1
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Zimmermann C, Dähn S, Wagner AE. Effect of allyl-isothiocyanate on survival and antimicrobial peptide expression following oral bacterial infections in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404086. [PMID: 38803500 PMCID: PMC11128604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Since infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause increasing problems worldwide, the identification of alternative therapies is of great importance. Plant-derived bioactives, including allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC), have received attention for their antimicrobial properties. The present study therefore investigates the impact of AITC on survival and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) levels in Drosophila melanogaster challenged with the fly pathogenic bacteria Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. AITC, a sulfur-containing compound derived from glucosinolates, exhibits antimicrobial properties and has been suggested to modulate AMP expression. By using D. melanogaster, we demonstrate that AITC treatment resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease of survival rates among female flies, particularly in the presence of the Gram-negative bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, whereas AITC did not affect survival in male flies. Despite the ability of isothiocyanates to induce AMP expression in cell culture, we did not detect significant changes in AMP mRNA levels in infected flies exposed to AITC. Our findings suggest sex-specific differences in response to AITC treatment and bacterial infections, underlining the complexity of host-pathogen interactions and potential limitations of AITC as a preventive or therapeutic compound at least in D. melanogaster models of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Dähn
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anika E. Wagner
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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2
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Klimovich A, Bosch TCG. Novel technologies uncover novel 'anti'-microbial peptides in Hydra shaping the species-specific microbiome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230058. [PMID: 38497265 PMCID: PMC10945409 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The freshwater polyp Hydra uses an elaborate innate immune machinery to maintain its specific microbiome. Major components of this toolkit are conserved Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated immune pathways and species-specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Our study harnesses advanced technologies, such as high-throughput sequencing and machine learning, to uncover a high complexity of the Hydra's AMPs repertoire. Functional analysis reveals that these AMPs are specific against diverse members of the Hydra microbiome and expressed in a spatially controlled pattern. Notably, in the outer epithelial layer, AMPs are produced mainly in the neurons. The neuron-derived AMPs are secreted directly into the glycocalyx, the habitat for symbiotic bacteria, and display high selectivity and spatial restriction of expression. In the endodermal layer, in contrast, endodermal epithelial cells produce an abundance of different AMPs including members of the arminin and hydramacin families, while gland cells secrete kazal-type protease inhibitors. Since the endodermal layer lines the gastric cavity devoid of symbiotic bacteria, we assume that endodermally secreted AMPs protect the gastric cavity from intruding pathogens. In conclusion, Hydra employs a complex set of AMPs expressed in distinct tissue layers and cell types to combat pathogens and to maintain a stable spatially organized microbiome. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klimovich
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Thomas C. G. Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, Kiel 24118, Germany
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3
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Hanson MA. When the microbiome shapes the host: immune evolution implications for infectious disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230061. [PMID: 38497259 PMCID: PMC10945400 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbiome includes both 'mutualist' and 'pathogen' microbes, regulated by the same innate immune architecture. A major question has therefore been: how do hosts prevent pathogenic infections while maintaining beneficial microbes? One idea suggests hosts can selectively activate innate immunity upon pathogenic infection, but not mutualist colonization. Another idea posits that hosts can selectively attack pathogens, but not mutualists. Here I review evolutionary principles of microbe recognition and immune activation, and reflect on newly observed immune effector-microbe specificity perhaps supporting the latter idea. Recent work in Drosophila has found a surprising importance for single antimicrobial peptides in combatting specific ecologically relevant microbes. The developing picture suggests these effectors have evolved for this purpose. Other defence responses like reactive oxygen species bursts can also be uniquely effective against specific microbes. Signals in other model systems including nematodes, Hydra, oysters, and mammals, suggest that effector-microbe specificity may be a fundamental principle of host-pathogen interactions. I propose this effector-microbe specificity stems from weaknesses of the microbes themselves: if microbes have intrinsic weaknesses, hosts can evolve effectors that exploit those weaknesses. I define this host-microbe relationship as 'the Achilles principle of immune evolution'. Incorporating this view helps interpret why some host-microbe interactions develop in a coevolutionary framework (e.g. Red Queen dynamics), or as a one-sided evolutionary response. This clarification should be valuable to better understand the principles behind host susceptibilities to infectious diseases. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hanson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
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4
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Galambos N, Vincent-Monegat C, Vallier A, Parisot N, Heddi A, Zaidman-Rémy A. Cereal weevils' antimicrobial peptides: at the crosstalk between development, endosymbiosis and immune response. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230062. [PMID: 38497254 PMCID: PMC10945404 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between animals and microbes are ubiquitous in nature and strongly impact animal physiology. These interactions are shaped by the host immune system, which responds to infections and contributes to tailor the associations with beneficial microorganisms. In many insects, beneficial symbiotic associations not only include gut commensals, but also intracellular bacteria, or endosymbionts. Endosymbionts are housed within specialized host cells, the bacteriocytes, and are transmitted vertically across host generations. Host-endosymbiont co-evolution shapes the endosymbiont genome and host immune system, which not only fights against microbial intruders, but also ensures the preservation of endosymbionts and the control of their load and location. The cereal weevil Sitophilus spp. is a remarkable model in which to study the evolutionary adaptation of the immune system to endosymbiosis owing to its binary association with a unique, relatively recently acquired nutritional endosymbiont, Sodalis pierantonius. This Gram-negative bacterium has not experienced the genome size shrinkage observed in long-term endosymbioses and has retained immunogenicity. We focus here on the sixteen antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) identified in the Sitophilus oryzae genome and their expression patterns in different tissues, along host development or upon immune challenges, to address their potential functions in the defensive response and endosymbiosis homeostasis along the insect life cycle. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Galambos
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - A. Vallier
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - N. Parisot
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A. Heddi
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A. Zaidman-Rémy
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
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5
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Bosch TCG, Blaser MJ, Ruby E, McFall-Ngai M. A new lexicon in the age of microbiome research. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230060. [PMID: 38497258 PMCID: PMC10945402 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
At a rapid pace, biologists are learning the many ways in which resident microbes influence, and sometimes even control, their hosts to shape both health and disease. Understanding the biochemistry behind these interactions promises to reveal completely novel and targeted ways of counteracting disease processes. However, in our protocols and publications, we continue to describe these new results using a language that originated in a completely different context. This language developed when microbial interactions with hosts were perceived to be primarily pathogenic, as threats that had to be vanquished. Biomedicine had one dominating thought: winning this war against microorganisms. Today, we know that beyond their defensive roles, host tissues, especially epithelia, are vital to ensuring association with the normal microbiota, the communities of microbes that persistently live with the host. Thus, we need to adopt a language that better encompasses the newly appreciated importance of host-microbiota associations. We also need a language that frames the onset and progression of pathogenic conditions within the context of the normal microbiota. Such a reimagined lexicon should make it clear, from the very nature of its words, that microorganisms are primarily vital to our health, and only more rarely the cause of disease. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Edward Ruby
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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6
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Becchimanzi A, Nicoletti R, Di Lelio I, Russo E. Immune Gene Repertoire of Soft Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4922. [PMID: 38732132 PMCID: PMC11084805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects possess an effective immune system, which has been extensively characterized in several model species, revealing a plethora of conserved genes involved in recognition, signaling, and responses to pathogens and parasites. However, some taxonomic groups, characterized by peculiar trophic niches, such as plant-sap feeders, which are often important pests of crops and forestry ecosystems, have been largely overlooked regarding their immune gene repertoire. Here we annotated the immune genes of soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) for which omics data are publicly available. By using immune genes of aphids and Drosophila to query the genome of Ericerus pela, as well as the transcriptomes of Ceroplastes cirripediformis and Coccus sp., we highlight the lack of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, galectins, thaumatins, and antimicrobial peptides in Coccidae. This work contributes to expanding our knowledge about the evolutionary trajectories of immune genes and offers a list of promising candidates for developing new control strategies based on the suppression of pests' immunity through RNAi technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Elia Russo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
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7
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Garcia EL, Steiner RE, Raimer AC, Herring LE, Matera AG, Spring AM. Dysregulation of innate immune signaling in animal models of spinal muscular atrophy. BMC Biol 2024; 22:94. [PMID: 38664795 PMCID: PMC11044505 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disease caused by hypomorphic loss of function in the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMA presents across a broad spectrum of disease severity. Unfortunately, genetic models of intermediate SMA have been difficult to generate in vertebrates and are thus unable to address key aspects of disease etiology. To address these issues, we developed a Drosophila model system that recapitulates the full range of SMA severity, allowing studies of pre-onset biology as well as late-stage disease processes. RESULTS Here, we carried out transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of mild and intermediate Drosophila models of SMA to elucidate molecules and pathways that contribute to the disease. Using this approach, we elaborated a role for the SMN complex in the regulation of innate immune signaling. We find that mutation or tissue-specific depletion of SMN induces hyperactivation of the immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways, leading to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and ectopic formation of melanotic masses in the absence of an external challenge. Furthermore, the knockdown of downstream targets of these signaling pathways reduced melanotic mass formation caused by SMN loss. Importantly, we identify SMN as a negative regulator of a ubiquitylation complex that includes Traf6, Bendless, and Diap2 and plays a pivotal role in several signaling networks. CONCLUSIONS In alignment with recent research on other neurodegenerative diseases, these findings suggest that hyperactivation of innate immunity contributes to SMA pathology. This work not only provides compelling evidence that hyperactive innate immune signaling is a primary effect of SMN depletion, but it also suggests that the SMN complex plays a regulatory role in this process in vivo. In summary, immune dysfunction in SMA is a consequence of reduced SMN levels and is driven by cellular and molecular mechanisms that are conserved between insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Garcia
