Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: A key link between lipid metabolism and cancer progression

Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) decreases CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1/CYP2B expression and activities through potential interactions between AhR and NRF2 pathways in the HepG2 cell line

Tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) is a flame retardant used in various products. Since it is not chemically bound to polymers, it easily migrates into the environment and has been detected in water, soil, and air. Additionally, TCPP can bioaccumulate in living organisms. Although suspected to be a carcinogen and endocrine disruptor, its cytotoxic properties and potential carcinogenic mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of TCPP on the HepG2 cell line, particularly its impact on CYP enzyme expression and activity. Cells were exposed to increasing TCPP concentrations (1 nM-100 μM) for 24 and 48 h. Our results show that TCPP, at any tested concentration, did not affect lactate dehydrogenase release or resazurin reduction. However, at 50 and 100 μM, it increased reactive oxygen species production. Moreover, after 48 h, TCPP (100 nM-100 μM) enhanced caspase-3 activity. This is the first study suggesting that, despite probable aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway activation, TCPP (1-10 μM) decreases CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1/CYP2B expression and activity in HepG2 cells after 48 h. Given the crucial role of CYP enzymes in detoxification, their inhibition may have serious health implications. AhR, PPARγ, and CYP enzymes regulate fatty acid, steroid hormone, vitamin, and melatonin synthesis. Our findings also indicate that TCPP increases lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells, likely due to CYP disruption. Therefore, TCPP may function as an endocrine disruptor.

KAJF alleviated colorectal cancer liver metastasis by reshaping the gut microbiota and inhibiting M2-like macrophage polarization

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) represents one of the most severe complications of colorectal cancer (CRC), often associated with unfavorable prognosis. The herbal formulation Kang-Ai-Jing-Fang (KAJF) has been employed clinically against CRC for several decades, although its precise mechanism of action remains elusive.

PURPOSE

This study investigates the anti-metastatic potential of KAJF in CRLM, focusing on its modulatory effects on gut microbiota and inhibition of M2-like macrophage activation.

METHODS

KAJF was administered orally to CRLM model mice established through intrasplenic injection of murine CRC cells. To elucidate the role of gut microbiota reshaped by KAJF, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was utilized to assess its impact on CRLM inhibition. Core targets and active compounds were identified through network pharmacology and molecular docking. To characterize microbiota composition, metabolite profiles, and gene expression variations, 16S rRNA sequencing, untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics, and transcriptomics analyses were performed.

RESULTS

KAJF demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on CRLM and ameliorated gut microbiota dysbiosis by enhancing the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium). The therapeutic efficacy of KAJF-induced bacterial alterations in delaying CRLM and promoting butyrate-producing microbiota enrichment was further substantiated by FMT. Network pharmacology identified active ingredients in KAJF, including asperulosidic acid, polyphyllin II, ganoderenic acid B, calycosin, and ganoderic acid C, which exhibit substantial interactions with TLR4, PPARγ, SIRT1, PTGS2, and TNF. Molecular dynamics simulations and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis demonstrated that ganoderic acid C2 exhibits a strong binding affinity for PPARγ. Moreover, KAJF administration led to a marked reduction in F4/80+ CD206+ macrophages and their associated cytokines (CCL17, CCL22, IL10, IL4, TGF), accompanied by a decrease in CD4+ T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), while increasing CD8+ T cell populations.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that KAJF mitigates CRLM, primarily through the regulation of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites, alongside inhibition of M2-like macrophage polarization. By integrating metabolomics, transcriptomics, and network pharmacology, this research elucidates the molecular mechanisms underpinning KAJF's therapeutic effects against CRLM, offering a promising approach for clinical intervention.

NSMCE2 promotes the occurrence and development of HCC by regulating the SUMOylation of PPARα

BACKGROUND

Primary liver cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive system and ranks as the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer globally. It has also risen to become the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, following lung and colorectal cancers. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of primary liver cancer, approximately 75 to 85 %. Several studies suggest that NSMCE2 contributes to cancer through its SUMO E3 ligase activity, yet its specific role in HCC remains poorly understood.

METHODS

We gathered data from various databases and obtained 10 pairs of tissue samples from HCC patients to detect the NSMCE2 expression levels. Additionally, we conducted both in vivo and in vitro experiments to confirm the impact of NSMCE2 on the development and progression of HCC. We further analyzed the potential mechanism of NSMCE2 regulation on HCC by bioinformatics, and detected the specific mechanism of NSMCE2 regulating PPARα by co-immunoprecipitation.

