1
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Soares R, Lourenço DM, Mota IF, Sebastião AM, Xapelli S, Morais VA. Lineage-specific changes in mitochondrial properties during neural stem cell differentiation. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302473. [PMID: 38664022 PMCID: PMC11045976 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in discrete regions of the adult mammalian brain where they can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Several studies suggest that mitochondria have a major role in regulating NSC fate. Here, we evaluated mitochondrial properties throughout NSC differentiation and in lineage-specific cells. For this, we used the neurosphere assay model to isolate, expand, and differentiate mouse subventricular zone postnatal NSCs. We found that the levels of proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion (Mitofusin [Mfn] 1 and Mfn 2) increased, whereas proteins involved in fission (dynamin-related protein 1 [DRP1]) decreased along differentiation. Importantly, changes in mitochondrial dynamics correlated with distinct patterns of mitochondrial morphology in each lineage. Particularly, we found that the number of branched and unbranched mitochondria increased during astroglial and neuronal differentiation, whereas the area occupied by mitochondrial structures significantly reduced with oligodendrocyte maturation. In addition, comparing the three lineages, neurons revealed to be the most energetically flexible, whereas astrocytes presented the highest ATP content. Our work identified putative mitochondrial targets to enhance lineage-directed differentiation of mouse subventricular zone-derived NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Soares
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo M Lourenço
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isa F Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa A Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular | João Lobo Antunes (iMM|JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Ahola S, Langer T. Ferroptosis in mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:150-160. [PMID: 37419738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of necrotic cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation culminating in membrane rupture. Accumulating evidence links ferroptosis to multiple cardiac diseases and identifies mitochondria as important regulators of ferroptosis. Mitochondria are not only a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also counteract ferroptosis by preserving cellular redox balance and oxidative defense. Recent evidence has revealed that the mitochondrial integrated stress response limits oxidative stress and ferroptosis in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-deficient cardiomyocytes and protects against mitochondrial cardiomyopathy. We summarize the multiple ways in which mitochondria modulate the susceptibility of cells to ferroptosis, and discuss the implications of ferroptosis for cardiomyopathies in mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ahola
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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3
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Ali MA, Gioscia-Ryan R, Yang D, Sutton NR, Tyrrell DJ. Cardiovascular aging: spotlight on mitochondria. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H317-H333. [PMID: 38038719 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00632.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles critical for ATP production and are particularly relevant to cardiovascular diseases including heart failure, atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cardiomyopathies. With advancing age, even in the absence of clinical disease, mitochondrial homeostasis becomes disrupted (e.g., redox balance, mitochondrial DNA damage, oxidative metabolism, and mitochondrial quality control). Mitochondrial dysregulation leads to the accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria, producing excessive reactive oxygen species and perpetuating mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, mitochondrial DNA, cardiolipin, and N-formyl peptides are potent activators of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic inflammatory pathways. These age-related mitochondrial changes contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. This review covers the impact of aging on mitochondria and links these mechanisms to therapeutic implications for age-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Akkas Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Rachel Gioscia-Ryan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Dongli Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Nadia R Sutton
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Daniel J Tyrrell
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
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4
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de Magalhães JP. Distinguishing between driver and passenger mechanisms of aging. Nat Genet 2024; 56:204-211. [PMID: 38242993 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Understanding why we age is a long-standing question, and many mechanistic theories of aging have been proposed. Owing to limitations in studying the aging process, including a lack of adequate quantitative measurements, its mechanistic basis remains a subject of debate. Here, I explore theories of aging from the perspective of causal relationships. Many aging-related changes have been observed and touted as drivers of aging, including molecular changes in the genome, telomeres, mitochondria, epigenome and proteins and cellular changes affecting stem cells, the immune system and senescent cell buildup. Determining which changes are drivers and not passengers of aging remains a challenge, however, and I discuss how animal models and human genetic studies have been used empirically to infer causality. Overall, our understanding of the drivers of human aging is still inadequate; yet with a global aging population, elucidating the causes of aging has the potential to revolutionize biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro de Magalhães
- Genomics of Ageing and Rejuvenation Lab, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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5
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Zhang C, Meng Y, Han J. Emerging roles of mitochondrial functions and epigenetic changes in the modulation of stem cell fate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:26. [PMID: 38212548 PMCID: PMC11072137 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as essential organelles that play a key role in regulating stem cell fate. Mitochondrial dysfunction and stem cell exhaustion are two of the nine distinct hallmarks of aging. Emerging research suggests that epigenetic modification of mitochondria-encoded genes and the regulation of epigenetics by mitochondrial metabolites have an impact on stem cell aging or differentiation. Here, we review how key mitochondrial metabolites and behaviors regulate stem cell fate through an epigenetic approach. Gaining insight into how mitochondria regulate stem cell fate will help us manufacture and preserve clinical-grade stem cells under strict quality control standards, contributing to the development of aging-associated organ dysfunction and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junhong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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6
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Yılmaz D, Mathavan N, Wehrle E, Kuhn GA, Müller R. Mouse models of accelerated aging in musculoskeletal research for assessing frailty, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis - A review. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102118. [PMID: 37935249 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal aging encompasses the decline in bone and muscle function, leading to conditions such as frailty, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. Unraveling the underlying molecular mechanisms and developing effective treatments are crucial for improving the quality of life for those affected. In this context, accelerated aging models offer valuable insights into these conditions by displaying the hallmarks of human aging. Herein, this review focuses on relevant mouse models of musculoskeletal aging with particular emphasis on frailty, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. Among the discussed models, PolgA mice in particular exhibit hallmarks of musculoskeletal aging, presenting early-onset frailty, as well as reduced bone and muscle mass that closely resemble human musculoskeletal aging. Ultimately, findings from these models hold promise for advancing interventions targeted at age-related musculoskeletal disorders, effectively addressing the challenges posed by musculoskeletal aging and associated conditions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Yılmaz
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Esther Wehrle
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Gisela A Kuhn
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Mas-Bargues C. Mitochondria pleiotropism in stem cell senescence: Mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:657-671. [PMID: 37739140 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process characterized by a progressive decline in cellular and tissue function, ultimately leading to organismal aging. Stem cells, with their regenerative potential, play a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and repair throughout an organism's lifespan. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, have emerged as key players in the aging process, impacting stem cell function and contributing to age-related tissue dysfunction. Here are discuss the mechanisms through which mitochondria influence stem cell fate decisions, including energy production, metabolic regulation, ROS signalling, and epigenetic modifications. Therefore, this review highlights the role of mitochondria in driving stem cell senescence and the subsequent impact on tissue function, leading to overall organismal aging and age-related diseases. Finally, we explore potential anti-aging therapies targeting mitochondrial health and discuss their implications for promoting healthy aging. This comprehensive review sheds light on the critical interplay between mitochondrial function, stem cell senescence, and organismal aging, offering insights into potential strategies for attenuating age-related decline and promoting healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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8
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Ikonen L, Pirnes-Karhu S, Pradhan S, Jacobs HT, Szibor M, Suomalainen A. Alternative oxidase causes cell type- and tissue-specific responses in mutator mice. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302036. [PMID: 37657934 PMCID: PMC10474302 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Energetic insufficiency, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and aberrant signaling partially account for the diverse pathology of mitochondrial diseases. Whether interventions affecting ROS, a regulator of stem cell pools, could modify somatic stem cell homeostasis remains unknown. Previous data from mitochondrial DNA mutator mice showed that increased ROS leads to oxidative damage in erythroid progenitors, causing lifespan-limiting anemia. Also unclear is how ROS-targeted interventions affect terminally differentiated tissues. Here, we set out to test in mitochondrial DNA mutator mice how ubiquitous expression of the Ciona intestinalis alternative oxidase (AOX), which attenuates ROS production, affects murine stem cell pools. We found that AOX does not affect neural stem cells but delays the progression of mutator-driven anemia. Furthermore, when combined with the mutator, AOX potentiates mitochondrial stress and inflammatory responses in skeletal muscle. These differential cell type-specific findings demonstrate that AOX expression is not a global panacea for curing mitochondrial dysfunction. ROS attenuation must be carefully studied regarding specific underlying defects before AOX can be safely used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Ikonen
- https://ror.org/040af2s02 Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini Pirnes-Karhu
- https://ror.org/040af2s02 Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Swagat Pradhan
- https://ror.org/040af2s02 Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Howard T Jacobs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marten Szibor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- https://ror.org/040af2s02 Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Zheng XX, Chen JJ, Sun YB, Chen TQ, Wang J, Yu SC. Mitochondria in cancer stem cells: Achilles heel or hard armor. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:708-727. [PMID: 37137792 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mitochondria play core roles in not only cancer stem cell (CSC) metabolism but also the regulation of CSC stemness maintenance and differentiation, which are key regulators of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, an in-depth study of the regulatory mechanism of mitochondria in CSCs is expected to provide a new target for cancer therapy. This article mainly introduces the roles played by mitochondria and related mechanisms in CSC stemness maintenance, metabolic transformation, and chemoresistance. The discussion mainly focuses on the following aspects: mitochondrial morphological structure, subcellular localization, mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial metabolism, and mitophagy. The manuscript also describes the recent clinical research progress on mitochondria-targeted drugs and discusses the basic principles of their targeted strategies. Indeed, an understanding of the application of mitochondria in the regulation of CSCs will promote the development of novel CSC-targeted strategies, thereby significantly improving the long-term survival rate of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Zheng
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun-Jie Chen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi-Bo Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tian-Qing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030002, Shanxi, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; International Joint Research Center for Precision Biotherapy, Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing 400038, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunopathology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400038, China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Jin-feng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China.
