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Pei Y, Xue Q, Shu P, Xu W, Du X, Wu M, Liu K, Pirrello J, Bouzayen M, Hong Y, Liu M. Bifunctional transcription factors SlERF.H5 and H7 activate cell wall and repress gibberellin biosynthesis genes in tomato via a conserved motif. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1345-1359.e6. [PMID: 38579721 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a dynamic structure that plays an essential role in development, but the mechanism regulating cell wall formation remains poorly understood. We demonstrate that two transcription factors, SlERF.H5 and SlERF.H7, control cell wall formation and tomato fruit firmness in an additive manner. Knockout of SlERF.H5, SlERF.H7, or both genes decreased cell wall thickness, firmness, and cellulose contents in fruits during early development, especially in double-knockout lines. Overexpressing either gene resulted in thicker cell walls and greater fruit firmness with elevated cellulose levels in fruits but severely dwarf plants with lower gibberellin contents. We further identified that SlERF.H5 and SlERF.H7 activate the cellulose biosynthesis gene SlCESA3 but repress the gibberellin biosynthesis gene GA20ox1. Moreover, we identified a conserved LPL motif in these ERFs responsible for their activities as transcriptional activators and repressors, providing insight into how bifunctional transcription factors modulate distinct developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Qihan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Weijie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofei Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Julien Pirrello
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Yiguo Hong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, UK; State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China.
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Mollier C, Skrzydeł J, Borowska-Wykręt D, Majda M, Bayle V, Battu V, Totozafy JC, Dulski M, Fruleux A, Wrzalik R, Mouille G, Smith RS, Monéger F, Kwiatkowska D, Boudaoud A. Spatial consistency of cell growth direction during organ morphogenesis requires CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112689. [PMID: 37352099 PMCID: PMC10391631 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrices contain fibril-like polymers often organized in parallel arrays. Although their role in morphogenesis has been long recognized, it remains unclear how the subcellular control of fibril synthesis translates into organ shape. We address this question using the Arabidopsis sepal as a model organ. In plants, cell growth is restrained by the cell wall (extracellular matrix). Cellulose microfibrils are the main load-bearing wall component, thought to channel growth perpendicularly to their main orientation. Given the key function of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 (CSI1) in guidance of cellulose synthesis, we investigate the role of CSI1 in sepal morphogenesis. We observe that sepals from csi1 mutants are shorter, although their newest cellulose microfibrils are more aligned compared to wild-type. Surprisingly, cell growth anisotropy is similar in csi1 and wild-type plants. We resolve this apparent paradox by showing that CSI1 is required for spatial consistency of growth direction across the sepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Mollier
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Joanna Skrzydeł
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Borowska-Wykręt
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Majda
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Battu
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Chrisologue Totozafy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Antoine Fruleux
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France; LPTMS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Roman Wrzalik
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Françoise Monéger
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France; LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zou S, Liu Z, Huang H, Feng C. Genome-wide analysis of the cellulose toolbox of Primulina eburnea, a calcium-rich vegetable. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:259. [PMID: 37189063 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human-guided crop domestication has lasted for more than 10,000 years. In terms of the domestication and breeding of vegetables, cellulose content in edible tissues is one of the most important traits. Primulina eburnea is a recently developed calcium-rich vegetable with a high soluble and bioavailable calcium content in its leaves. However, the high cellulose content in the leaves hampers the taste, and no research has been reported on the genetic basis of cellulose biosynthesis in this calcium-rich vegetable. RESULTS We identified 36 cellulose biosynthesis-involved genes belonging to eight gene families in the P. eburnea genome. The cellulose accumulated decreasingly throughout leaf development. Nineteen genes were considered core genes in cellulose biosynthesis, which were highly expressed in buds but lowly expressed in mature leaves. In the nitrogen fertilization experiment, exogenous nitrogen decreased the cellulose content in the buds. The expressing pattern of 14 genes were consistent with phenotypic variation in the nitrogen fertilization experiment, and thus they were proposed as cellulose toolbox genes. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a strong basis for the subsequent functional research of cellulose biosynthesis-involved genes in P. eburnea, and provides a reference for breeding and/or engineering this calcium-rich vegetable with decreased leaf cellulose content to improve the taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuaiyu Zou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ziwei Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongwen Huang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China.
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Chen Feng
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China.