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rebecca E Steiner
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- RNA Discovery and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
- Present Address: Lake, Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
| | - Amanda C Raimer
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
- Present Address, Radford University, Radford, VA, USA
| | - Laura E Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - A Gregory Matera
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
- RNA Discovery and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centers, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | - Ashlyn M Spring
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
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8
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Wang J, Gu J, Yi J, Li J, Li W, Zhai Z. High-fat diets induce inflammatory IMD/NFκB signaling via gut microbiota remodeling in Drosophila. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1347716. [PMID: 38716198 PMCID: PMC11074423 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1347716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
High-fat diets (HFDs), a prevailing daily dietary style worldwide, induce chronic low-grade inflammation in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, promoting a variety of diseases including pathologies associated with neuroinflammation. However, the mechanisms linking HFDs to inflammation are not entirely clear. Here, using a Drosophila HFD model, we explored the mechanism of HFD-induced inflammation in remote tissues. We found that HFDs activated the IMD/NFκB immune pathway in the head through remodeling of the commensal gut bacteria. Removal of gut microbiota abolished such HFD-induced remote inflammatory response. Further experiments revealed that HFDs significantly increased the abundance of Acetobacter malorum in the gut, and the re-association of this bacterium was sufficient to elicit inflammatory response in remote tissues. Mechanistically, Acetobacter malorum produced a greater amount of peptidoglycan (PGN), a well-defined microbial molecular pattern that enters the circulation and remotely activates an inflammatory response. Our results thus show that HFDs trigger inflammation mediated by a bacterial molecular pattern that elicits host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zongzhao Zhai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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9
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O'Hara MK, Saul C, Handa A, Cho B, Zheng X, Sehgal A, Williams JA. The NFκB Dif is required for behavioral and molecular correlates of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila. Sleep 2024:zsae096. [PMID: 38629438 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor binding the κ light chain in B-cells (NFκB) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including development, growth, innate immunity, and sleep. However, genetic studies of the role of specific NFκB transcription factors in sleep have been limited. Drosophila fruit flies carry three genes encoding NFκB transcription factors, Dorsal, Dorsal Immunity Factor (Dif), and Relish. We previously found that loss of the Relish gene from fat body suppressed daily nighttime sleep, and abolished infection-induced sleep. Here we show that Dif regulates daily sleep and recovery sleep following prolonged wakefulness. Mutants of Dif showed reduced daily sleep and suppressed recovery in response to sleep deprivation. Pan-neuronal knockdown of Dif strongly suppressed daily sleep, indicating that in contrast to Relish, Dif functions from the central nervous system to regulate sleep. Based on the unique expression pattern of a Dif- GAL4 driver, we hypothesized that its effects on sleep were mediated by the pars intercerebralis (PI). While RNAi knock-down of Dif in the PI reduced daily sleep, it had no effect on the recovery response to sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep was suppressed when RNAi knock-down of Dif was distributed across a wider range of neurons. Induction of the nemuri (nur) antimicrobial peptide by sleep deprivation was reduced in Dif mutants and pan-neuronal over-expression of nur also suppressed the Dif mutant phenotype by significantly increasing sleep and reducing nighttime arousability. Together, these findings indicate that Dif functions from brain to target nemuri and to promote deep sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K O'Hara
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Bumsik Cho
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie A Williams
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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10
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Pradeu T, Thomma BPHJ, Girardin SE, Lemaitre B. The conceptual foundations of innate immunity: Taking stock 30 years later. Immunity 2024; 57:613-631. [PMID: 38599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
While largely neglected over decades during which adaptive immunity captured most of the attention, innate immune mechanisms have now become central to our understanding of immunology. Innate immunity provides the first barrier to infection in vertebrates, and it is the sole mechanism of host defense in invertebrates and plants. Innate immunity also plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, shaping the microbiota, and in disease contexts such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndromes, and aging. The emergence of the field of innate immunity has led to an expanded view of the immune system, which is no longer restricted to vertebrates and instead concerns all metazoans, plants, and even prokaryotes. The study of innate immunity has given rise to new concepts and language. Here, we review the history and definition of the core concepts of innate immunity, discussing their value and fruitfulness in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- CNRS UMR 5164 ImmunoConcept, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Presidential Fellow, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Rommelaere S, Carboni A, Bada Juarez JF, Boquete JP, Abriata LA, Teixeira Pinto Meireles F, Rukes V, Vincent C, Kondo S, Dionne MS, Dal Peraro M, Cao C, Lemaitre B. A humoral stress response protects Drosophila tissues from antimicrobial peptides. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1426-1437.e6. [PMID: 38484734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
7An efficient immune system must provide protection against a broad range of pathogens without causing excessive collateral tissue damage. While immune effectors have been well characterized, we know less about the resilience mechanisms protecting the host from its own immune response. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, cationic peptides that contribute to innate defenses by targeting negatively charged membranes of microbes. While protective against pathogens, AMPs can be cytotoxic to host cells. Here, we reveal that a family of stress-induced proteins, the Turandots, protect the Drosophila respiratory system from AMPs, increasing resilience to stress. Flies lacking Turandot genes are susceptible to environmental stresses due to AMP-induced tracheal apoptosis. Turandot proteins bind to host cell membranes and mask negatively charged phospholipids, protecting them from cationic pore-forming AMPs. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Turandot stress proteins mitigate AMP cytotoxicity to host tissues and therefore improve their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rommelaere
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alexia Carboni
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juan F Bada Juarez
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Boquete
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciano A Abriata
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Teixeira Pinto Meireles
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Verena Rukes
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Crystal Vincent
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK
| | - Shu Kondo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marc S Dionne
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chan Cao
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Nascimento da Silva J, Conceição CC, Ramos de Brito GC, Renato de Oliveira Daumas Filho C, Walter Nuno AB, Talyuli OAC, Arcanjo A, de Oliveira PL, Moreira LA, Vaz IDS, Logullo C. Immunometabolic crosstalk in Aedes fluviatilis and Wolbachia pipientis symbiosis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107272. [PMID: 38588812 PMCID: PMC11154636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia pipientis is a maternally transmitted symbiotic bacterium that mainly colonizes arthropods, potentially affecting different aspects of the host's physiology, e.g., reproduction, immunity, and metabolism. It has been shown that Wolbachia modulates glycogen metabolism in mosquito Aedes fluviatilis (Ae. fluviatilis). Glycogen synthesis is controlled by the enzyme GSK3, which is also involved in immune responses in both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Here we investigated the mechanisms behind immune changes mediated by glycogen synthase kinase β (GSK3β) in the symbiosis between Ae. fluviatilis and W. pipientis using a GSK3β inhibitor or RNAi-mediated gene silencing. GSK3β inhibition or knockdown increased glycogen content and Wolbachia population, together with a reduction in Relish2 and gambicin transcripts. Furthermore, knockdown of Relish2 or Caspar revealed that the immunodeficiency pathway acts to control Wolbachia numbers in the host. In conclusion, we describe for the first time the involvement of GSK3β in Ae. fluviatilis immune response, acting to control the Wolbachia endosymbiotic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhenifer Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christiano Calixto Conceição
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisely Cristina Ramos de Brito
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato de Oliveira Daumas Filho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Walter Nuno
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Octavio A C Talyuli
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Angélica Arcanjo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro L de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciano Andrade Moreira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Grupo Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno Vetor, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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13
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Wang Z, Lin X, Shi W, Cao C. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Alpha6 Contributes to Antiviral Immunity via IMD Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Viruses 2024; 16:562. [PMID: 38675904 PMCID: PMC11054842 DOI: 10.3390/v16040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, insecticides that target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are widely used. Studies on the sublethal effects of insecticides have found that they can affect the amount of virus in insects. The mechanism by which insecticides affect insect virus load remain unclear. Here, we show that nAChR targeting insecticide can affect viral replication through the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway. We demonstrate that a low dose of spinosad (6.8 ng/mL), acting as an antagonist to Drosophila melanogaster nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α6 (Dα6), significantly elevates Drosophila melanogaster sigmavirus (DMelSV) virus titers in adults of Drosophila melanogaster. Conversely, a high dose of spinosad (50 ng/mL), acting as an agonist to Dα6, substantially decreases viral load. This bidirectional regulation of virus levels is absent in Dα6-knockout flies, signifying the specificity of spinosad's action through Dα6. Furthermore, the knockdown of Dα6 results in decreased expression of genes in the IMD pathway, including dredd, imd, relish, and downstream antimicrobial peptide genes AttA and AttB, indicating a reduced innate immune response. Subsequent investigations reveal no significant difference in viral titers between relish mutant flies and Dα6-relish double mutants, suggesting that the IMD pathway's role in antiviral defense is dependent on Dα6. Collectively, our findings shed light on the intricate interplay between nAChR signaling and the IMD pathway in mediating antiviral immunity, highlighting the potential for nAChR-targeting compounds to inadvertently influence viral dynamics in insect hosts. This knowledge may inform the development of integrated pest management strategies that consider the broader ecological impact of insecticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wangpeng Shi
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Chuan Cao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.W.); (X.L.)
