was to translate and culturally adapt the ICAST-C in adolescents from Mexico City and determine its psychometric properties. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING To determine the psychometric properties of the instrument 723 adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age from 9 public secondary schools in Mexico City participated. METHODS The study was carried out in two phases: 1) translation and adaptation of the instrument (in 5 steps) and 2) pilot evaluation of the psychometric properties. Total and factor reliabilities were determined, Pearson correlation was used for temporal stability while construct validity was determined by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and final adequacy of the items eliminated by the CFA. RESULTS We developed the culturally relevant Mexican Spanish version of the ICAST-C. The CFA confirmed the six-factor structure hypothesis. To improve the original model we eliminated ten items, the final model showed good global fit indices (χ2(1310) = 2207.68, p < .01, χ2/df = 1.68; CFI =0.95; RMSEA = 0.02 [CI95% 0.02-0.03]; SRMR = 0.08). Total and factor reliabilities were adequate (Alpha = 0.79-0.92, r = 0.52-0.75), except for the non-violent discipline factor (Alpha = 0.59, r = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS While these data suggest that this version of the ICAST-C is valid and reliable for adolescents in Mexico City public secondary schools, further research should evaluate the psychometric properties in a national sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Casas-Muñoz
- Center for Advanced Studies on Violence - Prevention, National Pediatric Institute, México City, México (Centro de Estudios Avanzados sobre Violencia - Prevención, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ángel Eduardo Velasco-Rojano
- Center for Advanced Studies on Violence - Prevention, National Pediatric Institute, México City, México (Centro de Estudios Avanzados sobre Violencia - Prevención, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Noé González-García
- Center for Advanced Studies on Violence - Prevention, National Pediatric Institute, México City, México (Centro de Estudios Avanzados sobre Violencia - Prevención, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Corina Benjet
- National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México City, México (Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge Javier Caraveo-Anduaga
- National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México City, México (Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Nora Angélica Martínez-Vélez
- National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México City, México (Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arturo Loredo-Abdalá
- Center for Advanced Studies on Violence - Prevention, National Pediatric Institute, México City, México (Centro de Estudios Avanzados sobre Violencia - Prevención, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría), Ciudad de México, Mexico
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18
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Psychometric properties of the ASEBA Child Behaviour Checklist and Youth Self-Report in sub-Saharan Africa - A systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2022; 34:167-190. [PMID: 35466902 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2022.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioural screening tools may be used to identify at-risk children in resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan Africa. The ASEBA forms (Child Behaviour Checklist and Youth Self-Report) are frequently translated and adapted for use in sub-Saharan African populations, but little is known about their measurement properties in these contexts. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of all published journal articles that used the ASEBA forms with sub-Saharan African samples. We evaluated the reported psychometric properties, as well as the methodological quality of the psychometric evaluations, using COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) guidelines. RESULTS Fifty-eight studies reported measurement properties of the ASEBA forms. Most studies came from Southern (n = 29, 50%) or East African (n = 25, 43%) countries. Forty-nine studies (84%) used translated versions of the tool, but details regarding the translation process, if available, were often sparse. Most studies (n = 47, 81%) only reported internal consistency (using coefficient alpha) for one or more subscale. The methodological quality of the psychometric evaluations ranged from 'very good' to 'inadequate' across all measurement properties, except for internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS There is limited good quality psychometric evidence available for the ASEBA forms in sub-Saharan Africa. We recommend (i) implementing a standardised procedure for conducting and reporting translation processes and (ii) conducting more comprehensive psychometric evaluations of the translated versions of the tools.
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Vieira R, Pires PP, Cecil C, Barker E, Reis D, Couto I, Cypriano C, de Oliveira IR. Family Aggression Screening Tool (FAST): Factor structure and psychometric properties of subscales. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 127:105548. [PMID: 35184024 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Family Aggression Screening Tool (FAST) is an instrument to screen for experiences of maltreatment using primarily pictorial representations, including direct victimisation and exposure to intimate partner violence. The initial psychometric properties of the FAST were reported in the original research in the United Kingdom. OBJECTIVE This research aimed to replicate and to extend the evaluation of the psychometric properties of FAST in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data consisted of 648 youth aged 11 to 17 years from public schools in Brazil. METHOD We employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and exploratory graphical analysis (EGA). Concurrent validity was supported by strong correlations between the FAST's emotional and physical victimisation subscales and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) emotional and physical abuse subscales. RESULTS CFA resulted in a solution including second and first order factors, resembling the original structure. FAST's reliability was assessed both through internal consistency and test-retest, showing favorable coefficients. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that FAST has good psychometric properties for the Brazilian population with respect to both its validity and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Vieira
- Postgraduate Programs - Medicine and Health, and Interactions of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Paulo Pires
- Department of Psychometric, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Cecil
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Daniela Reis
- Postgraduate Programs - Medicine and Health, and Interactions of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Isabella Couto
- Postgraduate Programs - Medicine and Health, and Interactions of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Cybele Cypriano
