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Han R, He H, Lu Y, Lu H, Shen S, Wu W. Oral targeted drug delivery to post-gastrointestinal sites. J Control Release 2024; 370:256-276. [PMID: 38679163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
As an essential branch of targeted drug delivery, oral targeted delivery is attracting growing attention in recent years. In addition to site-specific delivery for the treatment of locoregional diseases in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), oral targeted delivery to remote sites beyond the GIT emerges as a cutting-edge research topic. This review aims to provide an overview of the fundamental concepts and most recent advances in this field. Owing to the physiological barriers existing in the GIT, carrier systems should be transported across the enteric epithelia to target remote sites. Recently, pioneer investigations have validated the transport of intact micro- or nanocarriers across gastrointestinal barriers and subsequently to various distal organs and tissues. The microfold (M) cell pathway is the leading mechanism underlying the oral absorption of particulates, but the contribution of the transcellular and paracellular pathways should not be neglected either. In addition to well-acknowledged physicochemical and biological factors, the formation of a protein corona may also influence the biological fate of carrier systems. Although in an early stage of conceptualization, oral targeted delivery to remote diseases has demonstrated promising potential for the treatment of inflammation, tumors, and diseases inflicting the lymphatic and mononuclear phagocytosis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongze Han
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haisheng He
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huiping Lu
- Pharmacy Department and Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Shun Shen
- Pharmacy Department and Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Pharmacy Department and Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
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2
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Janjua TI, Cao Y, Kleitz F, Linden M, Yu C, Popat A. Silica nanoparticles: A review of their safety and current strategies to overcome biological barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115115. [PMID: 37844843 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SNP) have gained tremendous attention in the recent decades. They have been used in many different biomedical fields including diagnosis, biosensing and drug delivery. Medical uses of SNP for anti-cancer, anti-microbial and theranostic applications are especially prominent due to their exceptional performance to deliver many different small molecules and recently biologics (mRNA, siRNA, antigens, antibodies, proteins, and peptides) at targeted sites. The physical and chemical properties of SNP such as large specific surface area, tuneable particle size and porosity, excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility make them an ideal drug delivery and diagnostic platform. Based on the available data and the pre-clinical performance of SNP, recent interest has driven these innovative materials towards clinical application with many of the formulations already in Phase I and Phase II trials. Herein, the progress of SNP in biomedical field is reviewed, and their safety aspects are analysed. Importantly, we critically evaluate the key structural characteristics of SNP to overcome different biological barriers including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), skin, tumour barrier and mucosal barrier. Future directions, potential pathways, and target areas towards rapid clinical translation of SNP are also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taskeen Iqbal Janjua
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Yuxue Cao
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mika Linden
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry II, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Aljabbari A, Kihara S, Rades T, Boyd BJ. The biomolecular gastrointestinal corona in oral drug delivery. J Control Release 2023; 363:536-549. [PMID: 37776905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a biomolecular corona on exogenous particles in plasma is well studied and is known to dictate the biodistribution and cellular interactions of nanomedicine formulations. In contrast, while the oral route is the most favorable administration method for pharmaceuticals, little is known about the formation and composition of the corona formed by biomolecules on particles within the gastrointestinal tract. This work reviews the current literature understanding of (1) the formation of drug particles after oral administration, (2) the formation of a biomolecular corona within the gastrointestinal tract ("the gastrointestinal corona"), and (3) the possible implications of the formation of a gastrointestinal corona on the interactions of drug particles with their biological environment. In doing so, this work aims to establish the significance of the formation of a gastrointestinal corona in oral drug delivery to ultimately arrive at new avenues to control the behavior of orally administered pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Aljabbari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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4
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Del Castillo-Santaella T, Aguilera-Garrido A, Galisteo-González F, Gálvez-Ruiz MJ, Molina-Bolívar JA, Maldonado-Valderrama J. Hyaluronic acid and human/bovine serum albumin shelled nanocapsules: Interaction with mucins and in vitro digestibility of interfacial films. Food Chem 2022; 383:132330. [PMID: 35219153 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid lipid nanocapsules are oil droplets surrounded by a protective shell, which enable high load and allow controlled delivery of lipophilic compounds. However, their use in food formulations requires analysing their digestibility and interaction with mucin. Here, serum albumins and hyaluronic acid shelled olive oil nanocapsules are analysed to discern differences between human and bovine variants, the latter usually used as model system. Interfacial interaction of albumins and hyaluronic acid reveals that human albumin presents limited conformational changes upon adsorption, which increase by complexation with the polysaccharide present at the interface. The latter also promotes hydrophobic interactions with mucin, especially at pH 3 and protects albumin interfacial layer under in vitro gastric digestion. The interfacial unfolding induced in human albumin by hyaluronic acid facilitates in vitro lipolysis while its limited conformational changes provide the largest protection against in vitro lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Del Castillo-Santaella
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus Universitario s/n, C.P. 1807 Granada, Spain
| | - Aixa Aguilera-Garrido
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Galisteo-González
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María José Gálvez-Ruiz
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Avda. del Hospicio, s/n, C.P. 18010 Granada, Spain
| | - José Antonio Molina-Bolívar
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Avda. del Hospicio, s/n, C.P. 18010 Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics II, Engineering School, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Maldonado-Valderrama
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuente Nueva, s/n, C.P. 18071 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Avda. del Hospicio, s/n, C.P. 18010 Granada, Spain.