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4
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Yu L, Yoshimi Y, Cresswell R, Wightman R, Lyczakowski JJ, Wilson LFL, Ishida K, Stott K, Yu X, Charalambous S, Wurman-Rodrich J, Terrett OM, Brown SP, Dupree R, Temple H, Krogh KBRM, Dupree P. Eudicot primary cell wall glucomannan is related in synthesis, structure, and function to xyloglucan. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4600-4622. [PMID: 35929080 PMCID: PMC9614514 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulose polysaccharides influence assembly and properties of the plant primary cell wall (PCW), perhaps by interacting with cellulose to affect the deposition and bundling of cellulose fibrils. However, the functional differences between plant cell wall hemicelluloses such as glucomannan, xylan, and xyloglucan (XyG) remain unclear. As the most abundant hemicellulose, XyG is considered important in eudicot PCWs, but plants devoid of XyG show relatively mild phenotypes. We report here that a patterned β-galactoglucomannan (β-GGM) is widespread in eudicot PCWs and shows remarkable similarities to XyG. The sugar linkages forming the backbone and side chains of β-GGM are analogous to those that make up XyG, and moreover, these linkages are formed by glycosyltransferases from the same CAZy families. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that β-GGM shows low mobility in the cell wall, consistent with interaction with cellulose. Although Arabidopsis β-GGM synthesis mutants show no obvious growth defects, genetic crosses between β-GGM and XyG mutants produce exacerbated phenotypes compared with XyG mutants. These findings demonstrate a related role of these two similar but distinct classes of hemicelluloses in PCWs. This work opens avenues to study the roles of β-GGM and XyG in PCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Raymond Wightman
- Microscopy Core Facility, Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | | | | | - Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Katherine Stott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Stephan Charalambous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Oliver M Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Henry Temple
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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Varapparambath V, Mathew MM, Shanmukhan AP, Radhakrishnan D, Kareem A, Verma S, Ramalho JJ, Manoj B, Vellandath AR, Aiyaz M, Radha RK, Landge AN, Mähönen AP, Heisler MG, Weijers D, Prasad K. Mechanical conflict caused by a cell-wall-loosening enzyme activates de novo shoot regeneration. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2063-2080.e10. [PMID: 36002002 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity is a hallmark of multicellular organisms. During shoot regeneration from undifferentiated callus, only a select few cells, called progenitors, develop into shoot. How these cells are selected and what governs their subsequent progression to a patterned organ system is unknown. Using Arabidopsis thaliana, we show that it is not just the abundance of stem cell regulators but rather the localization pattern of polarity proteins that predicts the progenitor's fate. A shoot-promoting factor, CUC2, activated the expression of the cell-wall-loosening enzyme, XTH9, solely in a shell of cells surrounding the progenitor, causing different mechanical stresses in these cells. This mechanical conflict then activates cell polarity in progenitors to promote meristem formation. Interestingly, genetic or physical perturbations to cells surrounding the progenitor impaired the progenitor and vice versa. These suggest a feedback loop between progenitors and their neighbors for shoot regeneration in the absence of tissue-patterning cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijina Varapparambath
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, India; IISER-Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Mabel Maria Mathew
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, India; IISER-Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
| | - Anju Pallipurath Shanmukhan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, India; IISER-Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Abdul Kareem
- IISER-Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Shubham Verma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, India
| | - João Jacob Ramalho
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bejoy Manoj
- IISER-Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Mohammed Aiyaz
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, India; IISER-Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | | | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcus G Heisler
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kalika Prasad
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, India; IISER-Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
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6
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Yin X. Phyllotaxis: from classical knowledge to molecular genetics. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:373-401. [PMID: 33550488 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant organs are repetitively generated at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) in recognizable patterns. This phenomenon, known as phyllotaxis, has long fascinated scientists from different disciplines. While we have an enriched body of knowledge on phyllotactic patterns, parameters, and transitions, only in the past 20 years, however, have we started to identify genes and elucidate genetic pathways that involved in phyllotaxis. In this review, I first summarize the classical knowledge of phyllotaxis from a morphological perspective. I then discuss recent advances in the regulation of phyllotaxis, from a molecular genetics perspective. I show that the morphological beauty of phyllotaxis we appreciate is the manifestation of many regulators, in addition to the critical role of auxin as a patterning signal, exerting their respective effects in a coordinated fashion either directly or indirectly in the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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Chakraborty J, Luo J, Dyson RJ. Lockhart with a twist: Modelling cellulose microfibril deposition and reorientation reveals twisting plant cell growth mechanisms. J Theor Biol 2021; 525:110736. [PMID: 33915144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant morphology emerges from cellular growth and structure. The turgor-driven diffuse growth of a cell can be highly anisotropic: significant longitudinally and negligible radially. Such anisotropy is ensured by cellulose microfibrils (CMF) reinforcing the cell wall in the hoop direction. To maintain the cell's integrity during growth, new wall material including CMF must be continually deposited. We develop a mathematical model representing the cell as a cylindrical pressure vessel and the cell wall as a fibre-reinforced viscous sheet, explicitly including the mechano-sensitive angle of CMF deposition. The model incorporates interactions between turgor, external forces, CMF reorientation during wall extension, and matrix stiffening. Using the model, we reinterpret some recent experimental findings, and reexamine the popular hypothesis of CMF/microtubule alignment. We explore how the handedness of twisting cell growth depends on external torque and intrinsic wall properties, and find that cells twist left-handedly 'by default' in some suitable sense. Overall, this study provides a unified mechanical framework for understanding left- and right-handed twist-growth as seen in many plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevanjyoti Chakraborty
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Jingxi Luo
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Rosemary J Dyson
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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8
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Subcellular coordination of plant cell wall synthesis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:933-948. [PMID: 33761322 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Organelles of the plant cell cooperate to synthesize and secrete a strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based extracellular matrix: the cell wall. Cell wall composition varies among plant species, across cell types within a plant, within different regions of a single cell wall, and in response to intrinsic or extrinsic signals. This diversity in cell wall makeup is underpinned by common cellular mechanisms for cell wall production. Cellulose synthase complexes function at the plasma membrane and deposit their product into the cell wall. Matrix polysaccharides are synthesized by a multitude of glycosyltransferases in hundreds of mobile Golgi stacks, and an extensive set of vesicle trafficking proteins govern secretion to the cell wall. In this review, we discuss the different subcellular locations at which cell wall synthesis occurs, review the molecular mechanisms that control cell wall biosynthesis, and examine how these are regulated in response to different perturbations to maintain cell wall homeostasis.
