Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to potentiate chemotherapy effects: from lab to clinic

Differential scanning calorimetry in drug-membrane interactions

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a central technique in investigating drug - membrane interactions, a critical component of pharmaceutical research. DSC measures the heat difference between a sample of interest and a reference as a function of temperature or time, contributing essential knowledge on the thermally induced phase changes in lipid membranes and how these changes are affected by incorporating pharmacological substances. The manuscript discusses the use of phospholipid bilayers, which can form structures like unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles, providing a simplified yet representative membrane model to investigate the complex dynamics of how drugs interact with and penetrate cellular barriers. The manuscript consolidates data from various studies, providing a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug - membrane interactions, the determinants that influence these interactions, and the crucial role of DSC in elucidating these components. It further explores the interactions of specific classes of drugs with phospholipid membranes, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anticancer agents, natural products with antioxidant properties, and Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. The manuscript underscores the critical importance of DSC in this field and the need for continued research to improve our understanding of these interactions, acting as a valuable resource for researchers.

Identifying the Multitarget Pharmacological Mechanism of Action of Genistein on Lung Cancer by Integrating Network Pharmacology and Molecular Dynamic Simulation

Food supplements have become beneficial as adjuvant therapies for many chronic disorders, including cancer. Genistein, a natural isoflavone enriched in soybeans, has gained potential interest as an anticancer agent for various cancers, primarily by modulating apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis. However, in lung cancer, the exact impact and mechanism of action of genistein still require clarification. To provide more insight into the mechanism of action of genistein, network pharmacology was employed to identify the key targets and their roles in lung cancer pathogenesis. Based on the degree score, the hub genes AKT1, CASP3, EGFR, STAT3, ESR1, SRC, PTGS2, MMP9, PRAG, and AR were significantly correlated with genistein treatment. AKT1, EGFR, and STAT3 were enriched in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pathway according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, indicating a significant connection to lung cancer development. Moreover, the binding affinity of genistein to NSCLC target proteins was further verified by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Genistein exhibited potential binding to AKT1, which is involved in apoptosis, cell migration, and metastasis, thus holding promise for modulating AKT1 function. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of genistein and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of NSCLC.

Prostaglandin E₂ impacts multiple stages of the natural killer cell antitumor immune response

Tumor immune escape is a major factor contributing to cancer progression and unresponsiveness to cancer therapies. Tumors can produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), an inflammatory mediator that directly acts on Natural killer (NK) cells to inhibit antitumor immunity. However, precisely how PGE2 influences NK cell tumor-restraining functions remains unclear. Here, we report that following PGE₂ treatment, human NK cells exhibited altered expression of specific activating receptors and a reduced ability to degranulate and kill cancer targets. Transcriptional analysis uncovered that PGE₂ also differentially modulated the expression of chemokine receptors by NK cells, inhibiting CXCR3 but increasing CXCR4. Consistent with this, PGE₂-treated NK cells exhibited decreased migration to CXCL10 but increased ability to migrate toward CXCL12. Using live cell imaging, we showed that in the presence of PGE2 , NK cells were slower and less likely to kill cancer target cells following conjugation. Imaging the sequential stages of NK cell killing revealed that PGE₂ impaired NK cell polarization, but not the re-organization of synaptic actin or the release of perforin itself. Together, these findings demonstrate that PGE₂ affects multiple but select NK cell functions. Understanding how cancer cells subvert NK cells is necessary to more effectively harness the cancer-inhibitory function of NK cells in treatments.

The radiation- and chemo-sensitizing capacity of diclofenac can be predicted by a decreased lactate metabolism and stress response

BACKGROUND

An enhanced aerobic glycolysis ("Warburg effect") associated with an increase in lactic acid in the tumor microenvironment contributes to tumor aggressiveness and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. We investigated the radiation- and chemo-sensitizing effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac in different cancer cell types.

METHODS

The effects of a non-lethal concentration of diclofenac was investigated on c-MYC and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) protein expression/activity and the Heat shock Protein (HSP)/stress response in human colorectal (LS174T, LoVo), lung (A549), breast (MDA-MB-231) and pancreatic (COLO357) carcinoma cells. Radiation- and chemo-sensitization of diclofenac was determined using clonogenic cell survival assays and a murine xenograft tumor model.

RESULTS

A non-lethal concentration of diclofenac decreases c-MYC protein expression and LDH activity, reduces cytosolic Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1), Hsp70 and Hsp27 levels and membrane Hsp70 positivity in LS174T and LoVo colorectal cancer cells, but not in A549 lung carcinoma cells, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and COLO357 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. The impaired lactate metabolism and stress response in diclofenac-sensitive colorectal cancer cells was associated with a significantly increased sensitivity to radiation and 5Fluorouracil in vitro, and in a human colorectal cancer xenograft mouse model diclofenac causes radiosensitization.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that a decrease in the LDH activity and/or stress response upon diclofenac treatment predicts its radiation/chemo-sensitizing capacity.

Local delivery of doxorubicin prodrug via lipid nanocapsule-based hydrogel for the treatment of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) recurrences appear in most cases around the resection cavity borders and arise from residual GBM cells that cannot be removed by surgery. Here, we propose a novel treatment that combines the advantages of nanomedicine and local drug delivery to target these infiltrating GBM cells. We developed an injectable lipid nanocapsule (LNC)-based formulation loaded with lauroyl-doxorubicin prodrug (DOXC12). Firstly, we demonstrated the efficacy of intratumoral administration of DOXC12 in GL261 GBM-bearing mice, which extended mouse survival. Then, we formulated an injectable hydrogel by mixing the appropriate amount of prodrug with the lipophilic components of LNC. We optimized the hydrogel by incorporating cytidine-C16 (CytC16) to achieve a mechanical stiffness adapted for an application in the brain post-surgery (DOXC12-LNCCL). DOXC12-LNCCL exhibited high DOXC12 encapsulation efficiency (95%) and a size of approximately 60 nm with sustained drug release for over 1 month in vitro. DOXC12-LNCCL exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity compared to free DOXC12 (IC50 of 349 and 86 nM, respectively) on GL261 GBM cells and prevented the growth of GL261 spheroids cultured on organotypic brain slices. In vivo, post-surgical treatment with DOXC12-LNCCL significantly improved the survival of GL261-bearing mice. The combination of this local treatment with the systemic administration of anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen further delayed the onset of recurrences. In conclusion, our study presents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of GBM. By targeting residual GBM cells and reducing the inflammation post-surgery, we present a new strategy to delay the onset of recurrences in the gap period between surgery and standard of care therapy.