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14
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Liao A, Cavigliasso F, Savary L, Kawecki TJ. Effects of an entomopathogenic fungus on the reproductive potential of Drosophila males. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11242. [PMID: 38590549 PMCID: PMC10999951 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
While mortality is often the primary focus of pathogen virulence, non-lethal consequences, particularly for male reproductive fitness, are less understood; however, they are essential for understanding how sexual selection contributes to promoting resistance. We investigated how the fungal pathogen Metarhizium brunneum affects mating ability, fertility, and seminal fluid protein (SFP) expression of male Drosophila melanogaster paired with highly receptive virgin females in non-competitive settings. Depending on sex and dose, there was a 3-6-day incubation period after infection, followed by an abrupt onset of mortality. Meanwhile, the immune response was strongly induced already 38 h after infection and continued to increase as infection progressed. Latency to mate somewhat increased during the incubation period compared to sham-treated males, but even on Day 5 post infection >90% of infected males mated within 2 h. During the incubation period, M. brunneum infection reduced male reproductive potential (the number of offspring sired without mate limitation) by 11%, with no clear increase over time. Approaching the end of the incubation period, infected males had lower ability to convert number of mating opportunities into number of offspring. After repeated mating, infected males had lower SFP expression than sham controls, more so in males that mated with few mates 24 h earlier. Overall, despite strong activation of the immune response, males' mating ability and fertility remained surprisingly little affected by the fungal infection, even shortly before the onset of mortality. This suggests that the selection for resistance acts mainly through mortality, and the scope for fertility selection to enhance resistance in non-competing settings is rather limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Liao
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Fanny Cavigliasso
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Loriane Savary
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Tadeusz J. Kawecki
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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15
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Zhou L, Meng G, Zhu L, Ma L, Chen K. Insect Antimicrobial Peptides as Guardians of Immunity and Beyond: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3835. [PMID: 38612644 PMCID: PMC11011964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as immune effectors synthesized by a variety of organisms, not only constitute a robust defense mechanism against a broad spectrum of pathogens in the host but also show promising applications as effective antimicrobial agents. Notably, insects are significant reservoirs of natural AMPs. However, the complex array of variations in types, quantities, antimicrobial activities, and production pathways of AMPs, as well as evolution of AMPs across insect species, presents a significant challenge for immunity system understanding and AMP applications. This review covers insect AMP discoveries, classification, common properties, and mechanisms of action. Additionally, the types, quantities, and activities of immune-related AMPs in each model insect are also summarized. We conducted the first comprehensive investigation into the diversity, distribution, and evolution of 20 types of AMPs in model insects, employing phylogenetic analysis to describe their evolutionary relationships and shed light on conserved and distinctive AMP families. Furthermore, we summarize the regulatory pathways of AMP production through classical signaling pathways and additional pathways associated with Nitric Oxide, insulin-like signaling, and hormones. This review advances our understanding of AMPs as guardians in insect immunity systems and unlocks a gateway to insect AMP resources, facilitating the use of AMPs to address food safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guanliang Meng
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Ling Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Li Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030810, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
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16
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Mpamhanga CD, Kounatidis I. The utility of Drosophila melanogaster as a fungal infection model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1349027. [PMID: 38550600 PMCID: PMC10973011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases have profound effects upon human health and are on increase globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022 published the fungal priority list calling for improved public health interventions and advance research. Drosophila melanogaster presents an excellent model system to dissect host-pathogen interactions and has been proved valuable to study immunopathogenesis of fungal diseases. In this review we highlight the recent advances in fungal-Drosophila interplay with an emphasis on the recently published WHO's fungal priority list and we focus on available tools and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengetai D Mpamhanga
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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17
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Hong S, Shang J, Sun Y, Tang G, Wang C. Fungal infection of insects: molecular insights and prospects. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:302-316. [PMID: 37778923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) distribute in different fungal phyla with variable host ranges and play essential role in regulating insect populations by infecting hosts via cuticle penetration. The representative ascomycete EPF of Metarhizium and Beauveria species have been widely used in mechanistic investigations of fungus-insect interactions and as ecofriendly mycoinsecticides. Here, we review the function of diverse genes, pathways, and secondary metabolites associated with EPF stepwise infections. In particular, emerging evidence has shown that EPF have to outcompete insect ectomicrobiotas prior to penetrating cuticles, and subvert or evade host antifungal immunity by using effector-like proteins and chemicals like plant pathogens. Future prospects are discussed for a better understanding of fungal pathobiology, which will provide novel insights into microbe-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hong
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junmei Shang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaneli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guirong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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18
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Abdisa E, Park H, Kwon J, Jin G, Esmaeily M, Kim Y. Enhancement of an entomopathogenic fungal virulence against the seedcorn maggot, Delia platura, by suppressing immune responses with a bacterial culture broth of Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22103. [PMID: 38517449 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In Korea, there are two maggot species in the Delia genus that commonly infest the roots and stems of the Welsh onion, thus causing serious economic damage on the crop at the seedling stage. In this study, the seedcorn maggot (Delia platura) was detected in onion fields in two different localities in Korea. After overwintering, maggot infestations occurred throughout the entire growing seasons from transplantation to harvest, but their specific patterns of occurrence varied in the two localities examined. Entomopathogenic fungi induced significant virulence against the maggot larvae, in which a strain of Beauveria bassiana was effective, though it exhibited limited mortality in its insecticidal activity. To enhance this insecticidal activity, a culture broth from an entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus temperata temperata (Ptt), was added to B. bassiana treatment. The addition of Ptt broth significantly increased the insecticidal activity of B. bassiana in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate this enhancement in insecticidal activity, the immunosuppressive activity of Ptt broth was assessed by identifying the immune responses of the seedcorn maggots. The seedcorn maggots possessed at least three different hemocytes with plasmatocytes, crystal cells, and lamellocytes. These hemocytes exhibited nodule formation in response to the fungal infection. In addition to the cellular immunity, the maggots exhibited inducible expressions of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes such as cecropin and defensin. The addition of Ptt broth suppressed the nodule formation and the AMP expressions in response to the fungal infection. Altogether, this study demonstrated the innate immune responses in a non-model insect, D. platura, along with the application of immunosuppression to develop a highly efficient biological control by enhancing the virulence of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eticha Abdisa
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Hyunje Park
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kwon
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Gahyeon Jin
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Mojtaba Esmaeily
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
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19
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Yan Q, Wang F, Zhou B, Lin X. Hybrid 2D/3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on the bioactivities and molecular mechanism of antibacterial peptides. Amino Acids 2024; 56:16. [PMID: 38358574 PMCID: PMC10869384 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) is the polypeptide, which protects the organism avoiding attack from pathogenic bacteria. Studies have shown that there were some antimicrobial peptides with molecular action mechanism involved in crossing the cell membrane without inducing severe membrane collapse, then interacting with cytoplasmic target-nucleic acid, and exerting antibacterial activity by interfacing the transmission of genetic information of pathogenic microorganisms. However, the relationship between the antibacterial activities and peptide structures was still unclear. Therefore, in the present work, a series of AMPs with a sequence of 20 amino acids was extracted from DBAASP database, then, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods were conducted on these peptides. In addition, novel antimicrobial peptides with stronger antimicrobial activities were designed according to the information originated from the constructed models. Hence, the outcome of this study would lay a solid foundation for the in-silico design and exploration of novel antibacterial peptides with improved activity activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Yan
- School of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- School of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China.
