1
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Hu ZL, Wilson-Sánchez D, Bhatia N, Rast-Somssich MI, Wu A, Vlad D, McGuire L, Nikolov LA, Laufs P, Gan X, Laurent S, Runions A, Tsiantis M. A CUC1/auxin genetic module links cell polarity to patterned tissue growth and leaf shape diversity in crucifer plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321877121. [PMID: 38905239 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321877121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
How tissue-level information encoded by fields of regulatory gene activity is translated into the patterns of cell polarity and growth that generate the diverse shapes of different species remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate this problem in the case of leaf shape differences between Arabidopsis thaliana, which has simple leaves, and its relative Cardamine hirsuta that has complex leaves divided into leaflets. We show that patterned expression of the transcription factor CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 in C. hirsuta (ChCUC1) is a key determinant of leaf shape differences between the two species. Through inducible genetic perturbations, time-lapse imaging of growth, and computational modeling, we find that ChCUC1 provides instructive input into auxin-based leaf margin patterning. This input arises via transcriptional regulation of multiple auxin homeostasis components, including direct activation of WAG kinases that are known to regulate the polarity of PIN-FORMED auxin transporters. Thus, we have uncovered a mechanism that bridges biological scales by linking spatially distributed and species-specific transcription factor expression to cell-level polarity and growth, to shape diverse leaf forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Liang Hu
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - David Wilson-Sánchez
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Neha Bhatia
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Madlen I Rast-Somssich
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Anhui Wu
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Daniela Vlad
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Liam McGuire
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Lachezar A Nikolov
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles 78000, France
| | - Xiangchao Gan
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Stefan Laurent
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
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2
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Fruleux A, Hong L, Roeder AHK, Li CB, Boudaoud A. Growth couples temporal and spatial fluctuations of tissue properties during morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318481121. [PMID: 38814869 PMCID: PMC11161797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318481121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Living tissues display fluctuations-random spatial and temporal variations of tissue properties around their reference values-at multiple scales. It is believed that such fluctuations may enable tissues to sense their state or their size. Recent theoretical studies developed specific models of fluctuations in growing tissues and predicted that fluctuations of growth show long-range correlations. Here, we elaborated upon these predictions and we tested them using experimental data. We first introduced a minimal model for the fluctuations of any quantity that has some level of temporal persistence or memory, such as concentration of a molecule, local growth rate, or mechanical property. We found that long-range correlations are generic, applying to any such quantity, and that growth couples temporal and spatial fluctuations, through a mechanism that we call "fluctuation stretching"-growth enlarges the length scale of variation of this quantity. We then analyzed growth data from sepals of the model plant Arabidopsis and we quantified spatial and temporal fluctuations of cell growth using the previously developed cellular Fourier transform. Growth appears to have long-range correlations. We compared different genotypes and growth conditions: mutants with lower or higher response to mechanical stress have lower temporal correlations and longer-range spatial correlations than wild-type plants. Finally, we used theoretical predictions to merge experimental data from all conditions and developmental stages into a unifying curve, validating the notion that temporal and spatial fluctuations are coupled by growth. Altogether, our work reveals kinematic constraints on spatiotemporal fluctuations that have an impact on the robustness of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fruleux
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Laboratoire d’Hydrodynamique, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128Palaiseau Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modèles Statistiques, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405Orsay, France
| | - Lilan Hong
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Chun-Biu Li
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, 106 91Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Laboratoire d’Hydrodynamique, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128Palaiseau Cedex, France
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3
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Bauer A, Ali O, Bied C, Bœuf S, Bovio S, Delattre A, Ingram G, Golz JF, Landrein B. Spatiotemporally distinct responses to mechanical forces shape the developing seed of Arabidopsis. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00138-w. [PMID: 38831122 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00138-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis depends on mechanical interactions between cells and tissues. These interactions generate forces that can be sensed by cells and affect key cellular processes. However, how mechanical forces, together with biochemical signals, contribute to the shaping of complex organs is still largely unclear. We address this question using the seed of Arabidopsis as a model system. We show that seeds first experience a phase of rapid anisotropic growth that is dependent on the response of cortical microtubule (CMT) to forces, which guide cellulose deposition according to shape-driven stresses in the outermost layer of the seed coat. However, at later stages of development, we show that seed growth is isotropic and depends on the properties of an inner layer of the seed coat that stiffens its walls in response to tension but has isotropic material properties. Finally, we show that the transition from anisotropic to isotropic growth is due to the dampening of cortical microtubule responses to shape-driven stresses. Altogether, our work supports a model in which spatiotemporally distinct mechanical responses control the shape of developing seeds in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Bauer
