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Hajdú G, Szathmári C, Sőti C. Modeling Host-Pathogen Interactions in C. elegans: Lessons Learned from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7034. [PMID: 39000143 PMCID: PMC11241598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections, such as that by the multiresistant opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, may pose a serious health risk, especially on vulnerable patient populations. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides a simple organismal model to investigate both pathogenic mechanisms and the emerging role of innate immunity in host protection. Here, we review the virulence and infection strategies of P. aeruginosa and host defenses of C. elegans. We summarize the recognition mechanisms of patterns of pathogenesis, including novel pathogen-associated molecular patterns and surveillance immunity of translation, mitochondria, and lysosome-related organelles. We also review the regulation of antimicrobial and behavioral defenses by the worm's neuroendocrine system. We focus on how discoveries in this rich field align with well-characterized evolutionary conserved protective pathways, as well as on potential crossovers to human pathogenesis and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Hajdú
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csenge Szathmári
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Sőti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Cui YH, Wu CR, Xu D, Tang JG. Exploration of neuron heterogeneity in human heart failure with dilated cardiomyopathy through single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:86. [PMID: 38310240 PMCID: PMC10838417 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the heterogeneity of neurons in heart failure with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of patients with DCM and chronic heart failure and healthy samples from GSE183852 dataset were downloaded from NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus, in which neuron data were extracted for investigation. Cell clustering analysis, differential expression analysis, trajectory analysis, and cell communication analysis were performed, and highly expressed genes in neurons from patients were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and validated by GSE120895 dataset. RESULTS Neurons were divided into six subclusters involved in various biological processes and each subcluster owned its specific cell communication pathways. Neurons were differentiated into two branches along the pseudotime, one of which was differentiated into mature neurons, whereas another tended to be involved in the immune and inflammation response. Genes exhibited branch-specific differential expression patterns. FLNA, ITGA6, ITGA1, and MDK interacted more with other gene-product proteins in the PPI network. The differential expression of FLNA between DCM and control was validated. CONCLUSION Neurons have significant heterogeneity in heart failure with DCM, and may be involved in the immune and inflammation response to heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hui Cui
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine Center, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No.801 Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chun-Rong Wu
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine Center, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No.801 Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine Center, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No.801 Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jian-Guo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine Center, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, No.801 Heqing Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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3
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Boahen A, Hu D, Adams MJ, Nicholls PK, Greene WK, Ma B. Bidirectional crosstalk between the peripheral nervous system and lymphoid tissues/organs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254054. [PMID: 37767094 PMCID: PMC10520967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) influences the immune system generally by regulating the systemic concentration of humoral substances (e.g., cortisol and epinephrine), whereas the peripheral nervous system (PNS) communicates specifically with the immune system according to local interactions/connections. An imbalance between the components of the PNS might contribute to pathogenesis and the further development of certain diseases. In this review, we have explored the "thread" (hardwiring) of the connections between the immune system (e.g., primary/secondary/tertiary lymphoid tissues/organs) and PNS (e.g., sensory, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems (ENS)) in health and disease in vitro and in vivo. Neuroimmune cell units provide an anatomical and physiological basis for bidirectional crosstalk between the PNS and the immune system in peripheral tissues, including lymphoid tissues and organs. These neuroimmune interactions/modulation studies might greatly contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms through which the PNS possibly affects cellular and humoral-mediated immune responses or vice versa in health and diseases. Physical, chemical, pharmacological, and other manipulations of these neuroimmune interactions should bring about the development of practical therapeutic applications for certain neurological, neuroimmunological, infectious, inflammatory, and immunological disorders/diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Boahen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri-Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dailun Hu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Murray J. Adams
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Philip K. Nicholls
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Wayne K. Greene
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Bin Ma
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Amjadi O, Hedayatizadeh-Omran A, Zaboli E, Ghaffari-Hamedani MM, Janbabaei G, Ahangari G. Dopamine receptors gene overexpression in the microenvironment of invasive gastric cancer and its potential implications. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6529-6542. [PMID: 37330941 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Iran. The nervous system provides proximity to tumor cells by releasing neurotransmitters such as dopamine and presenting them to the corresponding receptor-bearing tumors. While nerve fibers infiltrate the tumor microenvironment, little is known about the expression levels of dopamine (DA), dopamine receptors (DRs), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in GC patients. METHODS DRs and COMT expression were analyzed in 45 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and 20 paired tumor and adjacent tissue of GC patients by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. DA was measured in plasma specimens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein-protein interaction analysis was carried out to identify GC-related hub genes. RESULTS Increased expression of DRD1-DRD3 was found in tumor specimens compared with adjacent non-cancerous specimens (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between DRD1 and DRD3 expression (P = 0.009); DRD2 and DRD3 expression (P = 0.04). Plasma levels of dopamine were significantly lower in patients (1298 pg/ml) than in controls (4651 pg/ml). DRD1-DRD4 and COMT were up-regulated in PBMCs of patients compared with controls (P < 0.0001). Bioinformatic analyses showed 30 hub genes associated with Protein kinase A and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated dysregulation of DRs and COMT mRNA expression in GC and suggest that the brain- gastrointestinal axis may mediate gastric cancer development. Network analysis revealed that combination treatments could be considered for optimizing and improving the precision treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omolbanin Amjadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O. Box: 1497716316, Iran
| | - Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Zaboli
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Ghasem Janbabaei
- Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ahangari
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, P.O. Box: 1497716316, Iran.