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, 550004, China
| | - Xiangna Lin
- School of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, China
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20
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Lu M, Wei D, Shang J, Li S, Song S, Luo Y, Tang G, Wang C. Suppression of Drosophila antifungal immunity by a parasite effector via blocking GNBP3 and GNBP-like 3, the dual receptors for β-glucans. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113642. [PMID: 38175756 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The tactics used by animal pathogens to combat host immunity are largely unclear. Here, we report the depiction of the virulence-required effector Tge1 deployed by the entomopathogen Metarhizium robertsii to suppress Drosophila antifungal immunity. Tge1 can target both GNBP3 and GNBP-like 3 (GL3), and the latter can bind to β-glucans like GNBP3, whereas the glucan binding by both receptors can be attenuated by Tge1. As opposed to the surveillance GNBP3, GL3 is inducible in Drosophila depending on the Toll pathway via a positive feedback loop mechanism. Losses of GNBP3 and GL3 genes result in the deregulations of protease cascade, Spätzle maturation, and antimicrobial gene expressions in Drosophila upon fungal challenges. Fly survival assays confirm that GL3 plays a more essential role than GNBP3 in combating fungal infections. In addition to evidencing the gene-for-gene interactions between fungi and insects, our data advance insights into Drosophila antifungal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Lu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongxiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junmei Shang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shuangxiu Song
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yujuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Guirong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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21
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Chou J, Ramroop JR, Saravia-Butler AM, Wey B, Lera MP, Torres ML, Heavner ME, Iyer J, Mhatre SD, Bhattacharya S, Govind S. Drosophila parasitoids go to space: Unexpected effects of spaceflight on hosts and their parasitoids. iScience 2024; 27:108759. [PMID: 38261932 PMCID: PMC10797188 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
While fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) and humans exhibit immune system dysfunction in space, studies examining their immune systems' interactions with natural parasites in space are lacking. Drosophila parasitoid wasps modify blood cell function to suppress host immunity. In this study, naive and parasitized ground and space flies from a tumor-free control and a blood tumor-bearing mutant strain were examined. Inflammation-related genes were activated in space in both fly strains. Whereas control flies did not develop tumors, tumor burden increased in the space-returned tumor-bearing mutants. Surprisingly, control flies were more sensitive to spaceflight than mutant flies; many of their essential genes were downregulated. Parasitoids appeared more resilient than fly hosts, and spaceflight did not significantly impact wasp survival or the expression of their virulence genes. Previously undocumented mutant wasps with novel wing color and wing shape were isolated post-flight and will be invaluable for host-parasite studies on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chou
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Johnny R. Ramroop
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Amanda M. Saravia-Butler
- KBR NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Brian Wey
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matthew P. Lera
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Medaya L. Torres
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Bionetics, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Heavner
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Janani Iyer
- KBR NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Siddhita D. Mhatre
- KBR NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Shubha Govind
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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22
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Jin G, Kim Y. Screening of insect immune suppressors using a recombinant phospholipase A2 of a lepidopteran insect. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22081. [PMID: 38288493 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ) catalyzes phospholipids at the sn-2 position to release free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA) or its precursor. The free AA is then oxygenated into different eicosanoids, which mediate the diverse physiological processes in insects. Any inhibition of the PLA2 catalysis would give rise to serious malfunctioning in insect growth and development. An onion moth, Acrolepiopsis sapporensis, encodes four different PLA2 genes (As-PLA2 A-As-PLA2 D), in which As-PLA2 A is dominantly expressed at all developmental stages and in different larval tissues. RNA interference of the As-PLA2 A expression significantly reduced the PLA2 activity of A. sapporensis, which suffered from immunosuppression. A recombinant As-PLA2 A protein was purified from a bacterial expression system, which exhibited a typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics and hence susceptible to a specific inhibitor to sPLA2 and dithiothreitol. A total of 19 bacterial metabolites derived from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus were screened against the recombinant As-PLA2 A. Five potent metabolites were highly inhibitory and followed a competitive enzyme inhibition. These five inhibitors suppressed the immune responses of A. sapporensis by inhibiting hemocyte-spreading behavior and phenoloxidase activity. However, an addition of AA could significantly rescue the immunosuppression induced by the selected inhibitors. These studies suggest that the recombinant As-PLA2 A protein can be applied for high-throughput screening of insect immunosuppressive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahyeon Jin
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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23
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Labropoulou V, Wang L, Magkrioti C, Smagghe G, Swevers L. Single domain von Willebrand factor type C "cytokines" and the regulation of the stress/immune response in insects. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22071. [PMID: 38288483 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The single domain von Willebrand factor type C (SVWC) appears in small secreted peptides that are arthropod-specific and are produced following environmental stress or pathogen exposure. Most research has focused on proteins with SVWC domain that are induced after virus infection and are hypothesized to function as "cytokines" to regulate the innate immune response. The expansion of SVWC genes in insect species indicates that many other functions remain to be discovered. Research in shrimp has elucidated the adaptability of Vago-like peptides in the innate immune response against bacteria, fungi and viruses after activation by Jak-STAT and/or Toll/Imd pathways in which they can act as pathogen-recognition receptors or cytokine-like signaling molecules. SVWC factors also appear in scorpion venoms and tick saliva, underlining their versatility to acquire new functions. This review discusses the discovery and function of SVWC peptides from insects to crustaceans and chelicerates and reveals the enormous gaps in knowledge that remain to be filled to understand this enigmatic group of secreted peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Labropoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Luoluo Wang
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guizhou, China
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, Athens, Greece
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Manfredini F, Wurm Y, Sumner S, Leadbeater E. Transcriptomic responses to location learning by honeybee dancers are partly mirrored in the brains of dance-followers. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20232274. [PMID: 38113935 PMCID: PMC10730293 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The waggle dances of honeybees are a strikingly complex form of animal communication that underlie the collective foraging behaviour of colonies. The mechanisms by which bees assess the locations of forage sites that they have visited for representation on the dancefloor are now well-understood, but few studies have considered the remarkable backward translation of such information into flight vectors by dance-followers. Here, we explore whether the gene expression patterns that are induced through individual learning about foraging locations are mirrored when bees learn about those same locations from their nest-mates. We first confirmed that the mushroom bodies of honeybee dancers show a specific transcriptomic response to learning about distance, and then showed that approximately 5% of those genes were also differentially expressed by bees that follow dances for the same foraging sites, but had never visited them. A subset of these genes were also differentially expressed when we manipulated distance perception through an optic flow paradigm, and responses to learning about target direction were also in part mirrored in the brains of dance followers. Our findings show a molecular footprint of the transfer of learnt information from one animal to another through this extraordinary communication system, highlighting the dynamic role of the genome in mediating even very short-term behavioural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Manfredini
- Present address: School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UL Aberdeen, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, TW20 OEX Egham, UK
| | - Yannick Wurm
- School of Biological & Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK
- Digital Environment Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK
| | - Seirian Sumner
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - Ellouise Leadbeater
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, TW20 OEX Egham, UK
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Garcia EL, Steiner RE, Raimer AC, Herring LE, Matera AG, Spring AM. Dysregulation of innate immune signaling in animal models of Spinal Muscular Atrophy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571739. [PMID: 38168196 PMCID: PMC10760185 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disease caused by hypomorphic loss of function in the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein. SMA presents across broad spectrum of disease severity. Unfortunately, vertebrate models of intermediate SMA have been difficult to generate and are thus unable to address key aspects of disease etiology. To address these issues, we developed a Drosophila model system that recapitulates the full range of SMA severity, allowing studies of pre-onset biology as well as late-stage disease processes. Results Here, we carried out transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of mild and intermediate Drosophila models of SMA to elucidate molecules and pathways that contribute to the disease. Using this approach, we elaborated a role for the SMN complex in the regulation of innate immune signaling. We find that mutation or tissue-specific depletion of SMN induces hyperactivation of the Immune Deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways, leading to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and ectopic formation of melanotic masses in the absence of an external challenge. Furthermore, knockdown of downstream targets of these signaling pathways reduced melanotic mass formation caused by SMN loss. Importantly, we identify SMN as a negative regulator of an ubiquitylation complex that includes Traf6, Bendless and Diap2, and plays a pivotal role in several signaling networks. Conclusions In alignment with recent research on other neurodegenerative diseases, these findings suggest that hyperactivation of innate immunity contributes to SMA pathology. This work not only provides compelling evidence that hyperactive innate immune signaling is a primary effect of SMN depletion, but it also suggests that the SMN complex plays a regulatory role in this process in vivo. In summary, immune dysfunction in SMA is a consequence of reduced SMN levels and is driven by cellular and molecular mechanisms that are conserved between insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Garcia
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Steiner
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Amanda C. Raimer
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - A. Gregory Matera
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Ashlyn M. Spring
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC, USA
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26
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Ferrarini MG, Vallier A, Vincent-Monégat C, Dell'Aglio E, Gillet B, Hughes S, Hurtado O, Condemine G, Zaidman-Rémy A, Rebollo R, Parisot N, Heddi A. Coordination of host and endosymbiont gene expression governs endosymbiont growth and elimination in the cereal weevil Sitophilus spp. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:274. [PMID: 38087390 PMCID: PMC10717185 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects living in nutritionally poor environments often establish long-term relationships with intracellular bacteria that supplement their diets and improve their adaptive and invasive powers. Even though these symbiotic associations have been extensively studied on physiological, ecological, and evolutionary levels, few studies have focused on the molecular dialogue between host and endosymbionts to identify genes and pathways involved in endosymbiosis control and dynamics throughout host development. RESULTS We simultaneously analyzed host and endosymbiont gene expression during the life cycle of the cereal weevil Sitophilus oryzae, from larval stages to adults, with a particular emphasis on emerging adults where the endosymbiont Sodalis pierantonius experiences a contrasted growth-climax-elimination dynamics. We unraveled a constant arms race in which different biological functions are intertwined and coregulated across both partners. These include immunity, metabolism, metal control, apoptosis, and bacterial stress response. CONCLUSIONS The study of these tightly regulated functions, which are at the center of symbiotic regulations, provides evidence on how hosts and bacteria finely tune their gene expression and respond to different physiological challenges constrained by insect development in a nutritionally limited ecological niche. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Galvão Ferrarini
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Vallier
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Elisa Dell'Aglio
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benjamin Gillet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Hughes
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ophélie Hurtado
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guy Condemine
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5240 Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Rita Rebollo
- Univ Lyon, INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621, Villeurbanne, France.
