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Yuan F, Chen C, Covaleda LM, Martins M, Reinhart JM, Sullivan DR, Diel DG, Fang Y. Development of monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA for detecting SARS-CoV-2 exposure in animals. mSphere 2023; 8:e0006723. [PMID: 37409816 PMCID: PMC10449516 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00067-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a significant threat to public health. Besides humans, SARS-CoV-2 can infect several animal species. Highly sensitive and specific diagnostic reagents and assays are urgently needed for rapid detection and implementation of strategies for prevention and control of the infection in animals. In this study, we initially developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. To detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a broad spectrum of animal species, an mAb-based blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) was developed. Test validation using a set of animal serum samples with known infection status obtained an optimal percentage of inhibition cut-off value of 17.6% with diagnostic sensitivity of 97.8% and diagnostic specificity of 98.9%. The assay demonstrates high repeatability as determined by a low coefficient of variation (7.23%, 4.89%, and 3.16%) between-runs, within-run, and within-plate, respectively. Testing of samples collected over time from experimentally infected cats showed that the bELISA was able to detect seroconversion as early as 7 days post-infection. Subsequently, the bELISA was applied for testing pet animals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-like symptoms and specific antibody responses were detected in two dogs. The panel of mAbs generated in this study provides a valuable tool for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics and research. The mAb-based bELISA provides a serological test in aid of COVID-19 surveillance in animals. IMPORTANCE Antibody tests are commonly used as a diagnostic tool for detecting host immune response following infection. Serology (antibody) tests complement nucleic acid assays by providing a history of virus exposure, no matter symptoms developed from infection or the infection was asymptomatic. Serology tests for COVID-19 are in high demand, especially when the vaccines become available. They are important to determine the prevalence of the viral infection in a population and identify individuals who have been infected or vaccinated. ELISA is a simple and practically reliable serological test, which allows high-throughput implementation in surveillance studies. Several COVID-19 ELISA kits are available. However, they are mostly designed for human samples and species-specific secondary antibody is required for indirect ELISA format. This paper describes the development of an all species applicable monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based blocking ELISA to facilitate the detection and surveillance of COVID-19 in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfeng Yuan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lina M. Covaleda
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Mathias Martins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Reinhart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Drew R. Sullivan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Medical District Veterinary Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Park J, Park M, Kim J, Heo Y, Han BH, Choi N, Park C, Lee R, Lee DG, Chung S, Kang JY. Beads- and oil-free single molecule assay with immuno-rolling circle amplification for detection of SARS-CoV-2 from saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 232:115316. [PMID: 37079990 PMCID: PMC10101489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Digital enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) can be used to detect various antigens such as spike (S) or nucleocapsid (N) proteins of SARS-CoV-2, with much higher sensitivity compared to that achievable using conventional antigen tests. However, the use of microbeads and oil for compartmentalization in these assays limits their user-friendliness and causes loss of assay information due to the loss of beads during the process. To improve the sensitivity of antigen test, here, we developed an oil- and bead-free single molecule counting assay, with rolling circle amplification (RCA) on a substrate. With RCA, the signal is localized at the captured region of an antigen, and the signal from a single antigen molecule can be visualized using the same immune-reaction procedures as in the conventional ELISA. Substrate-based single molecule assay was theoretically evaluated for kd value, and the concentration of capture and detection antibodies. As a feasibility test, biotin-conjugated primer and mouse IgG conjugates were detected even at femto-molar concentrations with this digital immuno-RCA. Using this method, we detected the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 with a limit of detection less than 1 pg/mL more than 100-fold improvement compared to the detection using conventional ELISA. Furthermore, testing of saliva samples from COVID-19 patients and healthy controls (n = 50) indicated the applicability of the proposed method for detection of SARS-CoV-2 with 99.5% specificity and 90.9% sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhwan Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjun Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junbeom Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Youhee Heo
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Hoon Han
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulmin Park
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 16591, Republic of Korea
| | - Raeseok Lee
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 16591, Republic of Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 16591, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 16591, Republic of Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 16591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Kang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Mathur S, Davidson MC, Anglin K, Lu S, Goldberg SA, Garcia-Knight M, Tassetto M, Zhang A, Romero M, Pineda-Ramirez J, Diaz-Sanchez R, Rugart P, Chen JY, Donohue K, Shak JR, Chenna A, Winslow JW, Petropoulos CJ, Yee BC, Lambert J, Glidden DV, Rutherford GW, Deeks SG, Peluso MJ, Andino R, Martin JN, Kelly JD. Evaluation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Nucleocapsid Antigen in the Blood as a Diagnostic Test for Infection and Infectious Viral Shedding. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac563. [PMID: 36381627 PMCID: PMC9620332 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen can be detected in plasma, but little is known about its performance as a diagnostic test for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or infectious viral shedding among nonhospitalized individuals. Methods We used data generated from anterior nasal and blood samples collected in a longitudinal household cohort of SARS-CoV-2 cases and contacts. Participants were classified as true positives if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive for SARS-CoV-2 and as true negatives if PCR negative and seronegative. Infectious viral shedding was determined by the cytopathic effect from viral culture. Stratified by 7 days after symptom onset, we constructed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to describe optimized accuracy (Youden index), optimized sensitivity, and specificity. Results Of 80 participants, 58 (73%) were true positives while 22 (27%) were true negatives. Using the manufacturer's cutoff of 1.25 pg/mL for evaluating infection, sensitivity was higher from 0 to 7 days (77.6% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 64%-88.2%]) than from 8 to 14 days (43.2% [95% CI, 31.1%-54.5%]) after symptom onset; specificity was unchanged at 100% (95% CI, 88.1%-100%). This test had higher sensitivity (100% [95% CI, 88.4%-100%]) and lower specificity (65% [95% CI, 40.8%-84.6%]) for infectious viral shedding as compared with infection, particularly within the first week of symptom onset. Although the presence of N-antigen correlated with infectious viral shedding (r = 0.63; P < .01), sensitivity still declined over time. Additional cutoffs from ROC curves were identified to optimize sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions We found that this SARS-CoV-2 N-antigen test was highly sensitive for detecting early but not late infectious viral shedding, making it a viable screening test for community-dwelling individuals to inform isolation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mathur
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michelle C Davidson
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Khamal Anglin
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Scott Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah A Goldberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miguel Garcia-Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michel Tassetto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amethyst Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mariela Romero
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jesus Pineda-Ramirez
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruth Diaz-Sanchez
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paulina Rugart
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica Y Chen
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Donohue
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua R Shak
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ahmed Chenna
- Labcorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John W Winslow
- Labcorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Brandon C Yee
- Labcorp-Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - David V Glidden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - George W Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Disease, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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Favresse J, Bayart JL, David C, Didembourg M, Gillot C, Dogné JM, Douxfils J. Spike vs. nucleocapsid serum antigens for COVID-19 diagnosis and severity assessment. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:e97-e100. [PMID: 35007411 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Favresse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, Namur, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Bayart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre Ottignies, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Marie Didembourg
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Constant Gillot
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Qualiblood sa, Namur, Belgium
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