1
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Dong W, Tian M, Li Y. Unravelling the reason for different binding behaviors exhibited by antibody aggregates towards preparative and analytical Protein A columns. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 218:106449. [PMID: 38423157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
We previously showed that the root cause of low Protein A step yield observed for certain antibodies/Fc-fusions is the presence of non-binding aggregates in cell culture harvest. A pre-assumption for the above conclusion is that the aggregates, while do not bind to the preparative Protein A column, can bind to the analytical Protein A-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column used for titer measurement. In the current work, using materials from a previous case with the low yield issue, we confirmed that non-binding aggregates in preparative Protein A flow-through can indeed bind to the analytical Protein A column. In addition, we showed that this discrepancy is mainly due to the different loading densities applied under these two circumstances. We also demonstrated that aggregate bound to the analytical Protein A column slightly stronger than the monomer, as it exhibited a longer retention time. In summary, the current study not only confirmed that non-binding aggregates detected in the preparative Protein A flow-through bind to the Protein A-HPLC column and contribute to the measured titer of culture harvest but also unravelled the reason for different binding behaviors exhibited by antibody aggregates towards preparative and analytical Protein A columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyuan Dong
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Mengying Tian
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
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2
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Liu C, Tian M, Dong W, Lu W, Zhang T, Wan Y, Zhang X, Li Y. SEC-HPLC analysis of column load and flow-through provides critical understanding of low Protein A step yield. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 216:106418. [PMID: 38141898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
For a certain number of mAbs, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) and Fc-fusion proteins that we worked on, the Protein A capture step experienced low yield (i.e., ∼80%). A previous case study suggested that non-binding aggregate formed in cell culture was the root cause of low Protein A step yield. In the current work, we selected five projects with the low Protein A yield issue to further illustrate this phenomenon. In all cases, existence of non-binding aggregates was confirmed by size-exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC) analysis of Protein A load and flow-through. In addition, we demonstrated that aggregates failed to bind to Protein A resin mainly due to their large sizes, which prevented them from entering the resin beads. As the data suggested, SEC-HPLC analysis of Protein A load and flow-through, although not a standard procedure, can provide information that is critical for understanding the unexpected performance of Protein A chromatography in cases like those being presented here. Thus, SEC-HPLC analysis of Protein A load and flow-through is highly recommended for antibodies/Fc-fusions suffering from low Protein A yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Mengying Tian
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Wanyuan Dong
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Wenwen Lu
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
| | - Yifeng Li
- Downstream Process Development (DSPD), WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, China.
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3
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Tang S, Tao J, Li Y. Challenges and solutions for the downstream purification of therapeutic proteins. Antib Ther 2024; 7:1-12. [PMID: 38235378 PMCID: PMC10791043 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The innovation in recombinant protein technology has brought forth a host of challenges related to the purification of these therapeutic proteins. This article delves into the intricate landscape of developing purification processes for artificially designed therapeutic proteins. The key hurdles include controlling protein reduction, protein capture, ensuring stability, eliminating aggregates, removing host cell proteins and optimizing protein recovery. In this review, we outline the purification strategies in order to obtain products of high purity, highlighting the corresponding solutions to circumvent the unique challenges presented by recombinant therapeutic proteins, and exemplify the practical applications by case studies. Finally, a perspective towards future purification process development is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tang
- GenScript ProBio Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 21100, P.R. China
| | - Jiaoli Tao
- GenScript ProBio Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 21100, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- GenScript ProBio Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 21100, P.R. China
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4