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Gonzalez-Alcocer A, Duarte-Jurado AP, Soto-Dominguez A, Loera-Arias MDJ, Villarreal-Silva EE, Saucedo-Cardenas O, de Oca-Luna RM, Garcia-Garcia A, Rodriguez-Rocha H. Unscrambling the Role of Redox-Active Biometals in Dopaminergic Neuronal Death and Promising Metal Chelation-Based Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1256. [PMID: 36674772 PMCID: PMC9867532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biometals are all metal ions that are essential for all living organisms. About 40% of all enzymes with known structures require biometals to function correctly. The main target of damage by biometals is the central nervous system (CNS). Biometal dysregulation (metal deficiency or overload) is related to pathological processes. Chronic occupational and environmental exposure to biometals, including iron and copper, is related to an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Indeed, biometals have been shown to induce a dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD is still unknown, oxidative stress dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibition of both the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are related to dopaminergic neuronal death. Herein, we addressed the involvement of redox-active biometals, iron, and copper, as oxidative stress and neuronal death inducers, as well as the current metal chelation-based therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Gonzalez-Alcocer
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Ana Patricia Duarte-Jurado
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Soto-Dominguez
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Maria de Jesus Loera-Arias
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Eliud Enrique Villarreal-Silva
- Servicio de Neurocirugía y Terapia Endovascular Neurológica, Hospital Universitario, Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Aracely Garcia-Garcia
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha
- Departamento de Histologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Francisco I. Madero S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
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Masuzzo A, Manière G, Grosjean Y, Kurz L, Royet J. Bacteria-Derived Peptidoglycan Triggers a Noncanonical Nuclear Factor-κB-Dependent Response in Drosophila Gustatory Neurons. J Neurosci 2022; 42:7809-7823. [PMID: 36414007 PMCID: PMC9581565 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2437-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Probing the external world is essential for eukaryotes to distinguish beneficial from pathogenic micro-organisms. If it is clear that the main part of this task falls to the immune cells, recent work shows that neurons can also detect microbes, although the molecules and mechanisms involved are less characterized. In Drosophila, detection of bacteria-derived peptidoglycan by pattern recognition receptors of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) family expressed in immune cells triggers nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/immune deficiency (IMD)-dependent signaling. We show here that one PGRP protein, called PGRP-LB, is expressed in bitter gustatory neurons of proboscises. In vivo calcium imaging in female flies reveals that the PGRP/IMD pathway is cell-autonomously required in these neurons to transduce the peptidoglycan signal. We finally show that NF-κB/IMD pathway activation in bitter-sensing gustatory neurons influences fly behavior. This demonstrates that a major immune response elicitor and signaling module are required in the peripheral nervous system to sense the presence of bacteria in the environment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In addition to the classical immune response, eukaryotes rely on neuronally controlled mechanisms to detect microbes and engage in adapted behaviors. However, the mechanisms of microbe detection by the nervous system are poorly understood. Using genetic analysis and calcium imaging, we demonstrate here that bacteria-derived peptidoglycan can activate bitter gustatory neurons. We further show that this response is mediated by the PGRP-LC membrane receptor and downstream components of a noncanonical NF-κB signaling cascade. Activation of this signaling cascade triggers behavior changes. These data demonstrate that bitter-sensing neurons and immune cells share a common detection and signaling module to either trigger the production of antibacterial effectors or to modulate the behavior of flies that are in contact with bacteria. Because peptidoglycan detection doesn't mobilize the known gustatory receptors, it also demonstrates that taste perception is much more complex than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Masuzzo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Manière
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Yaël Grosjean
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement; Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, L'Institut Agro Dijon, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Léopold Kurz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Royet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille, 13009 Marseille, France