Aspirin Use and Risk of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Large Case-Control Study

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers, with a five-year survival rate of approximately 5%. The incidence and mortality rates of PDAC are increasing, and the results of medical treatments remain unsatisfactory. Some conflicting evidence suggests that aspirin intake may reduce the risk of PDAC. This study aimed to evaluate the association between regular low-dose aspirin use (80-mg aspirin tablets, 5-7 tablets/week) and the risk of PDAC.

METHODS

This prospective, hospital-based, case-control study was performed on 470 PDAC patients (case group) and 526 sex and age-matched controls, in Tehran, Iran from 2011 to 2018. The participants were interviewed regarding the patterns of aspirin use. Data are expressed as mean±SD or frequency and percentage as appropriate. Differences in frequency between the case and control groups were evaluated based on the analysis of the contingency table (χ2 test and Fisher's exact test). Propensity score models were designed to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for PDAC with respect to aspirin use, adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, opium use, diabetes mellitus, place of residence, and family history of cancer in first-degree relatives.

RESULTS

About 60% of PDAC patients were male in this study. Also, 25.2% of PDAC patients had a family history of cancer in one of their first-degree relatives, 21.99% were smokers, 13.9% were opium users, and 11.7% had a history of diabetes. Aspirin was used by 22.77% of PDAC patients and 18.25% of the controls. Ever aspirin use (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.89 - 1.14) was not associated with PDAC.

CONCLUSION

Overall, aspirin use was not associated with a reduced risk of PDAC.

Crystal Structure and Chemical Bonds in [CuII2(Tolf)4(MeOH)2]∙2MeOH

A new coordination compound of copper(II) with a tolfenamate ligand of the paddle-wheel-like structure [Cu^II₂(Tolf)₄(MeOH)₂]∙2MeOH was obtained and structurally characterized. Chemical bonds of Cu(II)∙∙∙Cu(II) and Cu(II)-O were theoretically analyzed and compared with the results for selected similar structures from the CSD database. QTAIM analysis showed that the Cu(II)∙∙∙Cu(II) interaction has a strength comparable to a hydrogen bond, as indicated by the electron density at a critical point. The remaining QTAIM parameters indicate stability of the Cu(II)∙∙∙Cu(II) interaction. Other methods, such as NCI and NBO, also indicate a significant strength of this interaction. Thus, the Cu(II)∙∙∙Cu(II) interaction can be treated as one of the noncovalent interactions that affects the structure of the coordination compound, the packing of molecules in the crystal, and the general properties of the compound.

Metabolite profiling, in vitro and in silico assessment of antibacterial and anticancer activities of Alternaria alternata endophytic in Jatropha heynei

Fungal endophytes produce a range of structurally diverse metabolites with bioactive principles. In this study, an endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata was isolated from Jatropha heynei and cultured in potato dextrose liquid broth. Culture filtrate of A. alternata was extracted in ethyl acetate and metabolites were characterized by QTOF-HRLCMS. Among compounds detected, spectral compounds such as kigelinone, and levofuraltadone were reported with antibacterial property, while 2-hydroxychrasophanol, isoathyriol, glycophymoline, columbianetin and kaempferol 3-O-β-D- galactoside were reported with cytotoxic properties. Partially purified metabolites of A. alternata showed significant antibacterial activity against tested clinical bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method. High zone of inhibition was recorded against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas syringae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In vitro anticancer activity of fungal extract by MTT assay displayed high cytotoxic effect on human lung carcinoma cancer cell line (A549) with IC₅₀ value of 393.52 µg ml^-1, and without any significant cytotoxic effect on human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Further, antibacterial and anticancer spectral compounds of A. alternata were subjected to molecular docking analysis with antibacterial target proteins such as tellurite resistance protein (2JXU), indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (5IUU) and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (5Y63), and anticancer target human apoptotic regulator protein (1G5M). The results of the study indicated that kigelinone, levofuraltadone, 2-hydroxychrasophanol and isoathyriol in the fungal extract have significant binding modes, with best binding energy scores with their respective antibacterial and anticancer target proteins. Alternaria alternata resident in J. heynei offers a promising source of broad-spectrum antibacterial and anticancer compounds.

Metabolite activation of tumorigenic signaling pathways in the tumor microenvironment

The role of metabolites exchanged in the tumor microenvironment is largely thought of as fuels to drive the increased biosynthetic and bioenergetic demands of growing tumors. However, this view is shifting as metabolites are increasingly shown to function as signaling molecules that directly regulate oncogenic pathways. Combined with our growing understanding of the essential role of stromal cells, this shift has led to increased interest in how the collective and interconnected metabolome of the tumor microenvironment can drive malignant transformation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, drug resistance, immune evasion, and metastasis. In this review, we discuss how metabolite exchange between tumors and various cell types in the tumor microenvironment—such as fibroblasts, adipocytes, and immune cells—can activate signaling pathways that drive cancer progression.