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Huang H, Dong X, Sun Y, Shi Q. Biomimetic affinity chromatography for antibody purification: Host cell protein binding and impurity removal. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464305. [PMID: 37607431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptide affinity chromatography has received increasing attention as an alternative to protein A chromatography in antibody purification. However, its lower selectivity than protein A chromatography has impeded its success in practical applications. In particular, efficient removal of contaminants, including host cell proteins (HCPs) and DNA, is a great challenge for peptide affinity chromatography in monoclonal antibody (mAb) manufacturing. In this work, a biomimetic peptide ligand (bPL), FYWHCLDE, was coupled onto Sepharose 6 Fast Flow (SepFF) to synthesize a peptide affinity gel, SepFF-bPL, for the investigation of the binding mechanism of HCP as well as the feasibility of antibody capture. The results showed that the SepFF-bPL column exhibited effective removal of mAb aggregates as well as mAb capture from feedstocks of various origins, whereas poor removal of HCP and DNA was found. Mechanistic studies of HCP binding indicated that electrostatic interactions dominated HCP binding on the SepFF-bPL gel and that ionic conductivity had a significant influence on HCP binding at low salt concentrations. Thus, combined chromatin extraction and anion exchange adsorption were introduced prior to SepFF-bPL chromatography for initial contaminant removal to reduce mAb aggregation induced by HCP and the loading burden of contaminants in SepFF-bPL chromatography. A proof-of-concept study of the purification train demonstrated a high recovery of mAb (68.7%) and low levels of HCP (23 ppm) and DNA (below the limit of detection) in the final product, which were acceptable for the mandatory requirements in clinical applications. This research provided a deep understanding of HCP binding on the peptide affinity column and led to the development of an effective purification train.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qinghong Shi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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5
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A systematic and sensitive method for critical reagent antibody evaluation with PCA technology. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1479-1486. [PMID: 36799240 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Quality control of critical reagents is essential in basic research and in drug discovery and development. Protein conformational array (PCA) is an ELISA-based technology that has been successfully used for the development of novel and biosimilar biologics with excellent sensitivity and accuracy. Methodology & results: PCA ELISA is able to monitor higher order structure changes of mouse and rabbit antibodies under various stress and storage conditions. This study focused on the short- and long-term storage of antibodies and antiserum as well as the effect of multiple freeze-thaw cycles on the impact of antibody higher order structure. Conclusion: These results suggest that PCA ELISA can be used as a valuable method for quality testing of antibodies.
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6
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Singh SM, Furman R, Singh RK, Balakrishnan G, Chennamsetty N, Tao L, Li Z. Size exclusion chromatography for the characterization and quality control of biologics. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1979582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M. Singh
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ran Furman
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rajesh K. Singh
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Li Tao
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhengjian Li
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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7
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Chen G, Tao L, Li Z. Recent advancements in mass spectrometry for higher order structure characterization of protein therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:196-206. [PMID: 34571276 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of higher order structure (HOS) in protein therapeutics is crucial to the selection of candidate molecules, understanding of structure-function relationships, formulation development, stability assessment, and comparability studies. Recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS), including native MS, hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX)-MS, and fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) coupled with MS, have provided orthogonal ways to characterize HOS of protein therapeutics. In this review, we present the utility of native MS, HDX-MS and FPOP-MS in protein therapeutics discovery and development, with a focus on epitope mapping, aggregation assessment, and comparability studies. We also discuss future trends in the application of these MS methods to HOS characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chen
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Li Tao
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhengjian Li
- Analytical Development and Attribute Sciences, Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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8
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Pham NB, Meng WS. Protein aggregation and immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119523. [PMID: 32531452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are the mainstay of biopharmaceuticals. A key challenge in the manufacturing and formulation of protein biologic products is the tendency for the active pharmaceutical ingredients to aggregate, resulting in irreversible drug loss, and an increase in immunogenicity risk. While the molecular mechanisms of protein aggregation have been discussed extensively in the literature, knowledge gaps remain in connecting the phenomenon in the context of immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. In this review, we discussed factors that drive aggregation of pharmaceutical recombinant proteins, and highlighted methods of prediction and mitigation that can be deployed through the development stages, from formulation to bioproduction. The purpose is to stimulate new dialogs that would bridge the interface between physical characterizations of protein aggregates in biotherapeutics and the functional attributes of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc B Pham
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States.
