1
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Kochen Rossi J, Nuevo-Tapioles C, O'Keefe RA, Hunkeler M, Schmoker AM, Fissore-O'Leary M, Su W, Ahearn IM, Branco C, Cheong H, Esposito D, Clotea I, Ueberheide B, Fischer ES, Philips MR. The differential interactomes of the KRAS splice variants identify BIRC6 as a ubiquitin ligase for KRAS4A. Cell Rep 2025; 44:115087. [PMID: 39705142 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 12/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcripts of the KRAS locus are alternatively spliced to generate two proteins, KRAS4A and KRAS4B, which differ in their membrane-targeting sequences. These splice variants have been conserved for more than 450 million years, suggesting non-overlapping functions driven by differential membrane association. Here, we use proximity labeling to map the differential interactomes of the KRAS splice variants. We find 24 and 10 proteins that interact specifically with KRAS4A or KRAS4B, respectively. The KRAS interacting protein most specific to KRAS4A is BIRC6, a large member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family unique in possessing E2/E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. We find that this interaction takes place on the Golgi apparatus and results in the mono- and di-ubiquitination of KRAS4A at lysines 128 and 147. Silencing BIRC6 diminishes GTP loading of and growth stimulation by KRAS4A but not KRAS4B. Thus, BIRC6 is a ubiquitin ligase that inhibits apoptosis and also modifies KRAS4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Kochen Rossi
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Rachel A O'Keefe
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Moritz Hunkeler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna M Schmoker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Wenjuan Su
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ian M Ahearn
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Cristina Branco
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hakyung Cheong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ioana Clotea
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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2
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Reimels TA, Steinberg M, Yan H, Shahar S, Rosenberg A, Kalafsky K, Luf M, Kelly L, Octaviani S, Pfleger CM. Rabex-5 E3 and Rab5 GEF domains differ in their regulation of Ras, Notch, and PI3K signaling in Drosophila wing development. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0312274. [PMID: 39466792 PMCID: PMC11515992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0312274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabex-5 (also called RabGEF1), a protein originally characterized for its Rab5 GEF function, also has an A20-like E3 ubiquitin ligase domain. We and others reported that Rabex-5 E3 activity promotes Ras mono- and di-ubiquitination to inhibit Ras signaling in Drosophila and mammals. Subsequently, we reported that Rabex-5 inhibits Notch signaling in the Drosophila hematopoietic system. Here we report genetic interactions using Rabex-5 transgenes encoding domain-specific mutations that show that Rabex-5 requires an intact E3 domain to inhibit Notch signaling in the epithelial tissue of the developing wing. Surprisingly, we discovered that Rabex-5 with an impaired E3 domain but active Rab5 GEF domain suppresses Notch loss-of-function phenotypes and enhances both Notch duplication phenotypes and activated Ras phenotypes consistent with a model that the Rab5 GEF activity of Rabex-5 might positively regulate Ras and Notch. Positive and negative regulation of developmental signaling by its different catalytic domains could allow Rabex-5 to precisely coordinate developmental signaling to fine-tune patterning. Finally, we report that Rabex-5 also inhibits the overgrowth due to loss of PTEN or activation of PI3K but not activation of AKT. Inhibition of Ras, Notch, and PI3K signaling may explain why Rabex-5 is deleted in some cancers. Paradoxically, Rabex-5 is reported to be an oncogene in other cancers. We propose that Rabex-5 acts as a tumor suppressor via its E3 activity to inhibit Ras, Notch, and PI3K signaling and as an oncogene via its Rab5 GEF activity to enhance Ras and Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A. Reimels
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mia Steinberg
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sivan Shahar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ashley Rosenberg
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kristina Kalafsky
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Max Luf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Kelly
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stacia Octaviani
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Cathie M. Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
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3
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Magits W, Steklov M, Jang H, Sewduth RN, Florentin A, Lechat B, Sheryazdanova A, Zhang M, Simicek M, Prag G, Nussinov R, Sablina A. K128 ubiquitination constrains RAS activity by expanding its binding interface with GAP proteins. EMBO J 2024; 43:2862-2877. [PMID: 38858602 PMCID: PMC11251195 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The RAS pathway is among the most frequently activated signaling nodes in cancer. However, the mechanisms that alter RAS activity in human pathologies are not entirely understood. The most prevalent post-translational modification within the GTPase core domain of NRAS and KRAS is ubiquitination at lysine 128 (K128), which is significantly decreased in cancer samples compared to normal tissue. Here, we found that K128 ubiquitination creates an additional binding interface for RAS GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), NF1 and RASA1, thus increasing RAS binding to GAP proteins and promoting GAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis. Stimulation of cultured cancer cells with growth factors or cytokines transiently induces K128 ubiquitination and restricts the extent of wild-type RAS activation in a GAP-dependent manner. In KRAS mutant cells, K128 ubiquitination limits tumor growth by restricting RAL/ TBK1 signaling and negatively regulating the autocrine circuit induced by mutant KRAS. Reduction of K128 ubiquitination activates both wild-type and mutant RAS signaling and elicits a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, promoting RAS-driven pancreatic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Magits
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Steklov
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Raj N Sewduth
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amir Florentin
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Benoit Lechat
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Michal Simicek
- Department of Hematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Gali Prag
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Anna Sablina
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Chi Y, Yuan H, Fan Q, Wang Z, Niu Z, Yu J, Yuan D. Clinical-Molecular characteristics and Post-Translational modifications of colorectal cancer in north China: Implications for future targeted therapies. Gene 2024; 899:148134. [PMID: 38185290 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This study delineated the elucidate molecular changes and their post-translational modifications (PTMs) in heterogenetic colorectal cancer (CRC) for a deeper understanding of the CRC pathophysiology and identifying potential therapeutic targets. In this retrospective study, the profiles of 13 hot spot gene mutations were analyzed and the microsatellite instability (MSI) status was determined.Employing the Circulating Single-Molecule Amplification and Resequencing Technology (cSMART) assay, the clinical-pathological features of CRC were characterized in 249 Chinese patients. PTMs were quantified online.Among the patients with CRC, the mutation frequencies of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, TP53, and APC genes were 47.8%, 3.6%, 4.8%, 13.7%, 55.8%, and 36.9%, respectively. The proportion of MSI-high (MSI-H) was 7.8%.Subsequent multiple logistic regression analysis showed significant associations including a link between lung metastasis and KRAS mutation, between liver metastasis and lymph node metastasis, between MSI-H and early-onset CRC (EOCRC) and KRAS mutation, between right-sided colon cancer and peritoneal metastasis, and between PIK3CA mutation and PTEN mutation. Patients with KRAS mutation presented with MSI-H, lung metastasis, and PIK3CA mutation. MSI-H, BRAF mutation, and PTEN mutation were more frequent in EOCRC. Phosphorylation and ubiquitylation were found in KRAS, BRAF, PTEN, and SMAD4; SUMOylation and ubiquitylation were observed in HRAS and NRAS; while phosphorylation was obvious in APC, P53, and MLH1. Notably, Phosphorylation and ubiquitylation were the two most common PTMs. The biological characteristics of CRC in Chinese patients have some unique clinical features, which can be explained by the genetic mutation profile, correlations among gene mutations and clinical characteristics. These distinctions set the Chinese patient population apart from their Western counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Chi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Cancer Center, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtu Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhendan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoxing Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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5
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Karunaraj P, Washington C, Luf M, Martino-Cortez Y, Pfleger CM. Characterization of Ras Y4H mutants in Drosophila. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001068. [PMID: 38495589 PMCID: PMC10940897 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Ras signaling plays a highly conserved role from flies to mammals in establishing proper development, and its dysregulation can lead to cancer. In Drosophila , we demonstrated that Ras Tyrosine 4 (Y4) was required for inhibitory ubiquitination by Rabex-5. In humans, rare histidine substitution mutations at Y4 are found in HRas in cerebellar glioblastomas (cGBMs). We report here that analogous Y4H mutations in Drosophila Ras make it less sensitive to Rabex-5-mediated ubiquitination in cells and show increased frequency of vein phenotypes per wing compared to wild-type Ras, which would be consistent with Ras gain-of-function and with their appearance in human cGBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashath Karunaraj
- Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- The Tisch Cancer Institute
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Max Luf
- Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- The Tisch Cancer Institute
| | | | - Cathie M Pfleger
- Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- The Tisch Cancer Institute
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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6
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Wu M, Sun L, Song T. OTUB1-mediated inhibition of ubiquitination: a growing list of effectors, multiplex mechanisms, and versatile functions. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1261273. [PMID: 38264570 PMCID: PMC10803509 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1261273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination plays a pivotal role in protein homeostasis. Ubiquitination may regulate the stability, activity, protein-protein interaction, and localization of a protein. Ubiquitination is subject to regulation by two groups of counteracting enzymes, the E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases. Consistently, deubiquitinases are involved in essentially all biological processes. OTUB1, an OTU-family deubiquitinase, is a critical regulator of development, cancer, DNA damage response, and immune response. OTUB1 antagonizes the ubiquitination of a wide-spectrum of proteins through at least two different mechanisms. Besides direct deubiquitination, OTUB1 can also inhibit ubiquitination by non-canonically blocking ubiquitin transfer from certain ubiquitin-conjugases (E2). In this review, we start with a general background of protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination. Next, we introduce the basic characteristics of OTUB1 and then elaborate on the updated biological functions of OTUB1. Afterwards, we discuss potential mechanisms underlying the versatility and specificity of OTUB1 functions. In the end, we discuss the perspective that OTUB1 can be a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wu
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suqian, China