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Gang SS, Grover M, Reddy KC, Raman D, Chang YT, Ekiert DC, Barkoulas M, Troemel ER. A pals-25 gain-of-function allele triggers systemic resistance against natural pathogens of C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010314. [PMID: 36191002 PMCID: PMC9560605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of immunity throughout an organism is critical for host defense. Previous studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have described an "ON/OFF" immune switch comprised of the antagonistic paralogs PALS-25 and PALS-22, which regulate resistance against intestinal and epidermal pathogens. Here, we identify and characterize a PALS-25 gain-of-function mutant protein with a premature stop (Q293*), which we find is freed from physical repression by its negative regulator, the PALS-22 protein. PALS-25(Q293*) activates two related gene expression programs, the Oomycete Recognition Response (ORR) against natural pathogens of the epidermis, and the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR) against natural intracellular pathogens of the intestine. A subset of ORR/IPR genes is upregulated in pals-25(Q293*) mutants, and they are resistant to oomycete infection in the epidermis, and microsporidia and virus infection in the intestine, but without compromising growth. Surprisingly, we find that activation of PALS-25 seems to primarily stimulate the downstream bZIP transcription factor ZIP-1 in the epidermis, with upregulation of gene expression in both the epidermis and in the intestine. Interestingly, we find that PALS-22/25-regulated epidermal-to-intestinal signaling promotes resistance to the N. parisii intestinal pathogen, demonstrating cross-tissue protective immune induction from one epithelial tissue to another in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer S. Gang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Manish Grover
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirthi C. Reddy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Deevya Raman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Departments of Cell Biology and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Damian C. Ekiert
- Departments of Cell Biology and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Emily R. Troemel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Understanding the Pivotal Role of the Vagus Nerve in Health from Pandemics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080352. [PMID: 36004877 PMCID: PMC9405360 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic seems endless with the regular emergence of new variants. Is the SARS-CoV-2 virus particularly evasive to the immune system, or is it merely disrupting communication between the body and the brain, thus pre-empting homeostasis? Retrospective analysis of the COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics, as well as prion disease, emphasizes the pivotal but little-known role of the 10th cranial nerve in health. Considering neuroimmunometabolism from the point of view of the vagus nerve, non-invasive bioengineering solutions aiming at monitoring and stimulating the vagal tone are subsequently discussed as the next optimal and global preventive treatments, far beyond pandemics.
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9
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Grover M, Fasseas MK, Essmann C, Liu K, Braendle C, Félix MA, Glockling SL, Barkoulas M. Infection of C. elegans by Haptoglossa Species Reveals Shared Features in the Host Response to Oomycete Detection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:733094. [PMID: 34722333 PMCID: PMC8552708 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.733094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes are a group of eukaryotic organisms that includes many important pathogens of animals and plants. Within this group, the Haptoglossa genus is characterised by the presence of specialised gun cells carrying a harpoon-like infection apparatus. While several Haptoglossa pathogens have been morphologically described, there are currently no host systems developed to study the infection process or host responses in the lab. In this study, we report that Haptoglossa species are potent natural pathogens of Caenorhabditis nematodes. Using electron microscopy, we characterise the infection process in C. elegans and demonstrate that the oomycete causes excessive tissue degradation upon entry in the body cavity, whilst leaving the host cuticle intact. We also report that the host transcriptional response to Haptoglossa infection shares similarities with the response against the oomycete Myzocytiopsis humicola, a key example of which is the induction of chitinase-like (chil) genes in the hypodermis. We demonstrate that this shared feature of the host response can be mounted by pathogen detection without any infection, as previously shown for M. humicola. These results highlight similarities in the nematode immune response to natural infection by phylogenetically distinct oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Grover
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael K Fasseas
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Essmann
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marie-Anne Félix
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
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Naim N, Amrit FRG, Ratnappan R, DelBuono N, Loose JA, Ghazi A. Cell nonautonomous roles of NHR-49 in promoting longevity and innate immunity. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13413. [PMID: 34156142 PMCID: PMC8282243 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and immunity are inextricably linked and many genes that extend life span also enhance immunoresistance. However, it remains unclear whether longevity-enhancing factors modulate immunity and longevity by discrete or shared mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that the Caenorhabditis elegans pro-longevity factor, NHR-49, also promotes resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but modulates immunity and longevity distinctly. NHR-49 expression increases upon germline ablation, an intervention that extends life span, but was lowered by Pseudomonas infection. The immunosusceptibility induced by nhr-49 loss of function was rescued by neuronal NHR-49 alone, whereas the longevity diminution was rescued by expression in multiple somatic tissues. The well-established NHR-49 target genes, acs-2 and fmo-2, were also differentially regulated following germline elimination or Pseudomonas exposure. Interestingly, neither gene conferred immunity toward Gram-negative Pseudomonas, unlike their known functions against gram-positive pathogens. Instead, genes encoding antimicrobial factors and xenobiotic-response proteins upregulated by NHR-49 contributed to resistance against Pseudomonas. Thus, NHR-49 is differentially regulated by interventions that bring about long-term changes (life span extension) versus short-term stress (pathogen exposure) and in response it orchestrates discrete outputs, including pathogen-specific transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Naim
