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Li D, Yao H, Ren Y, Shang J, Han X, Cao X, Song T, Zeng X. Testosterone regulates thymic remodeling by altering metabolic reprogramming in male rats. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 348:114448. [PMID: 38191062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The thymus is an energy-consuming organ, and its metabolism changes with atrophy. Testosterone regulates thymus remodeling (atrophy and regeneration). However, the characteristics of the energy metabolism during testosterone-mediated thymic atrophy and regeneration remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that testosterone ablation (implemented by immunocastration and surgical castration) induced global metabolic changes in the thymus. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment for differential metabolites and metabolite set enrichment analysis for total metabolites revealed that testosterone ablation affected thymic glycolysis, glutamate metabolism, and fatty acid β-oxidation. Testosterone ablation-induced thymic regeneration was accompanied by attenuated glycolysis and glutamate metabolism and changed fatty acid composition and content. Testosterone supplementation in immunocastrated and surgically castrated rats enhanced glutaminolysis, reduced the level of unsaturated fatty acids, enhanced the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the mitochondria, boosted the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and accelerated thymic atrophy. Overall, these results imply that metabolic reprogramming is directly related to thymic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Huan Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yonghao Ren
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiameng Shang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xinfa Han
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tianzeng Song
- Institute of animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa 850009, Xizang, PR China.
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, PR China.
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2
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Deregulation of the Interleukin-7 Signaling Pathway in Lymphoid Malignancies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050443. [PMID: 34066732 PMCID: PMC8151260 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) and its receptor are critical for lymphoid cell development. The loss of IL-7 signaling causes severe combined immunodeficiency, whereas gain-of-function alterations in the pathway contribute to malignant transformation of lymphocytes. Binding of IL-7 to the IL-7 receptor results in the activation of the JAK-STAT, PI3K-AKT and Ras-MAPK pathways, each contributing to survival, cell cycle progression, proliferation and differentiation. Here, we discuss the role of deregulated IL-7 signaling in lymphoid malignancies of B- and T-cell origin. Especially in T-cell leukemia, more specifically in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a high frequency of mutations in components of the IL-7 signaling pathway are found, including alterations in IL7R, IL2RG, JAK1, JAK3, STAT5B, PTPN2, PTPRC and DNM2 genes.
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3
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Granadier D, Iovino L, Kinsella S, Dudakov JA. Dynamics of thymus function and T cell receptor repertoire breadth in health and disease. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:119-134. [PMID: 33608819 PMCID: PMC7894242 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
T cell recognition of unknown antigens relies on the tremendous diversity of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire; generation of which can only occur in the thymus. TCR repertoire breadth is thus critical for not only coordinating the adaptive response against pathogens but also for mounting a response against malignancies. However, thymic function is exquisitely sensitive to negative stimuli, which can come in the form of acute insult, such as that caused by stress, infection, or common cancer therapies; or chronic damage such as the progressive decline in thymic function with age. Whether it be prolonged T cell deficiency after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) or constriction in the breadth of the peripheral TCR repertoire with age; these insults result in poor adaptive immune responses. In this review, we will discuss the importance of thymic function for generation of the TCR repertoire and how acute and chronic thymic damage influences immune health. We will also discuss methods that are used to measure thymic function in patients and strategies that have been developed to boost thymic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Granadier
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Iovino
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sinéad Kinsella
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jarrod A Dudakov
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Swann JB, Nusser A, Morimoto R, Nagakubo D, Boehm T. Retracing the evolutionary emergence of thymopoiesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/48/eabd9585. [PMID: 33246964 PMCID: PMC7695478 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The onset of lymphocyte development in the vertebrate primordial thymus, about 500 million years ago, represents one of the foundational events of the emerging adaptive immune system. Here, we retrace the evolutionary trajectory of thymopoiesis, from early vertebrates to mammals, guided by members of the Foxn1/4 transcription factor gene family, which direct the differentiation of the thymic microenvironment. Molecular engineering in transgenic mice recapitulated a gene duplication event, exon replacements, and altered expression patterns. These changes predictably modified the lymphopoietic characteristics of the thymus, identifying molecular features contributing to conversion of a primordial bipotent lymphoid organ to a tissue specializing in T cell development. The phylogenetic reconstruction associates increasing efficiency of T cell generation with diminishing B cell-generating capacity of the thymus during jawed vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Swann
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Nusser
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daisuke Nagakubo
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Chen Z, Chen JJ, Fan R. Single-Cell Protein Secretion Detection and Profiling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:431-449. [PMID: 30978293 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteins play important roles in mediating various biological processes such as cell-cell communication, differentiation, migration, and homeostasis at the population or tissue level. Here, we review bioanalytical technologies and devices for detecting protein secretions from single cells. We begin by discussing conventional approaches followed by detailing the latest advances in microengineered systems for detecting single-cell protein secretions with an emphasis on multiplex measurement. These platforms include droplet microfluidics, micro-/nanowell-based assays, and microchamber-based assays, among which the advantages and limitations are compared. Microscale systems also enable the tracking of protein secretion dynamics in single cells, further empowering the study of the cell-cell communication network. Looking forward, we discuss the remaining challenges and future opportunities that will transform basic research of cellular secretion functions at the systems level and the clinical applications for immune monitoring and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Jonathan J Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale Stem Cell Center, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 2 Modulates the Lipopolysaccharide-Elicited Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Macrophage-like HL-60 Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:6909415. [PMID: 29138532 PMCID: PMC5613470 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6909415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the regulatory roles of USP2 in mRNA accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophage-like cells after stimulation with a toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Human macrophage-like HL-60 cells, mouse macrophage-like J774.1 cells, and mouse peritoneal macrophages demonstrated negative feedback to USP2 mRNA levels after LPS stimulation, suggesting that USP2 plays a significant role in LPS-stimulated macrophages. USP2 knockdown (KD) by short hairpin RNA in HL-60 cells promoted the accumulation of transcripts for 25 of 104 cytokines after LPS stimulation. In contrast, limited induction of cytokines was observed in cells forcibly expressing the longer splice variant of USP2 (USP2A), or in peritoneal macrophages isolated from Usp2a transgenic mice. An ubiquitin isopeptidase-deficient USP2A mutant failed to suppress LPS-induced cytokine expression, suggesting that protein ubiquitination contributes to USP2-mediated cytokine repression. Although USP2 deficiency did not accelerate TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, it increased the DNA binding ratio of the octamer binding transcription factor (Oct)-1 to Oct-2 in TNF, CXCL8, CCL4, and IL6 promoters. USP2 decreased nuclear Oct-2 protein levels in addition to decreasing the polyubiquitination of Oct-1. In summary, USP2 modulates proinflammatory cytokine induction, possibly through modification of Oct proteins, in macrophages following TLR4 activation.