| | - Lidong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Cell Architecture Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tanjing Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Cell Architecture Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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7
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Singh J, Karunaraj P, Luf M, Pfleger CM. Lysines K117 and K147 play conserved roles in Ras activation from Drosophila to mammals. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad201. [PMID: 37665961 PMCID: PMC10627255 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras signaling plays an important role in growth, proliferation, and developmental patterning. Maintaining appropriate levels of Ras signaling is important to establish patterning in development and to prevent diseases such as cancer in mature organisms. The Ras protein is represented by Ras85D in Drosophila and by HRas, NRas, and KRas in mammals. In the past dozen years, multiple reports have characterized both inhibitory and activating ubiquitination events regulating Ras proteins. Inhibitory Ras ubiquitination mediated by Rabex-5 or Lztr1 is highly conserved between flies and mammals. Activating ubiquitination events at K117 and K147 have been reported in mammalian HRas, NRas, and KRas, but it is unclear if these activating roles of K117 and K147 are conserved in flies. Addressing a potential conserved role for these lysines in Drosophila Ras activation requires phenotypes strong enough to assess suppression. Therefore, we utilized oncogenic Ras, RasG12V, which biases Ras to the GTP-loaded active conformation. We created double mutants RasG12V,K117R and RasG12V,K147R and triple mutant RasG12V,K117R,K147R to prevent lysine-specific post-translational modification of K117, K147, or both, respectively. We compared their phenotypes to RasG12V in the wing to reveal the roles of these lysines. Although RasG12V,K147R did not show compelling or quantifiable differences from RasG12V, RasG12V,K117R showed visible and quantifiable suppression compared to RasG12V, and triple mutant RasG12V,K117R,K147R showed dramatic suppression compared to RasG12V and increased suppression compared to RasG12V,K117R. These data are consistent with highly conserved roles for K117 and K147 in Ras activation from flies to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiya Singh
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Prashath Karunaraj
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Max Luf
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cathie M Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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8
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Chiang CY, Fan S, Zheng H, Guo W, Zheng Z, Sun Y, Zhong C, Zeng J, Li S, Zhang M, Xiao T, Zheng D. Methylation of KRAS by SETD7 promotes KRAS degradation in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113003. [PMID: 37682707 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutations are a key driver for initiation and progression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, how post-translational modifications (PTMs) of KRAS, especially methylation, modify KRAS activity remain largely unclear. Here, we show that SET domain containing histone lysine methyltransferase 7 (SETD7) interacts with KRAS and methylates KRAS at lysines 182 and 184. SETD7-mediated methylation of KRAS leads to degradation of KRAS and attenuation of the RAS/MEK/ERK signaling cascade, endowing SETD7 with a potent tumor-suppressive role in NSCLC, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RABGEF1, a ubiquitin E3 ligase of KRAS, is recruited and promotes KRAS degradation in a K182/K184 methylation-dependent manner. Notably, SETD7 is inversely correlated with KRAS at the protein level in clinical NSCLC tissues. Low SETD7 or RABGEF1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Altogether, our results define a tumor-suppressive function of SETD7 that operates via modulating KRAS methylation and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yao Chiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wenjun Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zehan Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yihua Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chuanqi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Juan Zeng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Shuaihu Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian Xiao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Duo Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, International Cancer Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen University Medical School, Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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9
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Kolch W, Berta D, Rosta E. Dynamic regulation of RAS and RAS signaling. Biochem J 2023; 480:1-23. [PMID: 36607281 PMCID: PMC9988006 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins regulate most aspects of cellular physiology. They are mutated in 30% of human cancers and 4% of developmental disorders termed Rasopathies. They cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. When active, they can interact with a wide range of effectors that control fundamental biochemical and biological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that RAS proteins are not simple on/off switches but sophisticated information processing devices that compute cell fate decisions by integrating external and internal cues. A critical component of this compute function is the dynamic regulation of RAS activation and downstream signaling that allows RAS to produce a rich and nuanced spectrum of biological outputs. We discuss recent findings how the dynamics of RAS and its downstream signaling is regulated. Starting from the structural and biochemical properties of wild-type and mutant RAS proteins and their activation cycle, we examine higher molecular assemblies, effector interactions and downstream signaling outputs, all under the aspect of dynamic regulation. We also consider how computational and mathematical modeling approaches contribute to analyze and understand the pleiotropic functions of RAS in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dénes Berta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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10
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Pieroni S, Castelli M, Piobbico D, Ferracchiato S, Scopetti D, Di-Iacovo N, Della-Fazia MA, Servillo G. The Four Homeostasis Knights: In Balance upon Post-Translational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14480. [PMID: 36430960 PMCID: PMC9696182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A cancer outcome is a multifactorial event that comes from both exogenous injuries and an endogenous predisposing background. The healthy state is guaranteed by the fine-tuning of genes controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and development, whose alteration induces cellular behavioral changes finally leading to cancer. The function of proteins in cells and tissues is controlled at both the transcriptional and translational level, and the mechanism allowing them to carry out their functions is not only a matter of level. A major challenge to the cell is to guarantee that proteins are made, folded, assembled and delivered to function properly, like and even more than other proteins when referring to oncogenes and onco-suppressors products. Over genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational control, protein synthesis depends on additional steps of regulation. Post-translational modifications are reversible and dynamic processes that allow the cell to rapidly modulate protein amounts and function. Among them, ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications modulate the stability and control the activity of most of the proteins that manage cell cycle, immune responses, apoptosis, and senescence. The crosstalk between ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications and post-translational modifications is a keystone to quickly update the activation state of many proteins responsible for the orchestration of cell metabolism. In this light, the correct activity of post-translational machinery is essential to prevent the development of cancer. Here we summarize the main post-translational modifications engaged in controlling the activity of the principal oncogenes and tumor suppressors genes involved in the development of most human cancers.
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11
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Catozzi S, Ternet C, Gourrege A, Wynne K, Oliviero G, Kiel C. Reconstruction and analysis of a large-scale binary Ras-effector signaling network. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:24. [PMID: 35246154 PMCID: PMC8896392 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ras is a key cellular signaling hub that controls numerous cell fates via multiple downstream effector pathways. While pathways downstream of effectors such as Raf, PI3K and RalGDS are extensively described in the literature, how other effectors signal downstream of Ras is often still enigmatic. METHODS A comprehensive and unbiased Ras-effector network was reconstructed downstream of 43 effector proteins (converging onto 12 effector classes) using public pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) databases. The output is an oriented graph of pairwise interactions defining a 3-layer signaling network downstream of Ras. The 2290 proteins comprising the network were studied for their implication in signaling crosstalk and feedbacks, their subcellular localizations, and their cellular functions. RESULTS The final Ras-effector network consists of 2290 proteins that are connected via 19,080 binary PPIs, increasingly distributed across the downstream layers, with 441 PPIs in layer 1, 1660 in layer 2, and 16,979 in layer 3. We identified a high level of crosstalk among proteins of the 12 effector classes. A class-specific Ras sub-network was generated in CellDesigner (.xml file) and a functional enrichment analysis thereof shows that 58% of the processes have previously been associated to a respective effector pathway, with the remaining providing insights into novel and unexplored functions of specific effector pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our large-scale and cell general Ras-effector network is a crucial steppingstone towards defining the network boundaries. It constitutes a 'reference interactome' and can be contextualized for specific conditions, e.g. different cell types or biopsy material obtained from cancer patients. Further, it can serve as a basis for elucidating systems properties, such as input-output relationships, crosstalk, and pathway redundancy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Catozzi
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Camille Ternet
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alize Gourrege
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Giorgio Oliviero
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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12
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Qiu Y, Wang Y, Chai Z, Ni D, Li X, Pu J, Chen J, Zhang J, Lu S, Lv C, Ji M. Targeting RAS phosphorylation in cancer therapy: Mechanisms and modulators. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3433-3446. [PMID: 34900528 PMCID: PMC8642438 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS, a member of the small GTPase family, functions as a binary switch by shifting between inactive GDP-loaded and active GTP-loaded state. RAS gain-of-function mutations are one of the leading causes in human oncogenesis, accounting for ∼19% of the global cancer burden. As a well-recognized target in malignancy, RAS has been intensively studied in the past decades. Despite the sustained efforts, many failures occurred in the earlier exploration and resulted in an ‘undruggable’ feature of RAS proteins. Phosphorylation at several residues has been recently determined as regulators for wild-type and mutated RAS proteins. Therefore, the development of RAS inhibitors directly targeting the RAS mutants or towards upstream regulatory kinases supplies a novel direction for tackling the anti-RAS difficulties. A better understanding of RAS phosphorylation can contribute to future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the current advances in RAS phosphorylation and provided mechanistic insights into the signaling transduction of associated pathways. Importantly, the preclinical and clinical success in developing anti-RAS drugs targeting the upstream kinases and potential directions of harnessing allostery to target RAS phosphorylation sites were also discussed.