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9
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Yang Q, Wan X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang T, Yang C, Ye Z. The loss of function of HEL, which encodes a cellulose synthase interactive protein, causes helical and vine-like growth of tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:180. [PMID: 33328443 PMCID: PMC7603515 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Helical growth is an economical way for plant to obtain resources. The classic microtubule-microfibril alignment model of Arabidopsis helical growth involves restriction of the appropriate orientation of cellulose microfibrils appropriately in the cell walls. However, the molecular mechanism underlying tomato helical growth remains unknown. Here, we identified a spontaneous tomato helical (hel) mutant with right-handed helical cotyledons and petals but left-handed helical stems and true leaves. Genetic analysis revealed that the hel phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using map-based cloning, we cloned the HEL gene, which encodes a cellulose interacting protein homologous to CSI1 of Arabidopsis. We identified a 27 bp fragment replacement that generated a premature stop codon. Transgenic experiments showed that the helical growth phenotype could be restored by the allele of this gene from wild-type Pyriforme. In contrast, the knockout mutation of HEL in Pyriforme via CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in helical growth. These findings shed light on the molecular control of the helical growth of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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10
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Bünder A, Sundman O, Mahboubi A, Persson S, Mansfield SD, Rüggeberg M, Niittylä T. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTING 1 is required for wood mechanics and leaf morphology in aspen. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1858-1868. [PMID: 32526794 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils synthesized by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE COMPLEXES (CSCs) are the main load-bearing polymers in wood. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTING1 (CSI1) connects CSCs with cortical microtubules, which align with cellulose microfibrils. Mechanical properties of wood are dependent on cellulose microfibril alignment and structure in the cell walls, but the molecular mechanism(s) defining these features is unknown. Herein, we investigated the role of CSI1 in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) by characterizing transgenic lines with significantly reduced CSI1 transcript abundance. Reduction in leaves (50-80%) caused leaf twisting and misshaped pavement cells, while reduction (70-90%) in developing xylem led to impaired mechanical wood properties evident as a decrease in the elastic modulus and rupture. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that microfibril angle was not impacted by the altered CSI1 abundance in developing wood fibres. Instead, the augmented wood phenotype of the transgenic trees was associated with a reduced cellulose degree of polymerization. These findings establish a function for CSI1 in wood mechanics and in defining leaf cell shape. Furthermore, the results imply that the microfibril angle in wood is defined by CSI1 independent mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bünder
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE 901 83, Sweden
| | - Ola Sundman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, SE 901 87, Sweden
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, SE 901 83, Sweden
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Institute for Building Materials, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology (Empa), Dubendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE 901 83, Sweden
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11
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Liu Z, Giehl RFH, Hartmann A, Hajirezaei MR, Carpentier S, von Wirén N. Seminal and Nodal Roots of Barley Differ in Anatomy, Proteome and Nitrate Uptake Capacity. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1297-1308. [PMID: 32379871 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The root system of barley plants is composed of embryogenic, seminal roots as well as lateral and nodal roots that are formed postembryonically from seminal roots and from the basal part of shoots, respectively. Due to their distinct developmental origin, seminal and nodal roots may differ in function during plant development; however, a clear comparison between these two root types has not yet been undertaken. In this study, anatomical, proteomic and physiological traits were compared between seminal and nodal roots of similar developmental stages. Nodal roots have larger diameter, larger metaxylem area and a larger number of metaxylem vessels than seminal roots. Proteome profiling uncovered a set of root-type-specific proteins, including proteins related to the cell wall and cytoskeleton organization, which could potentially be implicated with differential metaxylem development. We also found that nodal roots have higher levels of auxin, which is known to trigger metaxylem development. At millimolar nitrate supply, nodal roots had approximately 2-fold higher nitrate uptake and root-to-shoot translocation capacities than seminal roots, whereas no differences were found at micromolar nitrate supply. Since these marked differences were not reflected by the transcript levels of low-affinity nitrate transporter genes, we hypothesize that the larger metaxylem volume of nodal roots enhances predominantly the low-affinity uptake and translocation capacities of nutrients that are transported with the bulk flow of water, like nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Liu
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ricardo Fabiano Hettwer Giehl
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Anja Hartmann
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Hajirezaei
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Proteomics Core Facility, SYBIOMA, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49, Bus 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Box 2455, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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12
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Buschmann H, Borchers A. Handedness in plant cell expansion: a mutant perspective on helical growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:53-69. [PMID: 31254400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many plant mutants are known that exhibit some degree of helical growth. This 'twisted' phenotype has arisen frequently in mutant screens of model organisms, but it is also found in cultivars of ornamental plants, including trees. The phenomenon, in many cases, is based on defects in cell expansion symmetry. Any complete model which explains the anisotropy of plant cell growth must ultimately explain how helical cell expansion comes into existence - and how it is normally avoided. While the mutations observed in model plants mainly point to the microtubule system, additional affected components involve cell wall functions, auxin transport and more. Evaluation of published data suggests a two-way mechanism underlying the helical growth phenomenon: there is, apparently, a microtubular component that determines handedness, but there is also an influence arising in the cell wall that feeds back into the cytoplasm and affects cellular handedness. This idea is supported by recent reports demonstrating the involvement of the cell wall integrity pathway. In addition, there is mounting evidence that calcium is an important relayer of signals relating to the symmetry of cell expansion. These concepts suggest experimental approaches to untangle the phenomenon of helical cell expansion in plant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Buschmann
- Botanical Institute, Biology and Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Agnes Borchers
- Botanical Institute, Biology and Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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13
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Verger S, Liu M, Hamant O. Mechanical Conflicts in Twisting Growth Revealed by Cell-Cell Adhesion Defects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:173. [PMID: 30858857 PMCID: PMC6397936 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many plants grow organs and tissues with twisted shapes. Arabidopsis mutants with impaired microtubule dynamics exhibit such a phenotype constitutively. Although the activity of the corresponding microtubule regulators is better understood at the molecular level, how large-scale twisting can emerge in the mutants remains largely unknown. Classically, oblique cortical microtubules would constrain the deposition of cellulose microfibrils in cells, and such conflicts at the cell level would be relaxed at the tissue scale by supracellular torsion. This model implicitly assumes that cell-cell adhesion is a key step to transpose local mechanical conflicts into a macroscopic twisting phenotype. Here we tested this prediction using the quasimodo1 mutant, which displays cell-cell adhesion defects. Using the spriral2/tortifolia1 mutant with hypocotyl helical growth, we found that qua1-induced cell-cell adhesion defects restore straight growth in qua1-1 spr2-2. Detached cells in qua1-1 spr2-2 displayed helical growth, confirming that straight growth results from the lack of mechanical coupling between cells rather than a restoration of SPR2 activity in the qua1 mutant. Because adhesion defects in qua1 depend on tension in the outer wall, we also showed that hypocotyl twisting in qua1-1 spr2-2 could be restored when decreasing the matrix potential of the growth medium, i.e., by reducing the magnitude of the pulling force between adjacent cells, in the double mutant. Interestingly, the induction of straight growth in qua1-1 spr2-2 could be achieved beyond hypocotyls, as leaves also displayed a flat phenotype in the double mutant. Altogether, these results provide formal experimental support for a scenario in which twisted growth in spr2 mutant would result from the relaxation of local mechanical conflicts between adjacent cells via global organ torsion.