Mitochondrial adaptation in cancer drug resistance: prevalence, mechanisms, and management

Drug resistance represents a major obstacle in cancer management, and the mechanisms underlying stress adaptation of cancer cells in response to therapy-induced hostile environment are largely unknown. As the central organelle for cellular energy supply, mitochondria can rapidly undergo dynamic changes and integrate cellular signaling pathways to provide bioenergetic and biosynthetic flexibility for cancer cells, which contributes to multiple aspects of tumor characteristics, including drug resistance. Therefore, targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy and overcoming drug resistance has attracted increasing attention for various types of cancer. Multiple mitochondrial adaptation processes, including mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial metabolism, and mitochondrial apoptotic regulatory machinery, have been demonstrated to be potential targets. However, recent increasing insights into mitochondria have revealed the complexity of mitochondrial structure and functions, the elusive functions of mitochondria in tumor biology, and the targeting inaccessibility of mitochondria, which have posed challenges for the clinical application of mitochondrial-based cancer therapeutic strategies. Therefore, discovery of both novel mitochondria-targeting agents and innovative mitochondria-targeting approaches is urgently required. Here, we review the most recent literature to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial stress adaptation and their intricate connection with cancer drug resistance. In addition, an overview of the emerging strategies to target mitochondria for effectively overcoming chemoresistance is highlighted, with an emphasis on drug repositioning and mitochondrial drug delivery approaches, which may accelerate the application of mitochondria-targeting compounds for cancer therapy.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Peptide Nanofibers for Self-Delivery of Indomethacin and Tyroservatide in Cancer Therapy

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have drawn considerable attention in the field of cancer treatment, yet these drugs display limited potency and selectivity against cancer cells. To address these problems, we designed a peptide-based self-delivery system [Indomethacin-Phe-Phe-Tyr (H₂PO₃)-Ser-Val, IDM-FFpYSV] that combines an NSAID molecule (indomethacin, or IDM) and a segment of anticancer tripeptide (tyroservatide, or YSV). IDM-FFpYSV is capable of self-assembling in an aqueous solution to afford nanofibrillar hydrogels under the catalysis of alkaline phosphatases (ALPs), which are overexpressed on the plasma membrane of cancer cells. The IDM-FFpYSV + ALP hydrogel displays a continuous release profile of peptide drugs, whereas a solution mixture of pure drugs (IDM-OH + pYSV + ALP) shows burst release of drug moieties. The treatment of IDM-FFpYSV selectively inhibits the proliferation of HeLa cells in vitro, with precise regulations of intracellular targeting proteins (COX-2 and AC-H3). The enhanced potency and selectivity of IDM-FFpYSV are found to be attributed to enhanced cellular uptake of peptide drugs, which involves a caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway. Furthermore, intravenous administration of the IDM-FFpYSV formulation significantly inhibits the tumor growth in a HeLa-xenografted mouse model, whereas treatment of solution mixtures of pure drugs (IDM-OH + pYSV) fails to do so. Taken together, the study provides a viable strategy to augment anticancer efficacies of self-delivery system through molecular integration of multiple anticancer elements with an enzyme-instructed self-assembly process.

Combined and Single Doxorubicin/Naproxen Drug Loading and Dual-Responsive pH/Ultrasound Release from Flexible Metal-Organic Framework Nanocarriers

In this study, the flexible aluminum-based MIL-53(Al) metal-organic framework was loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and naproxen (NAP) and was examined as a promising pH/ultrasound dual-responsive drug delivery system. The two drugs were encapsulated in MIL-53(Al) individually to produce the DOX@MIL-53(Al) and NAP@MIL-53(Al) nanocarriers. They were also encapsulated as a dual-drug formulation to produce the DOX* + NAP*@MIL-53(Al) nanocarrier. The MOF nanoparticles were characterized using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) techniques. In the case of the DOX@MIL, the nanocarriers’ drug Encapsulation Efficiency (EE) and Encapsulation Capacity (EC) were 92% and 16 wt.%, respectively, whereas, in the case of NAP@MIL-53(Al), the average NAP EE and EC were around 97.7% and 8.5 wt.%, respectively. On the other hand, in the DOX* + NAP*@MIL-53(Al) nanoparticles, the average DOX* EE and EC were 38.9% and 6.22 wt.%, respectively, while for NAP*, the average EE and EC were 70.2% and 4.49 wt.%, respectively. In vitro release experiments demonstrated the good pH and Ultrasound (US) dual-responsiveness of these nanocarriers, with a maximum US-triggered DOX and NAP release, at a pH level of 7.4, of approximately 53% and 95%, respectively. In comparison, the measured release was around 90% and 36% at pH 5.3 for DOX and NAP, respectively. In the case of the dualdrug formulation, the nanocarrier displayed similar pH/US dual-responsive behavior. Finally, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) results confirmed the biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity of MIL-53(Al) at concentrations up to 1000 μg/ml.

Dyslipidemia in breast cancer patients increases the risk of SAR-CoV-2 infection

Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed and second leading cause of death among women worldwide. Elevated levels of lipids have been reported in BC patients. On the other hand, lipids play an important role in coronavirus infections including the newly emerged disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and designated COVID-19 by WHO. Cancer patients including BC have been reported to be at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is mostly attributed to the chronic immunosuppressive status of cancer patients along with the use of cytotoxic drugs. Here in this review, we highlighted the role of dyslipidemia associated with BC patients in the incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Elevated levels of lipids namely phospholipids, cholesterol, sphingolipids, and eicosanoids in the serum of BC patients and their re-localization to the alveolar spaces can increase susceptibility and/or severity due to SARA-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, manipulation of dyslipidemia in BC patients should be recommended as prophylactic and therapy against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Anticancer effects of novel NSAIDs derivatives on cultured human glioblastoma cells

Several epidemiologic, clinical and experimental reports indicate that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could have a potential as anticancer agents. The aim of this study was the evaluation of cytotoxic potential in human glioblastoma cells of novel synthesized NSAID derivatives, obtained by linking, through a spacer, α-lipoic acid (ALA) to anti-inflammatory drugs, such as naproxen (AL-3, 11 and 17), flurbiprofen (AL-6, 13 and 19) and ibuprofen (AL-9, 15 and 21). The effects on the level of gene expression were also determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. According to our results, NSAID derivatives exhibited concentration dependent cytotoxic effects on U87-MG cell line when compared with the control group. Moreover, treatment of the most active compounds (AL-3, AL-6 and AL-9) caused upregulation of tumor suppressor gene PTEN and downregulation of some oncogenes such as AKT1, RAF1 and EGFR. In conclusion, our results revealed that AL-3, AL-6 and AL-9 could be suitable candidates for further investigation to develop new pharmacological strategies for the prevention of cancer.