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Xu W, Rustenhoven J, Nelson CA, Dykstra T, Ferreiro A, Papadopoulos Z, Burnham CAD, Dantas G, Fremont DH, Kipnis J. A novel immune modulator IM33 mediates a glia-gut-neuronal axis that controls lifespan. Neuron 2023; 111:3244-3254.e8. [PMID: 37582366 PMCID: PMC10592285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process involving various systems and behavioral changes. Altered immune regulation, dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and sleep decline are common features of aging, but their interconnection is poorly understood. Using Drosophila, we discover that IM33, a novel immune modulator, and its mammalian homolog, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), are upregulated in old flies and old mice, respectively. Knockdown of IM33 in glia elevates the gut reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and alters gut microbiota composition, including increased Lactiplantibacillus plantarum abundance, leading to a shortened lifespan. Additionally, dysbiosis induces sleep fragmentation through the activation of insulin-producing cells in the brain, which is mediated by the binding of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-produced DAP-type peptidoglycan to the peptidoglycan recognition protein LE (PGRP-LE) receptor. Therefore, IM33 plays a role in the glia-microbiota-neuronal axis, connecting neuroinflammation, dysbiosis, and sleep decline during aging. Identifying molecular mediators of these processes could lead to the development of innovative strategies for extending lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangchao Xu
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aura Ferreiro
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zachary Papadopoulos
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gautam Dantas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) Center, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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O’Hara MK, Saul C, Handa A, Sehgal A, Williams JA. The NFκB Dif is required for behavioral and molecular correlates of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562029. [PMID: 37905096 PMCID: PMC10614778 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor binding the κ light chain in B-cells (NFκB) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including development, growth, innate immunity, and sleep. However, efforts have been limited toward understanding how specific NFκB transcription factors function in sleep. Drosophila fruit flies carry three genes encoding NFκB transcription factors, Dorsal, Dorsal Immunity Factor (Dif), and Relish. We previously found that loss of the Relish gene from fat body suppressed daily nighttime sleep, and abolished infection-induced sleep. Here we show that Dif regulates daily sleep and recovery sleep following prolonged wakefulness. Mutants of Dif showed reduced daily sleep and suppressed recovery in response to sleep deprivation. Pan-neuronal knockdown of Dif strongly suppressed daily sleep, indicating that in contrast to Relish, Dif functions from the central nervous system to regulate sleep. Based on the distribution of a Dif-associated GAL4 driver, we hypothesized that its effects on sleep were mediated by the pars intercerebralis (PI). While RNAi knock-down of Dif in the PI reduced daily sleep, it had no effect on the recovery response to sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep was suppressed when RNAi knock-down of Dif was distributed across a wider range of neurons. Induction of the nemuri (nur) antimicrobial peptide by sleep deprivation was suppressed in Dif mutants and pan-neuronal over-expression of nur also suppressed the Dif mutant phenotype. Together, these findings indicate that Dif functions from brain to target nemuri and to promote sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Mannino MC, Davyt-Colo B, Huarte-Bonnet C, Diambra L, Pedrini N. Transcriptomic landscape of the interaction between the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and its tolerant host Tribolium castaneum revealed by dual RNA-seq. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16506. [PMID: 37783781 PMCID: PMC10545715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana are the only insect pathogens able to start the infection process by penetrating through the host cuticle. However, some insects try to avoid fungal infection by embedding their cuticle with antifungal compounds. This is the case of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, which generates economical loss of great significance in stored product environments worldwide. In this study, T. castaneum adults were fed during different time periods (from 3 to 72 h) on B. bassiana conidia-covered corn kernels. The progression of fungal infection was monitored using the dual RNA-seq technique to reconstruct the temporal transcriptomic profile and to perform gene enrichment analyses in both interacting organisms. After mapping the total reads with the B. bassiana genome, 904 genes were identified during this process. The more expressed fungal genes were related to carbon catabolite repression, cation binding, peptidase inhibition, redox processes, and stress response. Several immune-related genes from Toll, IMD, and JNK pathways, as well as genes related to chitin modification, were found to be differentially expressed in fungus-exposed T. castaneum. This study represents the first dual transcriptomic approach to help understand the interaction between the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana and its tolerant host T. castaneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Constanza Mannino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Belén Davyt-Colo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carla Huarte-Bonnet
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Luis Diambra
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos (CREG), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Boulevard 120 1459, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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Guryanova SV, Balandin SV, Belogurova-Ovchinnikova OY, Ovchinnikova TV. Marine Invertebrate Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Potential as Novel Peptide Antibiotics. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:503. [PMID: 37888438 PMCID: PMC10608444 DOI: 10.3390/md21100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates constantly interact with a wide range of microorganisms in their aquatic environment and possess an effective defense system that has enabled their existence for millions of years. Their lack of acquired immunity sets marine invertebrates apart from other marine animals. Invertebrates could rely on their innate immunity, providing the first line of defense, survival, and thriving. The innate immune system of marine invertebrates includes various biologically active compounds, and specifically, antimicrobial peptides. Nowadays, there is a revive of interest in these peptides due to the urgent need to discover novel drugs against antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, a pressing global concern in modern healthcare. Modern technologies offer extensive possibilities for the development of innovative drugs based on these compounds, which can act against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. This review focuses on structural peculiarities, biological functions, gene expression, biosynthesis, mechanisms of antimicrobial action, regulatory activities, and prospects for the therapeutic use of antimicrobial peptides derived from marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Guryanova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.G.); (S.V.B.)
- Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Balandin
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.G.); (S.V.B.)
| | | | - Tatiana V. Ovchinnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.G.); (S.V.B.)
- Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
- Department of Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Yan L, Zhou J, Yuan L, Ye J, Zhao X, Ren G, Chen H. Silibinin alleviates intestinal inflammation via inhibiting JNK signaling in Drosophila. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1246960. [PMID: 37781701 PMCID: PMC10539474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1246960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation that causes digestive system dysfunction. For years, researchers have been working to find more effective and safer therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases. Silibinin (SIL), a flavonoid compound extracted from the seeds of milk thistle plants, possesses multiple biological activities and is traditionally applied to treat liver diseases. SIL is also widely used in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases attributed to its excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the efficacy of SIL against IBDs and its mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism, we found that SIL can effectively relieve intestinal inflammation caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Our results suggested that SIL supplementation can inhibit the overproliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) induced by DSS, protect intestinal barrier function, acid-base balance, and intestinal excretion function, reduce intestinal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inflammatory stress, and extend the lifespan of Drosophila. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that SIL ameliorates intestinal inflammation via modulating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in Drosophila. Our research aims to provide new insight into the treatment of IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juanyu Zhou
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jinbao Ye
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Ren
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Cattabriga G, Giordani G, Gargiulo G, Cavaliere V. Effect of aminergic signaling on the humoral innate immunity response of Drosophila. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1249205. [PMID: 37693001 PMCID: PMC10483126 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1249205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amines are crucial signaling molecules that modulate various physiological life functions both in vertebrates and invertebrates. In humans, these neurotransmitters influence the innate and adaptive immunity systems. In this work, we analyzed whether the aminergic neurotransmission of dopamine, serotonin, and octopamine could have an impact on the humoral innate immune response of Drosophila melanogaster. This is a powerful model system widely used to uncover the insect innate immunity mechanisms which are also conserved in mammals. We found that the neurotransmission of all these amines positively modulates the Toll-responsive antimicrobial peptide (AMP) drosomycin (drs) gene in adult flies infected with the Micrococcus luteus bacterium. Indeed, we showed that either blocking the neurotransmission in their specific aminergic neurons by expressing shibirets (Shits) or silencing the vesicular monoamine transporter gene (dVMAT) by RNAi caused a significantly reduced expression of the Toll-responsive drs gene. However, upon M. luteus infection, the block of aminergic transmission did not alter the expression of AMP attacin genes responding to the immune deficiency (Imd) and Toll pathways. Overall, our results not only reveal a neuroimmune function for biogenic amines in humoral immunity but also further highlight the complexity of the network controlling AMP gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cattabriga
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giordani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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Mahanta DK, Bhoi TK, Komal J, Samal I, Nikhil RM, Paschapur AU, Singh G, Kumar PVD, Desai HR, Ahmad MA, Singh PP, Majhi PK, Mukherjee U, Singh P, Saini V, Shahanaz, Srinivasa N, Yele Y. Insect-pathogen crosstalk and the cellular-molecular mechanisms of insect immunity: uncovering the underlying signaling pathways and immune regulatory function of non-coding RNAs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1169152. [PMID: 37691928 PMCID: PMC10491481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms are constantly subjected to pathogens that might be harmful. Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they possess highly effective anti-infective mechanisms. Bacterial phagocytosis and parasite encapsulation are some forms of cellular responses. Insects often defend themselves against infections through a humoral response. This phenomenon includes the secretion of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph. Specific receptors for detecting infection are required for the recognition of foreign pathogens such as the proteins that recognize glucans and peptidoglycans, together referred to as PGRPs and βGRPs. Activation of these receptors leads to the stimulation of signaling pathways which further activates the genes encoding for antimicrobial peptides. Some instances of such pathways are the JAK-STAT, Imd, and Toll. The host immune response that frequently accompanies infections has, however, been circumvented by diseases, which may have assisted insects evolve their own complicated immune systems. The role of ncRNAs in insect immunology has been discussed in several notable studies and reviews. This paper examines the most recent research on the immune regulatory function of ncRNAs during insect-pathogen crosstalk, including insect- and pathogen-encoded miRNAs and lncRNAs, and provides an overview of the important insect signaling pathways and effector mechanisms activated by diverse pathogen invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Mahanta