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Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are induced by IL-7 and target surface CD127 protein for degradation in human CD8 T cells. Cell Immunol 2016; 306-307:41-52. [PMID: 27423467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Given the essential role interleukin (IL)-7 plays in T-cell survival, homeostasis and function, it is no surprise expression of the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain (CD127) is tightly regulated. We have previously shown IL-7 binding to its receptor on the surface of CD8 T cells leads to both suppression of CD127 gene transcription and loss of existing CD127 protein from the cell membrane. Indeed upon binding IL-7, CD127 is rapidly internalized into early endosomes where phosphorylation by JAK targets the receptor for degradation. We now show that IL-7 induces the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins CIS, SOCS1 and SOCS2 through the JAK/STAT-5 pathway and that CIS and SOCS2 specifically interact with CD127 in early endosomes and direct the receptor complex to the proteasome for degradation. These results illustrate how expression of the IL-7 receptor and thus IL-7 signaling is modulated in human CD8 T cells by a negative feedback mechanism dependent on members of the SOCS family of proteins.
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Rosa L, Scaini G, Furlanetto CB, Galant LS, Vuolo F, Dall'Igna DM, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL. Administration of branched-chain amino acids alters the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 48:24-30. [PMID: 26608891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute leucine intoxication and neurologic deterioration can develop rapidly at any age as a result of net protein degradation precipitated by infection or psychological stress in patients with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). Here, we investigated the effects of acute and chronic Hyper-BCAA (H-BCAA) administration on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brains of rats. For acute administration, Wistar rats (10 and 30 days) received three injections of BCAA pool (15.8 μL/g at 1-h intervals) or saline, subcutaneously. For chronic administration, Wistar rats (7 days) received of BCAA pool or saline twice a day for 21 days, subcutaneously. Our results showed that acute administration of H-BCAA increased IL-1β (∼ 78%; p ≤ 0.009) and TNF-α (∼ 155%; p ≤ 0.026) levels in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus of infant rats. Moreover, IL-6 levels were increased in the hippocampus (∼ 135%; p ≤ 0.009) and cerebral cortex (∼ 417%; p ≤ 0.008), whereas IL-10 levels were decreased only in the hippocampus (∼ 42%; p ≤ 0.009). However, repeated administration of H-BCAA decreased IL-1β (∼ 59%; p ≤ 0.047), IL-6 (∼ 70%; p ≤ 0.009) and IFN-γ (∼ 70%; p ≤ 0.008) levels in the cerebral cortex, whereas the IL-6 (∼ 67%; p ≤ 0.009), IL-10 (∼ 58%; p ≤ 0.01) and IFN-γ (∼ 67%; p ≤ 0.009) levels were decreased in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that a better understanding of the inflammatory response in MSUD patients may be useful to develop therapeutic strategies to modulate the hyperinflammatory/hypoinflammatory axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Rosa
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila B Furlanetto
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leticia S Galant
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Francieli Vuolo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Dhébora M Dall'Igna
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Patrícia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Ikaros could be a key factor in the maintenance of "B-side" of B-1 cells. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1232-9. [PMID: 26141488 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ikaros, a zinc finger transcription factor, is an important regulator of the hematopoietic system. Several studies have suggested the role of Ikaros in the development, maturation, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. To elucidate this mechanism, it is important to understand how this transcription factor works in the dichotomy of the hematopoietic system, a topic that remains uncertain. Herein, we investigated the role of Ikaros in the control of the lymphomyeloid phenotype of B-1 lymphocytes. We found that Ikaros, as well as its target genes, are expressed in B-1 cells,. Moreover, Ikaros positively regulates the expression of Flt3, Gfi and Il7r, while it down-regulates PU.1. During the induction of differentiation of B-1 cells toward phagocytes, Ikaros transcription was reduced. Taken together, these data pointed to the relevance of Ikaros in the maintenance of the promiscuous gene profile of B-1 cells. It could be suggested that Ikaros functions as a guardian of B-1 lymphoid pattern, and that its absence directs the differentiation of B-1 cells into phagocytes.
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10
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Bendall SC, Davis KL, Amir EAD, Tadmor MD, Simonds EF, Chen TJ, Shenfeld DK, Nolan GP, Pe'er D. Single-cell trajectory detection uncovers progression and regulatory coordination in human B cell development. Cell 2014; 157:714-25. [PMID: 24766814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is an orchestrated progression of cells from an immature state to a mature one, conventionally represented as distinctive cell subsets. A continuum of transitional cell states exists between these discrete stages. We combine the depth of single-cell mass cytometry and an algorithm developed to leverage this continuum by aligning single cells of a given lineage onto a unified trajectory that accurately predicts the developmental path de novo. Applied to human B cell lymphopoiesis, the algorithm (termed Wanderlust) constructed trajectories spanning from hematopoietic stem cells through to naive B cells. This trajectory revealed nascent fractions of B cell progenitors and aligned them with developmentally cued regulatory signaling including IL-7/STAT5 and cellular events such as immunoglobulin rearrangement, highlighting checkpoints across which regulatory signals are rewired paralleling changes in cellular state. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of human B lymphopoiesis, laying a foundation to apply this approach to other tissues and "corrupted" developmental processes including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Bendall
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kara L Davis
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - El-Ad David Amir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michelle D Tadmor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Erin F Simonds
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tiffany J Chen
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel K Shenfeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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11
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Bendall SC, Davis KL, Amir EAD, Tadmor MD, Simonds EF, Chen TJ, Shenfeld DK, Nolan GP, Pe'er D. Single-cell trajectory detection uncovers progression and regulatory coordination in human B cell development. Cell 2014. [PMID: 24766814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.005.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is an orchestrated progression of cells from an immature state to a mature one, conventionally represented as distinctive cell subsets. A continuum of transitional cell states exists between these discrete stages. We combine the depth of single-cell mass cytometry and an algorithm developed to leverage this continuum by aligning single cells of a given lineage onto a unified trajectory that accurately predicts the developmental path de novo. Applied to human B cell lymphopoiesis, the algorithm (termed Wanderlust) constructed trajectories spanning from hematopoietic stem cells through to naive B cells. This trajectory revealed nascent fractions of B cell progenitors and aligned them with developmentally cued regulatory signaling including IL-7/STAT5 and cellular events such as immunoglobulin rearrangement, highlighting checkpoints across which regulatory signals are rewired paralleling changes in cellular state. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of human B lymphopoiesis, laying a foundation to apply this approach to other tissues and "corrupted" developmental processes including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Bendall
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kara L Davis
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - El-Ad David Amir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michelle D Tadmor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Erin F Simonds
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tiffany J Chen
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel K Shenfeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Baxter Laboratory in Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Chen Q, Zhu G, Wang R, Zhang J, He G. Adjuvant effect of CD40 on H5N1 DNA vaccine in mice. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1359-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Ghazawi FM, Faller EM, Sugden SM, Kakal JA, MacPherson PA. IL-7 downregulates IL-7Rα expression in human CD8 T cells by two independent mechanisms. Immunol Cell Biol 2012. [PMID: 23207282 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-7 is an essential nonredundant cytokine, and throughout the lifespan of a T-cell signaling via the IL-7 receptor influences cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. It is therefore no surprise that expression of the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain (CD127) is tightly regulated. We have previously shown that IL-7 downregulates expression of CD127 at the cell surface and now elucidate the kinetics of that suppression and demonstrate that IL-7 downregulates CD127 transcripts and surface protein in primary human CD8 T cells by two separate pathways. We show that IL-7 induces the initial reduction in cell-surface CD127 protein independent of transcriptional suppression, which is delayed by 40-60 min. Although IL-7-mediated downregulation of CD127 transcripts is dependent on Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT5, the early downregulation of surface CD127 protein is independent of JAK activity. The data further illustrate that low levels of IL-7 induce smaller and transient decreases in CD127 transcripts and surface protein, whereas higher concentrations induce more profound and sustained suppression. Such flexibility in receptor expression likely allows for fine-tuned immune responses in human CD8 T cells in different microenvironments and in response to different immunological challenges.