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Olivier Ali
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Camille Bied
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Sophie Bœuf
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Simone Bovio
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UAR3444, Inserm US8, ENS de Lyon, SFR Biosciences, Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Adrien Delattre
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - John F Golz
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
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4
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Rambaud-Lavigne L, Chatterjee A, Bovio S, Battu V, Lavigne Q, Gundiah N, Boudaoud A, Das P. Heterogeneous identity, stiffness and growth characterise the shoot apex of Arabidopsis stem cell mutants. Development 2024; 151:dev202810. [PMID: 38752444 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell homeostasis in the shoot apical meristem involves a core regulatory feedback loop between the signalling peptide CLAVATA3 (CLV3), produced in stem cells, and the transcription factor WUSCHEL, expressed in the underlying organising centre. clv3 mutant meristems display massive overgrowth, which is thought to be caused by stem cell overproliferation, although it is unknown how uncontrolled stem cell divisions lead to this altered morphology. Here, we reveal local buckling defects in mutant meristems, and use analytical models to show how mechanical properties and growth rates may contribute to the phenotype. Indeed, clv3 mutant meristems are mechanically more heterogeneous than the wild type, and also display regional growth heterogeneities. Furthermore, stereotypical wild-type meristem organisation, in which cells simultaneously express distinct fate markers, is lost in mutants. Finally, cells in mutant meristems are auxin responsive, suggesting that they are functionally distinguishable from wild-type stem cells. Thus, all benchmarks show that clv3 mutant meristem cells are different from wild-type stem cells, suggesting that overgrowth is caused by the disruption of a more complex regulatory framework that maintains distinct genetic and functional domains in the meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Rambaud-Lavigne
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Aritra Chatterjee
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bengaluru, India
| | - Simone Bovio
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- PLATIM-LyMIC, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Biosciences US8 UAR3444, UCB Lyon 1, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Virginie Battu
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Quentin Lavigne
- Physikalisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Namrata Gundiah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bengaluru, India
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Pradeep Das
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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5
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Hoermayer L, Montesinos JC, Trozzi N, Spona L, Yoshida S, Marhava P, Caballero-Mancebo S, Benková E, Heisenberg CP, Dagdas Y, Majda M, Friml J. Mechanical forces in plant tissue matrix orient cell divisions via microtubule stabilization. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1333-1344.e4. [PMID: 38579717 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Plant morphogenesis relies exclusively on oriented cell expansion and division. Nonetheless, the mechanism(s) determining division plane orientation remain elusive. Here, we studied tissue healing after laser-assisted wounding in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana and uncovered how mechanical forces stabilize and reorient the microtubule cytoskeleton for the orientation of cell division. We identified that root tissue functions as an interconnected cell matrix, with a radial gradient of tissue extendibility causing predictable tissue deformation after wounding. This deformation causes instant redirection of expansion in the surrounding cells and reorientation of microtubule arrays, ultimately predicting cell division orientation. Microtubules are destabilized under low tension, whereas stretching of cells, either through wounding or external aspiration, immediately induces their polymerization. The higher microtubule abundance in the stretched cell parts leads to the reorientation of microtubule arrays and, ultimately, informs cell division planes. This provides a long-sought mechanism for flexible re-arrangement of cell divisions by mechanical forces for tissue reconstruction and plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hoermayer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DMBV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Carlos Montesinos
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Nicola Trozzi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DMBV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonhard Spona
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Saiko Yoshida
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Marhava
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DMBV), University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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6
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Trinh DC, Lionnet C, Trehin C, Hamant O. Sepal shape variability is robust to cell size heterogeneity in Arabidopsis. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20240099. [PMID: 38807547 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
How organisms produce organs with robust shapes and sizes is still an open question. In recent years, the Arabidopsis sepal has been used as a model system to study this question because of its highly reproducible shape and size. One interesting aspect of the sepal is that its epidermis contains cells of very different sizes. Previous reports have qualitatively shown that sepals with more or less giant cells exhibit comparable final size and shape. Here, we investigate this question using quantitative approaches. We find that a mixed population of cell size modestly contribute to the normal width of the sepal but is not essential for its shape robustness. Furthermore, in a mutant with increased cell and organ growth variability, the change in final sepal shape caused by giant cells is exaggerated but the shape robustness is not affected. This formally demonstrates that sepal shape variability is robust to cell size heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Chi Trinh
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS , Lyon 69364 CEDEX 07, France
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), University of Science and Technology of Hanoi , Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Claire Lionnet