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14
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Jackson MDB, Duran-Nebreda S, Kierzkowski D, Strauss S, Xu H, Landrein B, Hamant O, Smith RS, Johnston IG, Bassel GW. Global Topological Order Emerges through Local Mechanical Control of Cell Divisions in the Arabidopsis Shoot Apical Meristem. Cell Syst 2019; 8:53-65.e3. [PMID: 30660611 PMCID: PMC6345583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The control of cell position and division act in concert to dictate multicellular organization in tissues and organs. How these processes shape global order and molecular movement across organs is an outstanding problem in biology. Using live 3D imaging and computational analyses, we extracted networks capturing cellular connectivity dynamics across the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem (SAM) and topologically analyzed the local and global properties of cellular architecture. Locally generated cell division rules lead to the emergence of global tissue-scale organization of the SAM, facilitating robust global communication. Cells that lie upon more shorter paths have an increased propensity to divide, with division plane placement acting to limit the number of shortest paths their daughter cells lie upon. Cell shape heterogeneity and global cellular organization requires KATANIN, providing a multiscale link between cell geometry, mechanical cell-cell interactions, and global tissue order.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Plant Science Research Institute, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Soeren Strauss
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benoit Landrein
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Iain G Johnston
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - George W Bassel
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Stanislas T, Platre MP, Liu M, Rambaud-Lavigne LES, Jaillais Y, Hamant O. A phosphoinositide map at the shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Biol 2018; 16:20. [PMID: 29415713 PMCID: PMC5803925 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) has two main functions, involving the production of all aerial organs on the one hand and self-maintenance on the other, allowing the production of organs during the entire post-embryonic life of the plant. Transcription factors, microRNA, hormones, peptides and forces have been involved in meristem function. Whereas phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) have been involved in almost all biological functions, including stem cell maintenance and organogenesis in animals, the processes in meristem biology to which PIPs contribute still need to be delineated. RESULTS Using biosensors for PI4P and PI(4,5)P2, the two most abundant PIPs at the plasma membrane, we reveal that meristem functions are associated with a stereotypical PIP tissue-scale pattern, with PI(4,5)P2 always displaying a more clear-cut pattern than PI4P. Using clavata3 and pin-formed1 mutants, we show that stem cell maintenance is associated with reduced levels of PIPs. In contrast, high PIP levels are signatures for organ-meristem boundaries. Interestingly, this pattern echoes that of cortical microtubules and stress anisotropy at the meristem. Using ablations and pharmacological approaches, we further show that PIP levels can be increased when the tensile stress pattern is altered. Conversely, we find that katanin mutant meristems, with increased isotropy of microtubule arrays and slower response to mechanical perturbations, exhibit reduced PIP gradients within the SAM. Comparable PIP pattern defects were observed in phospholipase A3β overexpressor lines, which largely phenocopy katanin mutants at the whole plant level. CONCLUSIONS Using phospholipid biosensors, we identified a stereotypical PIP accumulation pattern in the SAM that negatively correlates with stem cell maintenance and positively correlates with organ-boundary establishment. While other cues are very likely to contribute to the final PIP pattern, we provide evidence that the patterns of PIP, cortical microtubules and mechanical stress are positively correlated, suggesting that the PIP pattern, and its reproducibility, relies at least in part on the mechanical status of the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stanislas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Mengying Liu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Léa E S Rambaud-Lavigne
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
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16
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Fal K, Liu M, Duisembekova A, Refahi Y, Haswell ES, Hamant O. Phyllotactic regularity requires the Paf1 complex in Arabidopsis. Development 2017; 144:4428-4436. [PMID: 28982682 PMCID: PMC5769633 DOI: 10.1242/dev.154369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In plants, aerial organs are initiated at stereotyped intervals, both spatially (every 137° in a pattern called phyllotaxis) and temporally (at prescribed time intervals called plastochrons). To investigate the molecular basis of such regularity, mutants with altered architecture have been isolated. However, most of them only exhibit plastochron defects and/or produce a new, albeit equally reproducible, phyllotactic pattern. This leaves open the question of a molecular control of phyllotaxis regularity. Here, we show that phyllotaxis regularity depends on the function of VIP proteins, components of the RNA polymerase II-associated factor 1 complex (Paf1c). Divergence angles between successive organs along the stem exhibited increased variance in vip3-1 and vip3-2 compared with the wild type, in two different growth conditions. Similar results were obtained with the weak vip3-6 allele and in vip6, a mutant for another Paf1c subunit. Mathematical analysis confirmed that these defects could not be explained solely by plastochron defects. Instead, increased variance in phyllotaxis in vip3 was observed at the meristem and related to defects in spatial patterns of auxin activity. Thus, the regularity of spatial, auxin-dependent, patterning at the meristem requires Paf1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Fal
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Mengying Liu
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Assem Duisembekova
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Yassin Refahi
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- Department of Biology, Mailbox 1137, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
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17
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Abstract
Many plants show some form of helical growth, such as the circular searching movements of growing stems and other organs (circumnutation), tendril coiling, leaf and bud reversal (resupination), petal arrangement (contortion) and leaf blade twisting. Recent genetic findings have revealed that such helical growth may be associated with helical arrays of cortical microtubules and of overlying cellulose microfibrils. An alternative mechanism of coiling that is based on differential contraction within a bilayer has also recently been identified and underlies at least some of these growth patterns. Here, I provide an overview of the genes and cellular processes that underlie helical patterning. I also discuss the diversity of helical growth patterns in plants, highlighting their potential adaptive significance and comparing them with helical growth patterns in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Smyth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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18