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5
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Applications and perspectives of polyphenol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for foods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:1009-1026. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Castro-Vázquez L, Lozano MV, Rodríguez-Robledo V, González-Fuentes J, Marcos P, Villaseca N, Arroyo-Jiménez MM, Santander-Ortega MJ. Pressurized Extraction as an Opportunity to Recover Antioxidants from Orange Peels: Heat treatment and Nanoemulsion Design for Modulating Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195928. [PMID: 34641471 PMCID: PMC8512928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orange peel by-products generated in the food industry are an important source of value-added compounds that can be potentially reused. In the current research, the effect of oven-drying (50–70 °C) and freeze-drying on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential from Navelina, Salustriana, and Sanguina peel waste was investigated using pressurized extraction (ASE). Sixty volatile components were identified by ASE-GC-MS. The levels of terpene derivatives (sesquitenenes, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and esters) remained practically unaffected among fresh and freeze-dried orange peels, whereas drying at 70 °C caused significative decreases in Navelina, Salustriana, and Sanguina peels. Hesperidin and narirutin were the main flavonoids quantified by HPLC-MS. Freeze-dried Sanguina peels showed the highest levels of total-polyphenols (113.3 mg GAE·g−1), total flavonoids (39.0 mg QE·g−1), outstanding values of hesperedin (187.6 µg·g−1), phenol acids (16.54 mg·g−1 DW), and the greatest antioxidant values (DPPH•, FRAP, and ABTS•+ assays) in comparison with oven-dried samples and the other varieties. Nanotechnology approaches allowed the formulation of antioxidant-loaded nanoemulsions, stabilized with lecithin, starting from orange peel extracts. Those provided 70–80% of protection against oxidative UV-radiation, also decreasing the ROS levels into the Caco-2 cells. Overall, pressurized extracts from freeze-drying orange peel can be considered a good source of natural antioxidants that could be exploited in food applications for the development of new products of commercial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Castro-Vázquez
- Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avda. Doctor Jose María Sanchez Ibañez. S/N c.p., 02008 Albacete, Spain; (M.V.L.); (V.R.-R.); (J.G.-F.); (P.M.); (N.V.); (M.M.A.-J.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.-V.); (M.J.S.-O.)
| | - María Victoria Lozano
- Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avda. Doctor Jose María Sanchez Ibañez. S/N c.p., 02008 Albacete, Spain; (M.V.L.); (V.R.-R.); (J.G.-F.); (P.M.); (N.V.); (M.M.A.-J.)
| | - Virginia Rodríguez-Robledo
- Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avda. Doctor Jose María Sanchez Ibañez. S/N c.p., 02008 Albacete, Spain; (M.V.L.); (V.R.-R.); (J.G.-F.); (P.M.); (N.V.); (M.M.A.-J.)
| | - Joaquín González-Fuentes
- Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avda. Doctor Jose María Sanchez Ibañez. S/N c.p., 02008 Albacete, Spain; (M.V.L.); (V.R.-R.); (J.G.-F.); (P.M.); (N.V.); (M.M.A.-J.)
| | - Pilar Marcos
- Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avda. Doctor Jose María Sanchez Ibañez. S/N c.p., 02008 Albacete, Spain; (M.V.L.); (V.R.-R.); (J.G.-F.); (P.M.); (N.V.); (M.M.A.-J.)
| | - Noemí Villaseca
- Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avda. Doctor Jose María Sanchez Ibañez. S/N c.p., 02008 Albacete, Spain; (M.V.L.); (V.R.-R.); (J.G.-F.); (P.M.); (N.V.); (M.M.A.-J.)
| | - Maria Mar Arroyo-Jiménez
- Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avda. Doctor Jose María Sanchez Ibañez. S/N c.p., 02008 Albacete, Spain; (M.V.L.); (V.R.-R.); (J.G.-F.); (P.M.); (N.V.); (M.M.A.-J.)
| | - Manuel J. Santander-Ortega
- Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Avda. Doctor Jose María Sanchez Ibañez. S/N c.p., 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.C.-V.); (M.J.S.-O.)