- Postgraduate Programs - Medicine and Health, and Interactions of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Irismar Reis de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Programs - Medicine and Health, and Interactions of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Postgraduate Programs (Medicine and Health, and Interactions of Organs and Systems), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Yoon S, Speyer R, Cordier R, Aunio P, Hakkarainen A. A Systematic Review Evaluating Psychometric Properties of Parent or Caregiver Report Instruments on Child Maltreatment: Part 1: Content Validity. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:1013-1031. [PMID: 31928172 DOI: 10.1177/1524838019898456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Child maltreatment (CM) is a serious public health issue, affecting over half of all children globally. Although most CM is perpetrated by parents or caregivers and their reports of CM is more accurate than professionals or children, parent or caregiver report instruments measuring CM have never been systematically evaluated for their content validity, the most important psychometric property. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the content validity of all current parent or caregiver report CM instruments. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Sociological Abstracts; gray literature was retrieved through reference checking. Eligible studies needed to report on content validity of instruments measuring CM perpetrated and reported by parents or caregivers. The quality of studies and content validity of the instruments were evaluated using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments guidelines. RESULTS Fifteen studies reported on the content validity of 15 identified instruments. The study quality was generally poor. The content validity of the instruments was overall sufficient, but most instruments did not provide high-quality evidence for content validity. CONCLUSIONS Most instruments included in this review showed promising content validity. The International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect Child Abuse Screening Tool for use in Trial appears to be the most promising, followed by the Family Maltreatment-Child Abuse criteria. However, firm conclusions cannot be drawn due to the low quality of evidence for content validity. Further studies are required to evaluate the remaining psychometric properties for recommending parent or caregiver report CM instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Yoon
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Renée Speyer
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oslo, Norway
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reinie Cordier
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oslo, Norway
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Pirjo Aunio
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Education, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Yoon S, Speyer R, Cordier R, Aunio P, Hakkarainen A. A Systematic Review Evaluating Psychometric Properties of Parent or Caregiver Report Instruments on Child Maltreatment: Part 2: Internal Consistency, Reliability, Measurement Error, Structural Validity, Hypothesis Testing, Cross-Cultural Validity, and Criterion Validity. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:1296-1315. [PMID: 32270753 PMCID: PMC8739544 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020915591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Child maltreatment (CM) is global public health issue with devastating lifelong consequences. Global organizations have endeavored to eliminate CM; however, there is lack of consensus on what instruments are most suitable for the investigation and prevention of CM. This systematic review aimed to appraise the psychometric properties (other than content validity) of all current parent- or caregiver-reported CM instruments and recommend the most suitable for use. METHOD A systematic search of the CINAHL, Embase, ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Sociological Abstracts databases was performed. The evaluation of psychometric properties was conducted according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines for systematic reviews of patient-report outcome measures. Responsiveness was beyond the scope of this systematic review, and content validity has been reported on in a companion paper (Part 1). Only instruments developed and published in English were included. RESULTS Twenty-five studies reported on selected psychometric properties of 15 identified instruments. The methodological quality of the studies was overall adequate. The psychometric properties of the instruments were generally indeterminate or not reported due to incomplete or missing psychometric data; high-quality evidence on the psychometric properties was limited. CONCLUSIONS No instruments could be recommended as most suitable for use in clinic and research. Nine instruments were identified as promising based on current psychometric data but would need further psychometric evidence for them to be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Yoon
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Renée Speyer
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands
| | - Reinie Cordier
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Pirjo Aunio
- Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Education, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Lachman JM, Alampay LP, Jocson RM, Alinea C, Madrid B, Ward C, Hutchings J, Mamauag BL, Garilao MAVFV, Gardner F. Effectiveness of a parenting programme to reduce violence in a cash transfer system in the Philippines: RCT with follow-up. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 17:100279. [PMID: 34734199 PMCID: PMC8501762 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Parenting interventions and conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes are promising strategies to reduce the risk of violence against children, but evidence of the effectiveness of combining such programmes is lacking for families in low- and middle-income countries with children over two years of age. This study examined the effectiveness of a locally adapted parenting programme delivered as part of a government CCT system to low-income families with children aged two to six years in Metro Manila, Philippines. Methods Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either a 12-session group-based parenting programme or treatment-as-usual services (N = 120). Participation in either service was required among the conditions for receiving cash grants. Baseline assessments were conducted in July 2017 with one-month post-intervention assessments in January-February 2018 and 12-month follow-up in January-February 2019. All assessments were parent-report (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03205449). Findings One-month post-intervention assessments indicated moderate intervention effects for primary outcomes of reduced overall child maltreatment (d = -0.50 [-0.86, -0.13]), emotional abuse (d = -0.59 [-0.95; -0.22]), physical abuse (IRR = 0.51 [0.27; 0.74]), and neglect (IRR = 0.52 [0.18; 0.85]). There were also significant effects for reduced dysfunctional parenting, child behaviour problems, and intimate partner violence, and increased parental efficacy and positive parenting. Reduced overall maltreatment, emotional abuse, and neglect effects were sustained at one-year follow-up. Interpretation Findings suggest that a culturally adapted parenting intervention delivered as part of a CCT programme may be effective in sustaining reductions in violence against children in low- and middle-income countries. Funding This research was supported by UBS Optimus Foundation and UNICEF Philippines, and by the Complexity and Relationships in Health Improvement Programmes of the Medical Research Council MRC UK and Chief Scientist Office (Grant: MC_UU_00022/1 and CSO SPHSU16, MC_UU_00022/3 and CSO SPHSU18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Lachman
- University of Oxford, Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER, United Kingdom.,University of Glasgow, MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3AX, United Kingdom, +44 (0) 141 353 6508
| | - Liane Peña Alampay
- Ateneo de Manila University, Department of Psychology, 3/F Leong Hall, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Rosanne M Jocson
- Ateneo de Manila University, Department of Psychology, 3/F Leong Hall, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Cecilia Alinea
- Philippine Ambulatory Pediatric Association, Unit 1409 Balagtas Royal Mansions, 168 Balagtas St., Pasay City, 1300, Philippines
| | - Bernadette Madrid
- Child Protection Unit, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines
| | - Catherine Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Judy Hutchings