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10
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Swegen A, Appeltant R, Williams SA. Cloning in action: can embryo splitting, induced pluripotency and somatic cell nuclear transfer contribute to endangered species conservation? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1225-1249. [PMID: 37016502 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The term 'cloning' refers to the production of genetically identical individuals but has meant different things throughout the history of science: a natural means of reproduction in bacteria, a routine procedure in horticulture, and an ever-evolving gamut of molecular technologies in vertebrates. Mammalian cloning can be achieved through embryo splitting, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and most recently, by the use of induced pluripotent stem cells. Several emerging biotechnologies also facilitate the propagation of genomes from one generation to the next whilst bypassing the conventional reproductive processes. In this review, we examine the state of the art of available cloning technologies and their progress in species other than humans and rodent models, in order to provide a critical overview of their readiness and relevance for application in endangered animal conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleona Swegen
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ruth Appeltant
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Gamete Research Centre, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Suzannah A Williams
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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11
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Sagar S, Gustafsson AB. Cardiovascular aging: the mitochondrial influence. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR AGING 2023; 3:33. [PMID: 37583788 PMCID: PMC10426788 DOI: 10.20517/jca.2023.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated cardiovascular disease is becoming progressively prevalent due to the increased lifespan of the population. However, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the aging process and the corresponding decline in tissue functions are still poorly understood. The heart has a very high energy demand and the cellular energy needed to sustain contraction is primarily generated by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are also involved in supporting various metabolic processes, as well as activation of the innate immune response and cell death pathways. Given the central role of mitochondria in energy metabolism and cell survival, the heart is highly susceptible to the effects of mitochondrial dysfunction. These key organelles have been implicated as underlying drivers of cardiac aging. Here, we review the evidence demonstrating the mitochondrial contribution to the cardiac aging process and disease susceptibility. We also discuss the potential mechanisms responsible for the age-related decline in mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Sagar
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Asa B Gustafsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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12
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Zaghi M, Longo F, Massimino L, Rubio A, Bido S, Mazzara PG, Bellini E, Banfi F, Podini P, Maltecca F, Zippo A, Broccoli V, Sessa A. SETD5 haploinsufficiency affects mitochondrial compartment in neural cells. Mol Autism 2023; 14:20. [PMID: 37264456 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are heterogeneous conditions due to alterations of a variety of molecular mechanisms and cell dysfunctions. SETD5 haploinsufficiency leads to NDDs due to chromatin defects. Epigenetic basis of NDDs has been reported in an increasing number of cases while mitochondrial dysfunctions are more common within NDD patients than in the general population. METHODS We investigated in vitro neural stem cells as well as the brain of the Setd5 haploinsufficiency mouse model interrogating its transcriptome, analyzing mitochondrial structure, biochemical composition, and dynamics, as well as mitochondrial functionality. RESULTS Mitochondrial impairment is facilitated by transcriptional aberrations originated by the decrease of the SETD5 enzyme. Low levels of SETD5 resulted in fragmented mitochondria, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP production both in neural precursors and neurons. Mitochondria were also mislocalized in mutant neurons, with reduced organelles within neurites and synapses. LIMITATIONS We found several defects in the mitochondrial compartment; however, we can only speculate about their position in the hierarchy of the pathological mechanisms at the basis of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Our study explores the interplay between chromatin regulation and mitochondria functions as a possible important aspect of SETD5-associated NDD pathophysiology. Our data, if confirmed in patient context, suggest that the mitochondrial activity and dynamics may represent new therapeutic targets for disorders associated with the loss of SETD5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Zaghi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Longo
- Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Neurodegeneration Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- University California, Irvine, USA
| | - Luca Massimino
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Alicia Rubio
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Bido
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Giuseppe Mazzara
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Edoardo Bellini
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Banfi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Podini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Maltecca
- Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in Neurodegeneration Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Zippo
- Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics Lab, Department of Cellular, Computational, and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Sessa
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Mormone E, Iorio EL, Abate L, Rodolfo C. Sirtuins and redox signaling interplay in neurogenesis, neurodegenerative diseases, and neural cell reprogramming. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1073689. [PMID: 36816109 PMCID: PMC9929468 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1073689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) there are still mechanism to be clarified, such as the role of mitochondrial metabolism in the regulation of endogenous adult neurogenesis and its implication in neurodegeneration. Although stem cells require glycolysis to maintain their stemness, they can perform oxidative phosphorylation and it is becoming more and more evident that mitochondria are central players, not only for ATP production but also for neuronal differentiation's steps regulation, through their ability to handle cellular redox state, intracellular signaling, epigenetic state of the cell, as well as the gut microbiota-brain axis, upon dietary influences. In this scenario, the 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) repair system would link mitochondrial DNA integrity to the modulation of neural differentiation. On the other side, there is an increasing interest in NSCs generation, from induced pluripotent stem cells, as a clinical model for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), although this methodology still presents several drawbacks, mainly related to the reprogramming process. Indeed, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), associated with telomere shortening, genomic instability, and defective mitochondrial dynamics, lead to pluripotency limitation and reprogramming efficiency's reduction. Moreover, while a physiological or moderate ROS increase serves as a signaling mechanism, to activate differentiation and suppress self-renewal, excessive oxidative stress is a common feature of NDs and aging. This ROS-dependent regulatory effect might be modulated by newly identified ROS suppressors, including the NAD+-dependent deacetylase enzymes family called Sirtuins (SIRTs). Recently, the importance of subcellular localization of NAD synthesis has been coupled to different roles for NAD in chromatin stability, DNA repair, circadian rhythms, and longevity. SIRTs have been described as involved in the control of both telomere's chromatin state and expression of nuclear gene involved in the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression, as well as in several NDs and aging. SIRTs are ubiquitously expressed in the mammalian brain, where they play important roles. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on how SIRTs-dependent modulation of mitochondrial metabolism could impact on neurogenesis and neurodegeneration, focusing mainly on ROS function and their role in SIRTs-mediated cell reprogramming and telomere protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mormone
- Unitá Produttiva per Terapie Avanzate, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy,*Correspondence: Elisabetta Mormone, ;
| | | | - Lucrezia Abate
- Unitá Produttiva per Terapie Avanzate, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Carlo Rodolfo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy,Department of Paediatric Onco-Haematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy,Carlo Rodolfo,
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14
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Whitehall JC, Smith ALM, Greaves LC. Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and Ageing. Subcell Biochem 2023; 102:77-98. [PMID: 36600130 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21410-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are subcellular organelles present in most eukaryotic cells which play a significant role in numerous aspects of cell biology. These include carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism to generate cellular energy through oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis, cell signalling, haem biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species production. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a feature of many human ageing tissues, and since the discovery that mitochondrial DNA mutations were a major underlying cause of changes in oxidative phosphorylation capacity, it has been proposed that they have a role in human ageing. However, there is still much debate on whether mitochondrial DNA mutations play a causal role in ageing or are simply a consequence of the ageing process. This chapter describes the structure of mammalian mitochondria, and the unique features of mitochondrial genetics, and reviews the current evidence surrounding the role of mitochondrial DNA mutations in the ageing process. It then focusses on more recent discoveries regarding the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in stem cell ageing and age-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Whitehall