Quasi-Isostructural Co(II) and Ni(II) Complexes with Mefenamato Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity

Three metal complexes of mefenamato ligand 1 were synthesized: [Co2(mef)4(EtOH)2(H2O)4]: 2; [Co(mef)2(MeOH)4]∙2MeOH: 3; and [Ni(mef)2(MeOH)4]∙2MeOH: 4. Their compositions and properties were investigated by elemental analysis (EA), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Crystal structures were determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Additionally, their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were established, thus proving good/moderate bioactivity against Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. In the crystal structure of 2, an apical water molecule is shared between two adjacent cobalt(II) ions, resulting in the formation of a polymeric chain extending along the [100] direction. Meanwhile, structures 3 and 4 have strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds with diverse topologies that yield unique quasi-isostructural arrangements. The packing topology is reflected by the Hirshfeld surface analysis of intermolecular contacts.

Tetrazoles as anticancer agents: A review on synthetic strategies, mechanism of action and SAR studies

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Even after the availability of numerous drugs and treatments in the market, scientists and researchers are focusing on new therapies because of their resistance and toxicity issues. The newly synthesized drug candidates are able to demonstrate in vitro activity but are unable to reach clinical trials due to their rapid metabolism and low bioavailability. Therefore there is an imperative requisite to expand novel anticancer negotiators with tremendous activity as well as in vivo efficacy. Tetrazole is a promising pharmacophore which is metabolically more stable and acts as a bioisosteric analogue for many functional groups. Tetrazole fragment is often castoff with other pharmacophores in the expansion of novel anticancer drugs. This is the first systematic review that emphasizes on contemporary strategies used for the inclusion of tetrazole moiety, mechanistic targets along with comprehensive structural activity relationship studies to provide perspective into the rational design of high-efficiency tetrazole-based anticancer drug candidates.

Pharmacogenomics of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer: review and update

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first-line recommended drug for chemotherapy in patients with CRC, and it has a good effect on a variety of other solid tumors as well. Unfortunately, however, due to the emergence of drug resistance the effectiveness of treatment may be greatly reduced. In the past decade, major progress has been made in the field of 5-FU drug resistance in terms of molecular mechanisms, pre-clinical (animal) models and clinical trials.

CONCLUSIONS

In this article we systematically review and update current knowledge on 5-FU pharmacogenomics related to drug uptake and activation, the expression and activity of target enzymes (DPD, TS and MTHFR) and key signaling pathways in CRC. Furthermore, a summary of drug combination strategies aimed at targeting specific genes and/or pathways to reverse 5-FU resistance is provided. Based on this, we suggest that causal relationships between genes, pathways and drug sensitivity should be systematically considered from a multidimensional perspective. In the design of research methods, emerging technologies such as CRISPR-Cas, TALENS and patient-derived xenograft models should be applied as far as possible to improve the accuracy of clinically relevant results.

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents

Inflammation is strictly associated with cancer and plays a key role in tumor development and progression. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that inflammation can predispose to tumors, therefore targeting inflammation and the molecules involved in the inflammatory process could represent a good strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. In the past, several clinical studies have demonstrated that many anti-inflammatory agents, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are able to interfere with the tumor microenvironment by reducing cell migration and increasing apoptosis and chemo-sensitivity. This review focuses on the link between inflammation and cancer by describing the anti-inflammatory agents used in cancer therapy, and their mechanisms of action, emphasizing the use of novel anti-inflammatory agents with significant anticancer activity.

Prostaglandin E2 Induces miR675-5p to Promote Colorectal Tumor Metastasis via Modulation of p53 Expression

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) promotes colorectal tumor formation and progression by unknown mechanisms. We sought to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that might mediate the effects of PGE₂ on colorectal cancer (CRC) development.

METHODS

We incubated LS174T colorectal cancer cells with PGE₂ or without (control) and used miRNA-sequencing technology to compare expression patterns of miRNAs. We knocked down levels of specific miRNAs or proteins in cells using small interfering RNAs or genome editing. Cells were analyzed by immunoblot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, chromosome immunoprecipitation, cell invasion, and luciferase reporter assays; we measured gene expression, binding activity, cell migration and invasion, and transcriptional activity of transcription factors. NOD-scidIL-2Rg^-/- mice were given injections of LS174T cells, and growth of primary tumors and numbers of liver and lung metastases were quantified and analyzed by histology. We used public databases to identify correlations in gene expression pattern with patient outcomes.

RESULTS

We identified miRNA 675-5p (miR675-5p) as the miRNA most highly up-regulated by incubation of colorectal cancer cells with PGE₂. PGE₂ increased expression of miR675-5p by activating expression of Myc, via activation of protein kinase B, also known as (AKT), nuclear factor κB, and β-catenin. PGE₂ increased the invasive activities of cultured CRC cells. LS174T cells incubated with PGE₂ formed more liver and lung metastases in mice than control LS174T cells. We identified a 3' untranslated region in the TP53 messenger RNA that bound miR675-5p; binding resulted in loss of the p53 protein. Expression of miR675-5p or its precursor RNA, H19, correlated with expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 and shorter survival times of patients with CRC.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that treatment of mice with PGE₂ increased CRC cells invasive activity and ability to form liver and lung metastases. PGE₂ down-regulates expression of p53 by increasing expression of miR675-5p, which binds to and prevents translation of TP53 messenger RNA. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms by which PGE₂ promotes tumor development and progression. Strategies to target PGE₂ might be developed for treatment of CRC.

A review on mPGES-1 inhibitors: From preclinical studies to clinical applications

Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is a lipid mediator of inflammation and cancer progression. It is mainly formed via metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenases (COX) and the terminal enzyme microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit COX activity, resulting in decreased PGE₂ production and symptomatic relief. However, NSAIDs block the production of many other lipid mediators that have important physiological and resolving actions, and these drugs cause gastrointestinal bleeding and/or increase the risk for severe cardiovascular events. Selective inhibition of downstream mPGES-1 for reduction in only PGE₂ biosynthesis is suggested as a safer therapeutic strategy. This review covers the recent advances in characterization of new mPGES-1 inhibitors in preclinical models and their future clinical applications.