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS , Lyon 69364 CEDEX 07, France
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS , Lyon 69364 CEDEX 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS , Lyon 69364 CEDEX 07, France
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7
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Fruleux A, Hong L, Roeder AHK, Li CB, Boudaoud A. Growth couples temporal and spatial fluctuations of tissue properties during morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.23.563640. [PMID: 37961547 PMCID: PMC10634752 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Living tissues display fluctuations - random spatial and temporal variations of tissue properties around their reference values - at multiple scales. It is believed that such fluctuations may enable tissues to sense their state or their size. Recent theoretical studies developed specific models of fluctuations in growing tissues and predicted that fluctuations of growth show long-range correlations. Here we elaborated upon these predictions and we tested them using experimental data. We first introduced a minimal model for the fluctuations of any quantity that has some level of temporal persistence or memory, such as concentration of a molecule, local growth rate, or mechanical property. We found that long-range correlations are generic, applying to any such quantity, and that growth couples temporal and spatial fluctuations, through a mechanism that we call 'fluctuation stretching' - growth enlarges the lengthscale of variation of this quantity. We then analysed growth data from sepals of the model plant Arabidopsis and we quantified spatial and temporal fluctuations of cell growth using the previously developed Cellular Fourier Transform. Growth appears to have long-range correlations. We compared different genotypes and growth conditions: mutants with lower or higher response to mechanical stress have lower temporal correlations and longer-range spatial correlations than wild-type plants. Finally, we used theoretical predictions to merge experimental data from all conditions and developmental stages into an unifying curve, validating the notion that temporal and spatial fluctuations are coupled by growth. Altogether, our work reveals kinematic constraints on spatiotemporal fluctuations that have an impact on the robustness of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fruleux
- RDP, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRAE, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France and LPTMS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Lilan Hong
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Chun-Biu Li
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- RDP, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRAE, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France and LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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8
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Gómez-Felipe A, Branchini E, Wang B, Marconi M, Bertrand-Rakusová H, Stan T, Burkiewicz J, de Folter S, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Wabnik K, Kierzkowski D. Two orthogonal differentiation gradients locally coordinate fruit morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2912. [PMID: 38575617 PMCID: PMC10995178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis requires the coordination of cellular behaviors along developmental axes. In plants, gradients of growth and differentiation are typically established along a single longitudinal primordium axis to control global organ shape. Yet, it remains unclear how these gradients are locally adjusted to regulate the formation of complex organs that consist of diverse tissue types. Here we combine quantitative live imaging at cellular resolution with genetics, and chemical treatments to understand the formation of Arabidopsis thaliana female reproductive organ (gynoecium). We show that, contrary to other aerial organs, gynoecium shape is determined by two orthogonal, time-shifted differentiation gradients. An early mediolateral gradient controls valve morphogenesis while a late, longitudinal gradient regulates style differentiation. Local, tissue-dependent action of these gradients serves to fine-tune the common developmental program governing organ morphogenesis to ensure the specialized function of the gynoecium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gómez-Felipe
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Elvis Branchini
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Binghan Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Marco Marconi
- centro De Biotecnología Y Genómica De Plantas (Universidad Politécnica De Madrid (Upm), Instituto Nacional De Investigación Y Tecnología Agraria Y Alimentaria (Inia, Csic), Campus De Montegancedo, Pozuelo De Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Hana Bertrand-Rakusová
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Teodora Stan
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Jérôme Burkiewicz
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), CP, 36824, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- centro De Biotecnología Y Genómica De Plantas (Universidad Politécnica De Madrid (Upm), Instituto Nacional De Investigación Y Tecnología Agraria Y Alimentaria (Inia, Csic), Campus De Montegancedo, Pozuelo De Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
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9
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Elliott L, Kalde M, Schürholz AK, Zhang X, Wolf S, Moore I, Kirchhelle C. A self-regulatory cell-wall-sensing module at cell edges controls plant growth. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:483-493. [PMID: 38454063 PMCID: PMC10954545 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Morphogenesis of multicellular organs requires coordination of cellular growth. In plants, cell growth is determined by turgor pressure and the mechanical properties of the cell wall, which also glues cells together. Because plants have to integrate tissue-scale mechanical stresses arising through growth in a fixed tissue topology, they need to monitor cell wall mechanical status and adapt growth accordingly. Molecular factors have been identified, but whether cell geometry contributes to wall sensing is unknown. Here we propose that plant cell edges act as cell-wall-sensing domains during growth. We describe two Receptor-Like Proteins, RLP4 and RLP4-L1, which occupy a unique polarity domain at cell edges established through a targeted secretory transport pathway. We show that RLP4s associate with the cell wall at edges via their extracellular domain, respond to changes in cell wall mechanics and contribute to directional growth control in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Elliott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Monika Kalde
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France.