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anna L M Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura C Greaves
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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15
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Chiaratti MR, Chinnery PF. Modulating mitochondrial DNA mutations: factors shaping heteroplasmy in the germ line and somatic cells. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106466. [PMID: 36174964 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Until recently it was thought that most humans only harbor one type of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), however, deep sequencing and single-cell analysis has shown the converse - that mixed populations of mtDNA (heteroplasmy) are the norm. This is important because heteroplasmy levels can change dramatically during transmission in the female germ line, leading to high levels causing severe mitochondrial diseases. There is also emerging evidence that low level mtDNA mutations contribute to common late onset diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cardiometabolic diseases because the inherited mutation levels can change within developing organs and non-dividing cells over time. Initial predictions suggested that the segregation of mtDNA heteroplasmy was largely stochastic, with an equal tendency for levels to increase or decrease. However, transgenic animal work and single-cell analysis have shown this not to be the case during germ-line transmission and in somatic tissues during life. Mutation levels in specific mtDNA regions can increase or decrease in different contexts and the underlying molecular mechanisms are starting to be unraveled. In this review we provide a synthesis of recent literature on the mechanisms of selection for and against mtDNA variants. We identify the most pertinent gaps in our understanding and suggest ways these could be addressed using state of the art techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R Chiaratti
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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16
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Angelopoulos I, Gakis G, Birmpas K, Kyrousi C, Habeos EE, Kaplani K, Lygerou Z, Habeos I, Taraviras S. Metabolic regulation of the neural stem cell fate: Unraveling new connections, establishing new concepts. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1009125. [PMID: 36340763 PMCID: PMC9634649 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1009125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural stem cell niche is a key regulator participating in the maintenance, regeneration, and repair of the brain. Within the niche neural stem cells (NSC) generate new neurons throughout life, which is important for tissue homeostasis and brain function. NSCs are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors with cellular metabolism being lately recognized as one of the most important ones, with evidence suggesting that it may serve as a common signal integrator to ensure mammalian brain homeostasis. The aim of this review is to summarize recent insights into how metabolism affects NSC fate decisions in adult neural stem cell niches, with occasional referencing of embryonic neural stem cells when it is deemed necessary. Specifically, we will highlight the implication of mitochondria as crucial regulators of NSC fate decisions and the relationship between metabolism and ependymal cells. The link between primary cilia dysfunction in the region of hypothalamus and metabolic diseases will be examined as well. Lastly, the involvement of metabolic pathways in ependymal cell ciliogenesis and physiology regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Gakis
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Birmpas
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “Costas Stefanis”, Athens, Greece
| | - Evagelia Eva Habeos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kaplani
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis Habeos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- *Correspondence: Stavros Taraviras,
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17
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Dogan SA, Giacchin G, Zito E, Viscomi C. Redox Signaling and Stress in Inherited Myopathies. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:301-323. [PMID: 35081731 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive compounds that behave like a double-edged sword; they damage cellular structures and act as second messengers in signal transduction. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are interconnected organelles with a central role in ROS production, detoxification, and oxidative stress response. Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in mammals and one of the most metabolically active ones and thus relies mainly on oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) to synthesize adenosine triphosphate. The impairment of OxPhos leads to myopathy and increased ROS production, thus affecting both redox poise and signaling. In addition, ROS enter the ER and trigger ER stress and its maladaptive response, which also lead to a myopathic phenotype with mitochondrial involvement. Here, we review the role of ROS signaling in myopathies due to either mitochondrial or ER dysfunction. Recent Advances: Relevant advances have been evolving over the last 10 years on the intricate ROS-dependent pathways that act as modifiers of the disease course in several myopathies. To this end, pathways related to mitochondrial biogenesis, satellite cell differentiation, and ER stress have been studied extensively in myopathies. Critical Issues: The analysis of the chemistry and the exact quantitation, as well as the localization of ROS, are still challenging due to the intrinsic labile nature of ROS and the technical limitations of their sensors. Future Directions: The mechanistic studies of the pathogenesis of mitochondrial and ER-related myopathies offer a unique possibility to discover novel ROS-dependent pathways. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 301-323.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Anil Dogan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Giacomo Giacchin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ester Zito
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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18
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Smith ALM, Whitehall JC, Greaves LC. Mitochondrial
DNA
mutations in aging and cancer. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3276-3294. [PMID: 35842901 PMCID: PMC9490137 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancing age is a major risk factor for malignant transformation and the development of cancer. As such, over 50% of neoplasms occur in individuals over the age of 70. The pathologies of both ageing and cancer have been characterized by respective groups of molecular hallmarks, and while some features are divergent between the two pathologies, several are shared. Perturbed mitochondrial function is one such common hallmark, and this observation therefore suggests that mitochondrial alterations may be of significance in age‐related cancer development. There is now considerable evidence documenting the accumulation of somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in ageing human postmitotic and replicative tissues. Similarly, mutations of the mitochondrial genome have been reported in human cancers for decades. The plethora of functions in which mitochondria partake, such as oxidative phosphorylation, redox balance, apoptosis and numerous biosynthetic pathways, manifests a variety of ways in which alterations in mtDNA may contribute to tumour growth. However, the specific mechanisms by which mtDNA mutations contribute to tumour progression remain elusive and often contradictory. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge and describe future direction within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna LM Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK
| | - Julia C Whitehall
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK
| | - Laura C Greaves
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Biosciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK
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19
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Coelho P, Fão L, Mota S, Rego AC. Mitochondrial function and dynamics in neural stem cells and neurogenesis: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101667. [PMID: 35714855 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been largely described as the powerhouse of the cell and recent findings demonstrate that this organelle is fundamental for neurogenesis. The mechanisms underlying neural stem cells (NSCs) maintenance and differentiation are highly regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Mitochondrial-mediated switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, accompanied by mitochondrial remodeling and dynamics are vital to NSCs fate. Deregulation of mitochondrial proteins, mitochondrial DNA, function, fission/fusion and metabolism underly several neurodegenerative diseases; data show that these impairments are already present in early developmental stages and NSC fate decisions. However, little is known about mitochondrial role in neurogenesis. In this Review, we describe the recent evidence covering mitochondrial role in neurogenesis, its impact in selected neurodegenerative diseases, for which aging is the major risk factor, and the recent advances in stem cell-based therapies that may alleviate neurodegenerative disorders-related neuronal deregulation through improvement of mitochondrial function and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Coelho
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Fão
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Polo 3, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Mota
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; III, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A Cristina Rego
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Polo 3, Coimbra, Portugal.