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Key Words
- ABL, Abelson
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- Allostery
- CK1, casein kinase 1
- CML, chronic myeloid leukemia
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GAPs, GTPase-activating proteins
- GEFs, guanine nucleotide exchange-factors
- GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3
- HVR, hypervariable region
- IP3R, inositol trisphosphate receptors
- LRP6, lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 6
- OMM, outer mitochondrial membrane
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PPIs, protein−protein interactions
- Phosphorylation
- Protein kinases
- RAS
- RIN1, RAB-interacting protein 1
- SHP2, SRC homology 2 domain containing phosphatase 2
- SOS, Son of Sevenless
- STK19, serine/threonine-protein kinase 19
- TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- Undruggable
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Qiu
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuanhao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zongtao Chai
- Department of Hepatic Surgery VI, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Duan Ni
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Chuan Lv
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Mingfei Ji
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Corresponding authors.
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13
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Campbell SL, Philips MR. Post-translational modification of RAS proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 71:180-192. [PMID: 34365229 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of RAS genes drive cancer more frequently than any other oncogene. RAS proteins integrate signals from a wide array of receptors and initiate downstream signaling through pathways that control cellular growth. RAS proteins are fundamentally binary molecular switches in which the off/on state is determined by the binding of GDP or GTP, respectively. As such, the intrinsic and regulated nucleotide-binding and hydrolytic properties of the RAS GTPase were historically believed to account for the entirety of the regulation of RAS signaling. However, it is increasingly clear that RAS proteins are also regulated by a vast array of post-translational modifications (PTMs). The current challenge is to understand what are the functional consequences of these modifications and which are physiologically relevant. Because PTMs are catalyzed by enzymes that may offer targets for drug discovery, the study of RAS PTMs has been a high priority for RAS biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
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14
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Osaka N, Hirota Y, Ito D, Ikeda Y, Kamata R, Fujii Y, Chirasani VR, Campbell SL, Takeuchi K, Senda T, Sasaki AT. Divergent Mechanisms Activating RAS and Small GTPases Through Post-translational Modification. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:707439. [PMID: 34307463 PMCID: PMC8295990 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.707439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS is a founding member of the RAS superfamily of GTPases. These small 21 kDa proteins function as molecular switches to initialize signaling cascades involved in various cellular processes, including gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation. RAS is activated by GTP loading and deactivated upon GTP hydrolysis to GDP. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) accelerate GTP loading and hydrolysis, respectively. These accessory proteins play a fundamental role in regulating activities of RAS superfamily small GTPase via a conserved guanine binding (G)-domain, which consists of five G motifs. The Switch regions lie within or proximal to the G2 and G3 motifs, and undergo dynamic conformational changes between the GDP-bound "OFF" state and GTP-bound "ON" state. They play an important role in the recognition of regulatory factors (GEFs and GAPs) and effectors. The G4 and G5 motifs are the focus of the present work and lie outside Switch regions. These motifs are responsible for the recognition of the guanine moiety in GTP and GDP, and contain residues that undergo post-translational modifications that underlie new mechanisms of RAS regulation. Post-translational modification within the G4 and G5 motifs activates RAS by populating the GTP-bound "ON" state, either through enhancement of intrinsic guanine nucleotide exchange or impairing GAP-mediated down-regulation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of post-translational modifications in the RAS G4 and G5 motifs, and describe the role of these modifications in RAS activation as well as potential applications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Osaka
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hirota
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Doshun Ito
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Venkat R. Chirasani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sharon L. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Koh Takeuchi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Accelerator Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsuo T. Sasaki
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center at UC Gardner Neuroscience Institute, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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15
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Wirianto M, Yang J, Kim E, Gao S, Paudel KR, Choi JM, Choe J, Gloston GF, Ademoji P, Parakramaweera R, Jin J, Esser KA, Jung SY, Geng YJ, Lee HK, Chen Z, Yoo SH. The GSK-3β-FBXL21 Axis Contributes to Circadian TCAP Degradation and Skeletal Muscle Function. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108140. [PMID: 32937135 PMCID: PMC8299398 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FBXL21 is a clock-controlled E3 ligase modulating circadian periodicity via subcellular-specific CRYPTOCHROME degradation. How FBXL21 regulates tissue-specific circadian physiology and what mechanism operates upstream is poorly understood. Here we report the sarcomere component TCAP as a cytoplasmic substrate of FBXL21. FBXL21 interacts with TCAP in a circadian manner antiphasic to TCAP accumulation in skeletal muscle, and circadian TCAP oscillation is disrupted in Psttm mice with an Fbxl21 hypomorph mutation. GSK-3β phosphorylates FBXL21 and TCAP to activate FBXL21-mediated, phosphodegron-dependent TCAP degradation. GSK-3β inhibition or knockdown diminishes FBXL21-Cul1 complex formation and delays FBXL21-mediated TCAP degradation. Finally, Psttm mice show significant skeletal muscle defects, including impaired fiber size, exercise tolerance, grip strength, and response to glucocorticoid-induced atrophy, in conjunction with cardiac dysfunction. These data highlight a circadian regulatory pathway where a GSK-3β-FBXL21 functional axis controls TCAP degradation via SCF complex formation and regulates skeletal muscle function. Wirianto et al. find that the circadian E3 ligase FBXL21 drives rhythmic degradation of the sarcomeric protein TCAP in skeletal muscle. GSK-3β co-phosphorylates FBXL21 and TCAP and promotes SCF complex formation and phosphodegron-dependent TCAP turnover. Psttm mice, expressing a hypomorphic Fbxl21 mutant, show dysregulated TCAP degradation and impaired muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Wirianto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiah Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eunju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jong Min Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gabrielle F Gloston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Precious Ademoji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Randika Parakramaweera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianping Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0274, USA
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Shu L, Wang D, Saba NF, Chen ZG. A Historic Perspective and Overview of H-Ras Structure, Oncogenicity, and Targeting. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 19:999-1007. [PMID: 32241873 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
H-Ras is a unique isoform of the Ras GTPase family, one of the most prominently mutated oncogene families across the cancer landscape. Relative to other isoforms, though, mutations of H-Ras account for the smallest proportion of mutant Ras cancers. Yet, in recent years, there have been renewed efforts to study this isoform, especially as certain H-Ras-driven cancers, like those of the head and neck, have become more prominent. Important advances have therefore been made not only in the understanding of H-Ras structural biology but also in approaches designed to inhibit and impair its signaling activity. In this review, we outline historic and present initiatives to elucidate the mechanisms of H-Ras-dependent tumorigenesis as well as highlight ongoing developments in the quest to target this critical oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Shu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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17
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Dai W, Xie S, Chen C, Choi BH. Ras sumoylation in cell signaling and transformation. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:301-309. [PMID: 33812985 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are small GTPases that participate in multiple signal cascades, regulating crucial cellular processes including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Mutations or deregulated activities of Ras are frequently the driving force for oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Posttranslational modifications play a crucial role in mediating the stability, activity, or subcellular localization/trafficking of numerous cellular regulators including Ras proteins. A series of recent studies reveal that Ras proteins are also regulated by sumoylation. All three Ras protein isoforms (HRas, KRas, and NRas) are modified by SUMO3. The conserved lysine42 appears to be the primary site for mediating sumoylation. Expression of KRasV12/R42 mutants compromised the activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling axis, leading to a reduced rate of cell migration and invasion in vitro in multiple cell lines. Moreover, treatment of transformed pancreatic cells with a SUMO E2 inhibitor blocks cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner, which is associated with a reduced level of both KRas sumoylation and expression of mesenchymal cell markers. Furthermore, mouse xenograft experiments reveal that expression of a SUMO-resistant mutant appears to suppress tumor development in vivo. Combined, these studies indicate that sumoylation functions as an important mechanism in mediating the roles of Ras in cell proliferation, differentiation, and malignant transformation and that the SUMO-modification system of Ras oncoproteins can be explored as a new druggable target for various human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA
| | - Suqing Xie
- Institute of Pathology, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Changyan Chen
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Byeong Hyeok Choi
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, USA.