- Department of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Francis R. G. Amrit
- Department of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Ramesh Ratnappan
- Department of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Nicholas DelBuono
- Department of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Julia A. Loose
- Department of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Arjumand Ghazi
- Department of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Cell Biology and Physiology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA
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11
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Chen LT, Lin CT, Lin LY, Hsu JM, Wu YC, Pan CL. Neuronal mitochondrial dynamics coordinate systemic mitochondrial morphology and stress response to confer pathogen resistance in C. elegans. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1770-1785.e12. [PMID: 33984269 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial functions across different tissues are regulated in a coordinated fashion to optimize the fitness of an organism. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) can be nonautonomously elicited by mitochondrial perturbation in neurons, but neuronal signals that propagate such response and its physiological significance remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that in C. elegans, loss of neuronal fzo-1/mitofusin induces nonautonomous UPRmt through multiple neurotransmitters and neurohormones, including acetylcholine, serotonin, glutamate, tyramine, and insulin-like peptides. Neuronal fzo-1 depletion also triggers nonautonomous mitochondrial fragmentation, which requires autophagy and mitophagy genes. Systemic activation of UPRmt and mitochondrial fragmentation in C. elegans via perturbing neuronal mitochondrial dynamics improves resistance to pathogenic Pseudomonas infection, which is supported by transcriptomic signatures of immunity and stress-response genes. We propose that C. elegans surveils neuronal mitochondrial dynamics to coordinate systemic UPRmt and mitochondrial connectivity for pathogen defense and optimized survival under bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tzu Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ta Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yi Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Min Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Pan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan; Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
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12
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Otarigho B, Aballay A. Immunity-longevity tradeoff neurally controlled by GABAergic transcription factor PITX1/UNC-30. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109187. [PMID: 34038721 PMCID: PMC8227953 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A body of evidence indicates that metazoan immune and aging pathways are largely interconnected, but the mechanisms involved in their homeostatic control remain unclear. In this study, we find that the PITX (paired-like homeodomain) transcription factor UNC-30 controls the tradeoff between immunity and longevity from the nervous system in Caenorhabditis elegans. PITX/UNC-30 functional loss enhances immunity in a GATA/ELT-2- and p38 MAPK/PMK-1-dependent manner and reduced longevity by activating MXD/MDL-1 and the C2H2-type zinc finger transcription factor PQM-1. The immune inhibitory and longevity stimulatory functions of PITX/UNC-30 require the sensory neuron ASG and a signaling pathway controlled by NPR-1, which is a G protein-coupled receptor related to mammalian neuropeptide Y receptors. Our findings uncover a suppressive role of GABAergic signaling in the neural control of a biological tradeoff where energy is allocated toward immunity at the expense of longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Otarigho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alejandro Aballay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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13
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Kraus A, Buckley KM, Salinas I. Sensing the world and its dangers: An evolutionary perspective in neuroimmunology. eLife 2021; 10:66706. [PMID: 33900197 PMCID: PMC8075586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting danger is key to the survival and success of all species. Animal nervous and immune systems cooperate to optimize danger detection. Preceding studies have highlighted the benefits of bringing neurons into the defense game, including regulation of immune responses, wound healing, pathogen control, and survival. Here, we summarize the body of knowledge in neuroimmune communication and assert that neuronal participation in the immune response is deeply beneficial in each step of combating infection, from inception to resolution. Despite the documented tight association between the immune and nervous systems in mammals or invertebrate model organisms, interdependence of these two systems is largely unexplored across metazoans. This review brings a phylogenetic perspective of the nervous and immune systems in the context of danger detection and advocates for the use of non-model organisms to diversify the field of neuroimmunology. We identify key taxa that are ripe for investigation due to the emergence of key evolutionary innovations in their immune and nervous systems. This novel perspective will help define the primordial principles that govern neuroimmune communication across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Kraus
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | | | - Irene Salinas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
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14
