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Warner J, Stocker R, Brandt K, Crabtree DR, Ormond L, Stevenson E, Holliday A. Appetite, food intake, and gut hormone responses to glycomacropeptide protein ingestion in older adults: A feasibility, acceptability, and pilot study. Appetite 2024:107509. [PMID: 38795943 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Glycomacropeptide (GMP) has a unique amino acid profile which may make less satiating than other dietary proteins. This study assessed the feasibility and likely acceptability of a leucine-enriched GMP drink and determined appetite response in older adults (OA). Thirteen OA (11f; 70±4 years) were recruited for sensory assessments of a leucine-enriched GMP drink when mixed with water and with fruit smoothie, compared with whey protein isolate (WHEY). Participants also partook in a single focus group exploring acceptability to protein and supplementation. Separately, a counterbalanced, double-blind study with twelve OA (8f; 69±3 years) was conducted to determine appetite and gut hormone responses. Fasting subjective appetite was recorded using visual analogue scales and a fasted venous blood sample was collected (to measures acyl-ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, and CCK) before participants consumed either: GMP protein (27g + 3g leucine, 350mL water), WHEY (30g, 350mL water), or water. Participants rested for 240minutes, with appetite measures and blood sampling throughout. An ad libitum pasta-based meal was then consumed. Sensory testing revealed low pleasantness rating for GMP in water vs. WHEY (16±14 vs 31±24, p=0.016). GMP addition to smoothie reduced pleasantness (26±21 vs. 61±29, p=0.009) and worsened the aroma (46±15 vs. 69±28, p=0.014). The focus group revealed uncertainty of protein needs and a scepticism of supplements, with preference for food. Gut hormone response did not differ between GMP and WHEY (nAUC for all gut hormones p>0.05). There was no difference between conditions for lunch ad libitum intake (549±171 kcal, 512±238 kcal, 460±199 kcal for GMP, WHEY, and water, p=0.175), or for subjective appetite response. Leucine-enriched GMP was not less satiating than WHEY, and low palatability and scepticism of supplements question the likely acceptability of GMP supplementation. Providing trusted nutritional advice and food enrichment/fortification may be preferred strategies for increasing protein intake in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Warner
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachel Stocker
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsten Brandt
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Emma Stevenson
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adrian Holliday
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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2
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Tan S, Santolaya JL, Wright TF, Liu Q, Fujikawa T, Chi S, Bergstrom CP, Lopez A, Chen Q, Vale G, McDonald JG, Schmidt A, Vo N, Kim J, Baniasadi H, Li L, Zhu G, He TC, Zhan X, Obata Y, Jin A, Jia D, Elmquist JK, Sifuentes-Dominguez L, Burstein E. Interaction between the gut microbiota and colonic enteroendocrine cells regulates host metabolism. Nat Metab 2024:10.1038/s42255-024-01044-5. [PMID: 38777856 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nutrient handling is an essential function of the gastrointestinal tract. Hormonal responses of small intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs) have been extensively studied but much less is known about the role of colonic EECs in metabolic regulation. To address this core question, we investigated a mouse model deficient in colonic EECs. Here we show that colonic EEC deficiency leads to hyperphagia and obesity. Furthermore, colonic EEC deficiency results in altered microbiota composition and metabolism, which we found through antibiotic treatment, germ-free rederivation and transfer to germ-free recipients, to be both necessary and sufficient for the development of obesity. Moreover, studying stool and blood metabolomes, we show that differential glutamate production by intestinal microbiota corresponds to increased appetite and that colonic glutamate administration can directly increase food intake. These observations shed light on an unanticipated host-microbiota axis in the colon, part of a larger gut-brain axis, that regulates host metabolism and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Tan
- Department of Endocrinology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, P. R. China.
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Jacobo L Santolaya
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany Freeney Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Teppei Fujikawa
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sensen Chi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Colin P Bergstrom
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Adam Lopez
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Goncalo Vale
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Human Nutrition, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Schmidt
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nguyen Vo
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hamid Baniasadi
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Gaohui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Rare Diseases in Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Peter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yuuki Obata
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aishun Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Ezra Burstein
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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3
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Ma L, Bai Y, Liu J, Gong K, He Q, Zhao J, Suo Y, Wang W, Chen G, Lu Z. The therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine on insulin resistance in obese mice by modulating intestinal functions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30379. [PMID: 38765147 PMCID: PMC11101725 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity, mainly caused by excessive accumulation of visceral fat, excessive fat metabolism will cause hormone secretion imbalance and inflammation and other diseases. is extremely detrimental to human health. Although many treatments are available for obesity, most treatments fail to exert a radical effect or are associated with several side effects. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for regulating the intestinal flora, lipid content and inflammation is considered effective. Based on previous studies, Artemisia capillaris, Astragalus propinquus, Phellodendron amurense, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Poria cocos, and Anemarrhena asphodeloides were selected to prepare an innovative herbal formula. Methods TCM was characterized by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. The anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects of the TCM formula prepared were evaluated in a high-fat diet-fed obese mouse model. The effects of the TCM formula on the intestinal flora were also investigated. Results Weights and insulin resistance, as well as inflammation, decreased in the mice after treatment. At the same time, lipid metabolism increased after the mice were gavaged with the TCM formula for 2 weeks. The intestinal motility of the drug administration group was enhanced, with partial restoration of the intestinal flora. Conclusion In summary, our innovative Chinese herbal formula significantly reduced weight, reduced intestinal inflammation, improved intestinal motility, and improved lipid metabolism in obese mice. Furthermore, the innovative formula effectively prevented relevant obesity-induced metastatic diseases in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Ma
- Yinchuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Yongquan Bai
- Department of Bio-pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Yinchuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Kaimin Gong
- Yinchuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Qirui He
- Yinchuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Jintao Zhao
- Yinchuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Yina Suo
- Yinchuan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Bio-pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Translational Medicine Center of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
- Department of Bio-pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zifan Lu
- Translational Medicine Center of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
- Department of Bio-pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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4
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Salehi Z, Rahbarinejad P, Ghosn B, Azadbakht L. Association of quality and quantity of macronutrients intake with obesity, new anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index in Tehranian women. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:3237-3250. [PMID: 38726395 PMCID: PMC11077202 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study examines the association between micronutrient intake, anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index among Tehranian women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 556 Tehranian women. Dietary intake was measured using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Biochemical assessment and anthropometric indices were measured, and demographic information and physical activity were collected. Results Participants with the highest intake of carbohydrates were more prone to obesity. Conversely, those in the top tertile for protein intake had a lower likelihood of obesity and higher levels of lipid accumulation product (LAP). The highest fat consumers had a 63% decreased chance of having a high Castelli's Risk Index 1 (CRI-1). A higher glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were linked to an increased probability of a high atherogenic coefficient (AC). Women in the top tertile of GL were significantly more likely to be obese and had lower odds for high LAP. Participants in the top tertile of aromatic amino acids/branched chain amino acids (AAA/BCAA) had significantly lower chances of high CRI-1 and a high atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Those in the highest tertile of monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA) had lower odds of obesity and high AIP. Conclusions The amount of carbohydrate (g) and protein intake (%), dietary GL, and the ratio of MUFA to PUFA were associated with obesity. The amount of fat intake (g) and AAA/BCAA indices were associated with CRI-1. LAP decreased with an increase in GL. AC increased with an increase in GI and GL. AAA/BCAA and MUFA/PUFA were associated with AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salehi
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Pegah Rahbarinejad
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Batoul Ghosn
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Diabetes Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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5
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Gao J, Zhang S, Deng P, Wu Z, Lemaitre B, Zhai Z, Guo Z. Dietary L-Glu sensing by enteroendocrine cells adjusts food intake via modulating gut PYY/NPF secretion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3514. [PMID: 38664401 PMCID: PMC11045819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid availability is monitored by animals to adapt to their nutritional environment. Beyond gustatory receptors and systemic amino acid sensors, enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are believed to directly percept dietary amino acids and secrete regulatory peptides. However, the cellular machinery underlying amino acid-sensing by EECs and how EEC-derived hormones modulate feeding behavior remain elusive. Here, by developing tools to specifically manipulate EECs, we find that Drosophila neuropeptide F (NPF) from mated female EECs inhibits feeding, similar to human PYY. Mechanistically, dietary L-Glutamate acts through the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR to decelerate calcium oscillations in EECs, thereby causing reduced NPF secretion via dense-core vesicles. Furthermore, two dopaminergic enteric neurons expressing NPFR perceive EEC-derived NPF and relay an anorexigenic signal to the brain. Thus, our findings provide mechanistic insights into how EECs assess food quality and identify a conserved mode of action that explains how gut NPF/PYY modulates food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Gao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zhigang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zongzhao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Alonso AM, Cork SC, Phuah P, Hansen B, Norton M, Cheng S, Xu X, Suba K, Ma Y, Dowsett GK, Tadross JA, Lam BY, Yeo GS, Herzog H, Bloom SR, Arnold M, Distaso W, Murphy KG, Salem V. The vagus nerve mediates the physiological but not pharmacological effects of PYY 3-36 on food intake. Mol Metab 2024; 81:101895. [PMID: 38340808 PMCID: PMC10877939 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY3-36) is a post-prandially released gut hormone with potent appetite-reducing activity, the mechanism of action of which is not fully understood. Unravelling how this system physiologically regulates food intake may help unlock its therapeutic potential, whilst minimising unwanted effects. Here we demonstrate that germline and post-natal targeted knockdown of the PYY3-36 preferring receptor (neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptor (Y2R)) in the afferent vagus nerve is required for the appetite inhibitory effects of physiologically-released PYY3-36, but not peripherally administered pharmacological doses. Post-natal knockdown of the Y2R results in a transient body weight phenotype that is not evident in the germline model. Loss of vagal Y2R signalling also results in altered meal patterning associated with accelerated gastric emptying. These results are important for the design of PYY-based anti-obesity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldara Martin Alonso