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14
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Nakamori Y, Liu B, Ohishi K, Suzuki K, Ino K, Matsumoto T, Masuya M, Nishikawa H, Shiku H, Hamada H, Katayama N. Human bone marrow stromal cells simultaneously support B and T/NK lineage development from human haematopoietic progenitors: a principal role for flt3 ligand in lymphopoiesis. Br J Haematol 2012; 157:674-86. [PMID: 22463758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of human early lymphopoiesis remains unclear. B- and T-lineage cells cannot develop simultaneously with conventional stromal cultures. Here we show that telomerized human bone marrow stromal cells supported simultaneous generation of CD19(+) CD34(lo/-) CD10(+) cyCD79a(+) CD20(+/-) VpreB(-) pro-B cells and CD7(+) CD34(+) CD45RA(+) CD56(-) cyCD3(-) early T/Natural Killer (NK) cell precursors from human haematopoietic progenitors, and the generation of both lymphoid precursors was promoted by flt3 ligand (flt3L). On the other hand, stem cell factor or thrombopoietin had little or no effect when used alone. However, both acted synergistically with flt3L to augment the generation of both lymphoid precursors. Characteristics of these lymphoid precursors were evaluated by gene expression profiles, rearrangements of IgH genes, or replating assays. Similar findings were observed with primary human bone marrow stromal cells. Notably, these two lymphoid-lineage precursors were generated without direct contact with stromal cells, indicating that early B and T/NK development can occur, at least in part, by stromal cell-derived humoral factors. In serum-free cultures, flt3L elicited similar effects and appeared particularly important for B cell development. The findings of this study identified the potential of human bone marrow stromal cells to support human early B and T lymphopoiesis and a principal role for flt3L during early lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Nakamori
- Haematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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15
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Aloj G, Giardino G, Valentino L, Maio F, Gallo V, Esposito T, Naddei R, Cirillo E, Pignata C. Severe Combined Immunodeficiences: New and Old Scenarios. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:43-65. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.644607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Klein Wolterink RGJ, García-Ojeda ME, Vosshenrich CAJ, Hendriks RW, Di Santo JP. The intrathymic crossroads of T and NK cell differentiation. Immunol Rev 2010; 238:126-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Thymic stromal lymphopoietin from trophoblasts induces dendritic cell–mediated regulatory TH2 bias in the decidua during early gestation in humans. Blood 2010; 116:2061-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-11-252940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietins (TSLPs) play critical roles in dendritic cell–mediated immune responses. In this study, we found that human trophoblasts and decidual epithelial cells in maternal-fetal interface of early placentas express TSLP mRNA and protein, but only trophoblast cells secret soluble TSLP. Human decidual CD1c+ DCs (dDCs) highly express the functional TSLP receptor complex TSLP receptor and interleukin-7 receptor-α. Recombinant human TSLP activates CD1C+ decidual DCs and peripheral monocyte-derived DCs with increased costimulatory molecules, major histocompatibility complex class II, and OX-40L. Human TSLP or supernatants from human trophoblasts specifically stimulate dDCs to highly produce interleukin-10 and TH2-attracting chemokine CCL-17. The TSLP-activated dDCs prime decidual CD4+ T cells for TH2 cell differentiation, involved in maternal-fetal immunotolerance. Interestingly, the protein expression of TSLP in normal pregnancy with significant TH2 bias is much higher than that of miscarriage showing TH1 bias at the maternal-fetal interface. Therefore, human trophoblasts may contribute to maternal-fetal tolerance by instructing dDCs to induce regulatory TH2 bias in human early pregnancy via TSLP.