RESULTS

Our study shows that NSMCE2 is an important tumor promoter in HCC and acts through the PPARα-CYP7A1 axis. Specifically, NSMCE2 affects the occurrence and progression of HCC by SUMOylating PPARα, reducing its ubiquitination degradation, and activating the PPARα-CYP7A1 axis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study uncovered the role of NSMCE2 in the development and progression of HCC, providing new insights into the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies of HCC.

Reveal the mechanism of hepatic oxidative stress in mice induced by photo-oxidation milk using multi-omics analysis techniques

INTRODUCTION

Photo-oxidation is recognized as a contributor to the deterioration of milk quality, posing potential safety hazards to human health. However, there has been limited investigation into the impact of consuming photo-oxidized milk on health.

OBJECTIVES

This study employs multi-omics analysis techniques to elucidate the mechanisms by which photo-oxidized milk induces oxidative stress in the liver.

METHODS

Mouse model was used to determine the effect of the gavage administration of milk with varying degrees of photo-oxidation on the mouse liver. The damage degree was established by measuring serum markers indicative of oxidative stress, and with a subsequent histopathological examination of liver tissues. In addition, comprehensive metabolome, lipidome, and transcriptome analyses were conducted to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of hepatic damage caused by photo-oxidized milk.

RESULTS

A significant elevation in the oxidative stress levels and the presence of hepatocellular swelling and inflammation subsequent to the gavage administration of photo-oxidized milk to mice. Significant alterations in the levels of metabolites such as lumichrome, all-trans-retinal, L-valine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylcholine within the hepatic tissue of mice. Moreover, photo-oxidized milk exerted a pronounced detrimental impact on the glycerophospholipid metabolism of mice liver. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling pathway enrichment appreciated in the animals that consumed photo-oxidized milk further supports the substantial negative influence of photo-oxidized milk on hepatic lipid metabolism. Gene set enrichment and interaction analyses revealed that photo-oxidized milk inhibited the cytochrome P450 pathway in mice, while also affecting other pathways associated with cellular stress response and lipid biosynthesis.

CONCLUSION

This comprehensive study provides significant evidence regarding the potential health risks associated with photo-oxidized milk, particularly in terms of hepatic oxidative damage. It establishes a scientific foundation for assessing the safety of such milk and ensuring the quality of dairy products.

Identification and Experimental Validation of Prognostic Signature and Peroxisome-Related Key Genes in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Introduction

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common urological malignant tumor. Dysregulated peroxisomes contribute to the progression of cancers. However, the prognostic significance of peroxisome-related genes (PGs) in ccRCC is still poorly understood.

Methods

PGs were collected from MsigDB. Prognostic differentially expressed genes were filtered via differentially expression analysis and univariate Cox regression analysis. The construction of risk model was performed by the least absolute shrinkage selection operator Cox regression analysis. Subsequently, the clinical application of risk model in prognosis prediction, tumor microenvironment (TME) and drug sensitivity was comprehensively evaluated. The expression levels of genes were measured by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Finally, the role of the genes of this risk model in biological behaviors of RCC cells was further verified via CCK-8, transwell invasion and wound healing assay.

Results

A risk model, including 9 PGs, was established. The risk model exhibited a robust and accurate performance in prognostic prediction across TCGA, GSE167573 and the local cohorts. Moreover, the risk model was closely correlated with clinical characteristics, TME and drug sensitivity. Silencing of the key genes attenuated the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of RCC cells.

Conclusion

The novel peroxisome-related risk model holds promise as a prognostic tool for estimating the prognosis of ccRCC patients and provides insights into treatment strategies.

Potentials of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, β/δ, and γ: An in-depth and comprehensive review of their molecular mechanisms, cellular Signalling, immune responses and therapeutic implications in multiple diseases

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), ligand-activated transcription factors, have emerged as a key regulator of various biological processes, underscoring their relevance in the pathophysiology and treatment of numerous diseases. PPARs are primarily recognized for their critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism, which underpins their therapeutic applications in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Beyond metabolic disorders, they have gained attention for their involvement in immune modulation, making them potential targets for autoimmune-related inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, PPAR's ability to regulate proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis has positioned them as promising candidates in oncology. Their anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties further highlight their potential in dermatological and cardiovascular conditions, where dysregulated inflammatory responses contribute to disease progression. Recent advancements have elucidated the molecular mechanisms of different PPAR isoforms, including their regulation of key signalling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, which are crucial in inflammation and cellular stress responses. Additionally, their interactions with co-factors and post-translational modifications further diversify their functional roles. The therapeutic potential of various PPAR agonists has been extensively explored, although challenges related to side effects and target specificity remain. This growing body of evidence underscores the significance of PPARs in understanding the molecular basis of diseases and advancing therapeutic interventions, paving way for targeted treatment approach across a wide spectrum of medical conditions. Here, we provide a comprehensive and detailed perspective of PPARs and their potential across different health conditions to advance our understanding, elucidate underlying mechanisms, and facilitate the development of potential treatment strategies.