- Section of Investigative Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Cork
- Section of Investigative Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine & Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Phyllis Phuah
- Section of Investigative Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Hansen
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Norton
- Section of Investigative Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sijing Cheng
- Section of Investigative Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kinga Suba
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yue Ma
- Section of Investigative Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Kc Dowsett
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Tadross
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Yh Lam
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Sh Yeo
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Walter Distaso
- Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Section of Investigative Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Salem
- Section of Investigative Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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7
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Ramasamy I. Physiological Appetite Regulation and Bariatric Surgery. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1347. [PMID: 38546831 PMCID: PMC10932430 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity remains a common metabolic disorder and a threat to health as it is associated with numerous complications. Lifestyle modifications and caloric restriction can achieve limited weight loss. Bariatric surgery is an effective way of achieving substantial weight loss as well as glycemic control secondary to weight-related type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been suggested that an anorexigenic gut hormone response following bariatric surgery contributes to weight loss. Understanding the changes in gut hormones and their contribution to weight loss physiology can lead to new therapeutic treatments for weight loss. Two distinct types of neurons in the arcuate hypothalamic nuclei control food intake: proopiomelanocortin neurons activated by the anorexigenic (satiety) hormones and neurons activated by the orexigenic peptides that release neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide (hunger centre). The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus integrates hormonal inputs from the gut and adipose tissue (the anorexigenic hormones cholecystokinin, polypeptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, leptin, and others) and orexigeneic peptides (ghrelin). Replicating the endocrine response to bariatric surgery through pharmacological mimicry holds promise for medical treatment. Obesity has genetic and environmental factors. New advances in genetic testing have identified both monogenic and polygenic obesity-related genes. Understanding the function of genes contributing to obesity will increase insights into the biology of obesity. This review includes the physiology of appetite control, the influence of genetics on obesity, and the changes that occur following bariatric surgery. This has the potential to lead to the development of more subtle, individualised, treatments for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Ramasamy
- Department of Blood Sciences, Conquest Hospital, Hastings TN37 7RD, UK
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8
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Lone JB, Long JZ, Svensson KJ. Size matters: the biochemical logic of ligand type in endocrine crosstalk. LIFE METABOLISM 2024; 3:load048. [PMID: 38425548 PMCID: PMC10904031 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/load048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The endocrine system is a fundamental type of long-range cell-cell communication that is important for maintaining metabolism, physiology, and other aspects of organismal homeostasis. Endocrine signaling is mediated by diverse blood-borne ligands, also called hormones, including metabolites, lipids, steroids, peptides, and proteins. The size and structure of these hormones are fine-tuned to make them bioactive, responsive, and adaptable to meet the demands of changing environments. Why has nature selected such diverse ligand types to mediate communication in the endocrine system? What is the chemical, signaling, or physiologic logic of these ligands? What fundamental principles from our knowledge of endocrine communication can be applied as we continue as a field to uncover additional new circulating molecules that are claimed to mediate long-range cell and tissue crosstalk? This review provides a framework based on the biochemical logic behind this crosstalk with respect to their chemistry, temporal regulation in physiology, specificity, signaling actions, and evolutionary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Barkat Lone
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katrin J. Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Silva DO, Fernandes Júnior GA, Fonseca LFS, Mota LFM, Bresolin T, Carvalheiro R, de Albuquerque LG. Genome-wide association study for stayability at different calvings in Nellore beef cattle. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:93. [PMID: 38254039 PMCID: PMC10804543 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDING Stayability, which may be defined as the probability of a cow remaining in the herd until a reference age or at a specific number of calvings, is usually measured late in the animal's life. Thus, if used as selection criteria, it will increase the generation interval and consequently might decrease the annual genetic gain. Measuring stayability at an earlier age could be a reasonable strategy to avoid this problem. In this sense, a better understanding of the genetic architecture of this trait at different ages and/or at different calvings is important. This study was conducted to identify possible regions with major effects on stayability measured considering different numbers of calvings in Nellore cattle as well as pathways that can be involved in its expression throughout the female's productive life. RESULTS The top 10 most important SNP windows explained, on average, 17.60% of the genetic additive variance for stayability, varying between 13.70% (at the eighth calving) and 21% (at the fifth calving). These SNP windows were located on 17 chromosomes (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 27, and 28), and they harbored a total of 176 annotated genes. The functional analyses of these genes, in general, indicate that the expression of stayability from the second to the sixth calving is mainly affected by genetic factors related to reproductive performance, and nervous and immune systems. At the seventh and eighth calvings, genes and pathways related to animal health, such as density bone and cancer, might be more relevant. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that part of the target genomic regions in selecting for stayability at earlier ages (from the 2th to the 6th calving) would be different than selecting for this trait at later ages (7th and 8th calvings). While the expression of stayability at earlier ages appeared to be more influenced by genetic factors linked to reproductive performance together with an overall health/immunity, at later ages genetic factors related to an overall animal health gain relevance. These results support that selecting for stayability at earlier ages (perhaps at the second calving) could be applied, having practical implications in breeding programs since it could drastically reduce the generation interval, accelerating the genetic progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Osmar Silva
- Animal Science Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gerardo Alves Fernandes Júnior
- Animal Science Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Fernanda Simielli Fonseca
- Animal Science Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Flávio Macedo Mota
- Animal Science Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Bresolin
- Animal Science Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Carvalheiro
- Animal Science Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucia Galvão de Albuquerque
- Animal Science Department, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil.
- Present address: Departamento de Zootecnia, Via de acesso Paulo Donato Castellane s/n., São Paulo, Jaboticabal, CEP: 14884-900, Brazil.
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10
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Li RJW, Barros DR, Kuah R, Lim YM, Gao A, Beaudry JL, Zhang SY, Lam TKT. Small intestinal CaSR-dependent and CaSR-independent protein sensing regulates feeding and glucose tolerance in rats. Nat Metab 2024; 6:39-49. [PMID: 38167726 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Proteins activate small intestinal calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) and/or peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) to increase hormone secretion1-8, but the effect of small intestinal protein sensing and the mechanistic potential of CaSR and/or PepT1 in feeding and glucose regulation remain inconclusive. Here we show that, in male rats, CaSR in the upper small intestine is required for casein infusion to increase glucose tolerance and GLP1 and GIP secretion, which was also dependent on PepT1 (ref. 9). PepT1, but not CaSR, is required for casein infusion to lower feeding. Upper small intestine casein sensing fails to regulate feeding, but not glucose tolerance, in high-fat-fed rats with decreased PepT1 but increased CaSR expression. In the ileum, a CaSR-dependent but PepT1-independent pathway is required for casein infusion to lower feeding and increase glucose tolerance in chow-fed rats, in parallel with increased PYY and GLP1 release, respectively. High fat decreases ileal CaSR expression and disrupts casein sensing on feeding but not on glucose control, suggesting an ileal CaSR-independent, glucose-regulatory pathway. In summary, we discover small intestinal CaSR- and PepT1-dependent and -independent protein sensing mechanisms that regulate gut hormone release, feeding and glucose tolerance. Our findings highlight the potential of targeting small intestinal CaSR and/or PepT1 to regulate feeding and glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J W Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barros
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Kuah
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu-Mi Lim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Gao
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Chatree S, Suksri K, Muangchan N. Serum neuropeptide Y and peptide YY levels in response to ingestion of germinated brown rice in healthy adults. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2023.2188903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saimai Chatree
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Suksri
- Division of Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Nipaporn Muangchan
- Division of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
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12
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Custers E, Franco A, Kiliaan AJ. Bariatric Surgery and Gut-Brain-Axis Driven Alterations in Cognition and Inflammation. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:5495-5514. [PMID: 38026245 PMCID: PMC10676679 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s437156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation, comorbidities like diabetes, cardiovascular disease and several cancers, cognitive decline and structural and functional brain changes. To treat, or potentially prevent these related comorbidities, individuals with obesity must achieve long-term sustainable weight loss. Often life style interventions, such as dieting and increased physical activity are not successful in achieving long-term weight loss. Meanwhile bariatric surgery has emerged as a safe and effective procedure to treat obesity. Bariatric surgery causes changes in physiological processes, but it is still not fully understood which exact mechanisms are involved. The successful weight loss after bariatric surgery might depend on changes in various energy regulating hormones, such as ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY. Moreover, changes in microbiota composition and white adipose tissue functionality might play a role. Here, we review the effect of obesity on neuroendocrine effects, microbiota composition and adipose tissue and how these may affect inflammation, brain structure and cognition. Finally, we will discuss how these obesity-related changes may improve after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Custers
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ayla Franco
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda Johanne Kiliaan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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13
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Caffrey A, Lavecchia E, Merkel R, Zhang Y, Chichura KS, Hayes MR, Doyle RP, Schmidt HD. PYY 3-36 infused systemically or directly into the VTA attenuates fentanyl seeking in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2023; 239:109686. [PMID: 37572954 PMCID: PMC10528880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