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THOMAS J, IDRIS N, COLLINGS D. Pontamine fast scarlet 4B bifluorescence and measurements of cellulose microfibril angles. J Microsc 2017; 268:13-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. THOMAS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Central Wood Testing Laboratory; The Rubber Board; Kottayam Kerala India
| | - N.A. IDRIS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- School of Fundamental Sciences; Universiti Malaysia Terengganu; Kuala Nerus Kuala Terengganu Terengganu Malaysia
| | - D.A. COLLINGS
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences; The University of Newcastle; Callaghan NSW Australia
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19
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Lee KJI, Calder GM, Hindle CR, Newman JL, Robinson SN, Avondo JJHY, Coen ES. Macro optical projection tomography for large scale 3D imaging of plant structures and gene activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:527-538. [PMID: 28025317 PMCID: PMC5441912 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical projection tomography (OPT) is a well-established method for visualising gene activity in plants and animals. However, a limitation of conventional OPT is that the specimen upper size limit precludes its application to larger structures. To address this problem we constructed a macro version called Macro OPT (M-OPT). We apply M-OPT to 3D live imaging of gene activity in growing whole plants and to visualise structural morphology in large optically cleared plant and insect specimens up to 60 mm tall and 45 mm deep. We also show how M-OPT can be used to image gene expression domains in 3D within fixed tissue and to visualise gene activity in 3D in clones of growing young whole Arabidopsis plants. A further application of M-OPT is to visualise plant-insect interactions. Thus M-OPT provides an effective 3D imaging platform that allows the study of gene activity, internal plant structures and plant-insect interactions at a macroscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J I Lee
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
| | - Grant M Calder
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Jacob L Newman
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
| | - Simon N Robinson
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Enrico S Coen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, UK
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20
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Bastien R, Meroz Y. The Kinematics of Plant Nutation Reveals a Simple Relation between Curvature and the Orientation of Differential Growth. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005238. [PMID: 27923062 PMCID: PMC5140061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutation is an oscillatory movement that plants display during their development. Despite its ubiquity among plants movements, the relation between the observed movement and the underlying biological mechanisms remains unclear. Here we show that the kinematics of the full organ in 3D give a simple picture of plant nutation, where the orientation of the curvature along the main axis of the organ aligns with the direction of maximal differential growth. Within this framework we reexamine the validity of widely used experimental measurements of the apical tip as markers of growth dynamics. We show that though this relation is correct under certain conditions, it does not generally hold, and is not sufficient to uncover the specific role of each mechanism. As an example we re-interpret previously measured experimental observations using our model. In his writings, Darwin considered nutation, the revolving movement of the apical tip of plants, as the most widespread plant movement. In spite of its ubiquity, plant nutation has not received as much attention as other plant movements, and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. A better understanding of this presumably growth-driven process is bound to shed light on basic growth processes in plants. In the work presented here we redefine the problem by describing the kinematics in three dimensions, as opposed to the typical description restricted to the horizontal plane. Within this framework we reveal a simple picture of the underlying dynamics, where the orientation of curvature follows the orientation of maximal differential growth. This parsimonious model recovers the major classes of nutation patterns, as shown both analytically and numerically. We then discuss the limitations of classical measurements where only the movement of the apical tip is tracked, suggesting more adequate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Bastien
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasmine Meroz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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21
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Hofhuis H, Moulton D, Lessinnes T, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Bomphrey RJ, Mosca G, Reinhardt H, Sarchet P, Gan X, Tsiantis M, Ventikos Y, Walker S, Goriely A, Smith R, Hay A. Morphomechanical Innovation Drives Explosive Seed Dispersal. Cell 2016; 166:222-33. [PMID: 27264605 PMCID: PMC4930488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
How mechanical and biological processes are coordinated across cells, tissues, and organs to produce complex traits is a key question in biology. Cardamine hirsuta, a relative of Arabidopsis thaliana, uses an explosive mechanism to disperse its seeds. We show that this trait evolved through morphomechanical innovations at different spatial scales. At the organ scale, tension within the fruit wall generates the elastic energy required for explosion. This tension is produced by differential contraction of fruit wall tissues through an active mechanism involving turgor pressure, cell geometry, and wall properties of the epidermis. Explosive release of this tension is controlled at the cellular scale by asymmetric lignin deposition within endocarp b cells-a striking pattern that is strictly associated with explosive pod shatter across the Brassicaceae plant family. By bridging these different scales, we present an integrated mechanism for explosive seed dispersal that links evolutionary novelty with complex trait innovation. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Hofhuis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Derek Moulton
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Thomas Lessinnes
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | | | - Richard J Bomphrey
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hagen Reinhardt
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Penny Sarchet
- Plant Sciences Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Xiangchao Gan
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Simon Walker
- Zoology Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Alain Goriely
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Richard Smith
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Angela Hay
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany.