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20
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Lyu Y, Ge Y. Toward Elucidating Epigenetic and Metabolic Regulation of Stem Cell Lineage Plasticity in Skin Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:903904. [PMID: 35663405 PMCID: PMC9160930 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.903904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ in human body, harboring a plethora of cell types and serving as the organismal barrier. Skin aging such as wrinkling and hair graying is graphically pronounced, and the molecular mechanisms behind these phenotypic manifestations are beginning to unfold. As in many other organs and tissues, epigenetic and metabolic deregulations have emerged as key aging drivers. Particularly in the context of the skin epithelium, the epigenome and metabolome coordinately shape lineage plasticity and orchestrate stem cell function during aging. Our review discusses recent studies that proposed molecular mechanisms that drive the degeneration of hair follicles, a major appendage of the skin. By focusing on skin while comparing it to model organisms and adult stem cells of other tissues, we summarize literature on genotoxic stress, nutritional sensing, metabolic rewiring, mitochondrial activity, and epigenetic regulations of stem cell plasticity. Finally, we speculate about the rejuvenation potential of rate-limiting upstream signals during aging and the dominant role of the tissue microenvironment in dictating aged epithelial stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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21
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Zhang S, Zhao J, Quan Z, Li H, Qing H. Mitochondria and Other Organelles in Neural Development and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:853911. [PMID: 35450015 PMCID: PMC9016280 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.853911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of organelles to neural development has received increasing attention. Studies have shown that organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, and endosomes play important roles in neurogenesis. Specifically, metabolic switching, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and the interaction between mitochondria and the ER all have roles in neurogenesis. Lysosomes and endosomes can regulate neurite growth and extension. Moreover, metabolic reprogramming represents a novel strategy for generating functional neurons. Accordingly, the exploration and application of mechanisms underlying metabolic reprogramming will be beneficial for neural conversion and regenerative medicine. There is adequate evidence implicating the dysfunction of cellular organelles—especially mitochondria—in neurodegenerative disorders, and that improvement of mitochondrial function may reverse the progression of these diseases through the reinforcement of adult neurogenesis. Therefore, these organelles have potential as therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the function of these organelles, especially mitochondria, in neural development, focusing on their potential as therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Aerospace Medical Center, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Li,
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Hong Qing,
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22
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Manini A, Abati E, Comi GP, Corti S, Ronchi D. Mitochondrial DNA homeostasis impairment and dopaminergic dysfunction: A trembling balance. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 76:101578. [PMID: 35114397 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) homeostasis includes a variety of processes, such as mtDNA replication, repair, and nucleotides synthesis, aimed at preserving the structural and functional integrity of mtDNA molecules. Mutations in several nuclear genes (i.e., POLG, POLG2, TWNK, OPA1, DGUOK, MPV17, TYMP) impair mtDNA maintenance, leading to clinical syndromes characterized by mtDNA depletion and/or deletions in affected tissues. In the past decades, studies have demonstrated a progressive accumulation of multiple mtDNA deletions in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in elderly population and, to a greater extent, in Parkinson's disease patients. Moreover, parkinsonism has been frequently described as a prominent clinical feature in mtDNA instability syndromes. Among Parkinson's disease-related genes with a significant role in mitochondrial biology, PARK2 and LRRK2 specifically take part in mtDNA maintenance. Moreover, a variety of murine models (i.e., "Mutator", "MitoPark", "PD-mitoPstI", "Deletor", "Twinkle-dup" and "TwinkPark") provided in vivo evidence that mtDNA stability is required to preserve nigrostriatal integrity. Here, we review and discuss the clinical, genetic, and pathological background underlining the link between impaired mtDNA homeostasis and dopaminergic degeneration.
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23
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Yegorov YE, Poznyak AV, Bezsonov EE, Zhuravlev AD, Nikiforov NG, Vishnyakova KS, Orekhov AN. Somatic Mutations of Hematopoietic Cells Are an Additional Mechanism of Body Aging, Conducive to Comorbidity and Increasing Chronification of Inflammation. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040782. [PMID: 35453534 PMCID: PMC9028317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that the development of foci of chronic inflammation usually accompanies body aging. In these foci, senescent cells appear with a pro-inflammatory phenotype that helps maintain inflammation. Their removal with the help of senolytics significantly improves the general condition of the body and, according to many indicators, contributes to rejuvenation. The cells of the immune system participate in the initiation, development, and resolution of inflammation. With age, the human body accumulates mutations, including the cells of the bone marrow, giving rise to the cells of the immune system. We assume that a number of such mutations formed with age can lead to the appearance of “naive” cells with an initially pro-inflammatory phenotype, the migration of which to preexisting foci of inflammation contributes not to the resolution of inflammation but its chronicity. One of such cell variants are monocytes carrying mitochondrial mutations, which may be responsible for comorbidity and deterioration in the prognosis of the course of pathologies associated with aging, such as atherosclerosis, arthritis, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yegor E. Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (Y.E.Y.); (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (Y.E.Y.); (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.D.Z.); (N.G.N.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 105043 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander D. Zhuravlev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.D.Z.); (N.G.N.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.D.Z.); (N.G.N.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Khava S. Vishnyakova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.E.B.); (A.D.Z.); (N.G.N.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (Y.E.Y.); (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
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24
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LIN28A enhances regenerative capacity of human somatic tissue stem cells via metabolic and mitochondrial reprogramming. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:540-555. [PMID: 34556809 PMCID: PMC8901931 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing methods to improve the regenerative capacity of somatic stem cells (SSCs) is a major challenge in regenerative medicine. Here, we propose the forced expression of LIN28A as a method to modulate cellular metabolism, which in turn enhances self-renewal, differentiation capacities, and engraftment after transplantation of various human SSCs. Mechanistically, in undifferentiated/proliferating SSCs, LIN28A induced metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) to glycolysis by activating PDK1-mediated glycolysis-TCA/OxPhos uncoupling. Mitochondria were also reprogrammed into healthy/fused mitochondria with improved functional capacity. The reprogramming allows SSCs to undergo cell proliferation more extensively with low levels of oxidative and mitochondrial stress. When the PDK1-mediated uncoupling was untethered upon differentiation, LIN28A-SSCs differentiated more efficiently with an increase of OxPhos by utilizing the reprogrammed mitochondria. This study provides mechanistic and practical approaches of utilizing LIN28A and metabolic reprogramming in order to improve SSCs utility in regenerative medicine.