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Scheeren FA, van Lent AU, Nagasawa M, Weijer K, Spits H, Legrand N, Blom B. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces early human B-cell proliferation and differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:955-65. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Kuribayashi K, Fujimi A, Kobune M, Takimoto R, Kikuchi S, Iyama S, Kato J, Niitsu Y, Watanabe N. Pure red cell aplasia associated with Good's syndrome accompanied by decreased stem cell factor production in the bone marrow. Intern Med 2010; 49:377-82. [PMID: 20190468 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 79-year-old Japanese woman diagnosed with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) associated with thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia (Good's syndrome) was successfully treated with cyclosporine-A after a thymectomy. We further studied the etiology of this case. A burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E) assay with SCF restored erythropoiesis in vitro. SCF production was reduced in bone marrow stromal cells; however, it was restored in vitro and in vivo after cyclosporine-A treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kageaki Kuribayashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine
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20
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Yang HX, Zhang W, Zhao LD, Li Y, Zhang FC, Tang FL, He W, Zhang X. Are CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ cells in untreated new-onset lupus patients regulatory T cells? Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R153. [PMID: 19821980 PMCID: PMC2787292 DOI: 10.1186/ar2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our previous study has reported that, in patients with untreated new-onset lupus (UNOL), there was an abnormal increase in the number of CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells that correlated with disease activity and significantly decreased after treatment. However, little is known about the nature of this cell entity. The aim of this study was to explore the nature of abnormally increased CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells in UNOL patients. Methods The expressions of surface (CD4, CD25, CD127, chemokine receptor 4 [CCR4], glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor [GITR], and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 [CTLA-4]) and intracellular (Foxp3) molecules as well as cytokine synthesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 22 UNOL patients were analyzed by flow cytometry. The proliferative and suppressive capacities of different T-cell subgroups from UNOL patients were also assessed. Results In UNOL patients, the percentages of CD127low/- in CD25high, CD25low, and CD25- subpopulations of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells were 93.79% ± 3.48%, 93.66% ± 2.31%, and 91.98% ± 2.14%, respectively (P > 0.05), whereas the expressions of Foxp3 showed significant differences in CD25high (91.38% ± 2.57%), CD25low (71.89% ± 3.31%), and CD25- (9.02% ± 2.21%) subpopulations of CD4+CD127low/- T cells (P < 0.01). The expressions of surface CCR4, GITR, and CTLA-4 on CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells were significantly less than CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, unlike CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells, CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells also synthesized interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-2, and IL-17 (P < 0.05), though less than CD4+CD25+Foxp3- T cells. The suppressive capacity was most prominent in CD4+CD25highCD127low/-, followed by CD4+CD25lowCD127low/-. CD4+CD25-CD127- T cells showed the least suppressive capacity, which was similar to the effector T cells. Conclusions CD4+CD25-Foxp3+ T cells in UNOL patients are different from regulatory T cells, both phenotypically and functionally. CD127 is not an appropriate surface marker for intracellular Foxp3 in CD4+CD25- T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-xia Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, #41 Da-Mu-Cang-Hu-Tong Street, Beijing, 100032, China.
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21
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Bajoghli B, Aghaallaei N, Hess I, Rode I, Netuschil N, Tay BH, Venkatesh B, Yu JK, Kaltenbach SL, Holland ND, Diekhoff D, Happe C, Schorpp M, Boehm T. Evolution of genetic networks underlying the emergence of thymopoiesis in vertebrates. Cell 2009; 138:186-97. [PMID: 19559469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
About 500 million years ago, a new type of adaptive immune defense emerged in basal jawed vertebrates, accompanied by morphological innovations, including the thymus. Did these evolutionary novelties arise de novo or from elaboration of ancient genetic networks? We reconstructed the genetic changes underlying thymopoiesis by comparative genome and expression analyses in chordates and basal vertebrates. The derived models of genetic networks were experimentally verified in bony fishes. Ancestral networks defining circumscribed regions of the pharyngeal epithelium of jawless vertebrates expanded in cartilaginous fishes to incorporate novel genes, notably those encoding chemokines. Correspondingly, novel networks evolved in lymphocytes of jawed vertebrates to control the expression of additional chemokine receptors. These complementary changes enabled unprecedented Delta/Notch signaling between pharyngeal epithelium and lymphoid cells that was exploited for specification to the T cell lineage. Our results provide a framework elucidating the evolution of key features of the adaptive immune system in jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baubak Bajoghli
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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22
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Kuhnt LA, Jennings RN, Brawner WR, Hathcock JT, Carreno AD, Johnson CM. Magnetic resonance imaging of radiation-induced thymic atrophy as a model for pathologic changes in acute feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:977-84. [PMID: 19540785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of a protocol to reproducibly induce thymic atrophy, as occurs in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection and other immunosuppressive diseases, and to consistently estimate thymic volume, provides a valuable tool in the search of innovative and novel therapeutic strategies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using the short tau inversion recovery (STIR) technique, with fat suppression properties, was determined to provide an optimized means of locating, defining, and quantitatively estimating thymus volume in young cats. Thymic atrophy was induced in four, 8-10-week-old kittens with a single, directed 500 cGy dose of 6 MV X-rays from a clinical linear accelerator, and sequential MR images of the cranial mediastinum were collected at 2, 7, 14, and 21 days post irradiation (PI). Irradiation induced a severe reduction in thymic volume, which was decreased, on average, to 47% that of normal, by 7 days PI. Histopathology confirmed marked, diffuse thymic atrophy, characterized by reduced thymic volume, decreased overall cellularity, increased apoptosis, histiocytosis, and reduced distinction of the corticomedullary junction, comparable to that seen in acute FIV infection. Beginning on day 7 PI, thymic volumes rebounded slightly and continued to increase over the following 14 days, regaining 3-35% of original volume. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of using this non-invasive, in vivo imaging technique to measure and evaluate changes in thymic volume in physiologic and experimental situations. All experimental protocols in this study were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Auburn University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Kuhnt
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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23
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Finke D. Induction of intestinal lymphoid tissue formation by intrinsic and extrinsic signals. Semin Immunopathol 2009; 31:151-69. [PMID: 19506873 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of inducer cells as a separate lineage for organogenesis of Peyer's patches in the small intestine of fetal mice, a lot of progress has been made in understanding the molecular pathways involved in the generation of lymphoid tissue and the maintenance of the lymphoid architecture. The findings that inducer cells also exist in adult mice and in humans, have a lineage relationship to natural killer cells, and can be stimulated during infections highlight their possible role in establishing innate and adaptive immune responses. Novel concepts in the development of intestinal lymphoid tissues have been made in the past few years suggesting that lymphoid organs are more plastic as previously thought and depend on antigenic stimulation. In addition, the generation of novel lymphoid organs in the gut under inflammatory conditions indicates a function in chronic diseases. The present review summarizes current knowledge on the basic framework of signals required for developing lymphoid tissue under normal and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Finke
- Department of Biomedicine, Developmental Immunology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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24
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Bellinger DL, Lubahn C, Lorton D. Maternal and early life stress effects on immune function: relevance to immunotoxicology. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 5:419-44. [PMID: 19404876 DOI: 10.1080/15476910802483415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is triggered by a variety of unexpected environmental stimuli, such as aggressive behavior, fear, forced physical activity, sudden environmental changes, social isolation or pathological conditions. Stressful experiences during very early life (particularly, maternal stress during fetal ontogeny) can permanently alter the responsiveness of the nervous system, an effect called programming or imprinting. Programming affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, brain neurotransmitter systems, sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and the cognitive abilities of the offspring, which can alter neural regulation of immune function. Prenatal or early life stress may contribute to the maladaptive immune responses to stress that occur later in life. This review focuses on the effect of maternal and early life stress on immune function in the offspring across life span. It highlights potential mechanisms by which prenatal stress impacts immune functions over life span. The literature discussed in this review suggests that psychosocial stress during pre- and early postnatal life may increase the vulnerability of infants to the effects of immunotoxicants or immune-mediated diseases, with long-term consequences. Neural-immune interactions may provide an indirect route through which immunotoxicants affect the developing immune system. A developmental approach to understanding how immunotoxicants interact with maternal and early life stress-induced changes in immunity is needed, because as the body changes physiologically across life span so do the effects of stress and immunotoxicants. In early and late life, the immune system is more vulnerable to the effects of stress. Stress can mimic the effects of aging and exacerbate age-related changes in immune function. This is important because immune dysregulation in the elderly is more frequently and seriously associated with clinical impairment and death. Aging, exposure to teratogens, and psychological stress interact to increase vulnerability and put the elderly at the greatest risk for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Human Anatomy and Pathology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92352, USA.