- Centre for Evidence Based Early Intervention, Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Nantlle Building, Normal Site, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2PX, United Kingdom
| | - Bernice Landoy Mamauag
- Division of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Philippines Visayas
| | | | - Frances Gardner
- University of Oxford, Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER, United Kingdom
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Natukunda HPM, Mubiri P, Cluver LD, Ddumba-Nyanzi I, Bukenya B, Walakira EJ. Which Factors Are Associated With Adolescent Reports of Experiencing Various Forms of Abuse at the Family Level in Post-Conflict Northern Uganda? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP12067-NP12096. [PMID: 31789094 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519888526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research assessing familial violence against adolescents, using caregiver-adolescent dyads, is limited in post-conflict settings. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with adolescent-reported familial abuse in post-conflict northern Uganda. It also assessed the relationship between abuse subtypes and (a) beliefs supporting aggression and (b) adolescent well-being and life satisfaction. A randomly selected community-based sample of 10- to 17-year-old adolescents (54% girls) and their caregivers (N = 427 dyads) in two northern Uganda districts was used. Abuse outcomes were adolescent reported. All measures used standardized tools that have been adapted for research in resource-limited settings. Analyses used multivariable linear regressions in Stata 14/IC. Overall, physical, emotional, and sexual abuse rates were 70% (confidence interval [CI] = [65.7, 74.4]), 72% (CI = [67.4, 76.0]), and 18.0% (CI = [14.0, 21.2]), respectively. Polyvictimization was 61% (CI = [55.4, 64.7]). There were no gender differences regarding adolescent reports of physical and emotional abuse, but adolescent girls were more likely to report sexual abuse and polyvictimization than adolescent boys. All forms of adolescent-reported abuse (except sexual abuse) were associated with caregiver reports of harsh disciplinary practices. In addition, emotional abuse was associated with physical and sexual abuse. Physical abuse was associated with being an orphan and emotional abuse. Sexual abuse was associated with being a girl, older adolescent age, living in a larger household, and emotional abuse. Polyvictimization was positively associated with being an orphan, younger caregiver age, caregiver-reported poor monitoring and supervision, and higher household socioeconomic status, but negatively associated with lower parental role satisfaction. Physical and emotional (but not sexual) abuse and polyvictimization were associated with beliefs supporting aggression among adolescents. All abuse subtypes were associated with lower levels of perceived well-being and life satisfaction among adolescents in this study. Child abuse prevention programs have the potential to improve adolescent-caregiver interaction and interrupt the violence transmission cycle in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P M Natukunda
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- MRC Harwell Institute, UK Research and Innovation, Oxfordshire, UK
- University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lucie D Cluver
- University of Oxford, UK
- University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Fluke JD, Tonmyr L, Gray J, Bettencourt Rodrigues L, Bolter F, Cash S, Jud A, Meinck F, Casas Muñoz A, O'Donnell M, Pilkington R, Weaver L. Child maltreatment data: A summary of progress, prospects and challenges. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 119:104650. [PMID: 32861435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1996, the ISPCAN Working Group on Child Maltreatment Data (ISPCAN-WGCMD) was established to provide an international forum in which individuals, who deal with child maltreatment data in their respective professional roles, can share concerns and solutions. OBJECTIVE This commentary describes some of the key features and the status of child maltreatment related data collection addressed by the ISPCAN-WGCMD. METHODS Different types of data collection methods including self-report, sentinel, and administrative data designs are described as well as how they address different needs for information to help understand child maltreatment and systems of prevention and intervention. RESULTS While still lacking in many parts of the world, access to child maltreatment data has become much more widespread, and in many places a very sophisticated undertaking. CONCLUSION The ISPCAN-WGCMD has been an important forum for supporting the continued development and improvement in the global effort to understand and combat child maltreatment thus contributing to the long term goals of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Nevertheless, based on what has been learned, even greater efforts are required to improve data in order to effectively combat child maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Fluke
- Kempe Center, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Lil Tonmyr
- Family Violence Surveillance, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Flora Bolter
- Chargée d'études chez L'Observatoire national de la protection de l'enfance, France
| | - Scottye Cash
- School of Social Work, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Andreas Jud
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Germany; School of Social Work, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK; Optentia, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbejlpark, South Africa
| | | | | | - Rhiannon Pilkington
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leemoy Weaver
- The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica
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Murphy K, Embleton L, Lachman JM, Owino E, Kirwa S, Makori D, Braitstein P. "From Analog to Digital": The Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Outcomes of a Positive Parenting Program for Street-Connected Mothers in Kenya. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2021; 127:106077. [PMID: 34421160 PMCID: PMC8372834 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children of street-connected women in Kenya are at risk of child maltreatment. There have been increasing calls for positive parenting programs for parents experiencing homelessness, however never has one been implemented with this population. We therefore adapted the evidence-based Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children program using participatory methods, and piloted the adapted program with street-connected mothers in Kenya. OBJECTIVES To (a) determine if the adapted program was feasible and acceptable with street-connected mothers, and (b) assess indicative effects on child maltreatment, positive parenting, and parental stress. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Two groups of 15 mothers (ages 19+, and 20- ) participated between June-July 2018 in Eldoret, Kenya. Participants were eligible if they (a) were the mother of at least one child and (b) self-identified as street-connected. METHODS Feasibility was measured via enrollment, attendance, drop-out rates, and engagement in take-away activities. Focus groups explored program acceptability and program outcomes. Self-report surveys assessed pre-post changes in child maltreatment, parental stress, parental sense of inefficacy, and positive parenting practices. RESULTS 70% of participants attended ≥3/4 of sessions, 10% dropped out, and >50% of take-away activities were completed. Participants reported high acceptability and requested its continuation for themselves and other parents. There was an increase in supporting good behaviour (t(21)=8.15, p < .000) and setting limits (t(18) = 10.03, p < .000); a reduction in physical abuse (t(23) = -2.15, p = .042) and parental stress (t(22) = -7.08, p < .000); results for parental inefficacy were not statistically significant (t(22) = 0.15, p = .882). CONCLUSIONS The adapted program is feasible and acceptable to street-connected mothers, and may reduce child maltreatment and parental stress, and increase positive parenting. Further research should test program effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Murphy