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Tanmaya Kumar Bhoi
- Forest Protection Division, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) - Arid Forest Research Institute (ICFRE-AFRI), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - J. Komal
- Department of Entomology, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Ipsita Samal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Litchi, Mushahari, Ramna, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - R. M. Nikhil
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Umesh Paschapur
- Crop Protection Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gaurav Singh
- The Directorate of Research, Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - P. V. Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Plant Pathology University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H. R. Desai
- Department of Entomology, Main Cotton Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohammad Abbas Ahmad
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - P. P. Singh
- Department of Entomology, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Majhi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - U. Mukherjee
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Pushpa Singh
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Varun Saini
- Department of Entomology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Shahanaz
- Department of Entomology, College of Horticulture Mojerla, Sri Konda Laxman Telengana State Horticultural University, Wanaparthy, Telengana, India
| | - N. Srinivasa
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Yele
- School of Crop Health Management Research, Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management (ICAR)- National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur, India
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Mullinax SR, Darby AM, Gupta A, Chan P, Smith BR, Unckless RL. A suite of selective pressures supports the maintenance of alleles of a Drosophila immune peptide. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.18.553899. [PMID: 37662279 PMCID: PMC10473621 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.18.553899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system provides hosts with a crucial first line of defense against pathogens. While immune genes are often among the fastest evolving genes in the genome, in Drosophila, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are notable exceptions. Instead, AMPs may be under balancing selection, such that over evolutionary timescales multiple alleles are maintained in populations. In this study, we focus on the Drosophila antimicrobial peptide Diptericin A, which has a segregating amino acid polymorphism associated with differential survival after infection with the Gram-negative bacteria Providencia rettgeri. Diptericin A also helps control opportunistic gut infections by common Drosophila gut microbes, especially those of Lactobacillus plantarum. In addition to genotypic effects on gut immunity, we also see strong sex-specific effects that are most prominent in flies without functional diptericin A. To further characterize differences in microbiomes between different diptericin genotypes, we used 16S metagenomics to look at the microbiome composition. We used both lab reared and wild caught flies for our sequencing and looked at overall composition as well as the differential abundance of individual bacterial families. Overall, we find flies that are homozygous serine for diptericin A are better equipped to survive a systemic infection from P. rettgeri, but in general homozygous arginine flies have a longer lifespan after being fed common gut commensals. Our results suggest a possible mechanism for the maintenance of genetic variation of diptericin A through the complex interactions of sex, systemic immunity, and the maintenance of the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Mullinax
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Andrea M. Darby
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anjali Gupta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Patrick Chan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Brittny R. Smith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Robert L. Unckless
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Touré H, Durand N, Guénal I, Herrmann JL, Girard-Misguich F, Szuplewski S. Mycobacterium abscessus Opsonization Allows an Escape from the Defensin Bactericidal Action in Drosophila. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0077723. [PMID: 37260399 PMCID: PMC10434004 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00777-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus, an intracellular nontuberculous mycobacterium, is considered the most pathogenic species among the group of rapidly growing mycobacteria. The resistance of M. abscessus to the host innate response contributes to its pathogenicity in addition to several virulence factors. We have recently shown in Drosophila that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), whose production is induced by M. abscessus, are unable to control mycobacterial infection. This could be due to their inability to kill mycobacteria and/or the hidden location of the pathogen in phagocytic cells. Here, we demonstrate that the rapid internalization of M. abscessus by Drosophila macrophages allows it to escape the AMP-mediated humoral response. By depleting phagocytes in AMP-deficient flies, we found that several AMPs were required for the control of extracellular M. abscessus. This was confirmed in the Tep4 opsonin-deficient flies, which we show can better control M. abscessus growth and have increased survival through overproduction of some AMPs, including Defensin. Furthermore, Defensin alone was sufficient to kill extracellular M. abscessus both in vitro and in vivo and control its infection. Collectively, our data support that Tep4-mediated opsonization of M. abscessus allows its escape and resistance toward the Defensin bactericidal action in Drosophila. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium abscessus, an opportunistic pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients, is the most pathogenic species among the fast-growing mycobacteria. How M. abscessus resists the host innate response before establishing an infection remains unclear. Using Drosophila, we have recently demonstrated that M. abscessus resists the host innate response by surviving the cytotoxic lysis of the infected phagocytes and the induced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including Defensin. In this work, we demonstrate that M. abscessus resists the latter response by being rapidly internalized by Drosophila phagocytes. Indeed, by combining in vivo and in vitro approaches, we show that Defensin is able to control extracellular M. abscessus infection through a direct bactericidal action. In conclusion, we report that M. abscessus escapes the host AMP-mediated humoral response by taking advantage of its internalization by the phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadoun Touré
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Nicolas Durand
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Ile-de-France Ouest, GHU Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
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36
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Zhou L, Ma L, Liu L, Sun S, Jing X, Lu Z. The Effects of Diet on the Immune Responses of the Oriental Armyworm Mythimna separata. INSECTS 2023; 14:685. [PMID: 37623395 PMCID: PMC10455674 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients can greatly affect host immune defenses against infection. Possessing a simple immune system, insects have been widely used as models to address the relationships between nutrition and immunity. The effects of high versus low protein-to-carbohydrate ratio (P:C) diets on insect immune responses vary in different studies. To reveal the dietary manipulation of immune responses in the polyphagous agricultural pest oriental armyworm, we examined immune gene expression, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and phagocytosis to investigate the immune traits of bacteria-challenged oriental armyworms, which were fed different P:C ratio diets. We found the oriental armyworms that were fed a 35:7 (P:C) diet showed higher phenoloxidase (PO) activity and stronger melanization, and those reared on a 28:14 (P:C) diet showed higher antimicrobial activity. However, different P:C diets had no apparent effect on the hemocyte number and phagocytosis. These results overall indicate that high P:C diets differently optimize humoral immune defense responses in oriental armyworms, i.e., PO-mediated melanization and antimicrobial peptide synthesis in response to bacteria challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (L.Z.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (L.Z.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (L.Z.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Shaolei Sun
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (L.Z.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Xiangfeng Jing
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (L.Z.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (L.Z.); (L.M.); (L.L.); (S.S.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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37
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Chu X, Yang M, Yu L, Xie H, Liu J, Wu S, Zhang F, Hu X. Double-strand RNAs targeting MaltRelish and MaltSpz reveals potential targets for pest management of Monochamus alternatus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105495. [PMID: 37532354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming the innate immunity of insects is a key process to improve the efficiency of biological control. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important effectors in insect innate immunity, usually mediating resistance to pathogenic microorganisms through Toll and IMD signaling pathways. This study investigated the effect of key genes on upstream immune recognition receptor (GNBP3) and downstream effectors (AMPs) by RNAi technology. The transcriptome KEGG enrichment analysis and differential gene annotation results showed that the immune response genes MaltSpz and MaltRelish are important regulators of Toll and IMD signaling pathways, respectively. Both dsSpz and dsRelish could affect AMP gene expression and increase the expression of the immune recognition receptor MaltGNBP3. Moreover, they significantly reduce the survival rate of Monochamus alternatus and promote hyphal growth after Beauveria bassiana infection. This helps to improve the biological control effect of B. bassiana, control the population of vector insects and cut off the transmission route of pine wood nematode. The combined MaltSpz and MaltRelish knockdown increased the infection rate of M. alternatus larvae from 20.69% to 83.93%, achieving the best efficiency in synergistic B. bassiana infection. Our results showed important roles of MaltRelish- and MaltSpz-mediated regulation of AMP genes function in insect entomopathogenic fungi tolerance and induced significant mortality in larvae. Based on this study, MaltSpz and MaltRelish could represent candidate gene targets for the biological control of M. alternatus by RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meijiao Yang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hongyun Xie
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Songqing Wu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Feiping Zhang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xia Hu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Hanson MA, Grollmus L, Lemaitre B. Ecology-relevant bacteria drive the evolution of host antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila. Science 2023; 381:eadg5725. [PMID: 37471548 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg5725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are host-encoded immune effectors that combat pathogens and shape the microbiome in plants and animals. However, little is known about how the host antimicrobial peptide repertoire is adapted to its microbiome. Here, we characterized the function and evolution of the Diptericin antimicrobial peptide family of Diptera. Using mutations affecting the two Diptericins (Dpt) of Drosophila melanogaster, we reveal the specific role of DptA for the pathogen Providencia rettgeri and DptB for the gut mutualist Acetobacter. The presence of DptA- or DptB-like genes across Diptera correlates with the presence of Providencia and Acetobacter in their environment. Moreover, DptA- and DptB-like sequences predict host resistance against infection by these bacteria across the genus Drosophila. Our study explains the evolutionary logic behind the bursts of rapid evolution of an antimicrobial peptide family and reveals how the host immune repertoire adapts to changing microbial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hanson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Disease Ecology and Evolution, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, United Kingdom
| | - L Grollmus