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25
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Lin Y, Zhong Y, Saito S, Chen Y, Shen W, Di J, Zeng S. Characterization of natural killer cells in nonobese diabetic/severely compromised immunodeficient mice during pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:2676-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Brown VI, Seif AE, Reid GSD, Teachey DT, Grupp SA. Novel molecular and cellular therapeutic targets in acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoproliferative disease. Immunol Res 2009; 42:84-105. [PMID: 18716718 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
While the outcome for pediatric patients with lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) or lymphoid malignancies, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), has improved dramatically, patients often suffer from therapeutic sequelae. Additionally, despite intensified treatment, the prognosis remains dismal for patients with refractory or relapsed disease. Thus, novel biologically targeted treatment approaches are needed. These targets can be identified by understanding how a loss of lymphocyte homeostasis can result in LPD or ALL. Herein, we review potential molecular and cellular therapeutic strategies that (i) target key signaling networks (e.g., PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, Notch1, and SRC kinase family-containing pathways) which regulate lymphocyte growth, survival, and function; (ii) block the interaction of ALL cells with stromal cells or lymphoid growth factors secreted by the bone marrow microenvironment; or (iii) stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie I Brown
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, ARC 902, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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27
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Hicks JA, Tembhurne PA, Liu HC. Identification of microRNA in the developing chick immune organs. Immunogenetics 2009; 61:231-40. [PMID: 19198828 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (approximately 19-24 nt) noncoding RNAs that participate in posttranscriptionally regulating gene expression. MicroRNAs display very dynamic expression patterns with many being expressed in a temporal as well as a spatial manner. Immune genes have been shown to have a higher propensity for miRNA target sites compared to the rest of the genome, thus suggesting that miRNA are key regulators of the immune system. To better understand the involvement of miRNA in the immune system, a comprehensive profile of miRNA expression in the immune organs will be necessary. As a first step toward building such a profile, we pyrosequenced four small RNA libraries derived from the spleen and the bursa of Fabricius of embryonic chicks at days 15 and 20 of development. A total of 90,322 sequence reads were obtained, among which 44,387 reads represented known chicken miRNAs, 3,503 reads were not found in the Gallus gallus database but were homologs of miRBase miRNAs from other species, and 2,023 reads represented potentially novel chicken miRNAs that have not previously been identified. Many miRNAs identified in our work have been shown to be involved in regulating immune genes in other vertebrate species. For example, the miRNAs miR-221 and miR-222, which are known regulators of lymphocyte differentiation, were identified in our studies and appeared to be differentially expressed among the libraries. Overall, our results show that many of the identified miRNAs display dynamic expression patterns, suggesting that these miRNAs play diverse roles in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Hicks
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 232D Polk Hall, Campus Box 7621, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
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28
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Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Kayisli UA, Taylor HS. The role of growth factors and cytokines during implantation: endocrine and paracrine interactions. Semin Reprod Med 2009; 27:62-79. [PMID: 19197806 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Implantation, a critical step for establishing pregnancy, requires molecular and cellular events resulting in uterine growth and differentiation, blastocyst adhesion, invasion, and placental formation. Successful implantation requires a receptive endometrium, a normal and functional embryo at the blastocyst stage, and a synchronized dialogue between maternal and embryonic tissues. In addition to the well-characterized role of sex steroids, the complexity of embryo implantation and placentation is exemplified by the number of cytokines and growth factors with demonstrated roles in these processes. Disturbances in the normal expression and action of these cytokines result in an absolute or partial failure of implantation and abnormal placental formation in mice and human. Members of the gp130 cytokine family, interleukin-11 (IL-11) and leukemia inhibitory factor, the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, the colony-stimulating factors, and the IL-1 and IL-15 systems are crucial molecules for a successful implantation. Chemokines are also important, both in recruiting specific cohorts of leukocytes to the implantation site and in trophoblast trafficking and differentiation. This review provides discussion of the embryonic and uterine factors that are involved in the process of implantation in autocrine, paracrine, and/or juxtacrine manners at the hormonal, cellular, and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Guzeloglu-Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA
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29
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Faller E, Kakal J, Kumar R, MacPherson P. IL-7 and the HIV Tat protein act synergistically to down-regulate CD127 expression on CD8 T cells. Int Immunol 2009; 21:203-16. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxn140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Competition and collaboration: GATA-3, PU.1, and Notch signaling in early T-cell fate determination. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:236-46. [PMID: 18768329 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T-cell precursors remain developmentally plastic for multiple cell generations after entering the thymus, preserving access to developmental alternatives of macrophage, dendritic-cell, and even mast-cell fates. The underlying regulatory basis of this plasticity is that early T-cell differentiation depends on transcription factors which can also promote alternative developmental programs. Interfactor competition, together with environmental signals, keep these diversions under control. Here the pathways leading to several lineage alternatives for early pro-T-cells are reviewed, with close focus on the mechanisms of action of three vital factors, GATA-3, PU.1, and Notch-Delta signals, whose counterbalance appears to be essential for T-cell specification.