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, 6420 Coburg Rd., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lonnie Embleton
- University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Canada, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Jamie M. Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, UK; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 2ER
| | - Eucabeth Owino
- Beruham, Eldoret, Kenya, P.O. Box 3950 Eldoret, 30100 Kenya
| | - Sheila Kirwa
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya, P.O. Box 4606, Eldoret, Kenya, 30100
| | - Dominic Makori
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya, P.O. Box 4606, Eldoret, Kenya, 30100
| | - Paula Braitstein
- University of Toronto, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Toronto, Canada, Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Eldoret, Kenya, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON Canada M5T 3M7
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Lachman J, Wamoyi J, Spreckelsen T, Wight D, Maganga J, Gardner F. Combining parenting and economic strengthening programmes to reduce violence against children: a cluster randomised controlled trial with predominantly male caregivers in rural Tanzania. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 5:bmjgh-2020-002349. [PMID: 32641291 PMCID: PMC7348478 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parenting programmes may reduce the risk of violence against children and improve child well-being. However, additional economic support may be necessary in highly deprived rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, delivering programmes within farmer groups may increase male caregiver recruitment and engagement. Methods A parallel cluster randomised controlled trial examined the combined and separate effects of parenting and economic strengthening programmes on reducing violence against children aged 0–18 years in farming communities in Tanzania (n=248 families; 63% male caregivers). Eight villages were randomly assigned to four conditions (2:2:2:2): (1) 12-session parenting programme (n=60); (2) agribusiness training (n=56); (3) parenting and agribusiness combined (n=72); (4) control (n=60). Parent-report, child-report and early childhood observation assessments were conducted at baseline, mid-treatment and post-treatment. Primary outcomes were child maltreatment and parenting behaviour. Secondary outcomes included corporal punishment endorsement, parenting stress, parent/child depression, child behaviour, economic well-being and child development. Results At post-treatment, parents and children receiving the combined interventions reported less maltreatment (parents: incidence rate ratio (IRR=0.40, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.65; children: IRR=0.40, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.92). Parents reported reduced endorsement of corporal punishment (Dw=−0.43, 95% CI −0.79 to 0.07) and fewer child behaviour problems (Dw=−0.41, 95% CI −0.77 to 0.05). Parents in parenting-only villages reported less abuse (IRR=0.36, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.63) and fewer child behaviour problems (Dw=−0.47, 95% CI −0.84 to 0.11). Parents in agribusiness-only villages reported fewer child behaviour problems (Dw=−0.43, 95% CI −0.77 to 0.08) and greater household wealth (Dw=0.57, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.06). However, children in agribusiness-only villages reported increased physical abuse (IRR=2.26, 95% CI 1.00 to 5.12) and less positive parenting (Dw=−0.50, 95% CI −0.91 to 0.10). There were no other adverse effects. Conclusion Parent training may be the active ingredient in reducing maltreatment in farmer groups with majority male caregivers, while agribusiness training programmes may have unintended negative consequences on children when delivered alone. Locating parenting support in existing farmer groups can engage much higher proportions of fathers than stand-alone programmes. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02633319
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK .,MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joyce Wamoyi
- National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Thees Spreckelsen
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Wight
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jane Maganga
- National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Mwanza, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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McCoy A, Lachman JM, Ward CL, Tapanya S, Poomchaichote T, Kelly J, Mukaka M, Cheah PY, Gardner F. Feasibility pilot of an adapted parenting program embedded within the Thai public health system. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1009. [PMID: 34051772 PMCID: PMC8164235 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This feasibility pilot of the Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children program in Thailand aimed to: 1) explore the feasibility of study evaluation approaches; 2) assess the feasibility of delivering an adapted program; 3) report indicative effects on child maltreatment and related outcomes; and 4) examine intervention content associated with key mechanisms of change perceived by caregivers and facilitators. METHOD Sixty primary caregivers of children aged 2-9 years were recruited for an 8-week parenting program embedded within the local health system. Mixed-methods approaches included quantitative caregiver-report and observational data from standardized instruments, and qualitative data from individual and group interviews with caregivers and program facilitators. Analyses involved Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, paired t-tests, Friedman's ANOVA, and thematic analysis. RESULTS Participants reported that most (65%) were grandparents or great-grandparents. Study retention and response rates were high, and enrolled caregivers attended an average of 93% of sessions. Primary outcomes showed caregiver-reported pre-post reductions in overall child maltreatment (d = - 0.58, p < 0.001), as well as reductions in physical (d = - 0.58, p < 0.001) and emotional abuse (d = - 0.40, p < 0.001). Combined caregiver report and observational assessments using the HOME Inventory showed reductions in abusive and harsh parenting (d = - 0.52, p < 0.001). Secondary outcomes demonstrated decreases in child neglect; dysfunctional parenting; poor child monitoring and supervision; parental sense of inefficacy; child behavior problems; daily report on child problem behavior; parent overall depression, anxiety, and stress; and attitudes supporting physical punishment and harsh discipline. There were increases in overall positive parenting, daily positive parenting behavior, as well as HOME Inventory assessments on parent-child relationships. Thematic analyses from interviews and focus group data identified six key program themes associated with strengthened parent-child relationships, reduced child behavior problems, improved attitudes and strategies toward discipline, and improved management of parental stress. CONCLUSIONS This study represents one of few evaluations to test the feasibility of an evidence-based parenting program embedded within routine public health service delivery in a low- or middle-income country. Findings show preliminary effectiveness in reducing child maltreatment, improvements on 22 of 24 secondary outcomes, and perceived mechanisms of change that support quantitative findings. Prospects are promising for program scalability, pending randomized controlled trial results. TRIAL REGISTRATION 11/01/2019, ClinicalTrials.gov, ID# NCT03539341 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalee McCoy
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER, UK.