The role of plasma-derived small extracellular vesicles in pre-metastatic niche formation through modulation of macrophages in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Metastases are associated with poor survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important drivers in tumour progression and metastasis formation. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are another important factor that contribute to systemic immunosuppression and pre-metastatic niche formation. Here, we investigate the effect of plasma sEVs from HNSCC patients on pre-metastatic niche formation, directly or through modulation of macrophages.

METHODS

Primary macrophages were incubated with sEVs from plasma of HNSCC patients or healthy donors (HD). RNA profiles and inflammatory properties of macrophages were evaluated. Direct and indirect effects of sEVs on chemotaxis, T cell activation, proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumour cells were investigated.

RESULTS

sEVs of HNSCC patients and HD induced different RNA profiles in macrophages. sEVs induced apoptosis and inhibition of T cell activation, while tumour cells were attracted by sEV-treated macrophages, but not sEVs directly. Proliferation was inhibited by both, sEVs and supernatant of EV-treated macrophages in HNSCC. Additionally, EMT in tumour cells was reversed by HNSCC sEV-treated macrophages.

CONCLUSION

sEVs from plasma of HNSCC patients transformed macrophages into metastasis-promoting TAMs and inhibited anti-tumour T cells, highlighting the potential of sEVs and TAMs as targets for therapeutic approaches.

The Role of Perirenal Adipose Tissue in Carcinogenesis-From Molecular Mechanism to Therapeutic Perspectives

Perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT) exhibits particular morphological features, with its activity being mainly related to thermogenesis. However, an expanded PRAT area seems to play a significant role in cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease pathogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that PRAT may support cancer progression and invasion, mainly in obese patients. The mechanism underlying these processes is of dysregulation of PRAT's secretion of adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, apelin, omentin-1, vistatin, nesfatin-1, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulated by tumor cells. Cancer cells may also induce a metabolic reprogramming of perirenal adipocytes, leading to increased lipids and lactate transfer to the tumor microenvironment, contributing to cancer growth in a hypoxic milieu. In addition, the PRAT browning process has been specifically detected in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), being characterized by upregulated expression of brown/beige adipocytes markers (UCP1, PPAR-ɣ, c/EBPα, and PGC1α) and downregulated white fat cells markers, such as LEPTIN, SHOX2, HOXC8, and HOXC9. Considering its multifaceted role in cancer, modulation of PRAT's role in tumor progression may open new directions for oncologic therapy improvement. Considering the increasing evidence of the relationship between PRAT and tumor cells, our review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the perirenal adipocytes' impact on tumor progression and metastasis.

Tools to Dissect Lipid Droplet Regulation, Players, and Mechanisms

Spurred by the authors' own recent discovery of reactive metabolite-regulated nexuses involving lipid droplets (LDs), this perspective discusses the latest knowledge and multifaceted approaches toward deconstructing the function of these dynamic organelles, LD-associated localized signaling networks, and protein players. Despite accumulating knowledge surrounding protein families and pathways of conserved importance for LD homeostasis surveillance and maintenance across taxa, much remains to be understood at the molecular level. In particular, metabolic stress-triggered contextual changes in LD-proteins' localized functions, crosstalk with other organelles, and feedback signaling loops and how these are specifically rewired in disease states remain to be illuminated with spatiotemporal precision. We hope this perspective promotes an increased interest in these essential organelles and innovations of new tools and strategies to better understand context-specific LD regulation critical for organismal health.

Lipid metabolism: the potential therapeutic targets in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is a highly malignant tumor of the central nervous system with a high mortality rate. The mechanisms driving glioblastoma onset and progression are complex, posing substantial challenges for developing precise therapeutic interventions to improve patient survival. Over a century ago, the discovery of the Warburg effect underscored the importance of abnormal glycolysis in tumors, marking a pivotal moment in cancer research. Subsequent studies have identified mitochondrial energy conversion as a fundamental driver of tumor growth. Recently, lipid metabolism has emerged as a critical factor in cancer cell survival, providing an alternative energy source. Research has shown that lipid metabolism is reprogrammed in glioblastoma, playing a vital role in shaping the biological behavior of tumor cells. In this review, we aim to elucidate the impact of lipid metabolism on glioblastoma tumorigenesis and explore potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, we provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms that govern lipid metabolism, emphasizing the critical roles of key genes and regulators involved in this essential metabolic process.