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31
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Lutealphase. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-008-0274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Humphrey BD, Rudrappa SG. Increased glucose availability activates chicken thymocyte metabolism and survival. J Nutr 2008; 138:1153-7. [PMID: 18492849 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.6.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in mammalian thymocytes is coupled to their development and selection in the thymus. In chickens, thymocytes develop in a low glucose concentration in ovo and a high glucose concentration posthatch. To determine the effect of glucose concentration on thymocyte glucose metabolism, embryonic thymic lobes were cultured in media containing varying glucose concentrations and thymocytes were isolated for analysis. Glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1) and Glut-3 mRNA abundance was at least 2-fold higher in thymocytes incubated with 10 and 20 mmol/L glucose than in those incubated with 0 mmol/L glucose (P < 0.05) and glucose uptake was greatest in thymocytes incubated with 20 mmol/L glucose (P < 0.05). Thymocytes incubated with 0 and 20 mmol/L glucose had 185% greater hexokinase activity than in those incubated with 10 mmol/L glucose (P < 0.05). Consequently, thymocyte glucose utilization was dependent upon glucose availability. Increased glucose utilization resulted in a higher mitochondrial membrane potential in thymocytes incubated with 15 mmol/L glucose than in those incubated with 5 mmol/L glucose (P < 0.05), indicating enhanced thymocyte energy status in response to high glucose concentrations. Additionally, thymocyte viability was lower in thymocytes incubated with 5 mmol/L glucose than in those incubated with 10 and 15 mmol/L glucose (P < 0.05) and rates of thymocyte apoptosis were higher in thymocytes incubated with 5 mmol/L glucose than in those incubated with 15 mmol/L glucose (P < 0.05). Glucose availability induced metabolic changes in thymocytes that altered their energy status and survival. Consequently, these data indicate that glucose availability may influence the development of naïve T cells in the chicken thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke D Humphrey
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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33
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McKay FC, Swain LI, Schibeci SD, Rubio JP, Kilpatrick TJ, Heard RN, Stewart GJ, Booth DR. CD127 immunophenotyping suggests altered CD4+ T cell regulation in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2008; 31:52-8. [PMID: 18406576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant regulatory T cell populations, characterised by a wide array of CD markers, have been identified in many autoimmune diseases. CD127 has recently been identified as a specific marker for the CD4(+)CD25(Hi) (Tregs) subset. CD127 is the first non-HLA gene to have its association with multiple sclerosis widely replicated. We demonstrate that the regulatory or suppressor T cells CD4(+)CD25(Hi) (Tregs), CD8(+)CD28(-), and CD3(+)CD56(+) (NKT) all produce low levels of CD127, and so could be at a disadvantage in survival and/or proliferation where IL7 is limiting. The remissions seen in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) could be driven by regulatory T cells, and the absence of remissions seen in primary progressive MS (PPMS) may point to a particularly reduced function of this cell subset. We found that the proportions of CD4(+)FoxP3(+)CD25(Hi) regulatory T cells were not aberrant in PPMS. There was, however, a trend towards reduced FoxP3 expression per cell in this fraction (p<0.083), which has been highly correlated with suppressor function. Notably, we found that the target of regulatory T cells, the CD4(+)CD25(-) cells, was in excess (p<0.009); and in PPMS a protective CD127 haplotype is correlated with higher CD127 expression (p<0.01). These data support further investigations into the regulatory T cell immunophenotype in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C McKay
- Department of Immunology, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Westmead 2145, Australia
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Wang X, Jin H, Du X, Cai C, Yu Y, Zhao G, Su B, Huang S, Hu Y, Luo D, She R, Luo X, Zeng X, Yi X, Wang B. The protective efficacy against Schistosoma japonicum infection by immunization with DNA vaccine and levamisole as adjuvant in mice. Vaccine 2008; 26:1832-45. [PMID: 18329762 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Levamisole (LMS) as an adjuvant enhances cell-mediated immunity in DNA vaccination; we investigated the efficacy and liver immunopathology alleviation of a DNA vaccine, VR1012-SjGST-32, in a LMS formulation in the murine challenge model. Compared to controls, the VR1012-SjGST-32 plus LMS can reduce worm and egg burdens, as well as, immunopathological complications associated chronic inflammation significantly in liver, which were apparently associated with Th1-type response. Together, these results suggest that the LMS as a potential Schistosome DNA vaccine adjuvant can enhance both worm killing and disease prevention, which is possibly mediated through the induction of a strong Th1-dominant environment in immunized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Road, Beijing 100094, China
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35
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Abstract
Multipotent blood progenitor cells enter the thymus and begin a protracted differentiation process in which they gradually acquire T-cell characteristics while shedding their legacy of developmental plasticity. Notch signalling and basic helix-loop-helix E-protein transcription factors collaborate repeatedly to trigger and sustain this process throughout the period leading up to T-cell lineage commitment. Nevertheless, the process is discontinuous with separately regulated steps that demand roles for additional collaborating factors. This Review discusses new evidence on the coordination of specification and commitment in the early T-cell pathway; effects of microenvironmental signals; the inheritance of stem-cell regulatory factors; and the ensemble of transcription factors that modulate the effects of Notch and E proteins, to distinguish individual stages and to polarize T-cell-lineage fate determination.
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36
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Abstract
Implantation, a critical step for establishing pregnancy, requires molecular and cellular events resulting in healthy uterine growth and differentiation, blastocyst adhesion, invasion and placental formation. Successful implantation requires a receptive endometrium, a normal and functional embryo at the blastocyst stage and a synchronized dialogue between maternal and embryonic tissues. In addition to the main role of sex steroids, the complexity of embryo implantation and placentation is exemplified by the number of cytokines and growth factors with demonstrated roles in these processes. Disturbances of the normal expression and action of these cytokines result in absolute or partial failure of implantation and abnormal placental formation in mice and humans. Members of the gp130 cytokine family, interleukin (IL)-11 and leukaemia inhibitory factor, the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, colony-stimulating factors, and the IL-1 and IL-15 systems are all crucial for successful implantation. In addition, chemokines are important both in recruiting specific cohorts of leukocytes to the implantation site, and in trophoblast trafficking and differentiation. This review provides discussion on embryonic and uterine factors that are involved in the process of implantation in autocrine, paracrine and/or juxtacrine manners at hormonal, cellular, and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Guzeloglu-Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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37
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Regulation of lymphocyte development by cell-type-specific interpretation of Notch signals. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:2078-90. [PMID: 18195039 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00844-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling pathways exert diverse biological effects depending on the cellular context where Notch receptors are activated. How Notch signaling is integrated with environmental cues is a central issue. Here, we show that Notch activation accelerates ubiquitin-mediated and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent degradation of E2A transcription factors and Janus kinases, molecules essential for both B- and T-lymphocyte development. However, these events occur in B lymphocytes, but not T lymphocytes, due to their different levels of MAPK, thus providing one mechanism whereby Notch inhibits B-cell development without impairing T-cell differentiation. Lymphoid progenitors expressing a Notch-resistant E2A mutant differentiated into B-lineage cells on stromal cells expressing Notch ligands and in the thymus of transplant recipients. Bone marrow transplant assays and examination of steady-state B lymphopoiesis also revealed that the expression of Notch-resistant E2A and constitutively active STAT5 in mice neutralized the effects of Notch-induced degradation, allowing B-cell development through a bone marrow-like program in the thymus. These findings illustrate that Notch function can be influenced by MAPKs, producing distinct outcomes in different cellular contexts.