More effective treatments for fentanyl use disorder are urgently needed. An emerging literature indicates that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists attenuate voluntary opioid taking and seeking in rodents. However, GLP-1R agonists produce adverse malaise-like effects that may limit patient compliance. Recently, we developed a dual agonist of GLP-1Rs and neuropeptide Y2 receptors (Y2Rs) that attenuates fentanyl taking and seeking at doses that do not produce malaise-like effects in opioid-experienced rats. Whether activating Y2Rs alone is sufficient to reduce opioid taking and seeking, however, is not known. Here, we investigated the efficacy of the Y2R ligand PYY3-36 to reduce fentanyl self-administration and the reinstatement of fentanyl-seeking behavior, a model of relapse in humans. Male rats were allowed to self-administer fentanyl (2.5 μg/kg, i.v.) for 21 days on a fixed-ratio 5 (FR5) schedule of reinforcement. Rats were then pretreated with vehicle or PYY3-36 (50 μg/kg s.c.; 0.1 and 1.0 μg/100 nL intra-VTA) prior to fentanyl self-administration test sessions. There were no effects of systemic or intra-VTA PYY3-36 on intravenous fentanyl self-administration. Opioid taking was then extinguished. Prior to subsequent reinstatement test sessions, rats were pretreated with vehicle or PYY3-36 (50 μg/kg s.c.; 0.1 and 1.0 μg/100 nL intra-VTA). Both systemic and intra-VTA administration of PYY3-36 attenuated fentanyl reinstatement in male rats at doses that did not affect food intake or produce adverse malaise-like effects. These findings indicate that Y2R agonism alone is sufficient to decrease fentanyl-seeking behavior during abstinence in opioid-experienced rats and further support strategies aimed at targeting Y2Rs for treating opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Caffrey
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - E Lavecchia
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - R Merkel
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - K S Chichura
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, NY, 13244, USA
| | - M R Hayes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - R P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, NY, 13244, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - H D Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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14
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Patra D, Banerjee D, Ramprasad P, Roy S, Pal D, Dasgupta S. Recent insights of obesity-induced gut and adipose tissue dysbiosis in type 2 diabetes. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1224982. [PMID: 37842639 PMCID: PMC10575740 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1224982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in microbial homeostasis, referred to as dysbiosis, is critically associated with the progression of obesity-induced metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Alteration in gut microbial diversity and the abundance of pathogenic bacteria disrupt metabolic homeostasis and potentiate chronic inflammation, due to intestinal leakage or release of a diverse range of microbial metabolites. The obesity-associated shifts in gut microbial diversity worsen the triglyceride and cholesterol level that regulates adipogenesis, lipolysis, and fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, an intricate interaction of the gut-brain axis coupled with the altered microbiome profile and microbiome-derived metabolites disrupt bidirectional communication for instigating insulin resistance. Furthermore, a distinct microbial community within visceral adipose tissue is associated with its dysfunction in obese T2D individuals. The specific bacterial signature was found in the mesenteric adipose tissue of T2D patients. Recently, it has been shown that in Crohn's disease, the gut-derived bacterium Clostridium innocuum translocated to the mesenteric adipose tissue and modulates its function by inducing M2 macrophage polarization, increasing adipogenesis, and promoting microbial surveillance. Considering these facts, modulation of microbiota in the gut and adipose tissue could serve as one of the contemporary approaches to manage T2D by using prebiotics, probiotics, or faecal microbial transplantation. Altogether, this review consolidates the current knowledge on gut and adipose tissue dysbiosis and its role in the development and progression of obesity-induced T2D. It emphasizes the significance of the gut microbiota and its metabolites as well as the alteration of adipose tissue microbiome profile for promoting adipose tissue dysfunction, and identifying novel therapeutic strategies, providing valuable insights and directions for future research and potential clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarun Patra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Dipanjan Banerjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam, India
| | - Palla Ramprasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Soumyajit Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, Punjab, India
| | - Suman Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam, India
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15
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Song X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Weng P, Zhang R, Wu Z. Role of intestinal probiotics in the modulation of lipid metabolism: implications for therapeutic treatments. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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16
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Pierre JF, Peters BM, La Torre D, Sidebottom AM, Tao Y, Zhu X, Cham CM, Wang L, Kambal A, Harris KG, Silva JF, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC, Herzog H, Witchley J, Noble SM, Leone VA, Chang EB. Peptide YY: A Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide that maintains Candida gut commensalism. Science 2023; 381:502-508. [PMID: 37535745 PMCID: PMC10876062 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian gut secretes a family of multifunctional peptides that affect appetite, intestinal secretions, and motility whereas others regulate the microbiota. We have found that peptide YY (PYY1-36), but not endocrine PYY3-36, acts as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expressed by gut epithelial paneth cells (PC). PC-PYY is packaged into secretory granules and is secreted into and retained by surface mucus, which optimizes PC-PYY activity. Although PC-PYY shows some antibacterial activity, it displays selective antifungal activity against virulent Candida albicans hyphae-but not the yeast form. PC-PYY is a cationic molecule that interacts with the anionic surfaces of fungal hyphae to cause membrane disruption and transcriptional reprogramming that selects for the yeast phenotype. Hence, PC-PYY is an antifungal AMP that contributes to the maintenance of gut fungal commensalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Diana La Torre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Yun Tao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Candace M Cham
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katharine G Harris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biology, Franklin College, Franklin, IN, USA
| | - Julian F Silva
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olga Zaborina
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John C Alverdy
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jessica Witchley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Immunology and Molecular Medicine Division, University of California-Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne M Noble
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa A Leone
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Animal & Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Krump L, Sayers RG, Sugrue K, Kennedy E, O'Mahony J, Sayers GP. The effect of slow-release milk replacer feeding on health and behaviour parameters in dairy breed calves. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:227-233. [PMID: 37721033 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029923000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research paper was to evaluate the effect of a slow-release milk replacer on health and behaviour of neonatal dairy calves. This was done with the potential benefits to welfare during transport in mind. A total of 15 calves were randomly divided into three groups of 5, namely, a control group fed twice in 24 h with 3 l of a conventional milk replacer, a slow-release group fed once in 24 h with 2 l of conventional milk replacer and 1 litre of a specialised micro-encapsulated feed and an enriched-replacer group fed once in 24 h with 3 l of milk replacer enriched with micellar casein. Blood samples were taken before feeding and 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after and analysed for acid-base parameters, electrolytes, glucose, haemoglobin, cortisol, insulin, cholecystokinin and adiponectin. Calf behaviour was recorded between 6 and 14 h after feeding. There was a significant increase in blood pH 6 h after feeding in all groups, but the glucose, HCO3 - and base excess increased significantly in the slow-release group only, whereas sodium increased significantly in the enriched group only. Glucose levels remained significantly higher in the slow-release group, relative to the control, at 6, 12, and 18 h after feeding. Insulin levels changed significantly over time in the enriched and control group but remained constant in the slow-release group. Insulin levels were significantly higher in the control group when compared to the slow-release group after feeding. Adiponectin changed significantly over time after feeding in the control group only, but no significant changes were observed between the feeding groups. Behavioural patterns were similar in control and slow release groups but less favourable (less lying time, more vocalisations) in the enriched group. In conclusion, once-daily feeding of slow-release milk replacer demonstrated favourable patterns of blood variables related to satiety and hunger as well as behavioural patterns that did not differ from conventional twice-daily feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Krump
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Ireland
| | - Ríona G Sayers
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Katie Sugrue
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Emer Kennedy
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gearóid P Sayers
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Ireland
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18
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Chichura KS, Elfers CT, Salameh TS, Kamat V, Chepurny OG, McGivney A, Milliken BT, Holz GG, Applebey SV, Hayes MR, Sweet IR, Roth CL, Doyle RP. A peptide triple agonist of GLP-1, neuropeptide Y1, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors promotes glycemic control and weight loss. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9554. [PMID: 37308546 PMCID: PMC10261008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying long-term sustained weight loss and glycemic normalization after obesity surgery include changes in gut hormone levels, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). We demonstrate that two peptide biased agonists (GEP44 and GEP12) of the GLP-1, neuropeptide Y1, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors (GLP-1R, Y1-R, and Y2-R, respectively) elicit Y1-R antagonist-controlled, GLP-1R-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion in both rat and human pancreatic islets, thus revealing the counteracting effects of Y1-R and GLP-1R agonism. These agonists also promote insulin-independent Y1-R-mediated glucose uptake in muscle tissue ex vivo and more profound reductions in food intake and body weight than liraglutide when administered to diet-induced obese rats. Our findings support a role for Y1-R signaling in glucoregulation and highlight the therapeutic potential of simultaneous receptor targeting to achieve long-term benefits for millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S Chichura
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Clinton T Elfers
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Varun Kamat
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Aelish McGivney
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Brandon T Milliken
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Sarah V Applebey
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christian L Roth
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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19
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Braden ML, Gwin JA, Leidy HJ. Protein Source Influences Acute Appetite and Satiety but not Subsequent Food Intake in Healthy Adults. J Nutr 2023:S0022-3166(23)35542-1. [PMID: 37030593 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although current recommendations encourage plant-based dietary patterns, data is limited as to whether the equivalent substitution of animal-based protein-rich foods with plant-based versions impacts ingestive behavior. OBJECTIVE To compare higher-protein preloads, varying in protein source, on appetite, satiety, and subsequent energy intake. METHODS Thirty-two adults (Age: 25±1y; Body Mass Index (BMI): 24.2±0.5kg/m) randomly consumed 250kcal, protein-preload beverages (24g protein), varying in protein source (whey, soy, pea protein isolates (WHEY, SOY, PEA) or micellar casein (CAS)) each morning for 3 acclimation days/preload. On day 4, participants completed a 4-h clinical testing day in which the respective preload was consumed followed by blood sampling and questionnaires every 30min for appetite and satiety. An ad libitum lunch was provided 4-h post-preload. On day 5, participants consumed the respective preload at home followed by an ad libitum breakfast 30min afterwards. For normally-distributed data, repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Friedman non-parametric test were utilized to compare main effects of protein source on study outcomes. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons using least significant differences (LSD) were then performed. RESULTS CAS (-3330±690mm*240min) and PEA (-2840±930mm*240min) reduced 4-h appetite vs. SOY (-1440±936mm*240min; both, P<0.05). WHEY was not different (-2290±930mm*240min). CAS (3520±84pg/ml*240min) and PEA (3860±864pg/ml*240min) increased 4-h PYY concentrations vs. SOY (2200±869pg/ml*240min; both, P<0.05). WHEY was not different (3870±932pg/ml*240 min). No differences in ad libitum energy intake were observed. CONCLUSIONS CAS and PEA, but not WHEY, elicited greater acute changes in appetite and satiety vs. SOY in healthy adults, supporting that not all protein sources are equivalent. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03154606).