Oxidative Stress and Reprogramming of Lipid Metabolism in Cancers

Oxidative stress is a common event involved in cancer pathophysiology, frequently accompanied by unique lipid metabolic reprogramming phenomena. Oxidative stress is caused mainly by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant system in cancer cells. Emerging evidence has reported that oxidative stress regulates the expression and activity of lipid metabolism-related enzymes, leading to the alteration of cellular lipid metabolism; this involves a significant increase in fatty acid synthesis and a shift in the way in which lipids are taken up and utilized. The dysregulation of lipid metabolism provides abundant intermediates to synthesize biological macromolecules for the rapid proliferation of cancer cells; moreover, it contributes to the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis by producing a variety of reducing agents. Moreover, lipid derivatives and metabolites play critical roles in signal transduction within cancer cells and in the tumor microenvironment that evades immune destruction and facilitates tumor invasion and metastasis. These findings suggest a close relationship between oxidative stress and lipid metabolism during the malignant progression of cancers. This review focuses on the crosstalk between the redox system and lipid metabolic reprogramming, which provides an in-depth insight into the modulation of ROS on lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancers and discusses potential strategies for targeting lipid metabolism for cancer therapy.

The role of lipids and lipids lowering drugs in human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV-associated cancers

Both women and men are now confronted with the grave threat of cancers caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). It is estimated that 80% of women may encounter HPV over their lives. In the preponderance of cases involving anal, head and neck, oral, oropharyngeal, penile, vaginal, vulvar, and cervical malignancies, high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) is the causative agent. In 2019, HPV is believed to have been the cause of 620,000 new cases of cancer in women and 70,000 new cases of cancer in men worldwide. The bulk of the 530,000 cervical cancer cases (~ 270,000 fatalities) caused by HPV infection (86% of cases, 88% of deaths) happen in poor nations each year. Lipid metabolism is crucial in HPV infection and cancer development related to HPV. One of the most noticeable metabolic abnormalities in cancer is lipid metabolism reprogramming, in which cancer cells dysregulate lipid metabolism to obtain sufficient energy, building blocks for cell membranes, and signaling molecules necessary for invasion, metastasis, proliferation, and survival. Moreover, HPV proteins' stimulation of lipid production in infected cells will probably have a significant effect on oncogenesis. In addition, lipids are critical in producing cellular energy, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and therapy resistance of HPV-related cancers (HRCs). Therefore, lipids are essential in HPV infection and HRC development and may also be an important target for new approaches associated with treatments during HPV infection or cancer development. This review study looked at the role of lipids and lipid-lowering drugs in HPV and related cancers.

Exploring the mechanism of rosmarinic acid in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma based on bioinformatics methods and experimental validation

OBJECTIVE

Rosmarinic acid (RosA) is a natural polyphenol compound that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory disease and a variety of malignant tumors. However, its specific mechanism for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the mechanism of RosA in the treatment of LUAD by integrating bioinformatics, network pharmacology and in vivo experiments, and to explore the potential of the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine in treating LUAD.

METHODS

Firstly, the network pharmacology was used to screen the RosA targets, and LUAD-related differential expressed genes (DEGs) were acquired from the GEO database. The intersection of LUAD regulated by RosA (RDEGs) was obtained through the Venn diagram. Secondly, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of RDEGs were performed, and protein-protein interaction networks (PPIs) were constructed to identify and visualize hub RDEGs. Then, molecular docking between hub RDEGs and RosA was performed, and further evaluation was carried out by using bioinformatics for the predictive value of the hub RDEGs. Finally, the mechanism of RosA in the treatment of LUAD was verified by establishing a xenograft model of NSCLC in nude mouse.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics and other analysis showed that, compared with the control group, the expressions of MMP-1, MMP-9, IGFBP3 and PLAU in LUAD tissues were significantly up-regulated, and the expressions of PPARG and FABP4 were significantly down-regulated, and these hub RDEGs had potential predictive value for LUAD. In vivo experimental results showed that RosA could inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors in nude mice bearing tumors of lung cancer cells, reduce the positive expression of Ki67 in lung tumor tissue, and hinder the proliferation of lung tumor cells. Upregulated expression of PPARG and FABP4 by activating the PPAR signaling pathway increases the level of ROS in lung tumor tissues and promotes apoptosis of lung tumor cells. In addition, RosA can also reduce the expression of MMP-9 and IGFBP3, inhibit the migration and invasion of lung tumor tissue cells.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that RosA could induce apoptosis by regulating the PPAR signaling pathway and the expression of MMP-9, inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of lung cancer cells, thereby exerting anti-LUAD effects. This study provides new insight into the potential mechanism of RosA in treating LUAD and provides a new therapeutic avenue for treatment of LUAD.