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Liu Y, Martinez-Martinez D, Essmann CL, Cruz MR, Cabreiro F, Garsin DA. Transcriptome analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans lacking heme peroxidase SKPO-1 reveals an altered response to Enterococcus faecalis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkaa055. [PMID: 33609366 PMCID: PMC8022988 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is commonly used as a model organism in studies of the host immune response. The worm encodes twelve peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily members, making it an attractive model in which to study the functions of heme peroxidases. In previous work, loss of one of these peroxidases, SKPO-1 (ShkT-containing peroxidase), rendered C. elegans more sensitive to the human, Gram-positive pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. SKPO-1 was localized to the hypodermis of the animals where it also affected cuticle development as indicated by a morphological phenotype called "dumpy." In this work, a better understanding of how loss of skpo-1 impacts both sensitivity to pathogen as well as cuticle development was sought by subjecting a deletion mutant of skpo-1 to transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing following exposure to control (Escherichia coli) and pathogenic (E. faecalis) feeding conditions. Loss of skpo-1 caused a general upregulation of genes encoding collagens and other proteins related to cuticle development. On E. faecalis, these animals also failed to upregulate guanylyl cyclases that are often involved in environmental sensing. Hoechst straining revealed increased permeability of the cuticle and atomic force microscopy exposed the misalignment of the cuticular annuli and furrows. These findings provide a basis for better understanding of the morphological as well as the pathogen sensitivity phenotypes associated with loss of SKPO-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez-Martinez
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences,Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Clara L Essmann
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences,Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Melissa R Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Filipe Cabreiro
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences,Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Danielle A Garsin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Lee SK. Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis and Stress Responses in Caenorhabditis elegans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:279-303. [PMID: 34050871 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive regulatory pathway that alleviates protein-folding defects in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Physiological demands, environmental perturbations and pathological conditions can cause accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER and the stress signal is transmitted to the nucleus to turn on a series of genes to respond the challenge. In metazoan, the UPR pathways consisted of IRE1/XBP1, PEK-1 and ATF6, which function in parallel and downstream transcriptional activation triggers the proteostasis networks consisting of molecular chaperones, protein degradation machinery and other stress response pathways ((Labbadia J, Morimoto RI, F1000Prime Rep 6:7, 2014); (Shen X, Ellis RE, Lee K, Annu Rev Biochem 28:893-903, 2014)). The integrated responses act on to resolve the ER stress by increasing protein folding capacity, attenuating ER-loading translation, activating ER-associated proteasomal degradation (ERAD), and regulating IRE1-dependent decay of mRNA (RIDD). Therefore, the effective UPR to internal and external causes is linked to the multiple pathophysiological conditions such as aging, immunity, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent development in the research of the UPR includes cell-nonautonomous features of the UPR, interplay between the UPR and other stress response pathways, unconventional UPR inducers, and noncanonical UPR independent of the three major branches, originated from multiple cellular and molecular machineries in addition to ER. Caenorhabditis elegans model system has critically contributed to these unprecedented aspects of the ER UPR and broadens the possible therapeutic targets to treat the ER-stress associated human disorders and time-dependent physiological deterioration of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Chen W, Shu Q, Fan J. Neural Regulation of Interactions Between Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells and Pulmonary Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576929. [PMID: 33193374 PMCID: PMC7658006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the involvement of nervous system in the regulation of immune responses. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), which function as a crucial bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, are present in large numbers in barrier tissues. Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters have been found to participate in the regulation of ILC2, adding a new dimension to neuroimmunity. However, a comprehensive and detailed overview of the mechanisms of neural regulation of ILC2, associated with previous findings and prospects for future research, is still lacking. In this review, we compile existing information that supports neurons as yet poorly understood regulators of ILC2 in the field of lung innate and adaptive immunity, focusing on neural regulation of the interaction between ILC2 and pulmonary immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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17
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Abstract