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18
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Kiel C, Matallanas D, Kolch W. The Ins and Outs of RAS Effector Complexes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:236. [PMID: 33562401 PMCID: PMC7915224 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS oncogenes are among the most commonly mutated proteins in human cancers. They regulate a wide range of effector pathways that control cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and metabolic status. Including aberrations in these pathways, RAS-dependent signaling is altered in more than half of human cancers. Targeting mutant RAS proteins and their downstream oncogenic signaling pathways has been elusive. However, recent results comprising detailed molecular studies, large scale omics studies and computational modeling have painted a new and more comprehensive portrait of RAS signaling that helps us to understand the intricacies of RAS, how its physiological and pathophysiological functions are regulated, and how we can target them. Here, we review these efforts particularly trying to relate the detailed mechanistic studies with global functional studies. We highlight the importance of computational modeling and data integration to derive an actionable understanding of RAS signaling that will allow us to design new mechanism-based therapies for RAS mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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19
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RabGEF1 functions as an oncogene in U251 glioblastoma cells and is involved in regulating AKT and Erk pathways. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 118:104571. [PMID: 33166495 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RabGEF1 is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for RAB-5, which plays an oncogenic role in certain human cancers. However, the function of RabGEF1 in glioma has not been studied. Here, we report that the down-regulation of RabGEF1 inhibits the proliferation and metastasis, and induces autophagy of U251 glioblastoma cells. METHODS The expression of RabGEF1 in glioma and normal tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry. Four siRNAs targeting different sites of RabGEF1 were conducted and the interference efficiencies were verified by qRT-PCR assay. Western blot was used to detect the expression of interest proteins. Cell proliferation was detected using CCK-8 and clone formation assay. Cell migration and invasion were analyzed by scratch assay and transwell assay, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. RESULTS RabGEF1 was significantly up-regulated in human glioma tissues. RabGEF1 knockdown reduced cell viability, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in U251 cells. Cell migration and invasion were also inhibited when RabGEF1 silencing. Mechanism studies showed that Cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 were significantly down-regulated when RabGEF1 silencing. p53 and caspase mediated apoptotic pathway was activated by down-regulation of RabGEF1. Moreover, RabGEF1 knockdown also induced autophagy in glioma cells. The investigation of AKT and Erk pathways suggested that phosphorylated AKT, p70S6K and phosphorylated Erk were all decreased when RabGEF1 silencing. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our data suggest that RabGEF1 is up-regulated in human glioma and down-regulation of RabGEF1 inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis, and induced autophagy of U251 glioblastoma cells, which might be mediated by inactivation of AKT and Erk signaling pathways.
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Abstract
RAS was identified as a human oncogene in the early 1980s and subsequently found to be mutated in nearly 30% of all human cancers. More importantly, RAS plays a central role in driving tumor development and maintenance. Despite decades of effort, there remain no FDA approved drugs that directly inhibit RAS. The prevalence of RAS mutations in cancer and the lack of effective anti-RAS therapies stem from RAS' core role in growth factor signaling, unique structural features, and biochemistry. However, recent advances have brought promising new drugs to clinical trials and shone a ray of hope in the field. Here, we will exposit the details of RAS biology that illustrate its key role in cell signaling and shed light on the difficulties in therapeutically targeting RAS. Furthermore, past and current efforts to develop RAS inhibitors will be discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matthew Rhett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - John P O'Bryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
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21
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Washington C, Chernet R, Gokhale RH, Martino-Cortez Y, Liu HY, Rosenberg AM, Shahar S, Pfleger CM. A conserved, N-terminal tyrosine signal directs Ras for inhibition by Rabex-5. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008715. [PMID: 32559233 PMCID: PMC7329146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Ras oncogene in development causes developmental disorders, "Rasopathies," whereas mutational activation or amplification of Ras in differentiated tissues causes cancer. Rabex-5 (also called RabGEF1) inhibits Ras by promoting Ras mono- and di-ubiquitination. We report here that Rabex-5-mediated Ras ubiquitination requires Ras Tyrosine 4 (Y4), a site of known phosphorylation. Ras substitution mutants insensitive to Y4 phosphorylation did not undergo Rabex-5-mediated ubiquitination in cells and exhibited Ras gain-of-function phenotypes in vivo. Ras Y4 phosphomimic substitution increased Rabex-5-mediated ubiquitination in cells. Y4 phosphomimic substitution in oncogenic Ras blocked the morphological phenotypes associated with oncogenic Ras in vivo dependent on the presence of Rabex-5. We developed polyclonal antibodies raised against an N-terminal Ras peptide phosphorylated at Y4. These anti-phospho-Y4 antibodies showed dramatic recognition of recombinant wild-type Ras and RasG12V proteins when incubated with JAK2 or SRC kinases but not of RasY4F or RasY4F,G12V recombinant proteins suggesting that JAK2 and SRC could promote phosphorylation of Ras proteins at Y4 in vitro. Anti-phospho-Y4 antibodies also showed recognition of RasG12V protein, but not wild-type Ras, when incubated with EGFR. A role for JAK2, SRC, and EGFR (kinases with well-known roles to activate signaling through Ras), to promote Ras Y4 phosphorylation could represent a feedback mechanism to limit Ras activation and thus establish Ras homeostasis. Notably, rare variants of Ras at Y4 have been found in cerebellar glioblastomas. Therefore, our work identifies a physiologically relevant Ras ubiquitination signal and highlights a requirement for Y4 for Ras inhibition by Rabex-5 to maintain Ras pathway homeostasis and to prevent tissue transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalita Washington
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rachel Chernet
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rewatee H. Gokhale
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yesenia Martino-Cortez
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hsiu-Yu Liu
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Rosenberg
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sivan Shahar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Cathie M. Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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22
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Ruiz-Márvez E, Ramírez CA, Rodríguez ER, Flórez MM, Delgado G, Guzmán F, Gómez-Puertas P, Requena JM, Puerta CJ. Molecular Characterization of Tc964, A Novel Antigenic Protein from Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2432. [PMID: 32244527 PMCID: PMC7177413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tc964 protein was initially identified by its presence in the interactome associated with the LYT1 mRNAs, which code for a virulence factor of Trypanosoma cruzi. Tc964 is annotated in the T. cruzi genome as a hypothetical protein. According to phylogenetic analysis, the protein is conserved in the different genera of the Trypanosomatidae family; however, recognizable orthologues were not identified in other groups of organisms. Therefore, as a first step, an in-depth molecular characterization of the Tc946 protein was carried out. Based on structural predictions and molecular dynamics studies, the Tc964 protein would belong to a particular class of GTPases. Subcellular fractionation analysis indicated that Tc964 is a nucleocytoplasmic protein. Additionally, the protein was expressed as a recombinant protein in order to analyze its antigenicity with sera from Chagas disease (CD) patients. Tc964 was found to be antigenic, and B-cell epitopes were mapped by the use of synthetic peptides. In parallel, the Leishmania major homologue (Lm964) was also expressed as recombinant protein and used for a preliminary evaluation of antigen cross-reactivity in CD patients. Interestingly, Tc964 was recognized by sera from Chronic CD (CCD) patients at different stages of disease severity, but no reactivity against this protein was observed when sera from Colombian patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis were analyzed. Therefore, Tc964 would be adequate for CD diagnosis in areas where both infections (CD and leishmaniasis) coexist, even though additional assays using larger collections of sera are needed in order to confirm its usefulness for differential serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ruiz-Márvez
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40- 62, Bogotá, Colombia; (E.R.-M.); (C.A.R.); (E.R.R.)
| | - César Augusto Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40- 62, Bogotá, Colombia; (E.R.-M.); (C.A.R.); (E.R.R.)
| | - Eliana Rocío Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40- 62, Bogotá, Colombia; (E.R.-M.); (C.A.R.); (E.R.R.)
| | - Magda Mellisa Flórez
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunotoxicología, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 # 45-01, Bogota; Colombia; (M.M.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Gabriela Delgado
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunotoxicología, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 30 # 45-01, Bogota; Colombia; (M.M.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Avenida Universidad 2373223, Curauma, Valparaiso-Chile;
| | - Paulino Gómez-Puertas
- Grupo de Modelado Molecular del Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José María Requena
- Grupo Regulación de la Expresión Génica en Leishmania del Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Concepción J. Puerta
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40- 62, Bogotá, Colombia; (E.R.-M.); (C.A.R.); (E.R.R.)