Interplay of Transcriptomic Regulation, Microbiota, and Signaling Pathways in Lung and Gut Inflammation-Induced Tumorigenesis

Inflammation can positively and negatively affect tumorigenesis based on the duration, scope, and sequence of related events through the regulation of signaling pathways. A transcriptomic analysis of five pulmonary arterial hypertension, twelve Crohn's disease, and twelve ulcerative colitis high throughput sequencing datasets using R language specialized libraries and gene enrichment analyses identified a regulatory network in each inflammatory disease. IRF9 and LINC01089 in pulmonary arterial hypertension are related to the regulation of signaling pathways like MAPK, NOTCH, human papillomavirus, and hepatitis c infection. ZNF91 and TP53TG1 in Crohn's disease are related to the regulation of PPAR, MAPK, and metabolic signaling pathways. ZNF91, VDR, DLEU1, SATB2-AS1, and TP53TG1 in ulcerative colitis are related to the regulation of PPAR, AMPK, and metabolic signaling pathways. The activation of the transcriptomic network and signaling pathways might be related to the interaction of the characteristic microbiota of the inflammatory disease, with the lung and gut cell receptors present in membrane rafts and complexes. The transcriptomic analysis highlights the impact of several coding and non-coding RNAs, suggesting their relationship with the unlocking of cell phenotypic plasticity for the acquisition of the hallmarks of cancer during lung and gut cell adaptation to inflammatory phenotypes.

Clinical Relevance and Drug Modulation of PPAR Signaling Pathway in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly heterogeneous and poses a significant medical challenge due to limited treatment options and poor outcomes. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play a crucial role in regulating metabolism and cell fate. While the association between PPAR signal and human cancers has been a topic of concern, its specific relationship with TNBC remains unclear. Integrated analysis of large published datasets from clinical cohorts and cell lines through databases has proven to be a powerful and essential approach for understanding cancer and uncovering new molecular targets. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study investigating the clinical relevance and drug modulation of the PPAR signaling pathway in TNBC, using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for TNBC patients and Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) for TNBC cell lines, along with drug perturbation information from Connectivity Map (CMap). In the TCGA-TNBC cohort, higher PPAR signaling activity was not associated with clinical stage, prognosis, tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, homologous recombination deficiency, stemness, or proliferation status. However, it was linked to older age; an elevated rate of piccolo presynaptic cytomatrix protein (PCLO) mutations; and oncogenic signal transduction involving MAPK, Ras, and PI3K-Akt pathways. Additionally, it influenced biological pathways including fatty acid metabolism, AMPK signaling, and ferroptosis. Strikingly, higher PPAR activity appeared to promote the formation of an antitumor immune and microbial microenvironment. In the GDSC-TNBC cells, nevertheless, it seemed to incur chemoresistance. Furthermore, we identified a batch of potential compounds that can regulate the PPAR signaling pathway. Lastly, our experimental validation demonstrated the ability of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor chidamide to activate the PPAR signal in TNBC cells. In conclusion, the PPAR signaling pathway likely has pleiotropic biological effects in TNBC. These preliminary but interesting findings enhance our understanding of the role played by PPAR signal and provide new insights into the heterogeneity driven by it in TNBC.

Zbtb7b defines a compensatory mechanism in MASLD-related HCC progression by suppressing H19-mediated hepatic lipid deposition

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a widely prevalent type of primary liver cancer. However, strategies for pretumor intervention are still limited. In this study, a liver-specific Zbtb7b knockout mouse model was used to evaluate the role of Zbtb7b in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)-related HCC development. We revealed that Zbtb7b was compensatively increased and restricted lipid deposition in the liver during MASLD progression, which protects against MASLD-related HCC initiation. Mechanistically, Zbtb7b suppresses the expression of the long noncoding RNA H19 to attenuate hepatic de novo lipogenesis and increase fatty acid oxidation, thereby preventing lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. As a result, the proliferation and migration abilities of HCC cells are reduced. Overall, we demonstrated that Zbtb7b serves as a tumor suppressor at an early stage of HCC, thus providing a promising target for the treatment of HCC at a premalignant stage.