With a nervous system that has only a few hundred neurons, Caenorhabditis elegans was initially not regarded as a model for studies on learning. However, the collective effort of the C. elegans field in the past several decades has shown that the worm displays plasticity in its behavioral response to a wide range of sensory cues in the environment. As a bacteria-feeding worm, C. elegans is highly adaptive to the bacteria enriched in its habitat, especially those that are pathogenic and pose a threat to survival. It uses several common forms of behavioral plasticity that last for different amounts of time, including imprinting and adult-stage associative learning, to modulate its interactions with pathogenic bacteria. Probing the molecular, cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying these forms of experience-dependent plasticity has identified signaling pathways and regulatory insights that are conserved in more complex animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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18
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Flynn SM, Chen C, Artan M, Barratt S, Crisp A, Nelson GM, Peak-Chew SY, Begum F, Skehel M, de Bono M. MALT-1 mediates IL-17 neural signaling to regulate C. elegans behavior, immunity and longevity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2099. [PMID: 32350248 PMCID: PMC7190641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides pro-inflammatory roles, the ancient cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) modulates neural circuit function. We investigate IL-17 signaling in neurons, and the extent it can alter organismal phenotypes. We combine immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to biochemically characterize endogenous signaling complexes that function downstream of IL-17 receptors in C. elegans neurons. We identify the paracaspase MALT-1 as a critical output of the pathway. MALT1 mediates signaling from many immune receptors in mammals, but was not previously implicated in IL-17 signaling or nervous system function. C. elegans MALT-1 forms a complex with homologs of Act1 and IRAK and appears to function both as a scaffold and a protease. MALT-1 is expressed broadly in the C. elegans nervous system, and neuronal IL-17-MALT-1 signaling regulates multiple phenotypes, including escape behavior, associative learning, immunity and longevity. Our data suggest MALT1 has an ancient role modulating neural circuit function downstream of IL-17 to remodel physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Flynn
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Changchun Chen
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Murat Artan
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Barratt
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Crisp
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey M Nelson
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sew-Yeu Peak-Chew
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Farida Begum
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Skehel
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mario de Bono
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom.
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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19
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Brissette B, Ringstad N. Insulin-like Peptides as Agents of Social Change. Neuron 2020; 104:1027-1028. [PMID: 31951533 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many behaviors promote reproduction or food finding. These critical functions of behavior can conflict; successful reproductive strategies can grow populations to the point where food is depleted. In this issue of Neuron, Wu et al. (2019) show how the nematode C. elegans detects crowding to change feeding behavior by coupling pheromone sensing to signaling via insulin-like peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Brissette
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Niels Ringstad
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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20
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Jeong DE, Lee Y, Ham S, Lee D, Kwon S, Park HEH, Hwang SY, Yoo JY, Roh TY, Lee SJV. Inhibition of the oligosaccharyl transferase in Caenorhabditis elegans that compromises ER proteostasis suppresses p38-dependent protection against pathogenic bacteria. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008617. [PMID: 32130226 PMCID: PMC7055741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) protein complex mediates the N-linked glycosylation of substrate proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which regulates stability, activity, and localization of its substrates. Although many OST substrate proteins have been identified, the physiological role of the OST complex remains incompletely understood. Here we show that the OST complex in C. elegans is crucial for ER protein homeostasis and defense against infection with pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA14), via immune-regulatory PMK-1/p38 MAP kinase. We found that genetic inhibition of the OST complex impaired protein processing in the ER, which in turn up-regulated ER unfolded protein response (UPRER). We identified vitellogenin VIT-6 as an OST-dependent glycosylated protein, critical for maintaining survival on PA14. We also showed that the OST complex was required for up-regulation of PMK-1 signaling upon infection with PA14. Our study demonstrates that an evolutionarily conserved OST complex, crucial for ER homeostasis, regulates host defense mechanisms against pathogenic bacteria. N-linked glycosylation is essential for the function of various proteins, but its effects on physiology at an organism level remain poorly understood. Using the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that the oligosaccharyl transferase (OST) complex, which mediates the N-glycosylation of substrate proteins in the ER, reduces susceptibility to pathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We find that OST enhances defense against P. aeruginosa via maintenance of ER unfolded protein response (UPRER) and up-regulation of cytosolic p38 MAP kinase signaling. Our findings propose an intriguing model for the organellar crosstalk between the ER and the cytosol in host defense mechanisms. Because the OST complex components are highly conserved among eukaryotes, our study on the regulation of cellular signaling and C. elegans physiology by the OST complex will provide an insight into the function of its mammalian counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Eun Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seokjin Ham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dongyeop Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Sujeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Eun H. Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Roh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jae V. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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21