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22
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Vinterhalter B, Mitić N, Vinterhalter D, Uzelac B, Krstić-Milošević D. Somatic embryogenesis and in vitro shoot propagation of Gentiana utriculosa. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Somssich M, Khan GA, Persson S. Cell Wall Heterogeneity in Root Development of Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1242. [PMID: 27582757 PMCID: PMC4987334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls provide stability and protection to plant cells. During growth and development the composition of cell walls changes, but provides enough strength to withstand the turgor of the cells. Hence, cell walls are highly flexible and diverse in nature. These characteristics are important during root growth, as plant roots consist of radial patterns of cells that have diverse functions and that are at different developmental stages along the growth axis. Young stem cell daughters undergo a series of rapid cell divisions, during which new cell walls are formed that are highly dynamic, and that support rapid anisotropic cell expansion. Once the cells have differentiated, the walls of specific cell types need to comply with and support different cell functions. For example, a newly formed root hair needs to be able to break through the surrounding soil, while endodermal cells modify their walls at distinct positions to form Casparian strips between them. Hence, the cell walls are modified and rebuilt while cells transit through different developmental stages. In addition, the cell walls of roots readjust to their environment to support growth and to maximize nutrient uptake. Many of these modifications are likely driven by different developmental and stress signaling pathways. However, our understanding of how such pathways affect cell wall modifications and what enzymes are involved remain largely unknown. In this review we aim to compile data linking cell wall content and re-modeling to developmental stages of root cells, and dissect how root cell walls respond to certain environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Staffan Persson,
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24
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Liu Z, Persson S, Zhang Y. The connection of cytoskeletal network with plasma membrane and the cell wall. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:330-40. [PMID: 25693826 PMCID: PMC4405036 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall provides external support of the plant cells, while the cytoskeletons including the microtubules and the actin filaments constitute an internal framework. The cytoskeletons contribute to the cell wall biosynthesis by spatially and temporarily regulating the transportation and deposition of cell wall components. This tight control is achieved by the dynamic behavior of the cytoskeletons, but also through the tethering of these structures to the plasma membrane. This tethering may also extend beyond the plasma membrane and impact on the cell wall, possibly in the form of a feedback loop. In this review, we discuss the linking components between the cytoskeletons and the plasma membrane, and/or the cell wall. We also discuss the prospective roles of these components in cell wall biosynthesis and modifications, and aim to provide a platform for further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Liu
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of MelbourneParkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Landrein B, Refahi Y, Besnard F, Hervieux N, Mirabet V, Boudaoud A, Vernoux T, Hamant O. Meristem size contributes to the robustness of phyllotaxis in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1317-24. [PMID: 25504644 PMCID: PMC4339594 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Using the plant model Arabidopsis, the relationship between day length, the size of the shoot apical meristem, and the robustness of phyllotactic patterns were analysed. First, it was found that reducing day length leads to an increased meristem size and an increased number of alterations in the final positions of organs along the stem. Most of the phyllotactic defects could be related to an altered tempo of organ emergence, while not affecting the spatial positions of organ initiations at the meristem. A correlation was also found between meristem size and the robustness of phyllotaxis in two accessions (Col-0 and WS-4) and a mutant (clasp-1), independent of growth conditions. A reduced meristem size in clasp-1 was even associated with an increased robustness of the phyllotactic pattern, beyond what is observed in the wild type. Interestingly it was also possible to modulate the robustness of phyllotaxis in these different genotypes by changing day length. To conclude, it is shown first that robustness of the phyllotactic pattern is not maximal in the wild type, suggesting that, beyond its apparent stereotypical order, the robustness of phyllotaxis is regulated. Secondly, a role for day length in the robustness of the phyllotaxis was also identified, thus providing a new example of a link between patterning and environment in plants. Thirdly, the experimental results validate previous model predictions suggesting a contribution of meristem size in the robustness of phyllotaxis via the coupling between the temporal sequence and spatial pattern of organ initiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Landrein
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Yassin Refahi
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1NN, UK
| | - Fabrice Besnard
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Nathan Hervieux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Vincent Mirabet
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France Institut Universitaire de France, 103, boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction de développement des plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, Laboratoire de Physique, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France
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Cosgrove DJ. Re-constructing our models of cellulose and primary cell wall assembly. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:122-131. [PMID: 25460077 PMCID: PMC4293254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose microfibril has more subtlety than is commonly recognized. Details of its structure may influence how matrix polysaccharides interact with its distinctive hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces to form a strong yet extensible structure. Recent advances in this field include the first structures of bacterial and plant cellulose synthases and revised estimates of microfibril structure, reduced from 36 to 18 chains. New results also indicate that cellulose interactions with xyloglucan are more limited than commonly believed, whereas pectin–cellulose interactions are more prevalent. Computational results indicate that xyloglucan binds tightest to the hydrophobic surface of cellulose microfibrils. Wall extensibility may be controlled at limited regions (‘biomechanical hotspots’) where cellulose–cellulose contacts are made, potentially mediated by trace amounts of xyloglucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Fujikura U, Elsaesser L, Breuninger H, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Ivakov A, Laux T, Findlay K, Persson S, Lenhard M. Atkinesin-13A modulates cell-wall synthesis and cell expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana via the THESEUS1 pathway. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004627. [PMID: 25232944 PMCID: PMC4169273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of plant organs relies on cell proliferation and expansion. While an increasingly detailed picture about the control of cell proliferation is emerging, our knowledge about the control of cell expansion remains more limited. We demonstrate here that the internal-motor kinesin AtKINESIN-13A (AtKIN13A) limits cell expansion and cell size in Arabidopsis thaliana, with loss-of-function atkin13a mutants forming larger petals with larger cells. The homolog, AtKINESIN-13B, also affects cell expansion and double mutants display growth, gametophytic and early embryonic defects, indicating a redundant role of the two genes. AtKIN13A is known to depolymerize microtubules and influence Golgi motility and distribution. Consistent with this function, AtKIN13A interacts genetically with ANGUSTIFOLIA, encoding a regulator of Golgi dynamics. Reduced AtKIN13A activity alters cell wall structure as assessed by Fourier-transformed infrared-spectroscopy and triggers signalling via the THESEUS1-dependent cell-wall integrity pathway, which in turn promotes the excess cell expansion in the atkin13a mutant. Thus, our results indicate that the intracellular activity of AtKIN13A regulates cell expansion and wall architecture via THESEUS1, providing a compelling case of interplay between cell wall integrity sensing and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushio Fujikura
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lore Elsaesser
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holger Breuninger
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Ivakov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas Laux
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kim Findlay