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25
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Wani GA, Sprenger HG, Ndoci K, Chandragiri S, Acton RJ, Schatton D, Kochan SMV, Sakthivelu V, Jevtic M, Seeger JM, Müller S, Giavalisco P, Rugarli EI, Motori E, Langer T, Bergami M. Metabolic control of adult neural stem cell self-renewal by the mitochondrial protease YME1L. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110370. [PMID: 35172139 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition between quiescence and activation in neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) is coupled with reversible changes in energy metabolism with key implications for lifelong NSPC self-renewal and neurogenesis. How this metabolic plasticity is ensured between NSPC activity states is unclear. We find that a state-specific rewiring of the mitochondrial proteome by the i-AAA peptidase YME1L is required to preserve NSPC self-renewal. YME1L controls the abundance of numerous mitochondrial substrates in quiescent NSPCs, and its deletion activates a differentiation program characterized by broad metabolic changes causing the irreversible shift away from a fatty-acid-oxidation-dependent state. Conditional Yme1l deletion in adult NSPCs in vivo results in defective self-renewal and premature differentiation, ultimately leading to NSPC pool depletion. Our results disclose an important role for YME1L in coordinating the switch between metabolic states of NSPCs and suggest that NSPC fate is regulated by compartmentalized changes in protein network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzar A Wani
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Sprenger
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristiano Ndoci
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Srikanth Chandragiri
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard James Acton
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Désirée Schatton
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra M V Kochan
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Vignesh Sakthivelu
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Milica Jevtic
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens M Seeger
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, CECAD Research Center and University Hospital Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena I Rugarli
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elisa Motori
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langer
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matteo Bergami
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Koch-Str. 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
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26
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Li X, Wang X, Zhang C, Wang J, Wang S, Hu L. Dysfunction of metabolic activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in aged mice. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13191. [PMID: 35088483 PMCID: PMC8891618 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Evidences have suggested that the metabolic function is the key regulator to the fate of MSCs, but its function in senescence of MSC and the underlying mechanism is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolic activity of MSCs and its possible mechanism during aging. Materials and Methods We used the Seahorse XF24 Analyzer to understand OCR and ECAR in BMSCs and used RT‐PCR to analyze the gene expression of mitochondrial biogenesis and key enzymes in glycolysis. We analyzed BMSC mitochondrial activity by MitoTracker Deep Red and JC‐1 staining, and detected NAD+/NADH ratio and ATP levels in BMSCs. Microarray and proteomic analyses were performed to detect differentially expressed genes and proteins in BMSCs. The impact of aging on BMSCs through mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) was evaluated by Rotenone and Coenzyme Q10. Results Our results demonstrated that the oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic activity of BMSCs in aged mice were significantly decreased when compared with young mice. BMSCs in aged mice had lower mitochondrial membrane potential, NAD+/NADH ratio, and ATP production than young mice. FABP4 may play a key role in BMSC senescence caused by fatty acid metabolism disorders. Conclusions Taken together, our results indicated the dysfunction of the metabolic activity of BMSCs in aged mice, which would play the important role in the impaired biological properties. Therefore, the regulation of metabolic activity may be a potential therapeutic target for enhancing the regenerative functions of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Oral and General Health Integration and Translation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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27
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Zhu Q, Chen C, Yao J. Kearns–Sayre syndrome with a novel large-scale deletion: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:35. [PMID: 35073857 PMCID: PMC8785533 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a rare, multisystem mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. We report a case of KSS with a novel 7.6-kb deletion as assessed through a long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study in the blood. In addition, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) confirmed deep retinal capillary atrophy for the first time. Case presentation A 13-year-old patient presented with progressive vision loss and difficulty with eye opening and was diagnosed with progressive external ophthalmoplegia and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The patient also experienced heart block, vestibular dysfunction, growth retardation and multiple demyelinating lesions. A long-range PCR study in the blood revealed a large-scale Chrm: 6341–13,993 deletion, which was first reported and broadened the genetic spectrum of this disease. The patient underwent complete ophthalmic examination, medical history review and gene detection, resulting in a confirmation of the diagnosis of KSS. The patient was given a pair of applicable glasses to wear and was followed up every 3 months. An implantable pacemaker was also installed based on the advice of the physician. Conclusions We reported a novel large-scale deletion in the mitochondrial DNA of KSS, and OCTA was used for the first time to confirm deep retinal capillary atrophy. Furthermore, because ophthalmic symptoms are often the primary manifestation of KSS, the relationship between ophthalmology and mitochondrial diseases should be emphasised.
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28
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Karabulutoglu M, Finnon R, Cruz-Garcia L, Hill MA, Badie C. Oxidative Stress and X-ray Exposure Levels-Dependent Survival and Metabolic Changes in Murine HSPCs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:11. [PMID: 35052515 PMCID: PMC8772903 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic bone marrow cells are amongst the most sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR), initially resulting in cell death or genotoxicity that may later lead to leukaemia development, most frequently Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML). The target cells for radiation-induced Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (rAML) are believed to lie in the haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment. Using the inbred strain CBA/Ca as a murine model of rAML, progress has been made in understanding the underlying mechanisms, characterisation of target cell population and responses to IR. Complex regulatory systems maintain haematopoietic homeostasis which may act to modulate the risk of rAML. However, little is currently known about the role of metabolic factors and diet in these regulatory systems and modification of the risk of AML development. This study characterises cellular proliferative and clonogenic potential as well as metabolic changes within murine HSPCs under oxidative stress and X-ray exposure. Ambient oxygen (normoxia; 20.8% O2) levels were found to increase irradiated HSPC-stress, stimulating proliferative activity compared to low oxygen (3% O2) levels. IR exposure has a negative influence on the proliferative capability of HSPCs in a dose-dependent manner (0-2 Gy) and this is more pronounced under a normoxic state. One Gy x-irradiated HSPCs cultured under normoxic conditions displayed a significant increase in oxygen consumption compared to those cultured under low O2 conditions and to unirradiated HSPCs. Furthermore, mitochondrial analyses revealed a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner under normoxic conditions. Our results demonstrate that both IR and normoxia act as stressors for HSPCs, leading to significant metabolic deregulation and mitochondrial dysfunctionality which may affect long term risks such as leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Karabulutoglu
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
| | - Lourdes Cruz-Garcia
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
| | - Mark A. Hill
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate (RCE, Formally CRCE), UK Health Security Agency (Formerly Public Health England), Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; (R.F.); (L.C.-G.)