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20
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Kuckuck S, van der Valk ES, Scheurink AJW, van der Voorn B, Iyer AM, Visser JA, Delhanty PJD, van den Berg SAA, van Rossum EFC. Glucocorticoids, stress and eating: The mediating role of appetite-regulating hormones. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13539. [PMID: 36480471 PMCID: PMC10077914 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted hormonal appetite signaling plays a crucial role in obesity as it may lead to uncontrolled reward-related eating. Such disturbances can be induced not only by weight gain itself but also by glucocorticoid overexposure, for example, due to chronic stress, disease, or medication use. However, the exact pathways are just starting to be understood. Here, we present a conceptual framework of how glucocorticoid excess may impair hormonal appetite signaling and, consequently, eating control in the context of obesity. The evidence we present suggests that counteracting glucocorticoid excess can lead to improvements in appetite signaling and may therefore pose a crucial target for obesity prevention and treatment. In turn, targeting hormonal appetite signals may not only improve weight management and eating behavior but may also decrease detrimental effects of glucocorticoid excess on cardio-metabolic outcomes and mood. We conclude that gaining a better understanding of the relationship between glucocorticoid excess and circulating appetite signals will contribute greatly to improvements in personalized obesity prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kuckuck
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, Room Rg528, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Eline S van der Valk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, Room Rg528, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Anton J W Scheurink
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bibian van der Voorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, Room Rg528, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Anand M Iyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, Room Rg528, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patric J D Delhanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd A A van den Berg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F C van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, Room Rg528, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, Netherlands
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21
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Horgan AM, Palmbach GR, Jordan JM, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Weigle DS, Kratz M, Purnell JQ. Self-selected meal composition alters the relationship between same-day caloric intake and appetite scores in humans during a long-term ad-libitum feeding study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1003-1009. [PMID: 36346472 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of an off-protocol meal during a long-term ad libitum feeding study on changes in total caloric consumption and ratings of hunger and satiety. METHODS During the ad libitum portion of a 16 weeks research high-protein feeding study, 19 participants were allowed to eat up to one self-selected meal (SSM) a week instead of an intervention diet meal. The SSM was assessed for total caloric and macronutrient composition and compared to the intervention diet for 3 days before and after the SSM day. Visual analog scores rating daily hunger and fullness were collected and compared as well. RESULTS On the SSM day, the mean ± SD daily caloric intake increased by 262 ± 332 kcal compared to the previous study days (P < 0.001), with no changes in subjective appetite scores. The following day there was a slight but significant reduction in intake (- 58 ± 85 kcal, P = 0.008) compared to the average pre-SSM day with no change in appetite scores. On the SSM day, percent protein intake was inversely associated mean daily caloric intake (r2 = 0.22, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS During a long-term, ad-libitum high-protein feeding study, one SSM lower in protein increased daily total caloric consumption with no impact on appetite ratings and incomplete caloric consumption during subsequent days. These data suggest that during ad-libitum feeding, a single meal change in protein content impacts the relationships between daily level of hunger, satiety and calorie intake. CLINICALTRIALS GOV ID NCT05002491 (retrospectively registered 07/20/2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Horgan
- Clinical Translational Research Center of the Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gundula R Palmbach
- Clinical Translational Research Center of the Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julia M Jordan
- Clinical Translational Research Center of the Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Kaatje E Meeuws
- Clinical Translational Research Center of the Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David S Weigle
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mario Kratz
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan Q Purnell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, Center for Preventive Cardiology, HRC5N, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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22
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Aukan MI, Coutinho S, Pedersen SA, Simpson MR, Martins C. Differences in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings between individuals with and without obesity-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13531. [PMID: 36416279 PMCID: PMC10078575 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining if gastrointestinal (GI) hormone response to food intake differs between individuals with, and without, obesity may improve our understanding of obesity pathophysiology. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing the concentrations of GI hormones, as well as appetite ratings, following a test meal, in individuals with and without obesity was undertaken. Systematic searches were conducted in the databases MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. A total of 7514 unique articles were retrieved, 115 included in the systematic review, and 70 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis compared estimated standardized mean difference in GI hormones' concentration, as well as appetite ratings, between individuals with and without obesity. Basal and postprandial total ghrelin concentrations were lower in individuals with obesity compared with controls, and this was reflected by lower postprandial hunger ratings in the former. Individuals with obesity had a lower postprandial concentration of total peptide YY compared with controls, but no significant differences were found for glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin, or other appetite ratings. A large methodological and statistical heterogeneity among studies was found. More comprehensive studies are needed to understand if the differences observed are a cause or a consequence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Isaksen Aukan
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silvia Coutinho
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Public Health Nutrition at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo (UiO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Sindre Andre Pedersen
- Library Section for Research Support, Data and Analysis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Melanie Rae Simpson
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinical Research Unit Central Norway, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Catia Martins
- Obesity Research Group, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Obesity and Innovation (ObeCe), Clinic of Surgery, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Nutrition Sciences, the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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23
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Effects of pre-meal whey protein consumption on acute food intake and energy balance over a 48-hour period. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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24
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The Association of Peptide Hormones with Glycemia, Dyslipidemia, and Obesity in Lebanese Individuals. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111051. [DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-hormones, including pancreatic peptide-YY(PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin, and leptin function as satiety signals, while ghrelin promotes hunger. These hormones are also involved in glucose homeostasis and body-weight regulation. The aim of this cross-sectional analysis was to examine the association of these peptide-hormones with obesity-markers, insulin-resistance, and dyslipidemia (total-cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG)). Sixteen-obese (OB) adults and 21 normal-weight (NW) age-and gender-matched counterparts were recruited. OB-participants showed significantly higher levels of leptin, insulin, Homeostatic-Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and TG. NW participants had significantly higher levels of ghrelin. GLP-1 was positively correlated with insulin, HOMA-IR, and obesity-markers except percent body fat. Leptin was positively correlated with all markers (except glucose and dyslipidemia). PYY was positively correlated with BMI, insulin and HOMA-IR. Ghrelin was inversely correlated with all of the markers except glucose, TC, and LDL-C. In the regression analysis model, leptin was positively associated with obesity markers and insulin resistance. Our results indicate a significant difference in peptide hormones among OB and NW Lebanese individuals. Since there is controversial evidence regarding body-weight and peptide-hormones in the literature, this study highlights a step forward towards finding ethnic based strategies to treat obesity and its consequences.
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25
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Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang A, Wang A, Alkhalidy H, Helm R, Zhang S, Ma H, Zhang Y, Gilbert E, Xu B, Liu D. An olive-derived elenolic acid stimulates hormone release from L-cells and exerts potent beneficial metabolic effects in obese diabetic mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1051452. [PMID: 36386896 PMCID: PMC9664001 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1051452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and progressive decline in functional β-cell mass are two key factors for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), which is largely driven by overweight and obesity, a significant obstacle for effective metabolic control in many patients with T2D. Thus, agents that simultaneously ameliorate obesity and act on multiple pathophysiological components could be more effective for treating T2D. Here, we report that elenolic acid (EA), a phytochemical, is such a dual-action agent. we show that EA dose-dependently stimulates GLP-1 secretion in mouse clonal L-cells and isolated mouse ileum crypts. In addition, EA induces L-cells to secrete peptide YY (PYY). EA induces a rapid increase in intracellular [Ca2+]i and the production of inositol trisphosphate in L-cells, indicating that EA activates phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated signaling. Consistently, inhibition of (PLC) or Gαq ablates EA-stimulated increase of [Ca2+]i and GLP-1 secretion. In vivo, a single dose of EA acutely stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion in mice, accompanied with an improved glucose tolerance and insulin levels. Oral administration of EA at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks normalized the fasting blood glucose and restored glucose tolerance in high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice to levels that were comparable to chow-fed mice. In addition, EA suppresses appetite, reduces food intake, promotes weight loss, and reverses perturbated metabolic variables in obese mice. These results suggest that EA could be a dual-action agent as an alternative or adjuvant treatment for both T2D and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Aiping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Hana Alkhalidy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Richard Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hongguang Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Gilbert
- School of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Virginia Tech Drug Discovery Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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26
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de Wouters d’Oplinter A, Huwart SJP, Cani PD, Everard A. Gut microbes and food reward: From the gut to the brain. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:947240. [PMID: 35958993 PMCID: PMC9358980 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.947240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate food intake behavior is one of the main drivers for fat mass development leading to obesity. Importantly the gut microbiota-mediated signals have emerged as key actors regulating food intake acting mainly on the hypothalamus, and thereby controlling hunger or satiety/satiation feelings. However, food intake is also controlled by the hedonic and reward systems leading to food intake based on pleasure (i.e., non-homeostatic control of food intake). This review focus on both the homeostatic and the non-homeostatic controls of food intake and the implication of the gut microbiota on the control of these systems. The gut-brain axis is involved in the communications between the gut microbes and the brain to modulate host food intake behaviors through systemic and nervous pathways. Therefore, here we describe several mediators of the gut-brain axis including gastrointestinal hormones, neurotransmitters, bioactive lipids as well as bacterial metabolites and compounds. The modulation of gut-brain axis by gut microbes is deeply addressed in the context of host food intake with a specific focus on hedonic feeding. Finally, we also discuss possible gut microbiota-based therapeutic approaches that could lead to potential clinical applications to restore food reward alterations. Therapeutic applications to tackle these dysregulations is of utmost importance since most of the available solutions to treat obesity present low success rate.