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9
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Reese H, Bordelon T, Shanahan C, Crapanzano M, Sly J, Menegatti S. Novel peptoid-based adsorbents for purifying IgM and IgG from polyclonal and recombinant sources. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1137:121909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Assessing localized conformational stability of antibody-drug conjugate by protein conformation assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 179:113020. [PMID: 31835127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of attractive therapeutic agents to fight cancer with conjugation of potent chemical agents on target-selective antibodies. The conceptually elegant approach has encountered mounting practical challenges in combining the mAb and potent drug while maintaining the conformational and physiochemical stability of the bioconjugates. The attachment of hydrophobic drug-linker with antibody could potentially alter the antibody conformational scaffold, locally or globally. Here we propose to use a protein conformation assay (PCA) to measure the higher-order structure of antibodies upon drug-linker conjugation. The PCA analysis provides insights into the formation of partially unfolded ADCs, which may correlate with protein stability and aggregation propensity. To further elucidate the cause of the unfolding events, in-depth peptide mapping combined with the PCA conformational footprints were performed on a commercial ADC trastuzumab emtansine in this study. The locally altered conformational hot-spots observed in PCA matched with conjugation sites with high occupancy rate identified in peptide mapping. In summary, by combining PCA and in-depth peptide mapping, a snapshot of ADC structural conformation and stability profile could be obtained and provide a swift and convenient measurement of the 'fitness' of ADC to facilitate payload selection, conjugation process development and early predictive developability assessment.
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11
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Streamlining the polishing step development process via physicochemical characterization of monoclonal antibody aggregates. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1598:101-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Yu D, Mayani M, Song Y, Xing Z, Ghose S, Li ZJ. Control of antibody high and low molecular weight species by depth filtration‐based cell culture harvesting. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2610-2620. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Yu
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing & SupplyBristol‐Myers Squibb Devens Massachusetts
| | - Mukesh Mayani
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing & SupplyBristol‐Myers Squibb Devens Massachusetts
| | - Yuanli Song
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing & SupplyBristol‐Myers Squibb Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zhizhuo Xing
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing & SupplyBristol‐Myers Squibb Devens Massachusetts
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing & SupplyBristol‐Myers Squibb Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Manufacturing & SupplyBristol‐Myers Squibb Devens Massachusetts
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13
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li Y. A method for improving protein A chromatography's aggregate removal capability. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 158:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Antibody Binding Heterogeneity of Protein A Resins. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800632. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Islam T, Naik AD, Hashimoto Y, Menegatti S, Carbonell RG. Optimization of Sequence, Display, and Mode of Operation of IgG-Binding Peptide Ligands to Develop Robust, High-Capacity Affinity Adsorbents That Afford High IgG Product Quality. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E161. [PMID: 30621158 PMCID: PMC6337475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the use of peptide ligand HWRGWV and its cognate sequences to develop affinity adsorbents that compete with Protein A in terms of binding capacity and quality of the eluted product. First, the peptide ligand was conjugated to crosslinked agarose resins (WorkBeads) at different densities and using different spacer arms. The optimization of ligand density and display resulted in values of static and dynamic binding capacity of 85 mg/mL and 65 mg/mL, respectively. A selected peptide-WorkBeads adsorbent was utilized for purifying Mabs from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell culture supernatants. The peptide-WorkBeads adsorbent was found able to withstand sanitization with strong alkaline solutions (0.5 M NaOH). The purity of the eluted product was consistently higher than 95%, with logarithmic removal value (LRV) of 1.5 for host cell proteins (HCPs) and 4.0 for DNA. HCP clearance was significantly improved by adding a post-load washing step with either 0.1 M Tris HCl pH 9 or 1 M NaCl. The cognate peptide of HWRGWV, constructed by replacing arginine (R) with citrulline, further increased the HCP LRV to 2.15. The peptide-based adsorbent also showed a remarkable performance in terms of removal of Mab aggregates; unlike Protein A, in fact, HWRGWV was found to bind only monomeric IgG. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of peptide-based adsorbents as alternative to Protein A for the purification of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhidul Islam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7928, USA.
| | - Amith D Naik
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7928, USA.
| | - Yasuhiro Hashimoto
- Department of Research and Development, Fuji Silysia Chemical LTD, Kasugai Aichi 487-0013, Japan.