Cross-talk between adipose tissue and microbiota-gut-brain-axis in brain development and neurological disorder

The gut microbiota is an important factor responsible for the physiological processes as well as pathogenesis of host. The communication between central nervous system (CNS) and microbiota occurs by different pathways i.e., chemical, neural, immune, and endocrine. Alteration in gut microbiota i.e., gut dysbiosis causes alteration in the bidirectional communication between CNS and gut microbiota and linked to the pathogenesis of neurological and neurodevelopmental disorder. Therefore, now-a-days microbiota-gut-brain-axis (MGBA) has emerged as therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disorder. But, experimental data available on MGBA from basic research has limited application in clinical study. In present study we first summarized molecular mechanism of microbiota interaction with brain physiology and pathogenesis via collecting data from different sources i.e., PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science. Furthermore, evidence shows that adipose tissue (AT) is active during metabolic activities and may also interact with MGBA. Hence, in present study we have focused on the relationship among MGBA, brown adipose tissue, and white adipose tissue. Along with this, we have also studied functional specificity of AT, and understanding heterogeneity among MGBA and different types of AT. Therefore, molecular interaction among them may provide therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disorder.

Fucoidan alleviates hepatic lipid deposition by modulating the Perk-Eif2α-Atf4 axis via Sirt1 activation in Acanthopagrus schlegelii

With the increasing use of high-fat diets (HFD), fatty liver disease has become common in fish, and fucoidan is of interest as a natural sulfated polysaccharide with lipid-lowering activity. To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of fucoidan's alleviation of HFD-induced lipid deposition in liver, black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) was used to construct in vivo and in vitro HFD models. In vivo HFD stimulated the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (Perk) pathway, and up-regulated proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) nuclear translocation and expression of lipogenic genes, while it down-regulated Ppar alpha (Pparα) nuclear translocation and expression of lipolytic genes. However, fucoidan reversed these effects of HFD and significantly alleviated HFD-induced lipid accumulation in liver. Moreover, after sirtuin 1 (sirt1) knockdown, these effects of fucoidan disappeared. In the in vitro HFD model, GSK2606414 (GSK)-specific inhibition of the Perk pathway, decreased Pparγ nuclear translocation and increased Pparα nuclear translocation. Overall, fucoidan mitigated HFD-induced, Perk pathway-mediated lipid deposition in the liver of black seabream by activating Sirt1. The findings provided a new prospect for the application of green polysaccharides in aquatic animal feeds.

Changes in Gut Microbial Composition and DNA Methylation in Obese Patients with NAFLD After Bariatric Surgery

This study investigates the effects of bariatric surgery on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by examining the interplay between gut microbiota, epigenetics, and metabolic health. A cohort of 22 patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy (SG) was analyzed for changes in gut microbial composition and DNA methylation profiles before and six months after surgery. Correlations between gut microbial abundance and clinical markers at baseline revealed that certain genera were associated with worse metabolic health and liver markers. Following SG, significant improvements were observed in the clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters of the NAFLD patients. Although alpha-diversity indices (i.e., Chao1, Simpson, Shannon) did not show significant changes, beta-diversity analysis revealed a slight shift in microbial composition (PERMANOVA, p = 0.036). Differential abundance analysis identified significant changes in specific bacterial taxa, including an increase in beneficial Lactobacillus species such as Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners and a decrease in harmful taxa like Erysipelotrichia. Additionally, DNA methylation analysis revealed 609 significant differentially methylated CpG sites between the baseline values and six months post-surgery, with notable enrichment in genes related to the autophagy pathway, such as IRS4 and ATG4B. The results highlight the individualized responses to bariatric surgery and underscore the potential for personalized treatment strategies. In conclusion, integrating gut microbiota and epigenetic factors into NAFLD management could enhance treatment outcomes, suggesting that future research should explore microbiome-targeted therapies and long-term follow-ups on liver health post-surgery.

Probiotics as Potential Tool to Mitigate Nucleotide Metabolism Alterations Induced by DiNP Dietary Exposure in Danio rerio

Diisononyl phthalate, classified as endocrine disruptor, has been investigate to trigger lipid biosynthesis in both mammalian and teleostean animal models. Despite this, little is known about the effects of DiNP exposure at tolerable daily intake level and the possible mechanisms of its toxicity. Probiotics, on the other hand, were demonstrated to have beneficial effects on the organism's metabolism and recently emerged as a possible tool to mitigate the EDC toxicity. In the present study, using a metabolomic approach, the potential hepatic sex-related toxicity of DiNP was investigated in adult zebrafish together with the mitigating action of the probiotic formulation SLAB51, which has already demonstrated its ability to ameliorate gastrointestinal pathologies in animals including humans. Zebrafish were exposed for 28 days to 50 µg/kg body weight (bw)/day of DiNP (DiNP) through their diet and treated with 109 CFU/g bw of SLAB51 (P) and the combination of DiNP and SLAB51 (DiNP + P), and the results were compared to those of an untreated control group (C). DiNP reduced AMP, IMP, and GMP in the purine metabolism, while such alterations were not observed in the DiNP + P group, for which the phenotype overlapped that of C fish. In addition, in male, DiNP reduced UMP and CMP levels in the pyrimidine metabolism, while the co-administration of probiotic shifted the DiNP + P metabolic phenotype toward that of P male and closed to C male, suggesting the beneficial effects of probiotics also in male fish. Overall, these results provide the first evidence of the disruptive actions of DiNP on hepatic nucleotide metabolism and mitigating action of the probiotic to reduce a DiNP-induced response in a sex-related manner.