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27
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Binou P, Yanni AE, Kartsioti K, Barmpagianni A, Konstantopoulos P, Karathanos VT, Kokkinos A. Wheat Biscuits Enriched with Plant-Based Protein Contribute to Weight Loss and Beneficial Metabolic Effects in Subjects with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122516. [PMID: 35745249 PMCID: PMC9231350 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the impact of daily consumption of a snack fortified with plant proteins with high content in amino acids with appetite regulating properties (BCAAs and L-arginine), as part of a dietary intervention, on weight loss. Seventy adults without diabetes (26 male, 44 female) and with overweight/obesity participated in a 12-week restricted dietary intervention and were randomized to either a control or an intervention group, consuming daily 70 g of conventional wheat biscuits (CB) or an isocaloric amount of wheat biscuits enriched with plant proteins (PB) originating from legumes and seeds, respectively. Anthropometric characteristics were measured and venous blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Decreases in body weight, body fat mass and waist circumference were observed in both groups. Participants in the intervention group experienced greater weight loss (7.6 ± 2.7 vs. 6.2 ± 2.7%, p = 0.025) and marginally significant larger decrease in body fat mass (4.9 ± 2.2 vs. 3.9 ± 2.4 kg, p = 0.059). A moderate reduction in IL-1β levels (p = 0.081), a significantly higher decrease in TNF-α levels (p < 0.001) and a marginally significant greater leptin decrease (p = 0.066) in subjects of the PB group were noticed. Greater reductions in caloric and carbohydrate intake and a trend towards a higher decrease in fat intake were also observed in participants of this group. Incorporation of plant-based proteins with high content in amino acids with appetite-regulating properties in wheat biscuits may contribute to greater weight loss and improvement of metabolic parameters in subjects who are overweight or obese. Protein enrichment of snacks offers a beneficial qualitative manipulation that could be successfully incorporated in a diet plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Binou
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (K.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Amalia E. Yanni
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (K.K.); (V.T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2109549174
| | - Klio Kartsioti
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (K.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Aikaterini Barmpagianni
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Panagiotis Konstantopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgery Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vaios T. Karathanos
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (K.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.B.); (A.K.)
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28
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Angelidi AM, Belanger MJ, Kokkinos A, Koliaki CC, Mantzoros CS. Novel Noninvasive Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity: From Pharmacotherapy to Gene Therapy. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:507-557. [PMID: 35552683 PMCID: PMC9113190 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent insights into the pathophysiologic underlying mechanisms of obesity have led to the discovery of several promising drug targets and novel therapeutic strategies to address the global obesity epidemic and its comorbidities. Current pharmacologic options for obesity management are largely limited in number and of modest efficacy/safety profile. Therefore, the need for safe and more efficacious new agents is urgent. Drugs that are currently under investigation modulate targets across a broad range of systems and tissues, including the central nervous system, gastrointestinal hormones, adipose tissue, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle. Beyond pharmacotherapeutics, other potential antiobesity strategies are being explored, including novel drug delivery systems, vaccines, modulation of the gut microbiome, and gene therapy. The present review summarizes the pathophysiology of energy homeostasis and highlights pathways being explored in the effort to develop novel antiobesity medications and interventions but does not cover devices and bariatric methods. Emerging pharmacologic agents and alternative approaches targeting these pathways and relevant research in both animals and humans are presented in detail. Special emphasis is given to treatment options at the end of the development pipeline and closer to the clinic (ie, compounds that have a higher chance to be added to our therapeutic armamentarium in the near future). Ultimately, advancements in our understanding of the pathophysiology and interindividual variation of obesity may lead to multimodal and personalized approaches to obesity treatment that will result in safe, effective, and sustainable weight loss until the root causes of the problem are identified and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki M Angelidi
- Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Belanger
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysi C Koliaki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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The Sensory Mechanisms of Nutrient-Induced GLP-1 Secretion. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050420. [PMID: 35629924 PMCID: PMC9147592 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteroendocrine system of the gut regulates energy homeostasis through the release of hormones. Of the gut-derived hormones, GLP-1 is particularly interesting, as analogs of the hormone have proven to be highly effective for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Observations on increased levels of GLP-1 following gastric bypass surgery have enhanced the interest in endogenous hormone secretion and highlighted the potential of endogenous secretion in therapy. The macronutrients and their digestive products stimulate the secretion of GLP-1 through various mechanisms that we have only begun to understand. From findings obtained from different experimental models, we now have strong indications for a role for both Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1 (SGLT1) and the K+ATP channel in carbohydrate-induced GLP-1 secretion. For fat, the free fatty acid receptor FFA1 and the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR119 have been linked to GLP-1 secretion. For proteins, Peptide Transporter 1 (Pept1) and the Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR) are thought to mediate the secretion. However, attempts at clinical application of these mechanisms have been unsuccessful, and more work is needed before we fully understand the mechanisms of nutrient-induced GLP-1 secretion.
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30
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L’intestin un organe endocrine : de la physiologie aux implications thérapeutiques en nutrition. NUTR CLIN METAB 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2021.12.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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Wachsmuth HR, Weninger SN, Duca FA. Role of the gut-brain axis in energy and glucose metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:377-392. [PMID: 35474341 PMCID: PMC9076644 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract plays a role in the development and treatment of metabolic diseases. During a meal, the gut provides crucial information to the brain regarding incoming nutrients to allow proper maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. This gut-brain communication is regulated by various peptides or hormones that are secreted from the gut in response to nutrients; these signaling molecules can enter the circulation and act directly on the brain, or they can act indirectly via paracrine action on local vagal and spinal afferent neurons that innervate the gut. In addition, the enteric nervous system can act as a relay from the gut to the brain. The current review will outline the different gut-brain signaling mechanisms that contribute to metabolic homeostasis, highlighting the recent advances in understanding these complex hormonal and neural pathways. Furthermore, the impact of the gut microbiota on various components of the gut-brain axis that regulates energy and glucose homeostasis will be discussed. A better understanding of the gut-brain axis and its complex relationship with the gut microbiome is crucial for the development of successful pharmacological therapies to combat obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,BIO5, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Enteroendocrine System and Gut Barrier in Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073732. [PMID: 35409092 PMCID: PMC8998765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous rise in the worldwide prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, developing therapies regulating body weight and glycemia has become a matter of great concern. Among the current treatments, evidence now shows that the use of intestinal hormone analogs (e.g., GLP1 analogs and others) helps to control glycemia and reduces body weight. Indeed, intestinal endocrine cells produce a large variety of hormones regulating metabolism, including appetite, digestion, and glucose homeostasis. Herein, we discuss how the enteroendocrine system is affected by local environmental and metabolic signals. These signals include those arising from unbalanced diet, gut microbiota, and the host metabolic organs and their complex cross-talk with the intestinal barrier integrity.