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Jamie M Lachman
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sombat Tapanya
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tassawan Poomchaichote
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jane Kelly
- Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Phaik Yeong Cheah
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frances Gardner
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER, UK
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Meinck F, Murray AL, Dunne MP, Schmidt P, Nikolaidis G. Factor structure and internal consistency of the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Parent Version (ICAST-P) in a cross-country pooled data set in nine Balkan countries. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 115:105007. [PMID: 33721661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers are increasingly using parental report measures in population-based surveys of violence against children. No research thus far has examined the factor structure of the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Child Abuse Screening Tool Parent Version (ICAST-P), a non-commercialized measure for prevalence studies. METHODS This paper uses secondary data from the Balkan Epidemiological Study on Child Abuse and Neglect (BECAN) which included 25,202 primary caregivers of school-going children in three grades (aged 11, 13 and 16). Primary caregivers completed the ICAST-P 2010-2011, which measures children's exposure to physical and psychological violence and neglect by caregivers and sexual violence by any perpetrator. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the reliability and the factor structure of the ICAST-P for a four-dimensional model and a bifactor model, with one general factor and four group factors representing the specific components of each set of items. Measurement invariance could not be tested. RESULTS Lifetime prevalence for physical violence was 66.7 %, for psychological violence 66.6 %, for sexual violence 3.1 % and for neglect 9.1 %. CFA showed adequate fit for the hypothesized four-dimensional model, however, improved fit was shown for a bifactor model with abuse as the general factor. Internal consistency was good for physical and psychological violence, but not neglect and sexual violence. Hierarchical omega showed good internal consistency for the general factor. CONCLUSIONS Parents report that their children experience high levels of violence. The factor structure of the ICAST-P is best captured using a bifactor modelling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
| | - Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael P Dunne
- Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam.
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Institute of Political Sciences and Centre for Environment and Development (ZEU), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Johann Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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AboKresha SA, Abdelkreem E, Ali RAE. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and related isolation measures on violence against children in Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2021; 96:11. [PMID: 33880660 PMCID: PMC8057657 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-021-00071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related isolation measures have substantial adverse economic, social, and psychological consequences and expose children to increased risk of violence. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on violence against children in Egypt. METHODS An online survey, in Arabic, was disseminated during the period from 9 to 13 April 2020, to parents of children who were up to 18 years old residing in Egypt, selected using a snowball sampling technique, during the period from 25 March to 8 April during the implementation of the nationwide compulsory isolation measures against COVID-19 (25 March to 8 April 2020). The survey covered three areas: socio-demographic data, psychological impact measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and violence against children during the past 2 weeks measured using a modified parent-report of a child abuse screening tool (ICAST-P) developed by the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. RESULTS Out of 1118 completed survey responses, 90.5% of children were subjected to violent discipline, 88.7% experienced psychological aggression, and 43.2% encountered severe physical punishment. Approximately 60% of respondents reported a moderate-to-severe psychological impact (IES-R scores ≥ 33), which was associated with a higher rate of violent discipline (OR: 9.3; 95% CI: 5.37-16.027; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in Egypt to provide evidence on the association of COVID-19 pandemic, its psychological impact, and increased rates of violence against children. Effective multilevel strategies are urgently required to protect children from violence and its catastrophic consequences during the continually evolving COVID-19 pandemic.
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Pocock NS, Chan CW, Zimmerman C. Suitability of Measurement Tools for Assessing the Prevalence of Child Domestic Work: A Rapid Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2357. [PMID: 33670949 PMCID: PMC7957663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Child domestic work (CDW) is a hidden form of child labour. Globally, there were an estimated 17.2 million CDWs aged 5-17 in 2012, but there has been little critical analysis of methods and survey instruments used to capture prevalence of CDW. This rapid systematic review identified and critically reviewed the measurement tools used to estimate CDWs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration: CRD42019148702). Fourteen studies were included. In nationally representative surveys, CDW prevalence ranged from 17% among 13-24-year-old females in Haiti to 2% of children aged 10-17 in Brazil. Two good quality studies and one good quality measurement tool were identified. CDW prevalence was assessed using occupation-based methods (n = 9/14), household roster (n = 7) and industry methods (n = 4). Six studies combined approaches. Four studies included task-based questions; one study used this method to formally calculate prevalence. The task-based study estimated 30,000 more CDWs compared to other methods. CDWs are probably being undercounted, based on current standard measurement approaches. We recommend use of more sensitive, task-based methods for inclusion in household surveys. The cognitive and pilot testing of newly developed task-based questions is essential to ensure comprehension. In analyses, researchers should consider CDWs who may be disguised as distant or non-relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola S. Pocock
- Lumos Foundation, Peninsular House, 30-36 Monument Street, London EC3R 8NB, UK
- Gender Violence & Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | | | - Cathy Zimmerman
- Gender Violence & Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