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38
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Wang H, Pierce LJ, Spangrude GJ. Distinct roles of IL-7 and stem cell factor in the OP9-DL1 T-cell differentiation culture system. Exp Hematol 2007; 34:1730-40. [PMID: 17157170 PMCID: PMC1762031 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 07/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The OP9-DL1 culture system is an in vitro model for T-cell development in which activation of the Notch pathway by Delta-like 1 promotes differentiation of mature T cells from progenitors. The roles of specific cytokines in this culture system have not been well defined, and controversy regarding the role of IL-7 has recently emerged. We examined the roles played by IL-7, Flt3 ligand, and stem cell factor (SCF) in differentiation of adult bone marrow cells in the OP9-DL1 culture system. METHODS Hematopoietic progenitor cells isolated from mouse bone marrow were cultured with OP9 or OP9-DL1 stromal cells and evaluated for T and B lymphocyte differentiation using immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS IL-7 provided both survival/proliferation and differentiation signals in a dose-dependent manner. T-cell development from the CD4/CD8 double-negative (DN) stage to the CD4/CD8 double-positive (DP) stage required IL-7 provided by the stromal cells, while differentiation from the DP to the CD8 single-positive (SP) stage required addition of exogenous IL-7. SCF favored the proliferation of DN lymphoid progenitors and inhibited differentiation to the DP stage in a dose-dependent manner. Conversely, blocking the function of SCF expressed endogenously by OP9-DL1 cells inhibited proliferation of lymphoid progenitors and accelerated T-lineage differentiation. Flt3 ligand promoted proliferation without affecting differentiation. CONCLUSION These results validate the OP9-DL1 model for the analysis of T-cell development from bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, and demonstrate specific roles of SCF, IL-7, and Flt3L in promoting efficient T-lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Jeanne Pierce
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Gerald J. Spangrude
- Department of Pathology
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Corresponding author: Gerald J. Spangrude, Ph.D., University of Utah, Division of Hematology Rm 4C416, 30 N 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2022, voice: (801)-585-5544
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Brown VI, Hulitt J, Fish J, Sheen C, Bruno M, Xu Q, Carroll M, Fang J, Teachey D, Grupp SA. Thymic Stromal-Derived Lymphopoietin Induces Proliferation of Pre-B Leukemia and Antagonizes mTOR Inhibitors, Suggesting a Role for Interleukin-7Rα Signaling. Cancer Res 2007; 67:9963-70. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Haplotypes of the interleukin 7 receptor alpha gene are correlated with altered expression in whole blood cells in multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2007; 9:1-6. [PMID: 17928869 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
IL7 regulates T cell survival, differentiation and proliferation. The alpha chain of its receptor, CD127, is polymorphic, and its haplotypes are associated with recovery from transplantation and with the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS), especially primary progressive MS (PPMS). We demonstrate that two CD127 haplotypes are highly associated with the proportion of the mRNA encoding the soluble isoform of CD127 (P<or=0.001). The soluble isoform is over-represented (P<or=0.002) in PPMS peripheral blood, irrespective of haplotype, and the MS susceptibility haplotype produces more of the soluble isoform. CD127 mRNA is underexpressed (P<or=0.001) in PPMS. Neutrophils, which produce very low levels of CD127 mRNA, were over-represented in our PPMS cohort (P<0.02). CD127 expression is lower in more differentiated cells, such as Th1s, which can be elevated in MS. A higher proportion of these two abundant cell types in peripheral blood could be the basis for the observed reduction in CD127 mRNA. CD127 expression may be a biomarker for these potentially pathologically significant leukocyte types. These significant haplotypic effects on expression are likely to modulate regulation, differentiation and function of T cell subsets in health and disease.
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41
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Class I cytokine receptors have a wide range of actions, including a major role in the development and function of immune and blood cells. However, the evolution of the genes encoding them remains poorly understood. To address this we have used bioinformatics to analyze the Class I receptor repertoire in sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). RESULTS Only two Class I receptors were identified in sea squirt, one with homology to the archetypal GP130 receptor, and the other with high conservation with the divergent orphan receptor CLF-3. In contrast, 36 Class I cytokine receptors were present in zebrafish, including representative members for each of the five structural groups found in mammals. This allowed the identification of 27 core receptors belonging to the last common ancestor of teleosts and mammals. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the majority of diversification of this receptor family occurred after the divergence of urochordates and vertebrates approximately 794 million years ago (MYA), but before the divergence of ray-finned from lobe-finned fishes around 476 MYA. Since then, only relatively limited lineage-specific diversification within the different Class I receptor structural groups has occurred.
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42
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Abstract
The expression of lineage-associated genes, as well as the survival and expansion of committed B cell progenitors, is controlled by multiple transcriptional regulators and growth-factor receptors. Whereas certain DNA-binding proteins, such as Ikaros and PU.1, are required primarily for the formation of more primitive lymphoid progenitors, other factors such as E2A and EBF1 have more direct roles in specifying the B cell-specific gene-expression program. Further, Pax5 functions to promote B cell commitment by repressing lineage-inappropriate gene expression and reinforcing B cell-specific gene expression. In this review, we focus on recent studies that have revealed that instead of a simple transcriptional hierarchy, efficient B cell commitment and differentiation requires the combinatorial activity of multiple transcription factors in a complex gene regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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43
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Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St Groth B. Severely Impaired Clonal Deletion of CD4+T Cells in Low-Dose Irradiated Mice: Role of T Cell Antigen Receptor and IL-7 Receptor Signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:8320-30. [PMID: 17142728 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of high doses of soluble Ag induces peripheral CD4+ T cell tolerance in unmanipulated hosts. To test whether tolerance is modified under conditions of transient lymphopenia, we tracked the response of 5C.C7 TCR-transgenic CD4+ T cells to i.v. moth cytochrome c peptide in mice that received low-dose gamma irradiation 10 days previously. This model was chosen because it does not support spontaneous lymphopenia-induced proliferation of 5C.C7 cells, allowing the study of Ag-specific responses without interference from simultaneous spontaneous proliferation. Clonal expansion in response to i.v. peptide was increased in irradiated mice, while clonal deletion was severely impaired in comparison with untreated animals. Amplified TCR triggering was observed in irradiated hosts, consistent with dendritic cell activation leading to enhanced Ag presentation. Failure of deletion was accompanied by persistent T cell activation and accumulation of Th1 effector cells. Up-regulated expression of IL-7R and the prosurvival protein Bcl-x(L) was associated with clonal persistence. Cells with memory and naive phenotypes were both represented within persistent clones, but no Th1 function could be demonstrated within the long-term memory population. Failure of clonal deletion in irradiated hosts represents a novel mechanism limiting TCR diversity in a lymphopenic environment and may contribute to subsequent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shklovskaya
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
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44
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Abstract
During evolution, the development of secondary lymphoid organs has evolved as a strategy to promote adaptive immune responses at sites of antigen sequestration. Mesenteric lymph nodes (LNs) and Peyer's patches (PPs) are localized in proximity to mucosal surfaces, and their development is coordinated by a series of temporally and spatially regulated molecular events involving the collaboration between hematopoietic, mesenchymal, and, for PPs, epithelial cells. Transcriptional control of cellular differentiation, production of cytokines as well as adhesion molecules are mandatory for organogenesis, recruitment of mature leukocytes, and lymphoid tissue organization. Similar to fetal and neonatal organogenesis, lymphoid tissue neoformation can occur in adult individuals at sites of chronic stimulation via cytokines and TNF-family member molecules. These molecules represent new therapeutic targets to manipulate the microenvironment during autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Finke
- Center for Biomedicine, Developmental Immunology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (DKBW), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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Guidos CJ. Synergy between the pre-T cell receptor and Notch: cementing the alphabeta lineage choice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:2233-7. [PMID: 17000868 PMCID: PMC2118108 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Notch1 signaling suppresses B cell development and promotes T lineage commitment in thymus-seeding hematopoietic progenitors. Notch1 is also activated in early T cell progenitors, but the functions of these later Notch signals have not been clearly defined. Recent studies reveal that Notch signaling is not essential for pre-T cell receptor (TCR) expression or gammadelta lineage choice. Rather, pre-TCR signaling enhances progenitor competitiveness for limiting Notch ligands, leading to preferential expansion of TCRbeta-bearing progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7.