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Jais A, Brüning JC. Arcuate Nucleus-Dependent Regulation of Metabolism-Pathways to Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:314-328. [PMID: 34490882 PMCID: PMC8905335 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) receives information from afferent neurons, circulating hormones, and absorbed nutrients and integrates this information to orchestrate the actions of the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous systems in maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis. Particularly the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) is of pivotal importance for primary sensing of adiposity signals, such as leptin and insulin, and circulating nutrients, such as glucose. Importantly, energy state-sensing neurons in the ARC not only regulate feeding but at the same time control multiple physiological functions, such as glucose homeostasis, blood pressure, and innate immune responses. These findings have defined them as master regulators, which adapt integrative physiology to the energy state of the organism. The disruption of this fine-tuned control leads to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure as well as deregulation of peripheral metabolism. Improving our understanding of the cellular, molecular, and functional basis of this regulatory principle in the CNS could set the stage for developing novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we summarize novel insights with a particular emphasis on ARC neurocircuitries regulating food intake and glucose homeostasis and sensing factors that inform the brain of the organismal energy status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jais
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,National Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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Gehring J, Azzout-Marniche D, Chaumontet C, Gaudichon C, Even PC. Plasma FGF21 concentrations and spontaneous self-selection of protein suggest that 15% protein in the diet may not be enough for male adult rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E154-E164. [PMID: 34927458 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00204.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein requirement has been determined at 10%-15% energy. Under dietary self-selection, rats ingest 25%-30% energy as protein and regulate FGF21 (a hormone signaling protein deficiency) to levels lower than those measured with a 15% protein (15P) diet. Our hypothesis is that if a 15P diet was indeed sufficient to ensure protein homeostasis, it is probably a too low protein level to ensure optimal energy homeostasis. Adult male Wistar rats were used in this study. The first objective was to determine the changes in food intake, body composition, and plasma FGF21, IGF-1, and PYY concentrations in rats fed 8P, 15P, 30P, 40P, or 50P diets. The second was to determine whether the FGF21 levels measured in the rats were related to spontaneous protein intake. Rats were fed a 15P diet and then allowed to choose between a protein diet and a protein-free diet. Food intake and body weight were measured throughout the experiments. Body composition was determined at different experimental stages. Plasma samples were collected to measure FGF21, IGF-1, and PYY concentrations. A 15P diet appears to result in higher growth than that observed with the 30P, 40P, and 50P diets. However, the 15P diet probably does not provide optimal progression of body composition owing to a tendency of 15P rats to fix more fat and energy in the body. The variable and higher concentrations of FGF21 in the 15P diet suggest a deficit in protein intake, but this does not appear to be a parameter reflecting the adequacy of protein intake relative to individual protein requirements.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Under dietary self-selection, rats choose to ingest 25%-30% of energy as protein, a value higher than the protein requirement (10%-15%). According to our results, this higher spontaneous intake reflects the fact that rats fed a 15% protein diet, compared with high-protein diets, tend to bind more fat and have higher concentrations of FGF21, a hormone signaling protein deficiency. A 15% protein diet appears to be sufficient for protein homeostasis but not for optimal energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Gehring
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Claire Gaudichon
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Patrick C Even
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
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Wu S, Bhat ZF, Gounder RS, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Al-Juhaimi FY, Ding Y, Bekhit AEDA. Effect of Dietary Protein and Processing on Gut Microbiota—A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030453. [PMID: 35276812 PMCID: PMC8840478 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of diet on the composition of gut microbiota and the consequent impact on disease risk have been of expanding interest. The present review focuses on current insights of changes associated with dietary protein-induced gut microbial populations and examines their potential roles in the metabolism, health, and disease of animals. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol was used, and 29 highly relevant articles were obtained, which included 6 mouse studies, 7 pig studies, 15 rat studies, and 1 in vitro study. Analysis of these studies indicated that several factors, such as protein source, protein content, dietary composition (such as carbohydrate content), glycation of protein, processing factors, and protein oxidation, affect the digestibility and bioavailability of dietary proteins. These factors can influence protein fermentation, absorption, and functional properties in the gut and, consequently, impact the composition of gut microbiota and affect human health. While gut microbiota can release metabolites that can affect host physiology either positively or negatively, the selection of quality of protein and suitable food processing conditions are important to have a positive effect of dietary protein on gut microbiota and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujian Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zuhaib F. Bhat
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India;
| | - Rochelle S. Gounder
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.M.A.); (F.Y.A.-J.)
| | - Fahad Y. Al-Juhaimi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.M.A.); (F.Y.A.-J.)
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (A.E.-D.A.B.)
| | - Alaa E. -D. A. Bekhit
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
- Correspondence: (Y.D.); (A.E.-D.A.B.)
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Francois ME, Oetsch KM. Prediabetes: Challenges, Novel Solutions, and Future Directions. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/21-00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes: Prediabetes is a salient state of hyperglycaemia and/or hyperinsulinaemia that often precedes a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is projected that by 2040, almost 8% of the global population will have prediabetes, with approximately 70% progressing to T2D within their lifetime. Abnormal glucose tolerance increases the risk of associated complications, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and microvascular diseases, all of which are major contributors to the global healthcare burden. T2D alone is predicted to cost the healthcare system upwards of 490 billion USD by 2030, thus addressing this growing burden is vital.
Challenge One. Diagnosis and classification: Diagnosis poses a challenge and there is debate between leading world expert panels regarding thresholds, notably between the World Health Organization (WHO) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) for impaired fasting glucose. Hyperinsulinaemia may also go undetected as this is not currently routinely tested or used as diagnostic criteria. This has been largely due to cost and lack of consensus data for appropriate diagnostic threshold; however, with disease burden costs estimated to be close to half a billion USD by the end of the decade, an in-depth cost analysis for benefits-costs of early detection and treatment or prevention is warranted.
Challenge Two. Health messaging and public perception: Prediabetes can revert to normoglycaemia with diet and lifestyle interventions. This, however, is not conveyed well in public health messaging. In addition to public perception about the likelihood of disease progression to T2D, prediabetes is not considered a disease state, which may also influence public perception regarding perceived urgency of treatment and necessity for intervention.
Challenge Three. Intervention and treatment: Diet and lifestyle interventions are heralded as best practice when it comes to prediabetes management, and metformin for those at greatest risk of future T2D. Synergistic use of the available novel and promising interventions including low carbohydrate diets, higher protein diets, time restricted feeding, and high intensity interval training may help time-poor individuals achieve improvements in risk-factors including weight loss and glycaemic control (HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose). As large-scale feasibility and adherence are major obstacles to contend with in the rollout of diet and lifestyle interventions, personalised approaches, coupled with counselling based on social cognitive theory, may be increasingly utilised to target specific groups and individuals as programmes can be tailored to meet specific needs and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Francois
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Katie M Oetsch
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
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Hunt JE, Holst JJ, Jepsen SL. Glucose- and Bile Acid-Stimulated Secretion of Gut Hormones in the Isolated Perfused Intestine Is Not Impaired in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:884501. [PMID: 35600607 PMCID: PMC9114496 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.884501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Decreased circulating levels of food-intake-regulating gut hormones have been observed in type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, it is still unknown if this is due to decreased secretion from the gut mucosal cells or due to extra-intestinal processing of hormones. METHODS We measured intestinal hormone content and assessed morphological differences in the intestinal mucosa by histology and immunohistochemistry. Secretion of hormones and absorption of glucose and bile acids (BA) were assessed in isolated perfused mouse intestine. RESULTS GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and SS (somatostatin) contents were higher in the duodenum of control mice (p < 0.001, and <0.01). Duodenal GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) content (p < 0.01) and distal ileum PYY content were higher in DIO mice (p < 0.05). Villus height in the jejunum, crypt depth, and villus height in the ileum were increased in DIO mice (p < 0.05 and p = 0.001). In the distal ileum of DIO mice, more immunoreactive GLP-1 and PYY cells were observed (p = 0.01 and 0.007). There was no difference in the absorption of glucose and bile acids. Distal secretion of SS tended to be higher in DIO mice (p < 0.058), whereas no difference was observed for the other hormones in response to glucose or bile acids. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that differences regarding production and secretion are unlikely to be responsible for the altered circulating gut hormone levels in obesity, since enteroendocrine morphology and hormone secretion capacity were largely unaffected in DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara L. Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Sara L. Jepsen,
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Oliveira CLP, Boulé NG, Elliott SA, Sharma AM, Siervo M, Berg A, Ghosh S, Prado CM. A high-protein total diet replacement alters the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in healthy, normal-weight adults. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1849-1861. [PMID: 34928408 PMCID: PMC9106637 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary intake can affect energy homeostasis and influence body weight control. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of high-protein total diet replacement (HP-TDR) versus a control (CON) diet in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in healthy, normal-weight adults. METHODS In this acute randomized controlled, cross-over study, participants completed two isocaloric arms: a) HP-TDR: 35% carbohydrate, 40% protein, and 25% fat; b) CON: 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. The diets were provided for 32 h while inside a whole-body calorimetry unit. Appetite sensations, appetite-related hormones, and energy metabolism were assessed. RESULTS Forty-three healthy, normal-weight adults (19 females) participated. Appetite sensations did not differ between diets (all p > 0.05). Compared to the CON diet, the change in fasting blood markers during the HP-TDR intervention was smaller for peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY; - 18.9 ± 7.9 pg/mL, p = 0.02) and greater for leptin (1859 ± 652 pg/mL, p = 0.007). Moreover, postprandial levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (1.62 ± 0.36 pM, p < 0.001) and PYY (31.37 ± 8.05 pg/mL, p < 0.001) were higher in the HP-TDR. Significant correlations were observed between energy balance and satiety (r = - 0.41, p = 0.007), and energy balance and PFC (r = 0.33, p = 0.033) in the HP-TDR. CONCLUSION Compared to the CON diet, the HP-TDR increased blood levels of anorexigenic hormones. Moreover, females and males responded differently to the intervention in terms of appetite sensations and appetite-related hormones. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02811276 (retrospectively registered on 16 June 2016) and NCT03565510 (retrospectively registered on 11 June 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila L P Oliveira
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Normand G Boulé
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah A Elliott
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Arya M Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK
| | - Aloys Berg
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sunita Ghosh
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carla M Prado
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Khan MS, Spann RA, Münzberg H, Yu S, Albaugh VL, He Y, Berthoud HR, Morrison CD. Protein Appetite at the Interface between Nutrient Sensing and Physiological Homeostasis. Nutrients 2021; 13:4103. [PMID: 34836357 PMCID: PMC8620426 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding behavior is guided by multiple competing physiological needs, as animals must sense their internal nutritional state and then identify and consume foods that meet nutritional needs. Dietary protein intake is necessary to provide essential amino acids and represents a specific, distinct nutritional need. Consistent with this importance, there is a relatively strong body of literature indicating that protein intake is defended, such that animals sense the restriction of protein and adaptively alter feeding behavior to increase protein intake. Here, we argue that this matching of food consumption with physiological need requires at least two concurrent mechanisms: the first being the detection of internal nutritional need (a protein need state) and the second being the discrimination between foods with differing nutritional compositions. In this review, we outline various mechanisms that could mediate the sensing of need state and the discrimination between protein-rich and protein-poor foods. Finally, we briefly describe how the interaction of these mechanisms might allow an animal to self-select between a complex array of foods to meet nutritional needs and adaptively respond to changes in either the external environment or internal physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher D. Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; (M.S.K.); (R.A.S.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (V.L.A.); (Y.H.); (H.-R.B.)