Synthesis, toxicity and antitumor activity of cobalt carbonyl complexes targeting hepatocellular carcinoma

Based on our previous research, a series of targeting hepatocellular carcinoma complexes, [R-Glycyrrhetinic acid-CH₂C₂H-[Co₂(CO)₆] (R = H, 1; R = NSAIDs-COOH, 2-4; R = Aromatic acid, 5-7; R = Amino acid, 8-10), were synthesized. The test showed they are slow CO releasers. Using HeLa, A549, HT-29, SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells as models, their activities against tumor cell proliferation were firstly evaluated. The resulting data show all the complexes displayed a good anti-proliferation activity against the HepG2 and SMMC-7721 liver cancer cells, and their IC₅₀ values were in the range of 10.07-66.06 µM; compared with cis-platin (DDP), their activities were comparable or even better under the same condition. Among them, complexes 3, 4, 6 and 9 exhibited higher anti-proliferation activities against HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cell lines than the other cell lines. To confirm further these complexes have selectivity to the liver cells, the uptakes of complexes 3, 4, 6 and 9 by HepG2, HT-29, A549 and SMMC7721 cell lines were studied. The results show the cell uptake rates of the complexes by HepG2 cells and SMMC7721 cells were much greater than by other cells under the same condition. In following tests, the tested complexes displayed higher activities in inhibiting NF-kB, COX-2 and iNOS; and they induced HepG2 cells apoptosis by mitochondrial pathway, which assessed by staining with different fluorescent reagent DAPI, PI, Mito-Tracker Green and DCFH-DA. Meanwhile, the tested complexes up-regulated the expression levels of caspase-3 and Bax, down-regulated the Bcl-2 expression. In addition, they had no effect on zebrafish embryo survival, embryo hatching, embryonic movement, zebrafish malformation and zebrafish movement at below 0.5 µM. This suggests the complexes are potential candidates to be used in clinic for liver cancers.

The Na-O bond in sodium fenamate

The one-dimensional polymeric structure of sodium diaquafenamate-water (1/1) was studied by X-ray diffraction. The sodium cation is coordinated to one oxygen atom of the carboxylate group and to four water oxygen atoms. To characterize the Na-O bonds, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and noncovalent interaction (NCI) approaches have been used. Both methods confirmed that the Na-O bonds are very weak, comparable with the weak N-H...O intramolecular hydrogen bond. The polymeric structure is stabilized by the interaction of the sodium cation with the surrounding water molecules.

Light-stable polypyridine silver(i) complexes of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-7-sulfide (PTA[double bond, length as m-dash]S): significant antiproliferative activity of representative examples in aqueous media

A series of novel silver(i) 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy), 4'-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2':6':2''-terpyridine (tpy-Ph-Me) and 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (dione) derivatives containing PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) or 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-7-sulfide (PTA[double bond, length as m-dash]S) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Two types of complexes have been obtained, monocationic [Ag(tpy)(PTA)](NO₃) (1), [Ag(tpy-Ph-Me)(PTA)](NO₃) (2), [Ag(dione)(PTA[double bond, length as m-dash]S)](BF₄) (4) and [Ag(dione)₂](PF₆) (5) and neutral [Ag(dione)(PTA[double bond, length as m-dash]S)(NO₃)] (3). The solid-state structures of four complexes have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1 and 2 are luminescent at room temperature and 77 K while 5 shows emission only at 77 K. Compounds 3 and 4 are not emissive. Furthermore, representative light-stable and water-soluble 1 and 3 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities on the normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell line and their antitumor activity using the human lung carcinoma (A549), epithelioid cervix carcinoma (HeLa) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. Interactions between the complexes and human serum albumin (HSA) using UV-Vis, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) were also investigated.

N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (NA-2) elicits potent antitumor effect against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7)

Breast cancer is the most dominating malignancy in females worldwide. Treatment with conventional chemotherapeutics is associated with severe adverse effects. Thus need of new compounds, with better therapeutic potential and lesser side effects still exist. In this context the present study is planned to investigate therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory compound N-(2- hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (NA-2) against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The compound was selected on the basis of its reported anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-glioblastoma activities in our previous studies. MTT, Annexin-V-FITC and wound healing assays were used to analyze the effect of compound on growth inhibition, apoptosis and metastasis. While flow cytometry, RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry techniques were used to assess the effect of NA-2 on cell cycle arrest, and expression of apoptotic markers (Bax and Bcl-2) at both mRNA and protein level respectively. Data analysis revealed that NA-2 significantly inhibits growth of MCF-7 cells after 48 h treatment (IC₅₀ = 1.65 mM). NA-2 also delayed the wound healing process, arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis by enhancing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. We concluded that NA-2 possesses strong anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells, which is mediated through different mechanisms, making it a useful molecule for the development of new antitumor drugs.

Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro effect of the Cu(II) complex with niflumic acid and 3-picoline on paraoxanase-I

Niflumic acid is used to treat inflammatory rheumatoid diseases, pain, and fever. The present study reports the experimental, spectroscopic, thermal, structural analyses, and biological activities of this complex. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug niflumic acid, 3-picoline, and copper(II) chloride were utilized to synthesize a new complex: [Cu₂ Cl ₂ (nif) ₂ (3-pic) ₄ ]. The crystal structure of [Cu ₂ Cl ₂ (nif) ₂ (3-pic) ₄ ] was determined by X-ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 and each Cu(II) center displayed six-coordinated distorted octahedral geometry. Two Cu(II) centers are connected by a chloro-bridge to form the binuclear metal core. Finally, the in vitro effects of the synthesized new complex and free niflumic acid were evaluated on the human serum paraoxonase 1 enzyme. At low doses, both the new complex and free niflumic acid showed very good inhibition activity with different inhibition mechanisms. In addition, the results showed that the new complex has more inhibition activity than free niflumic acid.