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7
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Plaza-Oliver M, Cano EL, Arroyo-Jimenez MM, Gámez M, Lozano-López MV, Santander-Ortega MJ. Taking Particle Tracking into Practice by Novel Software and Screening Approach: Case-Study of Oral Lipid Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:370. [PMID: 33802226 PMCID: PMC8001040 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The success on the design of new oral nanocarriers greatly depends on the identification of the best physicochemical properties that would allow their diffusion across the mucus layer that protects the intestinal epithelium. In this context, particle tracking (PT) has arisen in the pharmaceutical field as an excellent tool to evaluate the diffusion of individual particles across the intestinal mucus. In PT, the trajectories of individual particles are characterized by the mean square displacement (MSD), which is used to calculate the coefficient of diffusion (D) and the anomalous diffusion parameter (α) as MSD=4Dτα. Unfortunately, there is no stablished criteria to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of the experimental data to the mathematical model. This work shows that the commonly used R2 parameter may lead to an overestimation of the diffusion capacity of oral nanocarriers. We propose a screening approach based on a combination of R2 with further statistical parameters. We have analyzed the effect of this approach to study the intestinal mucodiffusion of lipid oral nanocarriers, compared to the conventional screening approach. Last, we have developed software able to perform the whole PT analysis in a time-saving, user-friendly, and rational fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Plaza-Oliver
- Cellular Neurobiology and Molecular Chemistry of the Central Nervous System Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.P.-O.); (M.M.A.-J.); (M.V.L.-L.)
- Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Emilio L. Cano
- Quantitative Methods and Socio-economic Development Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02006 Albacete, Spain;
- Data Science laboratory, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Mar Arroyo-Jimenez
- Cellular Neurobiology and Molecular Chemistry of the Central Nervous System Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.P.-O.); (M.M.A.-J.); (M.V.L.-L.)
- Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Matías Gámez
- Quantitative Methods and Socio-economic Development Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02006 Albacete, Spain;
| | - María Victoria Lozano-López
- Cellular Neurobiology and Molecular Chemistry of the Central Nervous System Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.P.-O.); (M.M.A.-J.); (M.V.L.-L.)
- Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Manuel J. Santander-Ortega
- Cellular Neurobiology and Molecular Chemistry of the Central Nervous System Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.P.-O.); (M.M.A.-J.); (M.V.L.-L.)
- Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain
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8
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Abeer MM, Rewatkar P, Qu Z, Talekar M, Kleitz F, Schmid R, Lindén M, Kumeria T, Popat A. Silica nanoparticles: A promising platform for enhanced oral delivery of macromolecules. J Control Release 2020; 326:544-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Plaza-Oliver M, Beloqui A, Santander-Ortega MJ, Castro-Vázquez L, Rodríguez-Robledo V, Arroyo-Jiménez MM, Préat V, Lozano MV. Ascorbyl-dipalmitate-stabilised nanoemulsions as a potential localised treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119533. [PMID: 32534160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current efforts on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) treatment are focused on strategies for localised drug delivery at the intestinal mucosa. Despite the potential of curcumin (CC) for IBD treatment, its low solubility and stability limit its application. Thus, the design of nanocarriers that focus CC delivery at the intestinal epithelium is an area of interest. This work proposes α-tocopherol nanoemulsions (NE) stabilised by ascorbyl-2,6-dipalmitate (ADP) as intestinal CC-carriers. The antioxidant capacity of α-tocopherol and ADP could have a synergistic effect on IBD-affected tissues, characterised by an oxidative environment. We obtained nanoemulsions (NE-ADP) with size below 200 nm, negative surface charge, stable in gastrointestinal media and no toxic in the Caco-2 cell model. Intracellular retention of NE-ADP in Caco-2 cells was observed by confocal microscopy. The extremely low Papp values obtained for CC and α-tocopherol indicated the lack of transport across the Caco-2 monolayer. Control nanoemulsion stabilised by lecithin (NE-L) was greatly transported across the Caco-2 cells monolayer, confirming the relevance of ADP on the cellular retention of NE-ADP. The therapeutic potential of NE-ADP was shown by the significant decrease of intracellular ROS levels. Altogether, these results indicate the potential of NE-ADP as a novel approach for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Plaza-Oliver
- Cellular Neurobiology and Molecular Chemistry of the Central Nervous System Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Spain; Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete 02008, Spain
| | - A Beloqui
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - M J Santander-Ortega
- Cellular Neurobiology and Molecular Chemistry of the Central Nervous System Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Spain; Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete 02008, Spain
| | - L Castro-Vázquez
- Cellular Neurobiology and Molecular Chemistry of the Central Nervous System Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Spain; Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete 02008, Spain
| | - V Rodríguez-Robledo
- Cellular Neurobiology and Molecular Chemistry of the Central Nervous System Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Spain; Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete 02008, Spain
| | - M M Arroyo-Jiménez
- Cellular Neurobiology and Molecular Chemistry of the Central Nervous System Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Spain; Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete 02008, Spain
| | - V Préat
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Brussels 1200, Belgium.
| | - M V Lozano
- Cellular Neurobiology and Molecular Chemistry of the Central Nervous System Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Spain; Regional Centre of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete 02008, Spain.
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