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46
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David-Fung ES, Yui MA, Morales M, Wang H, Taghon T, Diamond RA, Rothenberg EV. Progression of regulatory gene expression states in fetal and adult pro-T-cell development. Immunol Rev 2006; 209:212-36. [PMID: 16448545 PMCID: PMC4157939 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Precursors entering the T-cell developmental pathway traverse a progression of states characterized by distinctive patterns of gene expression. Of particular interest are regulatory genes, which ultimately control the dwell time of cells in each state and establish the mechanisms that propel them forward to subsequent states. Under particular genetic and developmental circumstances, the transitions between these states occur with different timing, and environmental feedbacks may shift the steady-state accumulations of cells in each state. The fetal transit through pro-T-cell stages is faster than in the adult and subject to somewhat different genetic requirements. To explore causes of such variation, this review presents previously unpublished data on differentiation gene activation in pro-T cells of pre-T-cell receptor-deficient mutant mice and a quantitative comparison of the profiles of transcription factor gene expression in pro-T-cell subsets of fetal and adult wildtype mice. Against a background of consistent gene expression, several regulatory genes show marked differences between fetal and adult expression profiles, including those encoding two basic helix-loop-helix antagonist Id factors, the Ets family factor SpiB and the Notch target gene Deltex1. The results also reveal global differences in regulatory alterations triggered by the first T-cell receptor-dependent selection events in fetal and adult thymopoiesis.
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47
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Yin J, Jin H, Kang Y, Xiao C, Zhao L, Li X, Ding Z, Yang F, Zhu Q, Wang B. Efficacy of Modified Levamisole Adjuvant on Inactivated Virus Vaccine. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:525-35. [PMID: 16987070 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve efficacy, especially for the cell-mediated response to inactivated viral vaccines, a modified levamisole (LMS) adjuvant formulation, designated LMS+, was evaluated for its efficacy in mice and chickens, using Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) as a model pathogen. Compared with oil adjuvant, the killed NDV in LMS+ induced a significantly higher helper T cell type 1 response, as shown by higher levels of interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, T cell proliferation, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, without sacrificing the level of IgG production in mice. In addition, vaccine in LMS+ formulation increased the expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules as well as the number of CD11c+ dendritic cells, suggesting that the better response to the LMS+ formulation occurs partly via the maturation of dendritic cells and activation of MHC-antigen presentation and costimulation. Furthermore, this formulation provides 100% protection in chickens after challenge with a lethal dose of virulent NDV strain F48E9 at 1000 ELD50 (50% egg lethal dose). These results demonstrated that modified LMS+ adjuvant could be used to improve both humoral and cell-mediated responses for inactivated viral vaccines and its development as an effective inactivated viral vaccine is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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48
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Claudio E, Brown K, Siebenlist U. NF-kappaB guides the survival and differentiation of developing lymphocytes. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:697-701. [PMID: 16528380 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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49
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Montecino-Rodriguez E, Dorshkind K. New perspectives in B-1 B cell development and function. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:428-33. [PMID: 16861037 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the predominant population of B-2 B cells produced in the bone marrow, B-1 B cells are a minor population of B lymphocytes that are found in multiple tissues, including the pleural and peritoneal cavities in mice. Although the role of B-1 B cells as effectors of innate-like immunity is widely accepted, their developmental origin has been controversial. This review highlights recent experimental data from murine studies supporting the hypothesis that B-1 B cells belong to a developmental lineage distinct from B-2 B cells, and draws attention to recent studies that have defined new roles for the B-1a and B-1b B-cell subsets in the response to bacteria and self-antigens.
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50
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Yokota T, Huang J, Tavian M, Nagai Y, Hirose J, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Péault B, Kincade PW. Tracing the first waves of lymphopoiesis in mice. Development 2006; 133:2041-51. [PMID: 16611687 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RAG1/GFP knock-in mice were used to precisely chart the emergence and expansion of cells that give rise to the immune system. Lymphopoietic cells detectable in stromal co-cultures arose as early as E8.5, i.e. prior to establishment of the circulation within the paraaortic splanchnopleura (P-Sp). These cells were Tie2+ RAG1- CD34Lo/-Kit+ CD41-. While yolk sac (YS) also contained lymphopoietic cells after E9.5, CD41+ YS cells from ⩽25-somite embryos produced myelo-erythroid cells but no lymphocytes. Notch receptor signaling directed P-Sp cells to T lymphocytes but did not confer lymphopoietic potential on YS cells. Thus, definitive hematopoiesis arises in at least two independent sites that differ in lymphopoietic potential. Expression of RAG1, the earliest known lymphoid event, first occurred around E10.5 within the embryos. RAG1/GFP+ cells appeared in the liver at E11.0 and progenitors with B and/or T lineage potential were enumerated at subsequent developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Yokota
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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