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29
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Kapri D, Fanibunda SE, Vaidya VA. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Putative molecular and cellular mechanisms. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 118:1-33. [PMID: 35180924 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sensitive to perturbations in thyroid hormone signaling, with evidence supporting a key role for thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in the regulation of postmitotic progenitor survival and neuronal differentiation. In this book chapter we summarize the current understanding of the effects of thyroid hormone signaling on adult hippocampal progenitor development, and also critically address the role of TRs in regulation of distinct aspects of stage-specific hippocampal progenitor progression. We highlight actions of thyroid hormone on thyroid hormone responsive target genes, and the implications for hippocampal progenitor regulation. Given the influence of thyroid hormone on both mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, we discuss a putative role for regulation of metabolism in the effects of thyroid hormone on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Finally, we highlight specific ideas that require detailed experimental investigation, and the need for future studies to obtain a deeper mechanistic insight into the influence of thyroid hormone and TRs in the developmental progression of adult hippocampal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Kapri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sashaina E Fanibunda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India; Medical Research Centre, Kasturba Health Society, Mumbai, India
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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30
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Guo J, Chiang WC. Mitophagy in aging and longevity. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:296-316. [PMID: 34889504 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The clearance of damaged or unwanted mitochondria by autophagy (also known as mitophagy) is a mitochondrial quality control mechanism postulated to play an essential role in cellular homeostasis, metabolism, and development and confers protection against a wide range of diseases. Proper removal of damaged or unwanted mitochondria is essential for organismal health. Defects in mitophagy are associated with Parkinson's, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and other degenerative disorders. Mitochondria regulate organismal fitness and longevity via multiple pathways, including cellular senescence, stem cell function, inflammation, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR), and bioenergetics. Thus, mitophagy is postulated to be pivotal for maintaining organismal healthspan and lifespan and the protection against aged-related degeneration. In this review, we will summarize recent understanding of the mechanism of mitophagy and aspects of mitochondrial functions. We will focus on mitochondria-related cellular processes that are linked to aging and examine current genetic evidence that supports the hypothesis that mitophagy is a pro-longevity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Chiang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Picerno A, Stasi A, Franzin R, Curci C, di Bari I, Gesualdo L, Sallustio F. Why stem/progenitor cells lose their regenerative potential. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1714-1732. [PMID: 34909119 PMCID: PMC8641024 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i11.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is clear that adult stem cells, also called as tissue stem cells, play a central role to repair and maintain the tissue in which they reside by their self-renewal ability and capacity of differentiating into distinct and specialized cells. As stem cells age, their renewal ability declines and their capacity to maintain organ homeostasis and regeneration is impaired. From a molecular perspective, these changes in stem cells properties can be due to several types of cell intrinsic injury and DNA aberrant alteration (i.e epigenomic profile) as well as changes in the tissue microenviroment, both into the niche and by systemic circulating factors. Strikingly, it has been suggested that aging-induced deterioration of stem cell functions may play a key role in the pathophysiology of the various aging-associated disorders. Therefore, understanding how resident stem cell age and affects near and distant tissues is fundamental. Here, we examine the current knowledge about aging mechanisms in several kinds of adult stem cells under physiological and pathological conditions and the principal aging-related changes in number, function and phenotype that determine the loss of tissue renewal properties. Furthermore, we examine the possible cell rejuvenation strategies. Stem cell rejuvenation may reverse the aging phenotype and the discovery of effective methods for inducing and differentiating pluripotent stem cells for cell replacement therapies could open up new possibilities for treating age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Picerno
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Rossana Franzin
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Claudia Curci
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Ighli di Bari
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70124, Italy
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32
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Morganti C, Ito K. Mitochondrial Contributions to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11117. [PMID: 34681777 PMCID: PMC8537916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and stem cell exhaustion are two hallmarks of aging. In the hematopoietic system, aging is linked to imbalanced immune response and reduced regenerative capacity in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), as well as an increased predisposition to a spectrum of diseases, including myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. Myeloid-biased differentiation and loss of polarity are distinct features of aged HSCs, which generally exhibit enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting a direct role for mitochondria in the degenerative process. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge of the mitochondrial mechanisms that contribute to age-related phenotypes in HSCs. These include mitochondrial ROS production, alteration/activation of mitochondrial metabolism, the quality control pathway of mitochondria, and inflammation. Greater understanding of the key machineries of HSC aging will allow us to identify new therapeutic targets for preventing, delaying, or even reversing aspects of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Morganti
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Departments of Cell Biology and Stem Cell Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Keisuke Ito
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Departments of Cell Biology and Stem Cell Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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33
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Dudek J, Kutschka I, Maack C. Metabolic and Redox Regulation of Cardiovascular Stem Cell Biology and Pathology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:163-181. [PMID: 33121253 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cardiovascular stem cells are important for regeneration and repair of damaged tissue. Recent Advances: Pluripotent stem cells have a unique metabolism, which is adopted for their energetic and biosynthetic demand as rapidly proliferating cells. Stem cell differentiation requires an exceptional metabolic flexibility allowing for metabolic remodeling between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Critical Issues: Respiration is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. But also the membrane-bound protein nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase, NOX) contributes to ROS levels. ROS not only play a significant role in stem cell differentiation and tissue renewal but also cause senescence and contribute to tissue aging. Future Directions: For utilization of stem cells in therapeutic approaches, a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms how metabolism and the cellular redox state regulate stem cell differentiation is required. Modulating the redox state of stem cells using antioxidative agents may be suitable to enhance activity of endothelial progenitor cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 163-181.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dudek
- Department of Translational Research, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ilona Kutschka
- Department of Translational Research, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maack
- Department of Translational Research, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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34
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Tay EXY, Chia K, Ong DST. Epigenetic plasticity and redox regulation of neural stem cell state and fate. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:116-130. [PMID: 33684459 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neural stem cells (NSCs) are essential for normal brain development and homeostasis. The cell state (i.e. quiescent versus activated) and fate (i.e. the cell lineage of choice upon differentiation) of NSCs are tightly controlled by various redox and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. There is an increasing appreciation that redox and epigenetic regulations are intimately linked, but how this redox-epigenetics crosstalk affects NSC activity remains poorly understood. Another unresolved topic is whether the NSCs actually contribute to brain ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aim to 1) distill concepts that underlie redox and epigenetic regulation of NSC state and fate; 2) provide examples of the redox-epigenetics crosstalk in NSC biology; and 3) highlight potential redox- and epigenetic-based therapeutic opportunities to rescue NSC dysfunctions in ageing and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Xue Yun Tay
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Kimberly Chia
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Derrick Sek Tong Ong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore; National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
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35
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Rossmann MP, Dubois SM, Agarwal S, Zon LI. Mitochondrial function in development and disease. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:269120. [PMID: 34114603 PMCID: PMC8214736 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles with vital functions in almost all eukaryotic cells. Often described as the cellular ‘powerhouses’ due to their essential role in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria perform many other essential functions beyond energy production. As signaling organelles, mitochondria communicate with the nucleus and other organelles to help maintain cellular homeostasis, allow cellular adaptation to diverse stresses, and help steer cell fate decisions during development. Mitochondria have taken center stage in the research of normal and pathological processes, including normal tissue homeostasis and metabolism, neurodegeneration, immunity and infectious diseases. The central role that mitochondria assume within cells is evidenced by the broad impact of mitochondrial diseases, caused by defects in either mitochondrial or nuclear genes encoding for mitochondrial proteins, on different organ systems. In this Review, we will provide the reader with a foundation of the mitochondrial ‘hardware’, the mitochondrion itself, with its specific dynamics, quality control mechanisms and cross-organelle communication, including its roles as a driver of an innate immune response, all with a focus on development, disease and aging. We will further discuss how mitochondrial DNA is inherited, how its mutation affects cell and organismal fitness, and current therapeutic approaches for mitochondrial diseases in both model organisms and humans. Summary: Mitochondria have a plethora of functions beyond metabolism. This Review discusses the emerging and multifaceted roles of mitochondria in different model organisms and human disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies P Rossmann
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sonia M Dubois
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Suneet Agarwal
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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36
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Chakrabarty RP, Chandel NS. Mitochondria as Signaling Organelles Control Mammalian Stem Cell Fate. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:394-408. [PMID: 33667360 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence supports the notion that mitochondrial metabolism is necessary for the determination of stem cell fate. Historically, mitochondrial metabolism is linked to the production of ATP and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites to support stem cell survival and growth, respectively. However, it is now clear that beyond these canonical roles, mitochondria as signaling organelles dictate stem cell fate and function. In this review, we focus on key conceptual ideas on how mitochondria control mammalian stem cell fate and function through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, TCA cycle metabolite production, NAD+/NADH ratio regulation, pyruvate metabolism, and mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prosad Chakrabarty
- Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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37
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Lei Y, Guerra Martinez C, Torres-Odio S, Bell SL, Birdwell CE, Bryant JD, Tong CW, Watson RO, West LC, West AP. Elevated type I interferon responses potentiate metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, and accelerated aging in mtDNA mutator mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe7548. [PMID: 34039599 PMCID: PMC8153723 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe7548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key driver of inflammatory responses in human disease. However, it remains unclear whether alterations in mitochondria-innate immune cross-talk contribute to the pathobiology of mitochondrial disorders and aging. Using the polymerase gamma (POLG) mutator model of mitochondrial DNA instability, we report that aberrant activation of the type I interferon (IFN-I) innate immune axis potentiates immunometabolic dysfunction, reduces health span, and accelerates aging in mutator mice. Mechanistically, elevated IFN-I signaling suppresses activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which increases oxidative stress, enhances proinflammatory cytokine responses, and accelerates metabolic dysfunction. Ablation of IFN-I signaling attenuates hyperinflammatory phenotypes by restoring NRF2 activity and reducing aerobic glycolysis, which combine to lessen cardiovascular and myeloid dysfunction in aged mutator mice. These findings further advance our knowledge of how mitochondrial dysfunction shapes innate immune responses and provide a framework for understanding mitochondria-driven immunopathology in POLG-related disorders and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiu Lei
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Camila Guerra Martinez
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Sylvia Torres-Odio
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Christine E Birdwell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Joshua D Bryant
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Carl W Tong
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Laura Ciaccia West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA.