Eicosanoids and HB-EGF/EGFR in cancer

Eicosanoids are bioactive lipids that play crucial roles in various pathophysiological conditions, including inflammation and cancer. They include both the COX-derived prostaglandins and the LOX-derived leukotrienes. Furthermore, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways family of receptor tyrosine kinases also are known to play a central role in the tumorigenesis. Various antitumor modalities have been approved cancer treatments that target therapeutically the COX-2 and EGFR pathways; these include selective COX-2 inhibitors and EGFR monoclonal antibodies. Research has shown that the COX-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways actively interact with each other in order to orchestrate carcinogenesis. This has been used to justify a targeted combinatorial approach aimed at these two pathways. Although combined therapies have been found to have a greater antitumor effect than the administration of single agent, this does not exempt them from the possible fatal cardiac effects that are associated with COX-2 inhibition. In this review, we delineate the contribution of HB-EGF, an important EGFR ligand, to the cardiac dysfunction related to decreased shedding of HB-EGF after COX-2/PGE2 inhibition. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these cardiac side effects will make possible more effective regimens that use the dual-targeting approach.

Combination of clotam and vincristine enhances anti-proliferative effect in medulloblastoma cells

Medulloblastoma (MB) is characterized by highly invasive embryonal neuro-epithelial tumors that metastasize via cerebrospinal fluid. MB is difficult to treat and the chemotherapy is associated with significant toxicities and potential long-term disabilities. Previously, we showed that small molecule, clotam (tolfenamic acid: TA) inhibited MB cell proliferation and tumor growth in mice by targeting, survivin. Overexpression of survivin is associated with aggressiveness and poor prognosis in several cancers, including MB. The aim of this study was to test combination treatment involving Vincristine® (VCR), a standard chemotherapeutic drug for MB and TA against MB cells. DAOY and D283 MB cells were treated with 10 μg/mL TA or VCR (DAOY: 2 ng/mL; D283: 1 ng/mL) or combination (TA + VCR). These optimized doses were lower than individual IC₅₀ values. The effect of single or combination treatment on cell viability (CellTiterGlo kit), Combination Index (Chou-Talalay method based on median-drug effect analysis), activation of apoptosis and cell cycle modulation (by flow cytometry using Annexin V and propidium iodide respectively) and the expression of associated markers including survivin (Western immunoblot) were determined. Combination Index showed moderate synergistic cytotoxic effect in both cells. When compared to individual agents, the combination of TA and VCR increased MB cell growth inhibition, induced apoptosis and caused cell cycle (G₂/M phase) arrest. Survivin expression was also decreased by the combination treatment. TA is effective for inducing the anti-proliferative response of VCR in MB cells. MB has four distinct genetic/molecular subgroups. Experiments were conducted with MB cells representing two subgroups (DAOY: SHH group; D283: group 4/3). TA-induced inhibition of survivin expression potentially destabilizes mitotic microtubule assembly, sensitizing MB cells and enhancing the efficacy of VCR.

Indomethacin impairs mitochondrial dynamics by activating the PKCζ-p38-DRP1 pathway and inducing apoptosis in gastric cancer and normal mucosal cells

The subcellular mechanism by which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce apoptosis in gastric cancer and normal mucosal cells is elusive because of the diverse cyclooxygenase-independent effects of these drugs. Using human gastric carcinoma cells (AGSs) and a rat gastric injury model, here we report that the NSAID indomethacin activates the protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ)-p38 MAPK (p38)-dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) pathway and thereby disrupts the physiological balance of mitochondrial dynamics by promoting mitochondrial hyper-fission and dysfunction leading to apoptosis. Notably, DRP1 knockdown or SB203580-induced p38 inhibition reduced indomethacin-induced damage to AGSs. Indomethacin impaired mitochondrial dynamics by promoting fissogenic activation and mitochondrial recruitment of DRP1 and down-regulating fusogenic optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and mitofusins in rat gastric mucosa. Consistent with OPA1 maintaining cristae architecture, its down-regulation resulted in EM-detectable cristae deformity. Deregulated mitochondrial dynamics resulting in defective mitochondria were evident from enhanced Parkin expression and mitochondrial proteome ubiquitination. Indomethacin ultimately induced mitochondrial metabolic and bioenergetic crises in the rat stomach, indicated by compromised fatty acid oxidation, reduced complex I- associated electron transport chain activity, and ATP depletion. Interestingly, Mdivi-1, a fission-preventing mito-protective drug, reversed indomethacin-induced DRP1 phosphorylation on Ser-616, mitochondrial proteome ubiquitination, and mitochondrial metabolic crisis. Mdivi-1 also prevented indomethacin-induced mitochondrial macromolecular damage, caspase activation, mucosal inflammation, and gastric mucosal injury. Our results identify mitochondrial hyper-fission as a critical and common subcellular event triggered by indomethacin that promotes apoptosis in both gastric cancer and normal mucosal cells, thereby contributing to mucosal injury.

Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition Potentiates the Efficacy of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Blockade and Promotes an Immune Stimulatory Microenvironment in Preclinical Models of Pancreatic Cancer

Resistance to standard therapy remains a major challenge in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Although anti-VEGF therapy delays PDA progression, therapy-induced hypoxia results in a less differentiated mesenchymal-like tumor cell phenotype, which reinforces the need for effective companion therapies. COX-2 inhibition has been shown to promote tumor cell differentiation and improve standard therapy response in PDA. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of COX-2 inhibition and VEGF blockade in preclinical models of PDA. In vivo, the combination therapy was more effective in limiting tumor growth and metastasis than single-agent therapy. Combination therapy also reversed anti-VEGF-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and collagen deposition and altered the immune landscape by increasing tumor-associated CD8+ T cells while reducing FoxP3+ T cells and FasL expression on the tumor endothelium. IMPLICATIONS: Together, these findings demonstrate that COX-2 inhibition enhances the efficacy of anti-VEGF therapy by reducing hypoxia-induced epithelial plasticity and promoting an immune landscape that might facilitate immune activation.Visual Overview: http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/17/2/348/F1.large.jpg.