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Shenderovich Y, Ward CL, Lachman JM, Wessels I, Sacolo-Gwebu H, Okop K, Oliver D, Ngcobo LL, Tomlinson M, Fang Z, Janowski R, Hutchings J, Gardner F, Cluver L. Evaluating the dissemination and scale-up of two evidence-based parenting interventions to reduce violence against children: study protocol. Implement Sci Commun 2020; 1:109. [PMID: 38624613 PMCID: PMC7719848 DOI: 10.1186/s43058-020-00086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eliminating violence against children is a prominent policy goal, codified in the Sustainable Development Goals, and parenting programs are one approach to preventing and reducing violence. However, we know relatively little about dissemination and scale-up of parenting programs, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The scale-up of two parenting programs, Parenting for Lifelong Health (PLH) for Young Children and PLH for Parents and Teens, developed under Creative Commons licensing and tested in randomized trials, provides a unique opportunity to study their dissemination in 25 LMICs. Methods The Scale-Up of Parenting Evaluation Research (SUPER) study uses a range of methods to study the dissemination of these two programs. The study will examine (1) process and extent of dissemination and scale-up, (2) how the programs are implemented and factors associated with variation in implementation, (3) violence against children and family outcomes before and after program implementation, (4) barriers and facilitators to sustained program delivery, and (5) costs and resources needed for implementation.Primary data collection, focused on three case study projects, will include interviews and focus groups with program facilitators, coordinators, funders, and other stakeholders, and a summary of key organizational characteristics. Program reports and budgets will be reviewed as part of relevant contextual information. Secondary data analysis of routine data collected within ongoing implementation and existing research studies will explore family enrolment and attendance, as well as family reports of parenting practices, violence against children, child behavior, and child and caregiver wellbeing before and after program participation. We will also examine data on staff sociodemographic and professional background, and their competent adherence to the program, collected as part of staff training and certification. Discussion This project will be the first study of its kind to draw on multiple data sources and methods to examine the dissemination and scale-up of a parenting program across multiple LMIC contexts. While this study reports on the implementation of two specific parenting programs, we anticipate that our findings will be of relevance across the field of parenting, as well as other violence prevention and social programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shenderovich
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine L. Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jamie M. Lachman
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Inge Wessels
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Kufre Okop
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Zuyi Fang
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roselinde Janowski
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Frances Gardner
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Meinck F, Murray AL, Dunne MP, Schmidt P. Measuring violence against children: The adequacy of the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) child abuse screening tool - Child version in 9 Balkan countries. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 108:104636. [PMID: 32739597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Violence against children is a global public health concern. Researchers are increasingly using self-report measures of physical, psychological, and sexual violence and neglect for population-based surveys. The current gold-standard measure, the 45-item ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool has been used across the world. This study assesses its adequacy for measuring abuse across countries. METHODS Multiple group confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the configural, metric and scalar invariance of the measure across nine Balkan countries. Data were collected using a three-stage stratified random sampling frame of 42,194 school-attending children in three grades (aged 11,13 and 16 years) from schools in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Turkey. Children completed the ICAST-C, which measures children's exposure to physical, psychological, and sexual violence, neglect and witnessing household violence in the past year and across the lifespan. RESULTS The analyses show partial scalar invariance for the ICAST-C constructs children's exposure to physical and psychological violence, neglect and witnessing household violence across the nine countries and partial scalar invariance for the constructs of children's exposure to physical, psychological and sexual violence, neglect and witnessing household violence across eight countries (Turkey did not measure sexual violence). CONCLUSIONS The ICAST-C can be used to validly compare levels of physical, psychological, and sexual violence, neglect and witnessing violence in school-aged children across countries. It can also be used to validly compare the relations between these forms of violence and their covariates, predictors, and outcomes across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; OPTENTIA, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
| | - Aja L Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael P Dunne
- Faculty of Health, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Institute for Community Health Research, Hue University, Viet Nam.
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Centre for Development and Environment(ZEU), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Johann Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
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Cluver L, Shenderovich Y, Meinck F, Berezin MN, Doubt J, Ward CL, Parra-Cardona J, Lombard C, Lachman JM, Wittesaele C, Wessels I, Gardner F, Steinert JI. Parenting, mental health and economic pathways to prevention of violence against children in South Africa. Soc Sci Med 2020; 262:113194. [PMID: 32763649 PMCID: PMC10782842 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenting programs based on social learning theory have increasing empirical evidence for reducing violence against children. Trials are primarily from high-income countries and with young children. Globally, we know little about how parenting programs work to reduce violence, with no known studies in low or middle-income countries (LMICs). This study examines mechanisms of change of a non-commercialized parenting program, Parenting for Lifelong Health for Teens, designed with the World Health Organization and UNICEF. A cluster randomized trial showed main effects on parenting and other secondary outcomes. We conducted secondary analysis of trial data to investigate five potential mediators of reduced violence against children: improved parenting, adolescent behaviour, caregiver mental health, alcohol/drug avoidance, and family economic strengthening. METHODS The trial was implemented in rural South Africa with 40 sites, n = 552 family dyads (including adolescents aged 10-18 and primary caregivers). Intervention sites (n = 20) received the 14-session parenting program delivered by local community members, including modules on family budgeting and savings. Control sites (n = 20) received a brief informational workshop. Emotional and physical violence against children/adolescents and each potential mediator were reported by adolescents and caregivers at baseline and 9-13 months post-randomisation. Structural equation modelling was used to test simultaneous hypothesized pathways to violence reduction. RESULTS Improvements in four pathways mediated reduced violence against children: 1) improved parenting practices, 2) improved caregiver mental health (reduced depression), 3) increased caregiver alcohol/drug avoidance and 4) improved family economic welfare. Improved child behaviour was not a mediator, although it was associated with less violence. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneously bolstering a set of family processes can reduce violence. Supporting self-care and positive coping for caregivers may be essential in challenging contexts. In countries with minimal or no economic safety nets, linking social learning parenting programs with economic strengthening skills may bring us closer to ending violence against children.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cluver
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Y Shenderovich
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - F Meinck
- School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Optentia, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, South Africa.