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38
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Büeler H. Mitochondrial and Autophagic Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis in the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073342. [PMID: 33805219 PMCID: PMC8036818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is a highly regulated process during which new neurons are generated from neural stem cells in two discrete regions of the adult brain: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. Defects of adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been linked to cognitive decline and dysfunction during natural aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as psychological stress-induced mood disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and pathways that regulate adult neurogenesis is crucial to improving preventative measures and therapies for these conditions. Accumulating evidence shows that mitochondria directly regulate various steps and phases of adult neurogenesis. This review summarizes recent findings on how mitochondrial metabolism, dynamics, and reactive oxygen species control several aspects of adult neural stem cell function and their differentiation to newborn neurons. It also discusses the importance of autophagy for adult neurogenesis, and how mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction may contribute to cognitive defects and stress-induced mood disorders by compromising adult neurogenesis. Finally, I suggest possible ways to target mitochondrial function as a strategy for stem cell-based interventions and treatments for cognitive and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansruedi Büeler
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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39
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Stamp C, Whitehall JC, Smith ALM, Houghton D, Bradshaw C, Stoll EA, Blain AP, Turnbull DM, Greaves LC. Age-associated mitochondrial complex I deficiency is linked to increased stem cell proliferation rates in the mouse colon. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13321. [PMID: 33626245 PMCID: PMC7963326 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of aging is an accumulation of cells with defects in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Rapidly dividing tissues maintained by stem cells, such as the colonic epithelium, are particularly susceptible to accumulation of OXPHOS defects over time; however, the effects on the stem cells are unknown. We have crossed a mouse model in which intestinal stem cells are labelled with EGFP (Lgr5-EGFP-IRES-creERT2) with a model of accelerated mtDNA mutagenesis (PolgAmut/mut ) to investigate the effect of OXPHOS dysfunction on colonic stem cell proliferation. We show that a reduction in complex I protein levels is associated with an increased rate of stem cell cycle re-entry. These changes in stem cell homeostasis could have significant implications for age-associated intestinal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Stamp
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Julia C. Whitehall
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Anna L. M. Smith
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - David Houghton
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Carla Bradshaw
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Elizabeth A. Stoll
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Alasdair P. Blain
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Doug M. Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Laura C. Greaves
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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40
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Mohrin M. Mito-managing ROS & redox to reboot the immune system: Tapping mitochondria & redox management to extend the reach of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:38-53. [PMID: 33486089 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for life-long production of blood and immune cells. HSC transplantation (HSCT) is the original cell therapy which can cure hematological disorders but also has the potential to treat other diseases if technical and safety barriers are overcome. To maintain homeostatic hematopoiesis or to restore hematopoiesis during transplantation HSCs must perform both self-renewal, replication of themselves, and differentiation, generation of mature blood and immune cells. These are just two of the cell fate choices HSCs have; the transitional phases where HSCs undergo these cell fate decisions are regulated by reduction-oxidation (redox) signaling, mitochondrial activity, and cellular metabolism. Recent studies revealed that mitochondria, a key source of redox signaling components, are central to HSC cell fate decisions. Here we highlight how mitochondria serve as hubs in HSCs to manage redox signaling and metabolism and thus guide HSC fate choices. We focus on how mitochondrial activity is modulated by their clearance, biogenesis, dynamics, distribution, and quality control in HSCs. We also note how modulating mitochondria in HSCs can help overcome technical barriers limiting further use of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Mohrin
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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41
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Lechuga-Vieco AV, Justo-Méndez R, Enríquez JA. Not all mitochondrial DNAs are made equal and the nucleus knows it. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:511-529. [PMID: 33369015 PMCID: PMC7985871 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system is the only structure in animal cells with components encoded by two genomes, maternally transmitted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and biparentally transmitted nuclear DNA (nDNA). MtDNA‐encoded genes have to physically assemble with their counterparts encoded in the nucleus to build together the functional respiratory complexes. Therefore, structural and functional matching requirements between the protein subunits of these molecular complexes are rigorous. The crosstalk between nDNA and mtDNA needs to overcome some challenges, as the nuclear‐encoded factors have to be imported into the mitochondria in a correct quantity and match the high number of organelles and genomes per mitochondria that encode and synthesize their own components locally. The cell is able to sense the mito‐nuclear match through changes in the activity of the OXPHOS system, modulation of the mitochondrial biogenesis, or reactive oxygen species production. This implies that a complex signaling cascade should optimize OXPHOS performance to the cellular‐specific requirements, which will depend on cell type, environmental conditions, and life stage. Therefore, the mitochondria would function as a cellular metabolic information hub integrating critical information that would feedback the nucleus for it to respond accordingly. Here, we review the current understanding of the complex interaction between mtDNA and nDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Victoria Lechuga-Vieco
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raquel Justo-Méndez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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42
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Mitochondrial DNA. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120591. [PMID: 33321831 PMCID: PMC7763033 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the energy stations of the cell, are the only extranuclear organelles, containing their own (mitochondrial) DNA (mtDNA) and the protein synthesizing machinery. The location of mtDNA in close proximity to the oxidative phosphorylation system of the inner mitochondrial membrane, the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is an important factor responsible for its much higher mutation rate than nuclear DNA. Being more vulnerable to damage than nuclear DNA, mtDNA accumulates mutations, crucial for the development of mitochondrial dysfunction playing a key role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Good evidence exists that some mtDNA mutations are associated with increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the movement disorder resulted from the degenerative loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra. Although their direct impact on mitochondrial function/dysfunction needs further investigation, results of various studies performed using cells isolated from PD patients or their mitochondria (cybrids) suggest their functional importance. Studies involving mtDNA mutator mice also demonstrated the importance of mtDNA deletions, which could also originate from abnormalities induced by mutations in nuclear encoded proteins needed for mtDNA replication (e.g., polymerase γ). However, proteomic studies revealed only a few mitochondrial proteins encoded by mtDNA which were downregulated in various PD models. This suggests nuclear suppression of the mitochondrial defects, which obviously involve cross-talk between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes for maintenance of mitochondrial functioning.