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23
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Motta M, Fidan M, Bellacchio E, Pantaleoni F, Schneider-Heieck K, Coppola S, Borck G, Salviati L, Zenker M, Cirstea IC, Tartaglia M. Dominant Noonan syndrome-causing LZTR1 mutations specifically affect the Kelch domain substrate-recognition surface and enhance RAS-MAPK signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1007-1022. [PMID: 30481304 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS), the most common RASopathy, is caused by mutations affecting signaling through RAS and the MAPK cascade. Recently, genome scanning has discovered novel genes implicated in NS, whose function in RAS-MAPK signaling remains obscure, suggesting the existence of unrecognized circuits contributing to signal modulation in this pathway. Among these genes, leucine zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1 (LZTR1) encodes a functionally poorly characterized member of the BTB/POZ protein superfamily. Two classes of germline LZTR1 mutations underlie dominant and recessive forms of NS, while constitutional monoallelic, mostly inactivating, mutations in the same gene cause schwannomatosis, a cancer-prone disorder clinically distinct from NS. Here we show that dominant NS-causing LZTR1 mutations do not affect significantly protein stability and subcellular localization. We provide the first evidence that these mutations, but not the missense changes occurring as biallelic mutations in recessive NS, enhance stimulus-dependent RAS-MAPK signaling, which is triggered, at least in part, by an increased RAS protein pool. Moreover, we document that dominant NS-causing mutations do not perturb binding of LZTR1 to CUL3, a scaffold coordinating the assembly of a multimeric complex catalyzing protein ubiquitination but are predicted to affect the surface of the Kelch domain mediating substrate binding to the complex. Collectively, our data suggest a model in which LZTR1 contributes to the ubiquitinationof protein(s) functioning as positive modulator(s) of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. In this model, LZTR1 mutations are predicted to variably impair binding of these substrates to the multi-component ligase complex and their efficient ubiquitination and degradation, resulting in MAPK signaling upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Miray Fidan
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simona Coppola
- National Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Guntram Borck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Department of Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ion C Cirstea
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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24
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Khan I, Rhett JM, O'Bryan JP. Therapeutic targeting of RAS: New hope for drugging the "undruggable". BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118570. [PMID: 31678118 PMCID: PMC6937383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer and a critical driver of oncogenesis. Therapeutic targeting of RAS has been a goal of cancer research for more than 30 years due to its essential role in tumor formation and maintenance. Yet the quest to inhibit this challenging foe has been elusive. Although once considered "undruggable", the struggle to directly inhibit RAS has seen recent success with the development of pharmacological agents that specifically target the KRAS(G12C) mutant protein, which include the first direct RAS inhibitor to gain entry to clinical trials. However, the limited applicability of these inhibitors to G12C-mutant tumors demands further efforts to identify more broadly efficacious RAS inhibitors. Understanding allosteric influences on RAS may open new avenues to inhibit RAS. Here, we provide a brief overview of RAS biology and biochemistry, discuss the allosteric regulation of RAS, and summarize the various approaches to develop RAS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, United States of America
| | - J Matthew Rhett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, United States of America
| | - John P O'Bryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, United States of America.
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25
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Fan Q, Wang Q, Cai R, Yuan H, Xu M. The ubiquitin system: orchestrating cellular signals in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:1. [PMID: 31988639 PMCID: PMC6966813 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-019-0193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system, known as a common feature in eukaryotes, participates in multiple cellular processes, such as signal transduction, cell-cycle progression, receptor trafficking and endocytosis, and even the immune response. In lung cancer, evidence has revealed that aberrant events in ubiquitin-mediated processes can cause a variety of pathological outcomes including tumorigenesis and metastasis. Likewise, ubiquitination on the core components contributing to the activity of cell signaling controls bio-signal turnover and cell final destination. Given this, inhibitors targeting the ubiquitin system have been developed for lung cancer therapies and have shown great prospects for clinical application. However, the exact biological effects and physiological role of the drugs used in lung cancer therapies are still not clearly elucidated, which might seriously impede the progress of treatment. In this work, we summarize current research advances in cell signal regulation processes mediated through the ubiquitin system during the development of lung cancer, with the hope of improving the therapeutic effects by means of aiming at efficient targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fan
- 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China.,2Department of General Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Cai
- 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China.,2Department of General Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihua Yuan
- 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Xu
- 1Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, Shanghai, China
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26
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Pérez-Benavente B, Nasresfahani AF, Farràs R. Ubiquitin-Regulated Cell Proliferation and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:3-28. [PMID: 32274751 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases (E3) play a crucial role in the regulation of different cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation via recognition, interaction, and ubiquitination of key cellular proteins in a spatial and temporal regulated manner. The type of ubiquitin chain formed determines the fate of the substrates. The ubiquitinated substrates can be degraded by the proteasome, display altered subcellular localization, or can suffer modifications on their interaction with functional protein complexes. Deregulation of E3 activities is frequently found in various human pathologies, including cancer. The illegitimated or accelerated degradation of oncosuppressive proteins or, inversely, the abnormally high accumulation of oncoproteins, contributes to cell proliferation and transformation. Anomalies in protein abundance may be related to mutations that alter the direct or indirect recognition of proteins by the E3 enzymes or alterations in the level of expression or activity of ubiquitin ligases. Through a few examples, we illustrate here the complexity and diversity of the molecular mechanisms related to protein ubiquitination involved in cell cycle regulation. We will discuss the role of ubiquitin-dependent degradation mediated by the proteasome, the role of non-proteolytic ubiquitination during cell cycle progression, and the consequences of this deregulation on cellular transformation. Finally, we will highlight the novel opportunities that arise from these studies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Farràs
- Oncogenic Signaling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.
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27
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Abstract
Many sensory and chemical signal inputs are transmitted by intracellular GTP-binding (G) proteins. G proteins make up two major subfamilies: "large" G proteins comprising three subunits and "small" G proteins, such as the proto-oncogene product RAS, which contains a single subunit. Members of both subfamilies are regulated by post-translational modifications, including lipidation, proteolysis, and carboxyl methylation. Emerging studies have shown that these proteins are also modified by ubiquitination. Much of our current understanding of this post-translational modification comes from investigations of the large G-protein α subunit from yeast (Gpa1) and the three RAS isotypes in humans, NRAS, KRAS, and HRAS. Gα undergoes both mono- and polyubiquitination, and these modifications have distinct consequences for determining the sites and mechanisms of its degradation. Genetic and biochemical reconstitution studies have revealed the enzymes and binding partners required for addition and removal of ubiquitin, as well as the delivery and destruction of both the mono- and polyubiquitinated forms of the G protein. Complementary studies of RAS have identified multiple ubiquitination sites, each having distinct consequences for binding to regulatory proteins, shuttling to and from the plasma membrane, and degradation. Here, we review what is currently known about these two well-studied examples, Gpa1 and the human RAS proteins, that have revealed additional mechanisms of signal regulation and dysregulation relevant to human physiology. We also compare and contrast the effects of G-protein ubiquitination with other post-translational modifications of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik G Dohlman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
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28
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Saldana M, VanderVorst K, Berg AL, Lee H, Carraway KL. Otubain 1: a non-canonical deubiquitinase with an emerging role in cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R1-R14. [PMID: 30400005 PMCID: PMC6226034 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin system regulates diverse biological processes, many involved in cancer pathogenesis, by altering the ubiquitination state of protein substrates. This is accomplished by ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases (DUBs), which respectively add or remove ubiquitin from substrates to alter their stability, activity, localization and interactions. While lack of catalytic activity makes therapeutic targeting of ubiquitin ligases difficult, DUB inhibitors represent an active area of research and the identification of cancer-associated DUBs may lead to the development of novel therapeutics. A growing body of literature demonstrates that the DUB Otubain 1 (OTUB1) regulates many cancer-associated signaling pathways including MAPK, ERa, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), RHOa, mTORC1, FOXM1 and P53 to promote tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasiveness and therapeutic resistance. In addition, clinical studies have associated elevated OTUB1 expression with high grade, invasiveness and metastasis in several tumor types including lung, breast, ovarian, glioma, colon and gastric. Interestingly, in addition to catalytic DUB activity, OTUB1 displays a catalytic-independent, non-canonical activity where it inhibits the transfer of ubiquitin onto protein substrates by sequestration of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. The aim of this review is to describe the canonical and non-canonical activities of OTUB1, summarize roles for OTUB1 in cancer-associated pathways and discuss its potential therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Saldana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kacey VanderVorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Anastasia L Berg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kermit L Carraway
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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29