Synthesis, theoretical, spectroscopic and electrochemical DNA binding investigations of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole derivatives of ibuprofen and ciprofloxacin: Cancer cell line studies

Two new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives of ibuprofen and ciprofloxacin namely {(5-(1-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine)} 1 and {(3-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(piperazin-1-yl)quinolin-4(1H)-one)} 2 were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and elemental analysis. DFT and molecular docking were done initially for theoretical binding possibilities of the investigated compounds. In vitro DNA binding investigations were carried out with UV-visible spectroscopic, fluorescence spectroscopic, cyclic voltammetric (CV) experiments under physiological conditions of the stomach (4.7) and blood (7.4) pH and at normal body temperature (37 °C). Both theoretical and experimental results suggested spontaneous and significant intercalative binding of the compounds with DNA. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (K_b, ΔG) were evaluated greater for compound 2 which showed comparatively more binding and more spontaneity of 2 than 1 to bind with DNA at both pH values. Binding site sizes were found greater (n > 1) and revealed the possibility of other sites for interactions along with intercalation. Overall results for DNA binding were found more significant for 2 at Stomach (4.7) pH. Viscometric studies further verified intercalation as a prominent binding mode for both compounds. IC₅₀ values obtained from human hepatocellular carcinoma (Huh-7) cell line studies revealed 2 as potent anticancer agent than 1 as value found 25.75 μM (lesser than 50 μM). Theoretical and experimental DNA binding studies showed good correlation with cancer cell (Huh-7) line activity of 1 and 2 and further suggested that these compounds could act as potential anti-cancer drug candidates.

Decursinol Angelate Inhibits LPS-Induced Macrophage Polarization through Modulation of the NFκB and MAPK Signaling Pathways

Inflammation is considered the root cause of various inflammatory diseases, including cancers. Decursinol angelate (DA), a pyranocoumarin compound obtained from the roots of Angelica gigas, has been reported to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of DA on the MAP kinase and NFκB signaling pathways and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-activated human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage (Raw 264.7) cell lines. PMA induced the activation of the MAP kinase-NFκB pathway and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in differentiated monocytes. Treatment with DA inhibited the activation of MAP kinases and the translocation of NFκB, and decreased the expression and exogenous secretion of IL-1β and IL-6. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells were found to have increased expression of M1 macrophage-associated markers, such as NADPH oxidase (NOX) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and the M2 macrophage-associated marker CD11b. LPS also activated pro-inflammatory cytokines and Erk-NFκB. Treatment with DA suppressed LPS-induced macrophage polarization and the inflammatory response by blocking Raf-ERK and the translocation of NFκB in Raw 264.7 cells. Treatment with DA also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6, NOX, and iNOS in Raw 264.7 cells. These results suggest that DA has the potential to inhibit macrophage polarization and inflammation by blocking the activation of pro-inflammatory signals. These anti-inflammatory effects of DA may contribute to its potential use as a therapeutic strategy against various inflammation-induced cancers.

Esophageal cancer cells resistant to T-DM1 display alterations in cell adhesion and the prostaglandin pathway

Trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate that specifically targets HER2 thanks to its antibody component trastuzumab. In spite of responses to this novel agent, acquired resistance to treatment remains a major obstacle. Prolonged in vitro exposure of the gastroesophageal junction cancer cell line OE-19 to T-DM1, in the absence or presence of ciclosporin A resulted in the selection of two resistant cell lines to T-DM1. T-DM1-resistant cells presented an increased expression of adhesion genes, altered spreading and higher sensitivity to anoikis than parental cells. A resistant cell line showed decreased adhesion strength, increased migration speed and increased sensitivity to RhoA inhibition. Genes involved in the prostaglandin pathway were deregulated in resistant models. Addition of prostaglandin E₂ to T-DM1 partially restored its cytotoxic activity in resistant models. This work demonstrates that T-DM1-resistance may be associated with alterations of cell adhesion and the prostaglandin pathway, which might constitute novel therapeutic targets.

Phase I study of combined indomethacin and platinum-based chemotherapy to reduce platinum-induced fatty acids

PURPOSE

Chemotherapy-resistance remains a major obstacle to effective anti-cancer treatment. We previously showed that platinum analogs cause the release of two fatty acids. These platinum-induced fatty acids (PIFAs) induced complete chemoresistance in mice, whereas co-administration of a COX-1 inhibitor, indomethacin, prevented PIFA release and significantly enhanced chemosensitivity. To assess the safety of combining indomethacin with platinum-based chemotherapy, and to explore its efficacy and associated PIFA levels, a multi-center phase I trial was conducted.

METHODS

The study was comprised of two arms: oxaliplatin plus capecitabine (CAPOX, arm I) and cisplatin plus gemcitabine, capecitabine or 5FU (arm II) in patients for whom these regimens were indicated as standard care. Indomethacin was escalated from 25 to 75 mg TID, using a standard 3 × 3 design per arm, and was administered orally 8 days around chemo-infusion from cycle two onwards. PIFA levels were measured before and after treatment initiation, with and without indomethacin.

RESULTS

Thirteen patients were enrolled, of which ten were evaluable for safety analyses. In arm I, no dose-limiting toxicities were observed, and all indomethacin dose levels were well-tolerated. Partial responses were observed in three patients (30%). Indomethacin lowered plasma levels of 12-S-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (12-S-HHT), whereas 4,7,10,13-hexadecatetraenoic acid (16:4(n-3)) levels were not affected. Only one patient was included in arm II; renal toxicity led to closure of this cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

Combined indomethacin and CAPOX treatment is safe and reduces the concentrations of 12-S-HHT, which may be associated with improved chemosensitivity. The recommended phase II dose is 75 mg indomethacin TID given 8 days surrounding standard dosed CAPOX.