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43
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van der Rijt S, Molenaars M, McIntyre RL, Janssens GE, Houtkooper RH. Integrating the Hallmarks of Aging Throughout the Tree of Life: A Focus on Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:594416. [PMID: 33324647 PMCID: PMC7726203 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.594416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification and definition of the hallmarks of aging, these aspects of molecular and cellular decline have been most often described as isolated or distinct mechanisms. However, there is significant evidence demonstrating interplay between most of these hallmarks and that they have the capacity to influence and regulate one another. These interactions are demonstrable across the tree of life, yet not all aspects are conserved. Here, we describe an integrative view on the hallmarks of aging by using the hallmark "mitochondrial dysfunction" as a focus point, and illustrate its capacity to both influence and be influenced by the other hallmarks of aging. We discuss the effects of mitochondrial pathways involved in aging, such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial protein synthesis, mitophagy, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial DNA damage in relation to each of the primary, antagonistic and integrative hallmarks. We discuss the similarities and differences in these interactions throughout the tree of life, and speculate how speciation may play a role in the variation in these mechanisms. We propose that the hallmarks are critically intertwined, and that mapping the full extent of these interactions would be of significant benefit to the aging research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne van der Rijt
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marte Molenaars
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rebecca L McIntyre
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Georges E Janssens
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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44
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Webb M, Sideris DP. Intimate Relations-Mitochondria and Ageing. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207580. [PMID: 33066461 PMCID: PMC7589147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with ageing, but the detailed causal relationship between the two is still unclear. We review the major phenomenological manifestations of mitochondrial age-related dysfunction including biochemical, regulatory and energetic features. We conclude that the complexity of these processes and their inter-relationships are still not fully understood and at this point it seems unlikely that a single linear cause and effect relationship between any specific aspect of mitochondrial biology and ageing can be established in either direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Webb
- Mitobridge Inc., an Astellas Company, 1030 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dionisia P Sideris
- Mitobridge Inc., an Astellas Company, 1030 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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45
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Lu J, Li Y, Mollinari C, Garaci E, Merlo D, Pei G. Amyloid-β Oligomers-induced Mitochondrial DNA Repair Impairment Contributes to Altered Human Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:934-949. [PMID: 31642778 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191023104036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β42 oligomers (Aβ42O), the proximate effectors of neurotoxicity observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD), can induce mitochondrial oxidative stress and impair mitochondrial function besides causing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. Aβ42O also regulate the proliferative and differentiative properties of stem cells. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study whether Aβ42O-induced mtDNA damage is involved in the regulation of stem cell differentiation. METHOD Human iPSCs-derived neural stem cell (NSC) was applied to investigate the effect of Aβ42O on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage using mitoSOX staining and long-range PCR lesion assay, respectively. mtDNA repair activity was measured by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) in vitro assay using mitochondria isolates and the expression and localization of NHEJ components were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. The expressions of Tuj-1 and GFAP, detected by immunofluorescence and qPCR, respectively, were examined as an index of neurons and astrocytes production. RESULTS We show that in NSC Aβ42O treatment induces ROS production and mtDNA damage and impairs DNA end joining activity. NHEJ components, such as Ku70/80, DNA-PKcs, and XRCC4, are localized in mitochondria and silencing of XRCC4 significantly exacerbates the effect of Aβ42O on mtDNA integrity. On the contrary, pre-treatment with Phytic Acid (IP6), which specifically stimulates DNA-PK-dependent end-joining, inhibits Aβ42O-induced mtDNA damage and neuronal differentiation alteration. CONCLUSION Aβ42O-induced mtDNA repair impairment may change cell fate thus shifting human NSC differentiation toward an astrocytic lineage. Repair stimulation counteracts Aβ42O neurotoxicity, suggesting mtDNA repair pathway as a potential target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Cristiana Mollinari
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.,Telematic University San Raffaele, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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46
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Wan Y, Finkel T. The mitochondria regulation of stem cell aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111334. [PMID: 32818514 PMCID: PMC7541753 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and stem cell exhaustion are among the nine separate hallmarks of aging. Emerging evidence however suggests that mitochondrial activity can have a profound influence on the self-renewal and function of stem cells, thus mechanistically linking mitochondrial function and stem cell decline. In this review, we discuss how accumulation of mtDNA mutations or alterations in mitochondrial dynamics, turnover, and signaling can modulate age-dependent stem cell function. Finally, we also describe how mitochondrial substrate utilization influences stem and progenitor activity. Together, this growing body of evidence suggests that modulation of mitochondrial activity might provide a strategy to slow or reverse age-dependent stem cell decline, and potentially, slow or reverse human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, USA; Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh/UPMC, USA.
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47
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Audesse AJ, Webb AE. Mechanisms of enhanced quiescence in neural stem cell aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111323. [PMID: 32781077 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of neural stem cell function is vital to ensure neurogenesis throughout adulthood. During aging, there is a significant reduction in adult neurogenesis that correlates with a decline in cognitive function. Although recent studies have revealed novel extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms that regulate the adult neural stem cell (NSC) pool and lineage progression, the precise molecular mechanisms that drive dysregulation of adult neurogenesis in the context of aging are only beginning to emerge. Recent studies have shed light on mechanisms that regulate the earliest step of adult neurogenesis, the activation of quiescent NSCs. Interestingly, the ability of NSCs to enter the cell cycle in the aged brain significantly declines suggesting a deepend state of quiescence. Given the likely contribution of adult neurogenesis to supporting cognitive function in humans, enhancing neurogenesis may be a strategy to combat age-related cognitive decline. This review highlights the mechanisms that regulate the NSC pool throughout adulthood and discusses how dysregulation of these processes may contribute to the decline in neurogenesis and cognitive function throughout aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Audesse
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Brown University, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Ashley E Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Center on the Biology of Aging, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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48
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Nicaise AM, Willis CM, Crocker SJ, Pluchino S. Stem Cells of the Aging Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:247. [PMID: 32848716 PMCID: PMC7426063 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult central nervous system (CNS) contains resident stem cells within specific niches that maintain a self-renewal and proliferative capacity to generate new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout adulthood. Physiological aging is associated with a progressive loss of function and a decline in the self-renewal and regenerative capacities of CNS stem cells. Also, the biggest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases is age, and current in vivo and in vitro models of neurodegenerative diseases rarely consider this. Therefore, combining both aging research and appropriate interrogation of animal disease models towards the understanding of the disease and age-related stem cell failure is imperative to the discovery of new therapies. This review article will highlight the main intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of neural stem cell (NSC) aging and discuss how these factors impact normal homeostatic functions within the adult brain. We will consider established in vivo animal and in vitro human disease model systems, and then discuss the current and future trajectories of novel senotherapeutics that target aging NSCs to ameliorate brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Nicaise
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cory M Willis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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49
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Hämäläinen RH, Landoni JC, Ahlqvist KJ, Goffart S, Ryytty S, Rahman MO, Brilhante V, Icay K, Hautaniemi S, Wang L, Laiho M, Suomalainen A. Reply to: Proofreading deficiency in mitochondrial DNA polymerase does not affect total dNTP pools in mouse embryos. Nat Metab 2020; 2:676-677. [PMID: 32778835 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riikka H Hämäläinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Juan C Landoni
- Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati J Ahlqvist
- Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Steffi Goffart
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sanna Ryytty
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Obaidur Rahman
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Virginia Brilhante
- Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katherine Icay
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Programs Unit, Stem Cells and Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Helsinki, Finland.
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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50
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Mitochondrial dysfunction impairs osteogenesis, increases osteoclast activity, and accelerates age related bone loss. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11643. [PMID: 32669663 PMCID: PMC7363892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of declining bone mineral density, a universal feature of ageing, is not fully understood. Somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations accumulate with age in human tissues and mounting evidence suggests that they may be integral to the ageing process. To explore the potential effects of mtDNA mutations on bone biology, we compared bone microarchitecture and turnover in an ageing series of wild type mice with that of the PolgAmut/mut mitochondrial DNA ‘mutator’ mouse. In vivo analyses showed an age-related loss of bone in both groups of mice; however, it was significantly accelerated in the PolgAmut/mut mice. This accelerated rate of bone loss is associated with significantly reduced bone formation rate, reduced osteoblast population densities, increased osteoclast population densities, and mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency in osteoblasts and osteoclasts in PolgAmut/mut mice compared with wild-type mice. In vitro assays demonstrated severely impaired mineralised matrix formation and increased osteoclast resorption by PolgAmut/mut cells. Finally, application of an exercise intervention to a subset of PolgAmut/mut mice showed no effect on bone mass or mineralised matrix formation in vitro. Our data demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction, a universal feature of human ageing, impairs osteogenesis and is associated with accelerated bone loss.
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