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Steklov M, Pandolfi S, Baietti MF, Batiuk A, Carai P, Najm P, Zhang M, Jang H, Renzi F, Cai Y, Abbasi Asbagh L, Pastor T, De Troyer M, Simicek M, Radaelli E, Brems H, Legius E, Tavernier J, Gevaert K, Impens F, Messiaen L, Nussinov R, Heymans S, Eyckerman S, Sablina AA. Mutations in LZTR1 drive human disease by dysregulating RAS ubiquitination. Science 2018; 362:1177-1182. [PMID: 30442762 PMCID: PMC8058620 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap7607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The leucine zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1 (LZTR1) protein, an adaptor for cullin 3 (CUL3) ubiquitin ligase complex, is implicated in human disease, yet its mechanism of action remains unknown. We found that Lztr1 haploinsufficiency in mice recapitulates Noonan syndrome phenotypes, whereas LZTR1 loss in Schwann cells drives dedifferentiation and proliferation. By trapping LZTR1 complexes from intact mammalian cells, we identified the guanosine triphosphatase RAS as a substrate for the LZTR1-CUL3 complex. Ubiquitome analysis showed that loss of Lztr1 abrogated Ras ubiquitination at lysine-170. LZTR1-mediated ubiquitination inhibited RAS signaling by attenuating its association with the membrane. Disease-associated LZTR1 mutations disrupted either LZTR1-CUL3 complex formation or its interaction with RAS proteins. RAS regulation by LZTR1-mediated ubiquitination provides an explanation for the role of LZTR1 in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steklov
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Pandolfi
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M F Baietti
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Batiuk
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Carai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Najm
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Zhang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - H Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - F Renzi
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Y Cai
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Abbasi Asbagh
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Pastor
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M De Troyer
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Simicek
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Radaelli
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Brems
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Legius
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Tavernier
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Gevaert
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Impens
- VIB Proteomics Core, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Messiaen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - R Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - S Heymans
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- The Netherlands Heart Institute, Nl-HI, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - S Eyckerman
- VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A A Sablina
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Abstract
The three RAS genes - HRAS, NRAS and KRAS - are collectively mutated in one-third of human cancers, where they act as prototypic oncogenes. Interestingly, there are rather distinct patterns to RAS mutations; the isoform mutated as well as the position and type of substitution vary between different cancers. As RAS genes are among the earliest, if not the first, genes mutated in a variety of cancers, understanding how these mutation patterns arise could inform on not only how cancer begins but also the factors influencing this event, which has implications for cancer prevention. To this end, we suggest that there is a narrow window or 'sweet spot' by which oncogenic RAS signalling can promote tumour initiation in normal cells. As a consequence, RAS mutation patterns in each normal cell are a product of the specific RAS isoform mutated, as well as the position of the mutation and type of substitution to achieve an ideal level of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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31
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Choi BH, Philips MR, Chen Y, Lu L, Dai W. K-Ras Lys-42 is crucial for its signaling, cell migration, and invasion. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17574-17581. [PMID: 30228186 PMCID: PMC6231119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins participate in multiple signal cascades, regulating crucial cellular processes, including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. We have previously reported that Ras proteins are modified by sumoylation and that Lys-42 plays an important role in mediating the modification. In the current study, we further investigated the role of Lys-42 in regulating cellular activities of K-Ras. Inducible expression of K-RasV12 led to the activation of downstream components, including c-RAF, MEK1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), whereas expression of K-RasV12/R42 mutant compromised the activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling axis. Expression of K-RasV12/R42 also led to reduced phosphorylation of several other protein kinases, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Chk2, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Significantly, K-RasV12/R42 expression inhibited cellular migration and invasion in vitro in multiple cell lines, including transformed pancreatic cells. Given that K-Ras plays a crucial role in mediating oncogenesis in the pancreas, we treated transformed pancreatic cells of both BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa-2 with 2-D08, a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E2 inhibitor. Treatment with the compound inhibited cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner, which was correlated with a reduced level of K-Ras sumoylation. Moreover, 2-D08 suppressed expression of ZEB1 (a mesenchymal cell marker) with concomitant induction of ZO-1 (an epithelial cell marker). Combined, our studies strongly suggest that posttranslational modification(s), including sumoylation mediated by Lys-42, plays a crucial role in K-Ras activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Philips
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo Park, New York 10987
| | - Yuan Chen
- City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, and
| | - Lou Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, and
| | - Wei Dai
- From the Department of Environmental Medicine .,the Department of Molecular Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509
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32
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Ahearn I, Zhou M, Philips MR. Posttranslational Modifications of RAS Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031484. [PMID: 29311131 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The three human RAS genes encode four proteins that play central roles in oncogenesis by acting as binary molecular switches that regulate signaling pathways for growth and differentiation. Each is subject to a set of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that modify their activity or are required for membrane targeting. The enzymes that catalyze the various PTMs are potential targets for anti-RAS drug discovery. The PTMs of RAS proteins are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ahearn
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mo Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Mark R Philips
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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33
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Mansour MA. Ubiquitination: Friend and foe in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 101:80-93. [PMID: 29864543 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic modulation and posttranslational modification of proteins are tightly controlled biological processes that occur in response to physiological cues. One such dynamic modulation is ubiquitination, which marks proteins for degradation via the proteasome, altering their localization, affecting their activity, and promoting or interfering with protein interactions. Hence, ubiquitination is crucial for a plethora of physiological processes, including cell survival, differentiation and innate and adaptive immunity. Similar to kinases, components of the ubiquitination system are often deregulated, leading to a variety of diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. In a context-dependent manner, ubiquitination can regulate both tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting pathways in cancer. This review outlines how components of the ubiquitination systems (e.g. E3 ligases and deubiquitinases) act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors according to the nature of their substrates. Furthermore, I interrogate how the current knowledge of the differential roles of ubiquitination in cancer lead to technical advances to inhibit or reactivate the components of the ubiquitination system accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Mansour
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Switchback Road, G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
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34
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Abstract
The cellular response to external stress signals and DNA damage depends on the activity of ubiquitin ligases (E3s), which regulate numerous cellular processes, including homeostasis, metabolism and cell cycle progression. E3s recognize, interact with and ubiquitylate protein substrates in a temporally and spatially regulated manner. The topology of the ubiquitin chains dictates the fate of the substrates, marking them for recognition and degradation by the proteasome or altering their subcellular localization or assembly into functional complexes. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations account for the deregulation of E3s in cancer. Consequently, the stability and/or activity of E3 substrates are also altered, in some cases leading to downregulation of tumour-suppressor activities and upregulation of oncogenic activities. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying E3 regulation and function in tumorigenesis is expected to identify novel prognostic markers and to enable the development of the next generation of anticancer therapies. This Review summarizes the oncogenic and tumour-suppressor roles of selected E3s and highlights novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Senft
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92130, USA
| | - Jianfei Qi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92130, USA
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
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35
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Tebar F, Enrich C, Rentero C, Grewal T. GTPases Rac1 and Ras Signaling from Endosomes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 57:65-105. [PMID: 30097772 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocytic compartment is not only the functional continuity of the plasma membrane but consists of a diverse collection of intracellular heterogeneous complex structures that transport, amplify, sustain, and/or sort signaling molecules. Over the years, it has become evident that early, late, and recycling endosomes represent an interconnected vesicular-tubular network able to form signaling platforms that dynamically and efficiently translate extracellular signals into biological outcome. Cell activation, differentiation, migration, death, and survival are some of the endpoints of endosomal signaling. Hence, to understand the role of the endosomal system in signal transduction in space and time, it is therefore necessary to dissect and identify the plethora of decoders that are operational in the different steps along the endocytic pathway. In this chapter, we focus on the regulation of spatiotemporal signaling in cells, considering endosomes as central platforms, in which several small GTPases proteins of the Ras superfamily, in particular Ras and Rac1, actively participate to control cellular processes like proliferation and cell mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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36
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Choi BH, Chen C, Philips M, Dai W. RAS GTPases are modified by SUMOylation. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4440-4450. [PMID: 29435114 PMCID: PMC5796985 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are GTPases that participate in multiple signal cascades, regulating crucial cellular processes including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and autophagy. Mutations or deregulated activities of RAS are frequently the driving force for oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Given the important roles of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) pathway in controlling the stability, activity, or subcellular localization of key cellular regulators, we investigated here whether RAS proteins are posttranslationally modified (i.e. SUMOylated) by the SUMO pathway. We observed that all three RAS protein isoforms (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) were modified by the SUMO3 protein. SUMOylation of KRAS protein, either endogenous or ectopically expressed, was observed in multiple cell lines. The SUMO3 modification of KRAS proteins could be removed by SUMO1/sentrin-specific peptidase 1 (SENP1) and SENP2, but not by SENP6, indicating that RAS SUMOylation is a reversible process. A conserved residue in RAS, Lys-42, was a site that mediates SUMOylation. Results from biochemical and molecular studies indicated that the SUMO-E3 ligase PIASγ specifically interacts with RAS and promotes its SUMOylation. Moreover, SUMOylation of RAS appeared to be associated with its activation. In summary, our study reveals a new posttranslational modification for RAS proteins. Since we found that HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS can all be SUMOylated, we propose that SUMOylation might represent a mechanism by which RAS activities are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hyeok Choi