The impact of elevated C-reactive protein level on the prognosis for oro-hypopharynx cancer patients treated with radiotherapy

The purpose of this study was to investigate an association between the prognosis for oro-hypopharynx squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiation therapy and the pre-therapeutic level of C-reactive protein (CRP). Patient with oro-hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent definitive radiotherapy in our institution from January 2002 to August 2016 were enrolled. The patient were divided into elevated CRP (over 0.3 mg/dl) group and normal CRP groups, according to pre-treatment serum levels. There were 276 evaluable patients, and the median follow up was 41 months, ranging from 2 to 171 months. The 3-year OS and CSS for all enrolled patients were 67.0% and 72.8%, respectively. The OS and CSS rates were significantly worse in the elevated CRP group than in the normal CRP group, according to Kaplan-Meier survival curves analysed by a Log-rank test (p = 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analyses indicated that serum CRP levels remained independent predictors for both OS (HR: 1.588, p = 0.022) and CSS (HR: 1.989, p = 0.005). The pre-treatment CRP level is an independent predictor of treatment prognosis in patients with oro-hypopharyngeal cancer who underwent definitive radiotherapy. Especially, it is curious that an elevated CRP serum level is a significant predictor of loco-regional recurrence.

COX‑2 inhibition in the endothelium induces glucose metabolism normalization and impairs tumor progression

Previous antitumor angiogenesis strategies have focused on targeting angiogenic signals. Encouragingly, the metabolism of tumor endothelial cells (TECs) has gained attention as a therapeutic target in recent years. There is consensus that, in terms of antitumor angiogenesis, the promotion of tumor vascular regression and normalization of the remaining blood vessels are equally important. Presently, tumor vessel normalization (TVN) is an emerging antitumor treatment. The present study focused on the normalization of TEC metabolism. The results demonstrated that TECs have a hyperglycolytic metabolism. Parixibox, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) blocker, successively reduces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the tumor microenvironment. VEGF further influences the expression of 6-Phosphofructo-2-Kinase/Fructose-2,6-Biphosphatase 3, a key glycolysis gene. Pharmacological blockade of COX-2 restored the glucose metabolism level (particularly glycolysis) in TECs, which may be an important basic process in TVN. Therefore, COX-2, which acts on abnormal tumor vessels, is expected to become a novel target for tumor treatment.

Effect of low-dose aspirin use on pancreatic cancer development and morphological changes on imaging in IPMN: A long-term cohort study

Background

Aspirin use may reduce the incidence of pancreatic cancer (PC), but no data are available regarding its chemopreventive effects on intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). We aimed to determine whether low-dose aspirin (LDA) reduces PC development and morphological changes on imaging in IPMN patients.

Methods

A cohort of 448 IPMN patients periodically followed up with imaging tests was analyzed. We used one-to-two propensity score matching to adjust for differences between an LDA group (n = 63) and a non-LDA group (n = 385). Outcomes included increasing cyst diameter, increasing main pancreatic duct (MPD) diameter, mural nodule (MN) appearance and PC development.

Results

After matching, 63 LDA and 126 non-LDA patients were selected. During follow-up (median, 5.5 years), no significant differences were found in increasing cyst diameter, MN appearance, or PC development. However, there were significantly fewer cases of increasing MPD diameter in the LDA group (4.8% vs. 12.7%; p = 0.02). After adjustment for age and sex, LDA still decreased the risk of increasing MPD diameter (hazard ratio, 0.17; p = 0.02).

Conclusion

Our results do not support a chemopreventive effect of LDA on PC development. However, LDA reduces further MPD dilation in IPMN patients.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of Camellia oleifera Abel components

Camellia oleifera Abel is a member of Camellia, and its seeds are used to extract Camellia oil, which is generally used as cooking oil in the south of China. Camellia oil consists of unsaturated fatty acids, tea polyphenol, squalene, saponin, carrot element and vitamins, etc. The seed remains after oil extraction of C. oleifera Abel are by-products of oil production, named as Camellia oil cake. Its extracts contain bioactive compounds including sasanquasaponin, flavonoid and tannin. Major components from Camellia oil and its cake have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antimicrobial and antitumor activities. In this review, we will summarize the latest advance in the studies on anti-inflammatory or antioxidative effects of C. oleifera products, thus providing valuable reference for the future research and development of C. oleifera Abel.

Brazilian Green Propolis Extract Synergizes with Protoporphyrin IX-mediated Photodynamic Therapy via Enhancement of Intracellular Accumulation of Protoporphyrin IX and Attenuation of NF-κB and COX-2

Brazilian green propolis (BGP) is noted for its impressive antitumor effects and has been used as a folk medicine in various cultures for many years. It has been demonstrated that BGP could enhance the cytotoxic effect of cytostatic drugs on tumor cells. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic approach used against malignant cells. To assess the synergistic effect of BGP extract on protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-mediated photocytotoxicity, MTT assays were performed using A431 and HeLa cells. TUNEL assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining were performed to confirm the induction of apoptosis. Western blotting analysis was performed to examine the pro-apoptotic proteins, anti-apoptotic proteins and inflammation related proteins in A431 cells. Intracellular accumulation of PpIX was examined by flow cytometry. The synergistic effect of BGP extract in PpIX-PDT was also evaluated with a xenograft model. Our findings reveal that BGP extract increased PpIX-mediated photocytotoxicity in A431 and HeLa cells. PpIX-PDT with BGP extract treatment resulted in a decrease in Bcl-xL and an increase in NOXA, Bax and caspase-3 cleavage. The protein expression levels of p-IKKα/β, NF-κB and COX-2 were upregulated by PpIX-PDT but significantly attenuated when in combination with BGP extract. BGP extract was also found to significantly enhance the intracellular accumulation of PpIX in A431 cells. BGP extract increased PpIX-mediated photocytotoxicity in a xenograft model as well. Our findings provide evidence for a synergistic effect of BGP extract in PpIX-PDT both in vitro and in vivo.

Elucidating the interaction of sulindac with calf thymus DNA: biophysical and in silico molecular modelling approach

Sulindac is one of the most effective NSAIDs and belongs to the arylalkanoic acid class.