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Khare P, Mahajan N, Singh DP, Kumar V, Kumar V, Mangal P, Boparai RK, Gesing A, Bhadada SK, Sharma SS, Kondepudi K, Chopra K, Bishnoi M. Allicin, a dietary trpa1 agonist, prevents high fat diet-induced dysregulation of gut hormones and associated complications. Food Funct 2021; 12:11526-11536. [PMID: 34705006 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01792f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scope. Given the global epidemic of diabesity (co-existence of both diabetes and obesity), novel approaches that target gut hormone secretion and their modulation may offer the dual benefits of increased efficacy and limited side effects. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that agonism of Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), using a dietary activator, has a modulatory role in high fat diet (HFD)-induced dysregulation of post-prandial gut hormone responses and prevention of metabolic alterations. Methods and results. The effect of HFD on TRPA1 expression in different parts of the gut using immunohistochemistry, western blotting and RT-PCR was studied. Dietary TRPA1 agonist, Allicin Rich Garlic Juice (ARGJ), was co-administered along with HFD in mice for three months and various metabolic health parameters, relative gut hormone levels and inflammation were observed. The HFD caused substantial reduction in gut TRPA1 expression along with dysregulation in post-prandial normalization of gut hormone levels, particularly GLP-1, precipitating hunger phenotype, altered glucose homeostasis, hepatic inflammation and fat accumulation. TRPA1 agonism through ARGJ co-supplementation prevented HFD-induced dysregulation in post-prandial normalization of gut hormone levels and averted metabolic and inflammatory complications in peripheral tissues. Conclusion. Our findings provide evidence that ARGJ (diet-based TRPA1 agonism) can be employed as a feasible strategy, as nutraceuticals or food, to prevent HFD-induced metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyanshu Khare
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140603, India. .,Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Neha Mahajan
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140603, India. .,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad-Gurgaon expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Dhirendra Pratap Singh
- Division of Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380016, India
| | - Vibhu Kumar
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140603, India. .,Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140603, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Priyanka Mangal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Ravneet K Boparai
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140603, India.
| | - Adam Gesing
- Department of Endocrinology of Ageing, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowski St, No 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sanjay K Bhadada
- Department of Endocrinology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shyam S Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Kanthikiran Kondepudi
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140603, India.
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Mahendra Bishnoi
- Centre for Excellence in Functional Foods, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Knowledge City-Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140603, India.
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D'Urso O, Drago F. Pharmacological significance of extra-oral taste receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174480. [PMID: 34496302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that taste receptors, in addition to being present in the oral cavity, exist in various extra-oral organs and tissues such as the thyroid, lungs, skin, stomach, intestines, and pancreas. Although their physiological function is not yet fully understood, it appears that they can help regulate the body's homeostasis and provide an additional defense function against pathogens. Since the vast majority of drugs are bitter, the greatest pharmacological interest is in the bitter taste receptors. In this review, we describe how bitter taste 2 receptors (TAS2Rs) induce bronchodilation and mucociliary clearance in the airways, muscle relaxation in various tissues, inhibition of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in thyrocytes, and release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and ghrelin in the digestive system. In fact, substances such as dextromethorphan, chloroquine, methimazole and probably glimepiride, being agonists of TAS2Rs, lead to these effects. TAS2Rs and taste 1 receptors (TAS1R2/3) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). TAS1R2/3 are responsible for sweet taste perception and may induce GLP-1 release and insulin secretion. Umami taste receptors, belonging to the same superfamily of receptors, perform a similar function with regard to insulin. The sour and salty taste receptors work in a similar way, both being channel receptors sensitive to amiloride. Finally, gene-protein coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and GPR120 for fatty taste perception are also protein-coupled receptors and may induce GLP-1 secretion and insulin release, similar to those of other receptors belonging to the same superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio D'Urso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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A novel approach to treating opioid use disorders: Dual agonists of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors and neuropeptide Y 2 receptors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1169-1179. [PMID: 34715149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The widespread misuse of opioids and opioid use disorder (OUD) together constitute a major public health crisis in the United States. The greatest challenge for successfully treating OUD is preventing relapse. Unfortunately, there are few FDA-approved medications to treat OUD and, while effective, these pharmacotherapies are limited by high relapse rates. Thus, there is a critical need for conceptually new approaches to developing novel medications to treat OUD. Here, we review an emerging preclinical literature that suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists could be re-purposed for treating OUD. Potential limitations of this approach are also discussed along with an alternative strategy that involves simultaneously targeting and activating GLP-1Rs and neuropeptide Y2 receptors (Y2Rs) in the brain using a novel monomeric dual agonist peptide. Recent studies indicate that this combinatorial pharmacotherapy approach attenuates voluntary fentanyl taking and seeking in rats without producing adverse effects associated with GLP-1R agonist monotherapy alone. While future studies are required to comprehensively determine the behavioral effects of GLP-1R agonists and dual agonists of GLP-1Rs and Y2Rs in rodent models of OUD, these provocative preclinical findings highlight a potential new GLP-1R-based approach to preventing relapse in humans with OUD.
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Neacsu M, Vaughan NJ, Multari S, Haljas E, Scobbie L, Duncan GJ, Cantlay L, Fyfe C, Anderson S, Horgan G, Johnstone AM, Russell WR. Hemp and buckwheat are valuable sources of dietary amino acids, beneficially modulating gastrointestinal hormones and promoting satiety in healthy volunteers. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1057-1072. [PMID: 34716790 PMCID: PMC8854285 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study evaluated the postprandial effects following consumption of buckwheat, fava bean, pea, hemp and lupin compared to meat (beef); focussing on biomarkers of satiety, gut hormones, aminoacids and plant metabolites bioavailability and metabolism. Methods Ten subjects (n = 3 men; n = 7 women; 42 ± 11.8 years of age; BMI 26 ± 5.8 kg/m2) participated in six 1-day independent acute interventions, each meal containing 30 g of protein from buckwheat, fava bean, pea, hemp, lupin and meat (beef). Blood samples were collected during 24-h and VAS questionnaires over 5-h. Results Volunteers consumed significantly higher amounts of most amino acids from the meat meal, and with few exceptions, postprandial composition of plasma amino acids was not significantly different after consuming the plant-based meals. Buckwheat meal was the most satious (300 min hunger scores, p < 0.05).Significant increase in GLP-1 plasma (AUC, iAUC p = 0.01) found after hemp compared with the other plant-based meals. Decreased plasma ghrelin concentrations (iAUC p < 0.05) found on plant (hemp) vs. meat meal. Several plasma metabolites after hemp meal consumption were associated with hormone trends (partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA): 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, indole 3-pyruvic acid, 5-hydoxytryptophan, genistein and biochanin A with GLP-1, PYY and insulin; 3-hydroxymandelic acid and luteolidin with GLP-1 and ghrelin and 4-hydroxymandelic acid, benzoic acid and secoisolariciresinol with insulin and ghrelin. Plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), (iAUC, p < 0.001); and phenylalanine and tyrosine (iAUC, p < 0.05) were lower after buckwheat comparison with meat meal. Conclusion Plants are valuable sources of amino acids which are promoting satiety. The impact of hemp and buckwheat on GLP-1 and, respectively, BCAAs should be explored further as could be relevant for aid and prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Study registered with clinicaltrial.gov on 12th July 2013, study ID number: NCT01898351. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-021-02711-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Neacsu
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Vaughan
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Salvatore Multari
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Elisabeth Haljas
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Lorraine Scobbie
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Gary J Duncan
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Louise Cantlay
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Claire Fyfe
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Susan Anderson
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Graham Horgan
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Wendy R Russell
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
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Smith KR, Moran TH. Gastrointestinal peptides in eating-related disorders. Physiol Behav 2021; 238:113456. [PMID: 33989649 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Food intake is tightly controlled by homeostatic signals sensitive to metabolic need for the regulation of body weight. This review focuses on the peripherally-secreted gastrointestinal peptides (i.e., ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine) that contribute to the control of appetite and discusses how these peptides or the signals arising from their release are disrupted in eating-related disorders across the weight spectrum, namely anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity, and whether they are normalized following weight restoration or weight loss treatment. Further, the role of gut peptides in the pathogenesis and treatment response in human weight conditions as identified by rodent models are discussed. Lastly, we review the incretin- and hormone-based pharmacotherapies available for the treatment of obesity and eating-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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Powell DR, Revelli JP, Doree DD, DaCosta CM, Desai U, Shadoan MK, Rodriguez L, Mullens M, Yang QM, Ding ZM, Kirkpatrick LL, Vogel P, Zambrowicz B, Sands AT, Platt KA, Hansen GM, Brommage R. High-Throughput Screening of Mouse Gene Knockouts Identifies Established and Novel High Body Fat Phenotypes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3753-3785. [PMID: 34483672 PMCID: PMC8409770 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s322083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a major public health problem. Understanding which genes contribute to obesity may better predict individual risk and allow development of new therapies. Because obesity of a mouse gene knockout (KO) line predicts an association of the orthologous human gene with obesity, we reviewed data from the Lexicon Genome5000TM high throughput phenotypic screen (HTS) of mouse gene KOs to identify KO lines with high body fat. MATERIALS AND METHODS KO lines were generated using homologous recombination or gene trapping technologies. HTS body composition analyses were performed on adult wild-type and homozygous KO littermate mice from 3758 druggable mouse genes having a human ortholog. Body composition was measured by either DXA or QMR on chow-fed cohorts from all 3758 KO lines and was measured by QMR on independent high fat diet-fed cohorts from 2488 of these KO lines. Where possible, comparisons were made to HTS data from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC). RESULTS Body fat data are presented for 75 KO lines. Of 46 KO lines where independent external published and/or IMPC KO lines are reported as obese, 43 had increased body fat. For the remaining 29 novel high body fat KO lines, Ksr2 and G2e3 are supported by data from additional independent KO cohorts, 6 (Asnsd1, Srpk2, Dpp8, Cxxc4, Tenm3 and Kiss1) are supported by data from additional internal cohorts, and the remaining 21 including Tle4, Ak5, Ntm, Tusc3, Ankk1, Mfap3l, Prok2 and Prokr2 were studied with HTS cohorts only. CONCLUSION These data support the finding of high body fat in 43 independent external published and/or IMPC KO lines. A novel obese phenotype was identified in 29 additional KO lines, with 27 still lacking the external confirmation now provided for Ksr2 and G2e3 KO mice. Undoubtedly, many mammalian obesity genes remain to be identified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Revelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Deon D Doree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M DaCosta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Urvi Desai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Melanie K Shadoan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Lawrence Rodriguez