- Cell & Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Lenhard
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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28
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Bashline L, Lei L, Li S, Gu Y. Cell wall, cytoskeleton, and cell expansion in higher plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:586-600. [PMID: 24557922 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To accommodate two seemingly contradictory biological roles in plant physiology, providing both the rigid structural support of plant cells and the adjustable elasticity needed for cell expansion, the composition of the plant cell wall has evolved to become an intricate network of cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides and protein. Due to its complexity, many aspects of the cell wall influence plant cell expansion, and many new and insightful observations and technologies are forthcoming. The biosynthesis of cell wall polymers and the roles of the variety of proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis continue to be characterized. The interactions within the cell wall polymer network and the modification of these interactions provide insight into how the plant cell wall provides its dual function. The complex cell wall architecture is controlled and organized in part by the dynamic intracellular cytoskeleton and by diverse trafficking pathways of the cell wall polymers and cell wall-related machinery. Meanwhile, the cell wall is continually influenced by hormonal and integrity sensing stimuli that are perceived by the cell. These many processes cooperate to construct, maintain, and manipulate the intricate plant cell wall--an essential structure for the sustaining of the plant stature, growth, and life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Bashline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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29
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Žádníková P, Simon R. How boundaries control plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 17:116-25. [PMID: 24507503 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuous growth and organ development from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) requires a precise coordination of stem cell proliferation, commitment of stem cell descendants to diverse differentiation pathways and establishment of morphological meristem-to-organ boundaries. These complex biological processes require extensive integration of several components of cell-to-cell signaling and gene regulatory networks whose coordinated actions have an impact on cell division and growth. Here we review the current knowledge of gene networks involved in organogenesis from the SAM in higher plants. We focus on recent advances to show how the interaction between transcriptional regulators, hormonal crosstalk and physical stress regulates the establishment and maintenance of meristem-to-organ boundaries. Continuous growth and organ development from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) requires a precise coordination of stem cell proliferation, commitment of stem cell descendants to diverse differentiation pathways and establishment of morphological meristem-to-organ boundaries. These complex biological processes require extensive integration of several components of cell-to-cell signaling and gene regulatory networks whose coordinated actions have an impact on cell division and growth. Here we review the current knowledge of gene networks involved in organogenesis from the SAM in higher plants. We focus on recent advances to show how the interaction between transcriptional regulators, hormonal crosstalk and physical stress regulates the establishment and maintenance of meristem-to-organ boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Žádníková
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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30
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Lei L, Li S, Bashline L, Gu Y. Dissecting the molecular mechanism underlying the intimate relationship between cellulose microfibrils and cortical microtubules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:90. [PMID: 24659994 PMCID: PMC3952479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A central question in plant cell development is how the cell wall determines directional cell expansion and therefore the final shape of the cell. As the major load-bearing component of the cell wall, cellulose microfibrils are laid down transversely to the axis of elongation, thus forming a spring-like structure that reinforces the cell laterally and while favoring longitudinal expansion in most growing cells. Mounting evidence suggests that cortical microtubules organize the deposition of cellulose microfibrils, but the precise molecular mechanisms linking microtubules to cellulose organization have remained unclear until the recent discovery of cellulose synthase interactive protein 1 , a linker protein between the cortical microtubules and the cellulose biosynthesizing machinery. In this review, we will focus on the intimate relationship between cellulose microfibrils and cortical microtubules, in particular, we will discuss microtubule arrangement and cell wall architecture, the linkage between cellulose synthase complexes and microtubules, and the feedback mechanisms between cell wall and microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ying Gu
- *Correspondence: Ying Gu, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA e-mail:
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31
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Hernández-Hernández V, Rueda D, Caballero L, Alvarez-Buylla ER, Benítez M. Mechanical forces as information: an integrated approach to plant and animal development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:265. [PMID: 24959170 PMCID: PMC4051191 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces such as tension and compression act throughout growth and development of multicellular organisms. These forces not only affect the size and shape of the cells and tissues but are capable of modifying the expression of genes and the localization of molecular components within the cell, in the plasma membrane, and in the plant cell wall. The magnitude and direction of these physical forces change with cellular and tissue properties such as elasticity. Thus, mechanical forces and the mesoscopic fields that emerge from their local action constitute important sources of positional information. Moreover, physical and biochemical processes interact in non-linear ways during tissue and organ growth in plants and animals. In this review we discuss how such mechanical forces are generated, transmitted, and sensed in these two lineages of multicellular organisms to yield long-range positional information. In order to do so we first outline a potentially common basis for studying patterning and mechanosensing that relies on the structural principle of tensegrity, and discuss how tensegral structures might arise in plants and animals. We then provide some examples of morphogenesis in which mechanical forces appear to act as positional information during development, offering a possible explanation for ubiquitous processes, such as the formation of periodic structures. Such examples, we argue, can be interpreted in terms of tensegral phenomena. Finally, we discuss the hypothesis of mechanically isotropic points as a potentially generic mechanism for the localization and maintenance of stem-cell niches in multicellular organisms. This comparative approach aims to help uncovering generic mechanisms of morphogenesis and thus reach a better understanding of the evolution and development of multicellular phenotypes, focusing on the role of physical forces in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Hernández-Hernández
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Denisse Rueda
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Nanotecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Caballero
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Sistemas Complejos, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Mariana Benítez, Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior, México City 04350, Mexico e-mail:
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32