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7928, USA.
| | - Ruben G Carbonell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7928, USA.
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16
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A parallel demonstration of different resins' antibody aggregate removing capability by a case study. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 153:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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L Silva G, Plewka J, Lichtenegger H, Dias-Cabral AC, Jungbauer A, Tscheließnig R. The pearl necklace model in protein A chromatography: Molecular mechanisms at the resin interface. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:76-86. [PMID: 30252938 PMCID: PMC6587469 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal protein A chromatography is an established core technology for monoclonal antibody purification and capture in the downstream processing. MabSelect SuRe involves a tetrameric chain of a recombinant form of the B domain of staphylococcal protein A, called the Z-domain. Little is known about the stoichiometry, binding orientation, or preferred binding. We analyzed small-angle X-ray scattering data of the antibody-protein A complex immobilized in an industrial highly relevant chromatographic resin at different antibody concentrations. From scattering data, we computed the normalized radial density distributions. We designed three-dimensional (3D) models with protein data bank crystallographic structures of an IgG1 (the isoform of trastuzumab, used here; Protein Data Bank: 1HZH) and the staphylococcal protein A B domain (the native form of the recombinant structure contained in MabSelect SuRe resin; Protein Data Bank: 1BDD). We computed different binding conformations for different antibody to protein A stoichiometries (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) and compared the normalized radial density distributions computed from 3D models with those obtained from the experimental data. In the linear range of the isotherm we favor a 1:1 ratio, with the antibody binding to the outer domains in the protein A chain at very low and high concentrations. In the saturation region, a 2:1 ratio is more likely to occur. A 3:1 stoichiometry is excluded because of steric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goncalo L Silva
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Biotechnology, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacek Plewka
- Department of Biotechnology, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Lichtenegger
- Department of Biotechnology, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Material Science and Process Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana C Dias-Cabral
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Tscheließnig
- Department of Biotechnology, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Zhang J, Woods C, He F, Han M, Treuheit MJ, Volkin DB. Structural Changes and Aggregation Mechanisms of Two Different Dimers of an IgG2 Monoclonal Antibody. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5466-5479. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher Woods
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Feng He
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Mei Han
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael J. Treuheit
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
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19
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Willis LF, Kumar A, Dobson J, Bond NJ, Lowe D, Turner R, Radford SE, Kapur N, Brockwell DJ. Using extensional flow to reveal diverse aggregation landscapes for three IgG1 molecules. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1216-1225. [PMID: 29315487 PMCID: PMC5900942 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently dominate the biopharmaceutical sector due to their potency and efficacy against a range of disease targets. These proteinaceous therapeutics are, however, susceptible to unfolding, mis‐folding, and aggregation by environmental perturbations. Aggregation thus poses an enormous challenge to biopharmaceutical development, production, formulation, and storage. Hydrodynamic forces have also been linked to aggregation, but the ability of different flow fields (e.g., shear and extensional flow) to trigger aggregation has remained unclear. To address this question, we previously developed a device that allows the degree of extensional flow to be controlled. Using this device we demonstrated that mAbs are particularly sensitive to the force exerted as a result of this flow‐field. Here, to investigate the utility of this device to bio‐process/biopharmaceutical development, we quantify the effects of the flow field and protein concentration on the aggregation of three mAbs. We show that the response surface of mAbs is distinct from that of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and also that mAbs of similar sequence display diverse sensitivity to hydrodynamic flow. Finally, we show that flow‐induced aggregation of each mAb is ameliorated by different buffers, opening up the possibility of using the device as a formulation tool. Perturbation of the native state by extensional flow may thus allow identification of aggregation‐resistant mAb candidates, their bio‐process parameters and formulation to be optimized earlier in the drug‐discovery pipeline using sub‐milligram quantities of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon F Willis
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Amit Kumar
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - John Dobson
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - David Lowe
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - David J Brockwell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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20