| | - M N Berezin
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, USA.
| | - J Doubt
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - C L Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - J Parra-Cardona
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA.
| | - C Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa.
| | - J M Lachman
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasglow, United Kingdom.
| | - C Wittesaele
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - I Wessels
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - F Gardner
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - J I Steinert
- Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; TUM School of Governance, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
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Shenderovich Y, Cluver L, Eisner M, Murray AL. Moderators of treatment effects in a child maltreatment prevention programme in South Africa. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 106:104519. [PMID: 32485323 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has found mixed results on whether the most disadvantaged families benefit as much as less disadvantaged families from parenting interventions designed to reduce child maltreatment, and little in known in low-income settings. OBJECTIVE In this study, we test the effects of child, caregiver, household, and community characteristics as treatment moderators of intervention outcomes - child maltreatment and parenting practices. We test characteristics previously examined elsewhere as well as factors relevant to the South African context. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This analysis includes adolescents (ages 10-18) and their caregivers (N = 552 pairs) who participated in a randomised trial of a parenting programme in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. METHODS Data from the caregiver and adolescent standardised questionnaires collected at baseline, post-test (1-month post-intervention), and follow-up (5-9 months) were analysed using longitudinal multilevel analyses. We tested seven hypothesised moderators for each of the primary outcomes through interactions of treatment effect with baseline moderators. RESULTS No moderator effects were statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons testing. Hence, in line with several recent studies examining moderation effects in parenting programmes, our study suggests that parenting interventions aiming to reduce child maltreatment and promote parenting skills in low- and middle-income countries may be similarly effective for families facing various levels of economic, social, and health risk factors. CONCLUSIONS It may be useful to explicitly power trials for testing moderator effects, study different types of moderators and use person-centred analyses to further understand variations in treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shenderovich
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, OX1 2ER, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, CB3 9DA, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, OX1 2ER, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, CB3 9DA, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, CB3 9DA, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Room F16, Psychology Building, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom.
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Merrill KG, Campbell JC, Decker MR, McGready J, Burke VM, Mwansa JK, Miti S, Frimpong C, Kennedy CE, Denison JA. Prevalence of physical and sexual violence and psychological abuse among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Zambia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235203. [PMID: 32584889 PMCID: PMC7316234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about violence against HIV-positive adolescents and young adults (AYA) in sub-Saharan Africa. This analysis examines experiences of violence victimization, and the perpetrators of this violence, among AYA living with HIV, aged 15-24 years, in Zambia. METHODS We analyzed baseline data from 272 AYA (60.1% female, 71.0% perinatally infected) enrolled in Project YES! (Youth Engaging for Success), a randomized controlled trial conducted in four HIV clinics in Ndola, Zambia. Violence measures were adapted from the ICAST-C and the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence. Youth could report up to 12 perpetrator types for past-year experiences of violence. We estimated lifetime and past-year prevalence of physical violence, psychological abuse, and forced sex, disaggregated by sex and age group. Estimates were weighted using sex and age data from the 2013-14 Zambian Demographic and Health Survey to be representative of HIV-positive AYA in Zambia. RESULTS Estimated lifetime prevalence of any violence victimization was 78.2%. Past-year prevalence was 72.0% among males and 74.5% among females. Almost half of AYA (46.1%) had ever experienced polyvictimization (2+ types of violence). Psychological abuse was most common (70.4% lifetime, 65.3% past-year), followed by physical violence (50.8% lifetime, 44.7% past-year) and forced sex (10.4% lifetime, 4.7% past-year). Among past-year victims, males experienced more violence than females from a friend/peer (74.3% vs. 45.1%, p<0.001); females experienced more violence than males from a romantic partner (33.3% vs. 5.0%, p<0.001), parent/caregiver (32.4% vs. 17.6%, p = 0.02), and stranger (19.7% vs. 5.2%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION The widespread and overlapping prevalence of multiple types of violence highlights the critical need for prevention and response efforts that are tailored to youths' sex and the perpetrator type. Future research should explore violence victimization and HIV outcomes, and the measurement of psychological abuse and sexual violence, among HIV-positive AYA in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G. Merrill
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacquelyn C. Campbell
- Department of Community-Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michele R. Decker
- Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John McGready
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Virginia M. Burke
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Sam Miti
- Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | - Caitlin E. Kennedy
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Denison
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Jiménez-Borja M, Jiménez-Borja V, Borja-Alvarez T, Jiménez-Mosquera CAJ, Murgueitio J. Prevalence of child maltreatment in Ecuador using the ICAST-R. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104230. [PMID: 31722265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While the link between childhood experiences of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse and mental health problems has been largely studied, there is limited information regarding the prevalence of child maltreatment in developing countries, particularly in South America. The present study is an effort to investigate the prevalence of child maltreatment in Ecuador using the ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool Retrospective version (ICAST-R). METHOD A student sample (males = 1579; females = 1554) from the seven largest universities in Quito, Ecuador, completed the ICAST-R. RESULTS Our findings indicate that 69.6 % of participants experienced child maltreatment. Physical abuse was reported by 47.6 % of respondents; this commonly involved being beaten by parents. Emotional maltreatment was reported by 53 % of the participants; mostly through insults by same-sex peers and parents. Sexual abuse was reported by 15.5 % of the participants. The most prevalent forms of sexual abuse included being coerced into touching another person's genitals, having their genitals touched by others, or having someone expose their genitals to them. Sexual abuse was more prevalent amongst females (males = 12.9 %; females = 18.1 %, OR = 1.49; CI = 1.22-1.81), and physical abuse was more prevalent amongst males (males = 50.5 %; females = 44.6 %, OR = 0.79; CI = 0.69-0.91). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows evidence of a high prevalence of child maltreatment in Ecuador. We also identify significant gender differences in the type of abuse experienced, and in the context in which this abuse takes place. These results are important given the negative consequences of child maltreatment. More research applying ICAST to different populations is recommended to further validate the present findings and facilitate international comparisons.