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Changyan Chen
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Philips
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Kumari N, Jaynes PW, Saei A, Iyengar PV, Richard JLC, Eichhorn PJA. The roles of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in neoplastic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:456-483. [PMID: 28923280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The initial experiments performed by Rose, Hershko, and Ciechanover describing the identification of a specific degradation signal in short-lived proteins paved the way to the discovery of the ubiquitin mediated regulation of numerous physiological functions required for cellular homeostasis. Since their discovery of ubiquitin and ubiquitin function over 30years ago it has become wholly apparent that ubiquitin and their respective ubiquitin modifying enzymes are key players in tumorigenesis. The human genome encodes approximately 600 putative E3 ligases and 80 deubiquitinating enzymes and in the majority of cases these enzymes exhibit specificity in sustaining either pro-tumorigenic or tumour repressive responses. In this review, we highlight the known oncogenic and tumour suppressive effects of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in cancer relevant pathways with specific focus on PI3K, MAPK, TGFβ, WNT, and YAP pathways. Moreover, we discuss the capacity of targeting DUBs as a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Kumari
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Patrick William Jaynes
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Azad Saei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pieter Johan Adam Eichhorn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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38
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Engin HB, Carlin D, Pratt D, Carter H. Modeling of RAS complexes supports roles in cancer for less studied partners. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2017; 10:5. [PMID: 28815022 PMCID: PMC5558186 DOI: 10.1186/s13628-017-0037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background RAS protein interactions have predominantly been studied in the context of the RAF and PI3kinase oncogenic pathways. Structural modeling and X-ray crystallography have demonstrated that RAS isoforms bind to canonical downstream effector proteins in these pathways using the highly conserved switch I and II regions. Other non-canonical RAS protein interactions have been experimentally identified, however it is not clear whether these proteins also interact with RAS via the switch regions. Results To address this question we constructed a RAS isoform-specific protein-protein interaction network and predicted 3D complexes involving RAS isoforms and interaction partners to identify the most probable interaction interfaces. The resulting models correctly captured the binding interfaces for well-studied effectors, and additionally implicated residues in the allosteric and hyper-variable regions of RAS proteins as the predominant binding site for non-canonical effectors. Several partners binding to this new interface (SRC, LGALS1, RABGEF1, CALM and RARRES3) have been implicated as important regulators of oncogenic RAS signaling. We further used these models to investigate competitive binding and multi-protein complexes compatible with RAS surface occupancy and the putative effects of somatic mutations on RAS protein interactions. Conclusions We discuss our findings in the context of RAS localization to the plasma membrane versus within the cytoplasm and provide a list of RAS protein interactions with possible cancer-related consequences, which could help guide future therapeutic strategies to target RAS proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13628-017-0037-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Billur Engin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Universsity of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Daniel Carlin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Universsity of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Dexter Pratt
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Universsity of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Hannah Carter
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Universsity of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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Szymanska E, Budick-Harmelin N, Miaczynska M. Endosomal "sort" of signaling control: The role of ESCRT machinery in regulation of receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 74:11-20. [PMID: 28797837 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) machinery consists of four protein assemblies (ESCRT-0 to -III subcomplexes) which mediate various processes of membrane remodeling in the cell. In the endocytic pathway, ESCRTs sort cargo destined for degradation into intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of endosomes. Cargos targeted by ESCRTs include various signaling molecules, mainly internalized cell-surface receptors but also some cytosolic proteins. It is therefore expected that aberrant trafficking caused by ESCRT dysfunction affects different signaling pathways. Here we review how perturbation of ESCRT activity alters intracellular transport of membrane receptors, causing their accumulation on endocytic compartments, decreased degradation and/or altered recycling to the plasma membrane. We further describe how perturbed trafficking of receptors impacts the activity of their downstream signaling pathways, with or without changes in transcriptional responses. Finally, we present evidence that ESCRT components can also control activity and intracellular distribution of cytosolic signaling proteins (kinases, other effectors and soluble receptors). The underlying mechanisms involve sequestration of such proteins in ILVs, their sorting for degradation or towards non-lysosomal destinations, and regulating their availability in various cellular compartments. All these ESCRT-mediated processes can modulate final outputs of multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Szymanska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Noga Budick-Harmelin
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland; Cell Research and Immunology Department, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Marta Miaczynska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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40
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A simple toolset to identify endogenous post-translational modifications for a target protein: a snapshot of the EGFR signaling pathway. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170919. [PMID: 28724604 PMCID: PMC6192658 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of a novel post-translational modification (PTM) for a target protein, defining its physiologic role, and studying its potential crosstalk with other PTMs is a challenging process. A set of highly sensitive tools termed Signal-Seeker kits was developed, which enables rapid and simple detection of post-translational modifications on any target protein. The methodology for these tools utilizes affinity purification of modified proteins from a cell or tissue lysate and immunoblot analysis. These tools utilize a single lysis system that is effective at identifying endogenous, dynamic PTM changes, as well as the potential crosstalk between PTMs. As a proof-of-concept experiment, the acetylation, tyrosine phosphorylation, SUMOylation 2/3, and ubiquitination profiles of the EGFR - Ras - c-Fos axis were examined in response to EGF stimulation. All 10 previously identified PTMs of this signaling axis were confirmed using these tools, and it also identified acetylation as a novel modification of c-Fos. This axis in the EGF/EGFR signaling pathway was chosen because it is a well-established signaling pathway with proteins localized in the membrane, cytoplasmic, and nuclear compartments that ranged in abundance from 4.18x108 (EGFR) to 1.35x104 (c-Fos) molecules per A431 cell. These tools enabled the identification of low abundance PTMs, such as c-Fos Ac, at 17 molecules per cell. These studies highlight how pervasive PTMs are, and how stimulants like EGF induce multiple PTM changes on downstream signaling axis. Identification of endogenous changes and potential crosstalk between multiple PTMs for a target protein or signaling axis will provide regulatory mechanistic insight to investigators.
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41
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The spatiotemporal regulation of RAS signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1517-1522. [PMID: 27911734 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 30% of human tumours harbour mutations in RAS family members. Post-translational modifications and the localisation of RAS within subcellular compartments affect RAS interactions with regulator, effector and scaffolding proteins. New insights into the control of spatiotemporal RAS signalling reveal that activation kinetics and subcellular compartmentalisation are tightly coupled to the generation of specific biological outcomes. Computational modelling can help utilising these insights for the identification of new targets and design of new therapeutic approaches.
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42
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Belletti B, Fabris L, Baldassarre G. p27kip1: An all-round tumor suppressor. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 3:e1141742. [PMID: 28203637 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1141742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study has uncovered an additional mechanism by which the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1 controls cell proliferation. Through its effect on the activity of the microtubule destabilizing protein Stathmin, p27kip1 modulates full H-Ras activation and, as a consequence, the MAPK signaling cascade. This regulatory mechanism influences the cell cycle in vitro and tissue and/or organ growth in mice, in vivo and, when unbalanced, may lead to uncontrolled proliferation and tumor onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Belletti
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute , Aviano, Italy
| | - Linda Fabris
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute , Aviano, Italy
| | - Gustavo Baldassarre
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute , Aviano, Italy
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43
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Rabex-5 is a lenalidomide target molecule that negatively regulates TLR-induced type 1 IFN production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10625-30. [PMID: 27601648 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611751113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are a family of compounds derived from thalidomide. Binding of the IMiD molecule to the Lon protease Cereblon initiates the degradation of substrates via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Here, we show that Cereblon forms a complex with Rabex-5, a regulator of immune homeostasis. Treatment with lenalidomide prevented the association of Cereblon with Rabex-5. Conversely, mutation of the IMiD binding site increased Cereblon-Rabex-5 coimmunoprecipitation. The thalidomide binding region of Cereblon therefore regulates the formation of this complex. Knockdown of Rabex-5 in the THP-1 macrophage cell line up-regulated Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced cytokine and type 1 IFN production via a STAT1/IRF activating pathway. Thus, we identify Rabex-5 as a IMiD target molecule that functions to restrain TLR activated auto-immune promoting pathways. We propose that release of Rabex-5 from complex with Cereblon enables the suppression of immune responses, contributing to the antiinflammatory properties of IMiDs.