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Abstract
The microscopic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a powerful system to characterize evolutionarily ancient mechanisms of pathogen sensing, innate immune activation, and protective host responses. Experimentally, C. elegans can be infected with a wide variety of human pathogens, as well as with natural pathogens of worms that were isolated from wild-caught nematodes. Here, we focus on an experimental model of bacterial pathogenesis that utilizes the human opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and present an algorithm that can be used to study mechanisms of immune function in nematodes. An initial comparison of the susceptibility of a C. elegans mutant to P. aeruginosa infection with its normal lifespan permits an understanding of a mutant's effect on pathogen susceptibility in the context of potential pleotropic consequences on general worm fitness. Assessing the behavior of nematodes in the presence of P. aeruginosa can also help determine if a gene of interest modulates pathogen susceptibility by affecting the host's ability to avoid a pathogen. In addition, quantification of the pathogen load in the C. elegans intestine during infection, characterization of immune effector transcription that are regulated by host defense pathways and an initial assessment of tissue specificity of immune gene function can refine hypotheses about the mechanism of action of a gene of interest. Together, these protocols offer one approach to characterize novel host defense mechanisms in a simple metazoan host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Foster
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Deborah L McEwan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Read Pukkila-Worley
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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22
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Wani KA, Goswamy D, Irazoqui JE. Nervous system control of intestinal host defense in C. elegans. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 62:1-9. [PMID: 31790812 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interplay between the nervous and immune systems is critical for homeostasis, and its dysfunction underlies pathologies such as multiple sclerosis, autism, leukemia, and inflammation. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides an opportunity to define evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of regulation of host innate immunity and inflammation in a genetically tractable whole-animal system. In the past few years, the C. elegans nervous system has emerged as an integral part of host defense against pathogens, acting through diverse mechanisms to repress or induce protective transcriptional responses to infection in distal tissues. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms through which the C. elegans nervous system controls the expression of host defense genes in the intestinal epithelium. Although still incomplete, the insights derived from such work have broad implications for neural regulation of epithelial function at mucosal barriers in higher organisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed A Wani
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Debanjan Goswamy
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Javier E Irazoqui
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Using neXtProt release 2019-01-11, we manually curated a list of 1837 functionally uncharacterized human proteins. Using OrthoList 2, we found that 270 of them have homologues in Caenorhabditis elegans, including 60 with a one-to-one orthology relationship. According to annotations extracted from WormBase, the vast majority of these 60 worm genes have RNAi experimental data or mutant alleles, but manual inspection shows that only 15% have phenotypes that could be interpreted in terms of a specific function. One third of the worm orthologs have protein-protein interaction data, and two of these interactions are conserved in humans. The combination of phenotypic, protein-protein interaction, and gene expression data provides functional hypotheses for 8 uncharacterized human proteins. Experimental validation in human or orthologs is necessary before they can be considered for annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Duek
- CALIPHO Group , SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU , Michel-Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
| | - Lydie Lane
- CALIPHO Group , SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU , Michel-Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Geneva, CMU , Michel-Servet 1 , 1211 Geneva 4 , Switzerland
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24
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Stallings CL, Glickman MS. Editorial overview: Attrition warfare: host cell weapons against intracellular pathogens, and how the pathogens fight back. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:vi-ix. [PMID: 31471114 PMCID: PMC7383339 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Stallings
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Michael S Glickman
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, United States; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, United States.
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