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Shenderovich Y, Eisner M, Cluver L, Doubt J, Berezin M, Majokweni S, Murray AL. What Affects Attendance and Engagement in a Parenting Program in South Africa? PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 19:977-986. [PMID: 30121876 PMCID: PMC6182387 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parenting programs are a promising approach to improving family well-being. For families to benefit, programs need to be able to engage families actively in the interventions. Studies in high-income countries show varying results regarding whether more disadvantaged families are equally engaged in parenting interventions. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), almost nothing is known about the patterns of participation in parent training. This paper examines group session attendance and engagement data from 270 high-risk families enrolled in the intervention arm of a cluster-randomized controlled trial in South Africa. The trial evaluated a 14-week parenting intervention aiming to improve parenting and reduce maltreatment by caregivers. The intervention was delivered in 20 groups, one per study cluster, with 8 to 16 families each. Overall, caregivers attended 50% of group sessions and children, 64%. Using linear multilevel models with Kenward-Roger correction, we examined child and caregiver baseline characteristics as predictors of their attendance and engagement in the group sessions. Variables examined as predictors included measures of economic, educational, and social and health barriers and resources, as well as family problems and sociodemographic characteristics. Overall, the study yielded no evidence that the level of stressors, such as poverty, was related to attendance and engagement. Notably, children from overcrowded households attended on average 1.2 more sessions than their peers. Our findings suggest it is possible to engage highly disadvantaged families that face multiple challenges in parenting interventions in LMICs. However, some barriers such as scheduling, and alcohol and substance use, remain relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shenderovich
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 9DA, England.
| | - Manuel Eisner
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 9DA, England
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER, England.,HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jenny Doubt
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER, England
| | - McKenzie Berezin
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Sybil Majokweni
- HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 9DA, England
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Cluver LD, Meinck F, Steinert JI, Shenderovich Y, Doubt J, Herrero Romero R, Lombard CJ, Redfern A, Ward CL, Tsoanyane S, Nzima D, Sibanda N, Wittesaele C, De Stone S, Boyes ME, Catanho R, Lachman JM, Salah N, Nocuza M, Gardner F. Parenting for Lifelong Health: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial of a non-commercialised parenting programme for adolescents and their families in South Africa. BMJ Glob Health 2018; 3:e000539. [PMID: 29564157 PMCID: PMC5859808 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of 'Parenting for Lifelong Health: Sinovuyo Teen', a parenting programme for adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries, on abuse and parenting practices. DESIGN Pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial. SETTING 40 villages/urban sites (clusters) in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS 552 families reporting conflict with their adolescents (aged 10-18). INTERVENTION Intervention clusters (n=20) received a 14-session parent and adolescent programme delivered by trained community members. Control clusters (n=20) received a hygiene and hand-washing promotion programme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcomes: abuse and parenting practices at 1 and 5-9 months postintervention. Secondary outcomes: caregiver and adolescent mental health and substance use, adolescent behavioural problems, social support, exposure to community violence and family financial well-being at 5-9 months postintervention. Blinding was not possible. RESULTS At 5-9 months postintervention, the intervention was associated with lower abuse (caregiver report incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.55 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.75, P<0.001); corporal punishment (caregiver report IRR=0.55 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.83, P=0.004)); improved positive parenting (caregiver report d=0.25 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.47, P=0.024)), involved parenting (caregiver report d=0.86 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.08, P<0.001); adolescent report d=0.28 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.48, P=0.006)) and less poor supervision (caregiver report d=-0.50 (95% CI -0.70 to -0.29, P<0.001); adolescent report d=-0.34 (95% CI -0.55 to -0.12, P=0.002)), but not decreased neglect (caregiver report IRR 0.31 (95% CI 0.09 to 1.08, P=0.066); adolescent report IRR 1.46 (95% CI 0.75 to 2.85, P=0.264)), inconsistent discipline (caregiver report d=-0.14 (95% CI -0.36 to 0.09, P=0.229); adolescent report d=0.03 (95% CI -0.20 to 0.26, P=0.804)), or adolescent report of abuse IRR=0.90 (95% CI 0.66 to 1.24, P=0.508) and corporal punishment IRR=1.05 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.57, P=0.819). Secondary outcomes showed reductions in caregiver corporal punishment endorsement, mental health problems, parenting stress, substance use and increased social support (all caregiver report). Intervention adolescents reported no differences in mental health, behaviour or community violence, but had lower substance use (all adolescent report). Intervention families had improved economic welfare, financial management and more violence avoidance planning (in caregiver and adolescent report). No adverse effects were detected. CONCLUSIONS This parenting programme shows promise for reducing violence, improving parenting and family functioning in low-resource settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR201507001119966.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie D Cluver
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Franziska Meinck
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- OPTENTIA Research Focus Group, School of Behavioural Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Janina I Steinert
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yulia Shenderovich
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenny Doubt
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- UNICEF Innocenti Office of Research, Florence, Italy
| | - Rocio Herrero Romero
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl J Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alice Redfern
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine L Ward
- Department of Psychology and Safety and Violence Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Divane Nzima
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Ali-Douglas Research Network, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - Nkosiyapha Sibanda
- Department of International Development, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Camille Wittesaele
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mark E Boyes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ricardo Catanho
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jamie McLaren Lachman
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clowns Without Borders South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nasteha Salah
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mzuvukile Nocuza
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frances Gardner
- Centre for Evidence-Based Interventions, Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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