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Bartlett ME, Thompson B. Meristem identity and phyllotaxis in inflorescence development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:508. [PMID: 25352850 PMCID: PMC4196479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflorescence morphology is incredibly diverse. This diversity of form has been a fruitful source of inquiry for plant morphologists for more than a century. Work in the grasses (Poaceae), the tomato family (Solanaceae), and Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) has led to a richer understanding of the molecular genetics underlying this diversity. The character of individual meristems, a combination of the number (determinacy) and nature (identity) of the products a meristem produces, is key in the development of plant form. A framework that describes inflorescence development in terms of shifting meristem identities has emerged and garnered empirical support in a number of model systems. We discuss this framework and highlight one important aspect of meristem identity that is often considered in isolation, phyllotaxis. Phyllotaxis refers to the arrangement of lateral organs around a central axis. The development and evolution of phyllotaxis in the inflorescence remains underexplored, but recent work analyzing early inflorescence development in the grasses identified an evolutionary shift in primary branch phyllotaxis in the Pooideae. We discuss the evidence for an intimate connection between meristem identity and phyllotaxis in both the inflorescence and vegetative shoot, and touch on what is known about the establishment of phyllotactic patterns in the meristem. Localized auxin maxima are instrumental in determining the position of lateral primordia. Upstream factors that regulate the position of these maxima remain unclear, and how phyllotactic patterns change over the course of a plant's lifetime and evolutionary time, is largely unknown. A more complete understanding of the molecular underpinnings of phyllotaxis and architectural diversity in inflorescences will require capitalizing on the extensive resources available in existing genetic systems, and developing new model systems that more fully represent the diversity of plant morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine E. Bartlett
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherst, MA, USA
- *Correspondence:
| | - Beth Thompson
- Biology Department, East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC, USA
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33
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Abstract
Plant stature and development are governed by cell proliferation and directed cell growth. These parameters are determined largely by cell wall characteristics. Cellulose microfibrils, composed of hydrogen-bonded β-1,4 glucans, are key components for anisotropic growth in plants. Cellulose is synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes. In higher plants, these complexes are assembled into hexameric rosettes in intracellular compartments and secreted to the plasma membrane. Here, the complexes typically track along cortical microtubules, which may guide cellulose synthesis, until the complexes are inactivated and/or internalized. Determining the regulatory aspects that control the behavior of cellulose synthase complexes is vital to understanding directed cell and plant growth and to tailoring cell wall content for industrial products, including paper, textiles, and fuel. In this review, we summarize and discuss cellulose synthesis and regulatory aspects of the cellulose synthase complex, focusing on Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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34
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Louveaux M, Hamant O. The mechanics behind cell division. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:774-9. [PMID: 24211120 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that the orientation of the plane of cell division highly depends on cell geometry in plants. However, the related molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Recent data in animal systems highlight the role of the cytoskeleton response to mechanical stress in this process. Interestingly, these results are consistent with some data obtained in parallel in plants. Here we review and confront these studies, across kingdoms, and we explore the possibility that the intrinsic mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton play a key role in the nexus between cell division and mechanical stress. This opens many avenues for future research that are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Louveaux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Developpement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS, UCB Lyon 1, 46 Allee d'Italie, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France; Laboratoire Joliot Curie, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Universite de Lyon, 46 Allee d'Italie, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France
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35
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Ivakov A, Persson S. Plant cell shape: modulators and measurements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:439. [PMID: 24312104 PMCID: PMC3832843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell shape, seen as an integrative output, is of considerable interest in various fields, such as cell wall research, cytoskeleton dynamics and biomechanics. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge on cell shape formation in plants focusing on shape of simple cylindrical cells, as well as in complex multipolar cells such as leaf pavement cells and trichomes. We summarize established concepts as well as recent additions to the understanding of how cells construct cell walls of a given shape and the underlying processes. These processes include cell wall synthesis, activity of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, in particular their regulation by microtubule associated proteins, actin-related proteins, GTP'ases and their effectors, as well as the recently-elucidated roles of plant hormone signaling and vesicular membrane trafficking. We discuss some of the challenges in cell shape research with a particular emphasis on quantitative imaging and statistical analysis of shape in 2D and 3D, as well as novel developments in this area. Finally, we review recent examples of the use of novel imaging techniques and how they have contributed to our understanding of cell shape formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ivakov
- *Correspondence: Alexander Ivakov and Staffan Persson, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany e-mail: ;
| | - Staffan Persson
- *Correspondence: Alexander Ivakov and Staffan Persson, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany e-mail: ;
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36
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Hamant O. Widespread mechanosensing controls the structure behind the architecture in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:654-60. [PMID: 23830994 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play an instructing role for many aspects of animal cell biology, such as division, polarity and fate. Although the associated mechanoperception pathways still remain largely elusive in plants, physical cues have long been thought to guide development in parallel to biochemical factors. With the development of new imaging techniques, micromechanics tools and modeling approaches, the role of mechanical signals in plant development is now re-examined and fully integrated with modern cell biology. Using recent examples from the literature, I propose to use a multiscale perspective, from the whole plant down to the cell wall, to fully appreciate the diversity of developmental processes that depend on mechanical signals. Incidentally, this also illustrates how conceptually rich this field is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, INRA, CNRS, ENS, UCB, Lyon 1, France; Laboratoire Joliot Curie, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, Lyon Cedex 07 69364, France.
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37
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Pattern identification and characterization reveal permutations of organs as a key genetically controlled property of post-meristematic phyllotaxis. J Theor Biol 2013; 338:94-110. [PMID: 23948553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In vascular plants, the arrangement of organs around the stem generates geometric patterns called phyllotaxis. In the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, as in the majority of species, single organs are initiated successively at a divergence angle from the previous organ close to the canonical angle of 137.5°, producing a Fibonacci spiral. Given that little is known about the robustness of these geometric arrangements, we undertook to characterize phyllotaxis by measuring divergence angles between organs along the stems of wild-type and specific mutant plants with obvious defects in phyllotaxis. Sequences of measured divergence angles exhibit segments of non-canonical angles in both genotypes, albeit to a far greater extent in the mutant. We thus designed a pipeline of methods for analyzing these perturbations. The latent structure models used in this pipeline combine a non-observable model representing perturbation patterns (either a variable-order Markov chain or a combinatorial model) with von Mises distributions representing divergence angle uncertainty. We show that the segments of non-canonical angles in both wild-type and mutant plants can be explained by permutations in the order of insertion along the stem of two or three consecutive organs. The number of successive organs between two permutations reveals specific patterns that depend on the nature of the preceding permutation (2- or 3-permutation). We also highlight significant individual deviations from 137.5° in the level of baseline segments and a marked relationship between permutation of organs and defects in the elongation of the internodes between these organs. These results demonstrate that permutations are an intrinsic property of spiral phyllotaxis and that their occurrence is genetically regulated.
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