The Versatile Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Immune-Mediated Intestinal Diseases

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that sense lipophilic molecules and act as transcription factors to regulate target genes. PPARs have been implicated in the regulation of innate immunity, glucose and lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, wound healing, and fibrotic processes. Some synthetic PPAR ligands are promising molecules for the treatment of inflammatory and fibrotic processes in immune-mediated intestinal diseases. Some of these are currently undergoing or have previously undergone clinical trials. Dietary PPAR ligands and changes in microbiota composition could modulate PPARs' activation to reduce inflammatory responses in these immune-mediated diseases, based on animal models and clinical trials. This narrative review aims to summarize the role of PPARs in immune-mediated bowel diseases and their potential therapeutic use.

The Tumor Suppressor Par-4 Regulates Adipogenesis by Transcriptional Repression of PPARγ

Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4, also known as PAWR) is a ubiquitously expressed tumor suppressor protein that induces apoptosis selectively in cancer cells, while leaving normal cells unaffected. Our previous studies indicated that genetic loss of Par-4 promoted hepatic steatosis, adiposity, and insulin-resistance in chow-fed mice. Moreover, low plasma levels of Par-4 are associated with obesity in human subjects. The mechanisms underlying obesity in rodents and humans are multi-faceted, and those associated with adipogenesis can be functionally resolved in cell cultures. We therefore used pluripotent mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or preadipocyte cell lines responsive to adipocyte differentiation cues to determine the potential role of Par-4 in adipocytes. We report that pluripotent MEFs from Par-4-/- mice underwent rapid differentiation to mature adipocytes with an increase in lipid droplet accumulation relative to MEFs from Par-4+/+ mice. Knockdown of Par-4 in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cultures by RNA-interference induced rapid differentiation to mature adipocytes. Interestingly, basal expression of PPARγ, a master regulator of de novo lipid synthesis and adipogenesis, was induced during adipogenesis in the cell lines, and PPARγ induction and adipogenesis caused by Par-4 loss was reversed by replenishment of Par-4. Mechanistically, Par-4 downregulates PPARγ expression by directly binding to its upstream promoter, as judged by chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase-reporter studies. Thus, Par-4 transcriptionally suppresses the PPARγ promoter to regulate adipogenesis.

mTORC2 knockdown mediates lipid metabolism to alleviate hyperlipidemic pancreatitis through PPARα

Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis (HP) is an inflammatory injury of the pancreas triggered by elevated serum triglyceride (TG) levels. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating lipid homeostasis and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate whether the activity of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) affects the progression of HP and its underlying mechanisms. In vivo, a high-fat diet and retrograde administration of sodium taurocholate were employed to establish the HP models in rats, with pancreatic tissue pathology evaluated. The expression of Rictor and peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor (PPAR) was examined. The serum levels of TG, fatty acid metabolites, inflammatory and lipid metabolism-related factors were determined. In vitro, pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) were exposed to palmitic acid and cholecystokinin-8. PAC apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis were assessed. In the HP models, rats and PACs exhibited upregulated Rictor and downregulated PPARα, and Rictor knockdown promoted PPARα expression. In vivo, Rictor knockdown decreased the serum levels of TG, α-amylase, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and inflammatory factors, while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Rictor knockdown increased ACOX1 and CPT1α and decreased SREBP-1, CD36, SCD1, ACLY, and ACACA. Rictor knockdown reduced damage to pancreatic tissue structure. In vitro, Rictor knockdown inhibited PAC apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Treatment with the PPARα antagonist GW6471 abolished the beneficial effects of Rictor knockdown. Rictor/mTORC2 deficiency reduces serum TG levels, maintains lipid homeostasis, and suppresses inflammation by inhibiting PPARα expression. Weakening mTORC2 activity holds promise as a novel therapeutic strategy for HP.