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44
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Baldassarre G, Belletti B. Meet me in the cytoplasm: A role for p27(Kip1) in the control of H-Ras. Small GTPases 2016; 7:71-5. [PMID: 27057815 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1171279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases of the Ras family play a pivotal role in the regulation of cell proliferation and motility, both in normal and transformed cells. In particular, the 3 genes encoding for the N-, H- and K-Ras are frequently mutated in human cancer and their inappropriate regulation, expression and subcellular localization can drive tumor onset and progression. Activation of the Ras-MAPK pathway directly signals on the cell cycle machinery by regulating the expression and/or localization of 2 key cell cycle player, Cyclin D1 and p27(Kip1). We recently reported that in normal fibroblasts, following mitogenic stimuli, p27(Kip1) translocates to the cytoplasm where it regulates H-Ras localization and activity. This regulatory mechanism ensures that cells pass beyond the restriction point of the cell cycle only when the proper level of stimulation is reached. Here, we comment on this new evidence that possibly represents one of the ways that cells have developed during evolution to ensure that the cell decision to divide is taken only when time and context are appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Baldassarre
- a Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, C.R.O. Aviano IRCCS, National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Barbara Belletti
- a Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Department of Translational Research, C.R.O. Aviano IRCCS, National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
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45
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Baietti MF, Simicek M, Abbasi Asbagh L, Radaelli E, Lievens S, Crowther J, Steklov M, Aushev VN, Martínez García D, Tavernier J, Sablina AA. OTUB1 triggers lung cancer development by inhibiting RAS monoubiquitination. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:288-303. [PMID: 26881969 PMCID: PMC4772950 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the RAS oncogenic pathway, frequently ensuing from mutations in RAS genes, is a common event in human cancer. Recent reports demonstrate that reversible ubiquitination of RAS GTPases dramatically affects their activity, suggesting that enzymes involved in regulating RAS ubiquitination may contribute to malignant transformation. Here, we identified the de-ubiquitinase OTUB1 as a negative regulator of RAS mono- and di-ubiquitination. OTUB1 inhibits RAS ubiquitination independently of its catalytic activity resulting in sequestration of RAS on the plasma membrane. OTUB1 promotes RAS activation and tumorigenesis in wild-type RAS cells. An increase of OTUB1 expression is commonly observed in non-small-cell lung carcinomas harboring wild-type KRAS and is associated with increased levels of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, high Ki67 score, and poorer patient survival. Our results strongly indicate that dysregulation of RAS ubiquitination represents an alternative mechanism of RAS activation during lung cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Baietti
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michal Simicek
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Layka Abbasi Asbagh
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Lievens
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Crowther
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Steklov
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vasily N Aushev
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - David Martínez García
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Anna A Sablina
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Tam SY, Lilla JN, Chen CC, Kalesnikoff J, Tsai M. RabGEF1/Rabex-5 Regulates TrkA-Mediated Neurite Outgrowth and NMDA-Induced Signaling Activation in NGF-Differentiated PC12 Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142935. [PMID: 26588713 PMCID: PMC4654474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) binds to its cognate receptor TrkA and induces neuronal differentiation by activating distinct downstream signal transduction events. RabGEF1 (also known as Rabex-5) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab5, which regulates early endosome fusion and vesicular trafficking in endocytic pathways. Here, we used the antisense (AS) expression approach to induce an NGF-dependent sustained knockdown of RabGEF1 protein expression in stable PC12 transfectants. We show that RabGEF1 is a negative regulator of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and modulates other cellular and signaling processes that are activated by the interaction of NGF with TrkA receptors, such as cell cycle progression, cessation of proliferation, and activation of NGF-mediated downstream signaling responses. Moreover, RabGEF1 can bind to Rac1, and the activation of Rac1 upon NGF treatment is significantly enhanced in AS transfectants, suggesting that RabGEF1 is a negative regulator of NGF-induced Rac1 activation in PC12 cells. Furthermore, we show that RabGEF1 can also interact with NMDA receptors by binding to the NR2B subunit and its associated binding partner SynGAP, and negatively regulates activation of nitric oxide synthase activity induced by NMDA receptor stimulation in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. Our data suggest that RabGEF1 is a negative regulator of TrkA-dependent neuronal differentiation and of NMDA receptor-mediated signaling activation in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- See-Ying Tam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer N. Lilla
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ching-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Janet Kalesnikoff
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Reimels TA, Pfleger CM. Drosophila Rabex-5 restricts Notch activity in hematopoietic cells and maintains hematopoietic homeostasis. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4512-25. [PMID: 26567216 PMCID: PMC4696494 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.174433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic homeostasis requires the maintenance of a reservoir of undifferentiated blood cell progenitors and the ability to replace or expand differentiated blood cell lineages when necessary. Multiple signaling pathways function in these processes, but how their spatiotemporal control is established and their activity is coordinated in the context of the entire hematopoietic network are still poorly understood. We report here that loss of the gene Rabex-5 in Drosophila causes several hematopoietic abnormalities, including blood cell (hemocyte) overproliferation, increased size of the hematopoietic organ (the lymph gland), lamellocyte differentiation and melanotic mass formation. Hemocyte-specific Rabex-5 knockdown was sufficient to increase hemocyte populations, increase lymph gland size and induce melanotic masses. Rabex-5 negatively regulates Ras, and we show that Ras activity is responsible for specific Rabex-5 hematopoietic phenotypes. Surprisingly, Ras-independent Notch protein accumulation and transcriptional activity in the lymph gland underlie multiple distinct hematopoietic phenotypes of Rabex-5 loss. Thus, Rabex-5 plays an important role in Drosophila hematopoiesis and might serve as an axis coordinating Ras and Notch signaling in the lymph gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Reimels
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Cathie M Pfleger
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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48
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p27kip1 controls H-Ras/MAPK activation and cell cycle entry via modulation of MT stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13916-21. [PMID: 26512117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508514112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27(kip1) is a critical regulator of the G1/S-phase transition of the cell cycle and also regulates microtubule (MT) stability. This latter function is exerted by modulating the activity of stathmin, an MT-destabilizing protein, and by direct binding to MTs. We recently demonstrated that increased proliferation in p27(kip1)-null mice is reverted by concomitant deletion of stathmin in p27(kip1)/stathmin double-KO mice, suggesting that a CDK-independent function of p27(kip1) contributes to the control of cell proliferation. Whether the regulation of MT stability by p27(kip1) impinges on signaling pathway activation and contributes to the decision to enter the cell cycle is largely unknown. Here, we report that faster cell cycle entry of p27(kip1)-null cells was impaired by the concomitant deletion of stathmin. Using gene expression profiling coupled with bioinformatic analyses, we show that p27(kip1) and stathmin conjunctly control activation of the MAPK pathway. From a molecular point of view, we observed that p27(kip1), by controlling MT stability, impinges on H-Ras trafficking and ubiquitination levels, eventually restraining its full activation. Our study identifies a regulatory axis controlling the G1/S-phase transition, relying on the regulation of MT stability by p27(kip1) and finely controlling the spatiotemporal activation of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway.
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Ting PY, Johnson CW, Fang C, Cao X, Graeber TG, Mattos C, Colicelli J. Tyrosine phosphorylation of RAS by ABL allosterically enhances effector binding. FASEB J 2015; 29:3750-61. [PMID: 25999467 PMCID: PMC4550377 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins are signal transduction gatekeepers that mediate cell growth, survival, and differentiation through interactions with multiple effector proteins. The RAS effector RAS- and RAB-interacting protein 1 (RIN1) activates its own downstream effectors, the small GTPase RAB5 and the tyrosine kinase Abelson tyrosine-protein kinase (ABL), to modulate endocytosis and cytoskeleton remodeling. To identify ABL substrates downstream of RAS-to-RIN1 signaling, we examined human HEK293T cells overexpressing components of this pathway. Proteomic analysis revealed several novel phosphotyrosine peptides, including Harvey rat sarcoma oncogene (HRAS)-pTyr(137). Here we report that ABL phosphorylates tyrosine 137 of H-, K-, and NRAS. Increased RIN1 levels enhanced HRAS-Tyr(137) phosphorylation by nearly 5-fold, suggesting that RAS-stimulated RIN1 can drive ABL-mediated RAS modification in a feedback circuit. Tyr(137) is well conserved among RAS orthologs and is part of a transprotein H-bond network. Crystal structures of HRAS(Y137F) and HRAS(Y137E) revealed conformation changes radiating from the mutated residue. Although consistent with Tyr(137) participation in allosteric control of HRAS function, the mutations did not alter intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rates in vitro. HRAS-Tyr(137) phosphorylation enhanced HRAS signaling capacity in cells, however, as reflected by a 4-fold increase in the association of phosphorylated HRAS(G12V) with its effector protein RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase 1 (RAF1). These data suggest that RAS phosphorylation at Tyr(137) allosterically alters protein conformation and effector binding, providing a mechanism for effector-initiated modulation of RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Colicelli
- Correspondence: University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951737, 350C BSRB, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1737, USA. E-mail:
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50
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Nakagawa T, Nakayama K. Protein monoubiquitylation: targets and diverse functions. Genes Cells 2015; 20:543-62. [PMID: 26085183 PMCID: PMC4744734 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a 76-amino acid protein whose conjugation to protein targets is a form of post-translational modification. Protein ubiquitylation is characterized by the covalent attachment of the COOH-terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin to an amino group of the substrate protein. Given that the NH2 -terminal amino group is usually masked, internal lysine residues are most often targeted for ubiquitylation. Polyubiquitylation refers to the formation of a polyubiquitin chain on the substrate as a result of the ubiquitylation of conjugated ubiquitin. The structures of such polyubiquitin chains depend on the specific lysine residues of ubiquitin targeted for ubiquitylation. Most of the polyubiquitin chains other than those linked via lysine-63 and methionine-1 of ubiquitin are recognized by the proteasome and serve as a trigger for substrate degradation. In contrast, polyubiquitin chains linked via lysine-63 and methionine-1 serve as a binding platform for proteins that function in immune signal transduction or DNA repair. With the exception of a few targets such as histones, the functions of protein monoubiquitylation have remained less clear. However, recent proteomics analysis has shown that monoubiquitylation occurs more frequently than polyubiquitylation, and studies are beginning to provide insight into its biologically important functions. Here, we summarize recent findings on protein monoubiquitylation to provide an overview of the targets and molecular functions of this modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
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