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Michael Mullens
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Qi M Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Laura L Kirkpatrick
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
| | - Brian Zambrowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Arthur T Sands
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
- Department of Information Technology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Kenneth A Platt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Gwenn M Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, Tx, USA
| | - Robert Brommage
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, The Woodlands, TX, USA
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Sears B, Saha AK. Dietary Control of Inflammation and Resolution. Front Nutr 2021; 8:709435. [PMID: 34447777 PMCID: PMC8382877 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.709435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The healing of any injury requires a dynamic balance of initiation and resolution of inflammation. This hypothesis-generating review presents an overview of the various nutrients that can act as signaling agents to modify the metabolic responses essential for the optimal healing of injury-induced inflammation. In this hypothesis-generating review, we describe a defined nutritional program consisting of an integrated interaction of a calorie-restricted anti-inflammatory diet coupled with adequate levels of omega-3 fatty acids and sufficient levels of dietary polyphenols that can be used in clinical trials to treat conditions associated with insulin resistance. Each dietary intervention works in an orchestrated systems-based approach to reduce, resolve, and repair the tissue damage caused by any inflammation-inducing injury. The orchestration of these specific nutrients and their signaling metabolites to facilitate healing is termed the Resolution Response. The final stage of the Resolution Response is the activation of intracellular 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is necessary to repair tissue damaged by the initial injury-induced inflammation. The dietary optimization of the Resolution Response can be personalized to the individual by using standard blood markers. Once each of those markers is in their appropriate ranges, activation of intracellular AMPK will be facilitated. Finally, we outline how the resulting activation of AMPK will affect a diverse number of other intercellular signaling systems leading to an extended healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Sears
- Inflammation Research Foundation, Peabody, MA, United States
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Lewgood J, Oliveira B, Korzepa M, Forbes SC, Little JP, Breen L, Bailie R, Candow DG. Efficacy of Dietary and Supplementation Interventions for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:2378. [PMID: 34371888 PMCID: PMC8308746 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing, which creates a large economic burden. Diet is a critical factor in the treatment and management of T2D; however, there are a large number of dietary approaches and a general lack of consensus regarding the efficacy of each. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is twofold: (1) to critically evaluate the effects of various dietary strategies on diabetes management and treatment, such as Mediterranean diet, plant-based diet, low-calorie and very low-calorie diets, intermittent fasting, low-carbohydrate and very low-carbohydrate diets, and low glycemic diets and (2) to examine several purported supplements, such as protein, branched-chain amino acids, creatine, and vitamin D to improve glucose control and body composition. This review can serve as a resource for those wanting to evaluate the evidence supporting the various dietary strategies and supplements that may help manage T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lewgood
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Barbara Oliveira
- Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada; (B.O.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Marie Korzepa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A6A9, Canada;
| | - Jonathan P. Little
- Okanagan Campus, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V1V7, Canada; (B.O.); (J.P.L.)
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (M.K.); (L.B.)
| | - Robert Bailie
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S0A2, Canada; (J.L.); (R.B.)
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Zhang Y, Rahematpura S, Ragnini KH, Moreno A, Stecyk KS, Kahng MW, Milliken BT, Hayes MR, Doyle RP, Schmidt HD. A novel dual agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors and neuropeptide Y2 receptors attenuates fentanyl taking and seeking in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 192:108599. [PMID: 33965397 PMCID: PMC8217212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There has been a dramatic increase in illicit fentanyl use in the United States over the last decade. In 2018, more than 31,000 overdose deaths involved fentanyl or fentanyl analogs, highlighting an urgent need to identify effective treatments for fentanyl use disorder. An emerging literature shows that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists attenuate the reinforcing efficacy of drugs of abuse. However, the effects of GLP-1R agonists on fentanyl-mediated behaviors are unknown. The first goal of this study was to determine if the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 reduced fentanyl self-administration and the reinstatement of fentanyl-seeking behavior, an animal model of relapse, in rats. We found that systemic exendin-4 attenuated fentanyl taking and seeking at doses that also produced malaise-like effects in rats. To overcome these adverse effects and enhance the clinical potential of GLP-1R agonists, we recently developed a novel dual agonist of GLP-1Rs and neuropeptide Y2 receptors (Y2Rs), GEP44, that does not produce nausea-like behavior in drug-naïve rats or emesis in drug-naïve shrews. The second goal of this study was to determine if GEP44 reduced fentanyl self-administration and reinstatement with fewer adverse effects compared to exendin-4 alone. In contrast to exendin-4, GEP44 attenuated opioid taking and seeking at a dose that did not suppress food intake or produce adverse malaise-like effects in fentanyl-experienced rats. Taken together, these findings indicate a novel role for GLP-1Rs and Y2Rs in fentanyl reinforcement and highlight a potential new therapeutic approach to treating opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Zhang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Suditi Rahematpura
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kael H Ragnini
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amanda Moreno
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kamryn S Stecyk
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michelle W Kahng
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, NY, 13244, USA; Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medicinal University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Watkins JD, Koumanov F, Gonzalez JT. Protein- and Calcium-Mediated GLP-1 Secretion: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2540-2552. [PMID: 34192748 PMCID: PMC8634310 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced in the intestine that is secreted in response to nutrient exposure. GLP-1 potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells and promotes satiety. These important actions on glucose metabolism and appetite have led to widespread interest in GLP-1 receptor agonism. Typically, this involves pharmacological GLP-1 mimetics or targeted inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, the enzyme responsible for GLP-1 degradation. However, nutritional strategies provide a widely available, cost-effective alternative to pharmacological strategies for enhancing hormone release. Recent advances in nutritional research have implicated the combined ingestion of protein and calcium with enhanced endogenous GLP-1 release, which is likely due to activation of receptors with high affinity and/or sensitivity for amino acids and calcium. Specifically targeting these receptors could enhance gut hormone secretion, thus providing a new therapeutic option. This narrative review provides an overview of the latest research on protein- and calcium-mediated GLP-1 release with an emphasis on human data, and a perspective on potential mechanisms that link potent GLP-1 release to the co-ingestion of protein and calcium. In light of these recent findings, potential future research directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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50
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The Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis in Controlling Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115830. [PMID: 34072450 PMCID: PMC8198395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity currently represents a major societal and health challenge worldwide. Its prevalence has reached epidemic proportions and trends continue to rise, reflecting the need for more effective preventive measures. Hypothalamic circuits that control energy homeostasis in response to food intake are interesting targets for body-weight management, for example, through interventions that reinforce the gut-to-brain nutrient signalling, whose malfunction contributes to obesity. Gut microbiota-diet interactions might interfere in nutrient sensing and signalling from the gut to the brain, where the information is processed to control energy homeostasis. This gut microbiota-brain crosstalk is mediated by metabolites, mainly short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids or amino acids-derived metabolites and subcellular bacterial components. These activate gut-endocrine and/or neural-mediated pathways or pass to systemic circulation and then reach the brain. Feeding time and dietary composition are the main drivers of the gut microbiota structure and function. Therefore, aberrant feeding patterns or unhealthy diets might alter gut microbiota-diet interactions and modify nutrient availability and/or microbial ligands transmitting information from the gut to the brain in response to food intake, thus impairing energy homeostasis. Herein, we update the scientific evidence supporting that gut microbiota is a source of novel dietary and non-dietary biological products that may beneficially regulate gut-to-brain communication and, thus, improve metabolic health. Additionally, we evaluate how the feeding time and dietary composition modulate the gut microbiota and, thereby, the intraluminal availability of these biological products with potential effects on energy homeostasis. The review also identifies knowledge gaps and the advances required to clinically apply microbiome-based strategies to improve the gut-brain axis function and, thus, combat obesity.
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