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Hong S, Sun Y, Chen H, Zhao P, Wang C. Fungus-insect interactions beyond bilateral regimes: the importance and strategy to outcompete host ectomicrobiomes by fungal parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 74:102336. [PMID: 37320866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungus-insect interactions have long been investigated at the bilateral level to unveil the factors involved in mediating fungal entomopathogenicity and insect antifungal immunity. Emerging evidence has shown that insect cuticles are inhabited by different bacteria that can delay and deter fungal parasite infections. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), however, have evolved strategies to combat the colonization resistance mediated by insect ectomicrobiomes by producing antimicrobial peptides or antibiotic compounds. Deprivation of micronutrients may also be employed by EPF to counteract the ectomicrobiome antagonism. Further investigations of insect ectomicrobiome assemblage and fungal factors involved in outcompeting cuticular microbiomes may benefit the development of cost-effective mycoinsecticides while protecting ecologically and economically important insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hong
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haimin Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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40
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Vershinina YS, Krasnov GS, Garbuz DG, Shaposhnikov MV, Fedorova MS, Pudova EA, Katunina IV, Kornev AB, Zemskaya NV, Kudryavtsev AA, Bulavkina EV, Matveeva AA, Ulyasheva NS, Guvatova ZG, Anurov AA, Moskalev AA, Kudryavtseva AV. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effect of Torin-2 on the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109095. [PMID: 37240439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Torin-2, a synthetic compound, is a highly selective inhibitor of both TORC1 and TORC2 (target of rapamycin) complexes as an alternative to the well-known immunosuppressor, geroprotector, and potential anti-cancer natural compound rapamycin. Torin-2 is effective at hundreds of times lower concentrations and prevents some negative side effects of rapamycin. Moreover, it inhibits the rapamycin-resistant TORC2 complex. In this work, we evaluated transcriptomic changes in D. melanogaster heads induced with lifetime diets containing Torin-2 and suggested possible neuroprotective mechanisms of Torin-2. The analysis included D. melanogaster of three ages (2, 4, and 6 weeks old), separately for males and females. Torin-2, taken at the lowest concentration being tested (0.5 μM per 1 L of nutrient paste), had a slight positive effect on the lifespan of D. melanogaster males (+4% on the average) and no positive effect on females. At the same time, RNA-Seq analysis revealed interesting and previously undiscussed effects of Torin-2, which differed between sexes as well as in flies of different ages. Among the cellular pathways mostly altered by Torin-2 at the gene expression level, we identified immune response, protein folding (heat shock proteins), histone modification, actin cytoskeleton organization, phototransduction and sexual behavior. Additionally, we revealed that Torin-2 predominantly reduced the expression of Srr gene responsible for the conversion of L-serine to D-serine and thus regulating activity of NMDA receptor. Via western blot analysis, we showed than in old males Torin-2 tends to increase the ratio of the active phosphorylated form of ERK, the lowest node of the MAPK cascade, which may play a significant role in neuroprotection. Thus, the complex effect of Torin-2 may be due to the interplay of the immune system, hormonal background, and metabolism. Our work is of interest for further research in the field of NMDA-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia S Vershinina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - George S Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - David G Garbuz
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maria S Fedorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Pudova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Katunina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey B Kornev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Zemskaya
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Alexander A Kudryavtsev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V Bulavkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Matveeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia S Ulyasheva
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of RAS, 167000 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Zulfiya G Guvatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artemiy A Anurov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Moskalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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41
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El-Saadi MI, MacMillan HA, Ferguson LV. Cold-induced immune activation in chill-susceptible insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023:101054. [PMID: 37207832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chilling injuries in chill-susceptible insects, like the model dipteran Drosophila melanogaster, have been well-documented as a consequence of stressful low temperature exposures. Cold stress also causes upregulation of genes in the insect immune pathways, some of which are also upregulated following other forms of sterile stress. The adaptive significance and underlying mechanisms surrounding cold-induced immune activation, however, are still unclear. Here, we review recent work on the roles of ROS, DAMPs, and AMPs in insect immune signalling or function. Using this emerging knowledge, we propose a conceptual model linking biochemical and molecular causes of immune activation to its consequences during and following cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud I El-Saadi
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Heath A MacMillan
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada, B4P 2R6
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Candib A, Lee N, Sam N, Cho E, Rojas J, Hastings R, DeAlva K, Khon D, Gonzalez A, Molina B, Torabzadeh G, Vu J, Hasenstab K, Sant K, Phillips JA, Finley K. The Influence of Cannabinoids on Drosophila Behaviors, Longevity, and Traumatic Injury Responses of the Adult Nervous System. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37158809 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The legalization of cannabis products has increased their usage in the United States. Among the ∼500 active compounds, this is especially true for cannabidiol (CBD)-based products, which are being used to treat a range of ailments. Research is ongoing regarding the safety, therapeutic potential, and molecular mechanism of cannabinoids. Drosophila (fruit flies) are widely used to model a range of factors that impact neural aging, stress responses, and longevity. Materials and Methods: Adult wild-type Drosophila melanogaster cohorts (w1118/+) were treated with different Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD dosages and examined for neural protective properties using established neural aging and trauma models. The therapeutic potential of each compound was assessed using circadian and locomotor behavioral assays and longevity profiles. Changes to NF-κB pathway activation were assessed by measuring expression levels of downstream targets using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of neural cDNAs. Results: Flies exposed to different CBD or THC dosages showed minimal effects to sleep and circadian-based behaviors or the age-dependent decline in locomotion. The 2-week CBD (3 μM) treatment did significantly enhance longevity. Flies exposed to different CBD and THC dosages were also examined under stress conditions, using the Drosophila mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) model (10×). Pretreatment with either compound did not alter baseline expression of key inflammatory markers (NF-κB targets), but did reduce neural mRNA profiles at a key 4-h time point following mTBI exposure. Locomotor responses were also significantly improved 1 and 2 weeks following mTBI. After mTBI (10×) exposure, the 48-h mortality rate improved for CBD (3 μM)-treated flies, as were global average longevity profiles for other CBD doses tested. While not significant, THC (0.1 μM)-treated flies show a net positive impact on acute mortality and longevity profiles following mTBI (10×) exposure. Conclusions: This study shows that the CBD and THC dosages examined had at most a modest impact on basal neural function, while demonstrating that CBD treatments had significant neural protective properties for flies following exposure to traumatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Candib
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Lee
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Natasha Sam
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eddie Cho
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jesse Rojas
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Reina Hastings
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kyle DeAlva
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Diana Khon
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Brandon Molina
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gina Torabzadeh
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Josephine Vu
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kyle Hasenstab
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Karylin Sant
- Division of Environmental Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joy A Phillips
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kim Finley
- Shiley Bioscience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Division of Environmental Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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Chen D, Lan X, Huang X, Huang J, Zhou X, Miao Z, Ma Y, Goto A, Ji S, Hoffmann JA. Single Cell Analysis of the Fate of Injected Oncogenic RasV12 Cells in Adult Wild Type Drosophila. J Innate Immun 2023; 15:442-467. [PMID: 36996781 PMCID: PMC10066352 DOI: 10.1159/000529096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have injected dish-cultured oncogenic RasV12 cells into adult male flies and analyzed by single cell transcriptomics their destiny within the host after 11 days. We identified in the preinjection samples and in the 11-day postinjection samples in all 16 clusters of cells, of which 5 disappeared during the experiment in the host. The other cell clusters expanded and expressed genes involved in the regulation of cell cycle, metabolism, and development. In addition, three clusters expressed genes related to inflammation and defense. Predominant among these were genes coding for phagocytosis and/or characteristic for plasmatocytes (the fly equivalent of macrophages). A pilot experiment indicated that the injection into flies of oncogenic cells, in which two of most strongly expressed genes had been previously silenced by RNA interference, into flies resulted in a dramatic reduction of their proliferation in the host flies as compared to controls. As we have shown earlier, the proliferation of the injected oncogenic cells in the adult flies is a hallmark of the disease and induces a wave of transcriptions in the experimental flies. We hypothesize that this results from a bitter dialogue between the injected cells and the host, while the experiments presented here should contribute to deciphering this dialogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Lan
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Huang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieqing Huang
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Miao
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence and Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Akira Goto
- Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), Strasbourg, France
| | - Shanming Ji
- Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jules A. Hoffmann
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Université de Strasbourg and CNRS, Insect Models of Innate Immunity (M3I; UPR9022), Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France
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Unraveling the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065753. [PMID: 36982826 PMCID: PMC10059942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, mainly positively charged, amphipathic molecules. AMPs are important effectors of the immune response in insects with a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity. In addition to these well-known roles, AMPs exhibit many other, often unobvious, functions in the host. They support insects in the elimination of viral infections. AMPs participate in the regulation of brain-controlled processes, e.g., sleep and non-associative learning. By influencing neuronal health, communication, and activity, they can affect the functioning of the insect nervous system. Expansion of the AMP repertoire and loss of their specificity is connected with the aging process and lifespan of insects. Moreover, AMPs take part in maintaining gut homeostasis, regulating the number of endosymbionts as well as reducing the number of foreign microbiota. In turn, the presence of AMPs in insect venom prevents the spread of infection in social insects, where the prey may be a source of pathogens.