Current advances in cancer energy metabolism under dietary restriction: a mini review

The manipulation of the energy or source of food for cancer cells has attracted significant attention in oncology research. Metabolic reprogramming of the immune system allows for a deeper understanding of cancer cell mechanisms, thereby impeding their progression. A more targeted approach is the restriction of cancer cells through dietary restriction (CR), which deprives cancer cells of the preferred energy sources within the tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing immune cell efficacy. Although there is a plethora of CR strategies that can be employed to impede cancer progression, there is currently no comprehensive review that delineates the specific dietary restrictions that target the diverse metabolic pathways of cancer cells. This mini-review introduces amino acids as anti-cancer agents and discusses the role of dietary interventions in cancer prevention and treatment. It highlights the potential of a ketogenic diet as a therapeutic approach for cancer, elucidating its distinct mechanisms of action in tumor progression. Additionally, the potential of plant-based diets as anti-cancer agents and the role of polyphenols and vitamins in anti-cancer therapy were also discussed, along with some prospective interventions for CR as anti-tumor progression.

Transmembrane protein TMEM230, regulator of metalloproteins and motor proteins in gliomas and gliosis

Glial cells provide physical and chemical support and protection for neurons and for the extracellular compartments of neural tissue through secretion of soluble factors, insoluble scaffolds, and vesicles. Additionally, glial cells have regenerative capacity by remodeling their physical microenvironment and changing physiological properties of diverse cell types in their proximity. Various types of aberrant glial and macrophage cells are associated with human diseases, disorders, and malignancy. We previously demonstrated that transmembrane protein, TMEM230 has tissue revascularization and regenerating capacity by its ability to secrete pro-angiogenic factors and metalloproteinases, inducing endothelial cell sprouting and channel formation. In healthy normal neural tissue, TMEM230 is predominantly expressed in glial and marcophate cells, suggesting a prominent role in neural tissue homeostasis. TMEM230 regulation of the endomembrane system was supported by co-expression with RNASET2 (lysosome, mitochondria, and vesicles) and STEAP family members (Golgi complex). Intracellular trafficking and extracellular secretion of glial cellular components are associated with endocytosis, exocytosis and phagocytosis mediated by motor proteins. Trafficked components include metalloproteins, metalloproteinases, glycans, and glycoconjugate processing and digesting enzymes that function in phagosomes and vesicles to regulate normal neural tissue microenvironment, homeostasis, stress response, and repair following neural tissue injury or degeneration. Aberrantly high sustained levels TMEM230 promotes metalloprotein expression, trafficking and secretion which contribute to tumor associated infiltration and hypervascularization of high tumor grade gliomas. Following injury of the central nervous or peripheral systems, transcient regulated upregulation of TMEM230 promotes tissue wound healing, remodeling and revascularization by activating glial and macrophage generated microchannels/microtubules (referred to as vascular mimicry) and blood vessel sprouting and branching. Our results support that TMEM230 may act as a master regulator of motor protein mediated trafficking and compartmentalization of a large class of metalloproteins in gliomas and gliosis.

Inferring Bladder Cancer Evolution from Mucosal field Effects by Whole-Organ Spatial Mutational, Proteomic, and Metabolomic Mapping

Multi-platform mutational, proteomic, and metabolomic spatial mapping was used on the whole-organ scale to identify the molecular evolution of bladder cancer from mucosal field effects. We identified complex proteomic and metabolomic dysregulations in microscopically normal areas of bladder mucosa adjacent to dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The mutational landscape developed in a background of complex defects of protein homeostasis which included dysregulated nucleocytoplasmic transport, splicesome, ribosome biogenesis, and peroxisome. These changes were combined with altered urothelial differentiation which involved lipid metabolism and protein degradations controlled by PPAR. The complex alterations of proteome were accompanied by dysregulation of gluco-lipid energy-related metabolism. The analysis of mutational landscape identified three types of mutations based on their geographic distribution and variant allele frequencies. The most common were low frequency α mutations restricted to individual mucosal samples. The two other groups of mutations were associated with clonal expansion. The first of this group referred to as β mutations occurred at low frequencies across the mucosa. The second of this group called γ mutations increased in frequency with disease progression. Modeling of the mutations revealed that carcinogenesis may span nearly 30 years and can be divided into dormant and progressive phases. The α mutations developed gradually in the dormant phase. The progressive phase lasted approximately five years and was signified by the advent of β mutations, but it was driven by γ mutations which developed during the last 2-3 years of disease progression to invasive cancer. Our study indicates that the understanding of complex alterations involving mucosal microenvironment initiating bladder carcinogenesis can be inferred from the multi-platform whole-organ mapping.