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Song Y, Yu D, Mayani M, Mussa N, Li ZJ. Monoclonal antibody higher order structure analysis by high throughput protein conformational array. MAbs 2018; 10:397-405. [PMID: 29313446 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1421880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The elucidation of antibody higher order structure (HOS) is critical in therapeutic antibody development. Since HOS determines the protein bioactivity and chemo-physical properties, this knowledge can help to ensure that the safety and efficacy attributes are not compromised. Protein conformational array (PCA) is a novel method for determining the HOS of monoclonal antibodies. Previously, we successfully utilized an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based PCA along with other bioanalytical tools to elucidate the structures of antibody aggregates. In this study, applying a new multiplex-based PCA with 48-fold higher throughput than the ELISA-based one we revealed structural differences between different antibody molecules and antibody structure changes affected by various processing conditions. The PCA analysis of antibody molecules clearly demonstrated significant differences between IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses in epitope exposure and folding status. Furthermore, we applied small angle X-ray scattering to decipher mechanistic insights of PCA technology and validate structural information obtained using PCA. These findings enhance our fundamental understanding of mAbs' HOS in general. The PCA analysis of antibody samples from various processing conditions also revealed that antibody aggregation caused significantly higher exposure of antibody epitopes, which potentially led to a "foreign" molecule that could cause immunogenicity. The PCA data correlated well with protein stability results from traditional methods such as size-exclusion chromatography and protein thermal shift assay. Our study demonstrated that high throughput PCA is a suitable method for HOS analysis in the discovery and development of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Song
- a Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 38 Jackson Road, Devens , MA , USA
| | - Deqiang Yu
- a Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 38 Jackson Road, Devens , MA , USA
| | - Mukesh Mayani
- a Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 38 Jackson Road, Devens , MA , USA
| | - Nesredin Mussa
- a Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 38 Jackson Road, Devens , MA , USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- a Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb , 38 Jackson Road, Devens , MA , USA
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21
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Zhang HM, Li C, Lei M, Lundin V, Lee HY, Ninonuevo M, Lin K, Han G, Sandoval W, Lei D, Ren G, Zhang J, Liu H. Structural and Functional Characterization of a Hole-Hole Homodimer Variant in a "Knob-Into-Hole" Bispecific Antibody. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13494-13501. [PMID: 29129068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have great potential to be the next-generation biotherapeutics due to their ability to simultaneously recognize two different targets. Compared to conventional monoclonal antibodies, knob-into-hole bispecific antibodies face unique challenges in production and characterization due to the increase in variant possibilities, such as homodimerization in covalent and noncovalent forms. In this study, a storage- and pH-sensitive hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) profile change was observed for the hole-hole homodimer, and the multiple HIC peaks were explored and shown to be conformational isomers. We combined traditional analytical methods with hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX MS), native mass spectrometry, and negative-staining electron microscopy to comprehensively characterize the hole-hole homodimer. HDX MS revealed conformational changes at the resolution of a few amino acids overlapping the CH2-CH3 domain interface. Conformational heterogeneity was also assessed by HDX MS isotopic distribution. The hole-hole homodimer was demonstrated to adopt a more homogeneous conformational distribution during storage. This conformational change is likely caused by a lack of CH3 domain dimerization (due to the three "hole" point mutations), resulting in a unique storage- and pH-dependent conformational destabilization and refolding of the hole-hole homodimer Fc. Compared with the hole-hole homodimer under different storage conditions, the bispecific heterodimer, guided by the knob-into-hole assembly, proved to be a stable conformation with homogeneous distribution, confirming its high quality as a desired therapeutic. Functional studies by antigen binding and neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binding correlated very well with the structural characterization. Comprehensive interpretation of the results has provided a better understanding of both the homodimer variant and the bispecific molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dongsheng Lei
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gang Ren
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Park JH, Sut TN, Jackman JA, Ferhan AR, Yoon BK, Cho NJ. Controlling adsorption and passivation properties of bovine serum albumin on silica surfaces by ionic strength modulation and cross-linking. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:8854-8865. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01310h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physicochemical factors that influence protein adsorption onto solid supports holds wide relevance for fundamental insights into protein structure and function as well as for applications such as surface passivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Tun Naw Sut
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Joshua A. Jackman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Abdul Rahim Ferhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
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