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OTU7B Modulates the Mosquito Immune Response to Beauveria bassiana Infection via Deubiquitination of the Toll Adaptor TRAF4. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0312322. [PMID: 36537797 PMCID: PMC9927300 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03123-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aedes aegypti mosquito transmits devastating flaviviruses, such as Zika, dengue, and yellow fever viruses. For more effective control of the vector, the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana, a fungus commonly used for biological control of pest insects, may be enhanced based on in-depth knowledge of molecular interactions between the pathogen and its host. Here, we identified a mechanism employed by B. bassiana, which efficiently blocks the Ae. aegypti antifungal immune response by a protease that contains an ovarian tumor (OTU) domain. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that the depletion of OTU7B significantly upregulates the mRNA level of immunity-related genes after a challenge of the fungus. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of OTU7B conferred a higher resistance of mosquitoes to the fungus B. bassiana. OTU7B suppressed activation of the immune response by preventing nuclear translocation of the NF-κB transcription factor Rel1, a mosquito orthologue of Drosophila Dorsal. Further studies identified tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) as an interacting protein of OTU7B. TRAF4-deficient mosquitoes were more sensitive to fungal infection, indicating TRAF4 to be the adaptor protein that activates the Toll pathway. TRAF4 is K63-link polyubiquitinated at K338 residue upon immune challenge. However, OTU7B inhibited the immune signaling by enzymatically removing the polyubiquitin chains of mosquito TRAF4. Thus, this study has uncovered a novel mechanism of fungal action against the host innate immunity, providing a platform for further improvement of fungal pathogen effectiveness. IMPORTANCE Insects use innate immunity to defend against microbial infection. The Toll pathway is a major immune signaling pathway that is associated with the antifungal immune response in mosquitoes. Our study identified a fungal-induced deubiquitinase, OTU7B, which, when knocked out, promotes the translocation of the NF-κB factor Rel1 into the nucleus and confers enhanced resistance to fungal infection. We further found the counterpart of OTU7B, TRAF4, which is a component of the Toll pathway and acts as an adaptor protein. OTU7B enzymatically removes K63-linked polyubiquitin chains from TRAF4. The immune response is suppressed, and mosquitoes become much more sensitive to the Beauveria bassiana infection. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of fungal action against the host innate immunity.
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Malacarne MC, Mastore M, Gariboldi MB, Brivio MF, Caruso E. Preliminary Toxicity Evaluation of a Porphyrin Photosensitizer in an Alternative Preclinical Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043131. [PMID: 36834543 PMCID: PMC9966276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy (PDT), a photosensitizer (PS) excited with a specific wavelength, and in the presence of oxygen, gives rise to photochemical reactions that lead to cell damage. Over the past few years, larval stages of the G. mellonella moth have proven to be an excellent alternative animal model for in vivo toxicity testing of novel compounds and virulence testing. In this article, we report a series of preliminary studies on G. mellonella larvae to evaluate the photoinduced stress response by a porphyrin (PS) (TPPOH). The tests performed evaluated PS toxicity on larvae and cytotoxicity on hemocytes, both in dark conditions and following PDT. Cellular uptake was also evaluated by fluorescence and flow cytometry. The results obtained demonstrate how the administration of PS and subsequent irradiation of larvae affects not only larvae survival rate, but also immune system cells. It was also possible to verify PS's uptake and uptake kinetics in hemocytes, observing a maximum peak at 8 h. Given the results obtained in these preliminary tests, G. mellonella appears to be a promising model for preclinical PS tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Chiara Malacarne
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maristella Mastore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0332421541
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47
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Byatt TC, Martin P. Parallel repair mechanisms in plants and animals. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:286774. [PMID: 36706000 PMCID: PMC9903144 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
All organisms have acquired mechanisms for repairing themselves after accidents or lucky escape from predators, but how analogous are these mechanisms across phyla? Plants and animals are distant relatives in the tree of life, but both need to be able to efficiently repair themselves, or they will perish. Both have an outer epidermal barrier layer and a circulatory system that they must protect from infection. However, plant cells are immotile with rigid cell walls, so they cannot raise an animal-like immune response or move away from the insult, as animals can. Here, we discuss the parallel strategies and signalling pathways used by plants and animals to heal their tissues, as well as key differences. A more comprehensive understanding of these parallels and differences could highlight potential avenues to enhance healing of patients' wounds in the clinic and, in a reciprocal way, for developing novel alternatives to agricultural pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Byatt
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK,Authors for correspondence (; )
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48
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Perlmutter JI, Chapman JR, Wilkinson MC, Nevarez-Saenz I, Unckless RL. A single amino acid polymorphism in natural Metchnikowin alleles of Drosophila results in systemic immunity and life history tradeoffs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524277. [PMID: 36712113 PMCID: PMC9882182 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are at the interface of interactions between hosts and microbes and are therefore expected to be fast evolving in a coevolutionary arms race with pathogens. In contrast, previous work demonstrated that one AMP, Metchikowin (Mtk), has a single residue that segregates as either proline (P) or arginine (R) in populations of four different Drosophila species, some of which diverged more than 10 million years ago. The recurrent finding of this polymorphism regardless of geography or host species, coupled with evidence of balancing selection in Drosophila AMPs, suggest there is a distinct functional importance to each allele. The most likely hypotheses involve alleles having specificity to different pathogens or the more potent allele conferring a cost on the host. To assess their functional differences, we created D. melanogaster lines with the P allele, R allele, or Mtk null mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Here, we report results from experiments assessing the two hypotheses using these lines. In males, testing of systemic immune responses to a repertoire of bacteria and fungi demonstrated that the R allele performs as well or better than the P and null alleles with most infections. With some pathogens, however, females show results in contrast with males where Mtk alleles either do not contribute to survival or where the P allele outperforms the R allele. In addition, measurements of life history traits demonstrate that the R allele is more costly in the absence of infection for both sexes. These results provide strong in vivo evidence that differential fitness with or without infection and sex-based functional differences in alleles may be adaptive mechanisms of maintaining immune gene polymorphisms in contrast with expectations of rapid evolution. Therefore, a complex interplay of forces including pathogen species and host sex may lead to balancing selection for immune genotypes. Strikingly, this selection may act on even a single amino acid polymorphism in an AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne R. Chapman
- Institute of Environmental and Scientific Research (ESR), Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mason C. Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Isaac Nevarez-Saenz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert L. Unckless
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Feng K, Jiang D, Luo J, Tang F. OfGNBP silencing enhances the toxicity of Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1) to Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 189:105306. [PMID: 36549813 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The immunity of insects plays a vital role in their survival. Our experiments found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) could influence the virulence of Serratia marcescens Bizio (SM1) to Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) by affecting the immunity. Gram-negative binding proteins (GNBPs) are an important pattern recognition proteins that play a crucial role in the innate immune system. Therefore, two OfGNBPs were cloned in O. formosanus. The expression of OfGNBPs was significantly changed by LPS,SM1 and GDL, not prick. In addition, the immune-related gene expression, the phenoloxidase activity and antibacterial activity of donor termites and recipient termites were significantly induced by SM1. Furthermore, the knockdown of OfGNBP by RNA interference reduced not only individual immunity but also social immunity in O. formosanus, which increased the virulence of SM1 to O. formosanus. Importantly, dsOfGNBP alone also had good control effect on O. formosanus. In summary, we concluded that dsOfGNBPs are important termite immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Feng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Dabao Jiang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Luo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Tang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Zhou L, Wang R, Lin Z, Shi S, Chen C, Jiang H, Zou Z, Lu Z. Two venom serpins from the parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator inhibit the host prophenoloxidase activation and antimicrobial peptide synthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 152:103895. [PMID: 36538995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid wasps inject venom proteins into the hemocoel of host insects to ensure survival, growth, and development of their progenies by blocking host immunity. We previously identified ten serine protease inhibitors of the serpin superfamily in venom of the endoparasitoid wasp, Microplitis mediator, but it is unclear how these inhibitors may interact with host immune serine proteases. In this study, we investigated the functions of two serpins, MmvSPN-1 and MmvSPN-2, in the regulation of humoral immune responses in two hosts, the oriental armyworm Pseudaletia separate and the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, by dsRNA knockdown and biochemical assays using recombinant proteins. Knockdown of the two serpins resulted in increases in prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production in the hosts. After injection into the host hemocoel, the recombinant serpins inhibited PPO activation and AMP transcription. Mass spectrometry analysis of the pull-downs and in vitro reconstitution experiments revealed that HacSP29, a clip-domain serine protease in H. armigera, is the target of these two serpins. Therefore, these two inhibitors in the wasp venom may protect eggs from attacks by melanization and AMPs in the host insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruijuan Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suke Shi
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Caihua Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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