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10
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Falconieri A, Coppini A, Raffa V. Microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to mechanical force. Biol Chem 2024; 405:67-77. [PMID: 37674311 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly polar structures and are characterized by high anisotropy and stiffness. In neurons, they play a key role in the directional transport of vesicles and organelles. In the neuronal projections called axons, they form parallel bundles, mostly oriented with the plus-end towards the axonal termination. Their physico-chemical properties have recently attracted attention as a potential candidate in sensing, processing and transducing physical signals generated by mechanical forces. Here, we discuss the main evidence supporting the role of microtubules as a signal hub for axon growth in response to a traction force. Applying a tension to the axon appears to stabilize the microtubules, which, in turn, coordinate a modulation of axonal transport, local translation and their cross-talk. We speculate on the possible mechanisms modulating microtubule dynamics under tension, based on evidence collected in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. However, the fundamental question of the causal relationship between these mechanisms is still elusive because the mechano-sensitive element in this chain has not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allegra Coppini
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Università di Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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11
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Yadav AS, Roeder AH. An optimized live imaging and growth analysis approach for Arabidopsis Sepals. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576735. [PMID: 38328103 PMCID: PMC10849554 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Arabidopsis thaliana sepals are excellent models for analyzing growth of entire organs due to their relatively small size, which can be captured at a cellular resolution under a confocal microscope [1]. To investigate how growth of different tissue layers generates unique organ morphologies, it is necessary to live-image deep into the tissue. However, imaging deep cell layers of the sepal is practically challenging, as it is hindered by the presence of extracellular air spaces between mesophyll cells, among other factors which causes optical aberrations. Image processing is also difficult due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of the deeper tissue layers, an issue mainly associated with live imaging datasets. Addressing some of these challenges, we provide an optimized methodology for live imaging sepals and subsequent image processing. This helps us track the growth of individual cells on the outer and inner epidermal layers, which are the key drivers of sepal morphogenesis. Results For live imaging sepals across all tissue layers at early stages of development, we found that the use of a bright fluorescent membrane marker, coupled with increased laser intensity and an enhanced Z- resolution produces high-quality images suitable for downstream image processing. Our optimized parameters allowed us to image the bottommost cell layer of the sepal (inner epidermal layer) without compromising viability. We used a 'voxel removal' technique to visualize the inner epidermal layer in MorphoGraphX [2, 3] image processing software. Finally, we describe the process of optimizing the parameters for creating a 2.5D mesh surface for the inner epidermis. This allowed segmentation and parent tracking of individual cells through multiple time points, despite the weak signal of the inner epidermal cells. Conclusion We provide a robust pipeline for imaging and analyzing growth across inner and outer epidermal layers during early sepal development. Our approach can potentially be employed for analyzing growth of other internal cell layers of the sepals as well. For each of the steps, approaches, and parameters we used, we have provided in-depth explanations to help researchers understand the rationale and replicate our pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avilash Singh Yadav
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adrienne H.K. Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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12
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Mathew MM, Ganguly A, Prasad K. Multiple feedbacks on self-organized morphogenesis during plant regeneration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:553-559. [PMID: 37984062 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research have primarily emphasized genetic blueprint as the driving force behind plant regeneration. The flow of information from genetics, which manifests as biochemical properties, including hormones, has been extensively implicated in plant regeneration. However, recent advancements have unveiled additional intrinsic modules within this information flow. Here, we explore the three core modules of plant regeneration: biochemical properties, mechanical forces acting on cells, and cell geometry. We debate their roles and interactions during morphogenesis, emphasizing the potential for multiple feedbacks between these core modules to drive pattern formation during regeneration. We propose that de novo organ regeneration is a self-organized event driven by multidirectional information flow between these core modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Maria Mathew
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Akansha Ganguly
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Kalika Prasad
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, 411008, India
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13
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D'Ario M, Lane B, Fioratti Junod M, Leslie A, Mosca G, Smith RS. Hidden functional complexity in the flora of an early land ecosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:937-949. [PMID: 37644727 PMCID: PMC10952896 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The first land ecosystems were composed of organisms considered simple in nature, yet the morphological diversity of their flora was extraordinary. The biological significance of this diversity remains a mystery largely due to the absence of feasible study approaches. To study the functional biology of Early Devonian flora, we have reconstructed extinct plants from fossilised remains in silico. We explored the morphological diversity of sporangia in relation to their mechanical properties using finite element method. Our approach highlights the impact of sporangia morphology on spore dispersal and adaptation. We discovered previously unidentified innovations among early land plants, discussing how different species might have opted for different spore dispersal strategies. We present examples of convergent evolution for turgor pressure resistance, achieved by homogenisation of stress in spherical sporangia and by torquing force in Tortilicaulis-like specimens. In addition, we show a potential mechanism for stress-assisted sporangium rupture. Our study reveals the deceptive complexity of this seemingly simple group of organisms. We leveraged the quantitative nature of our approach and constructed a fitness landscape to understand the different ecological niches present in the Early Devonian Welsh Borderland flora. By connecting morphology to functional biology, these findings facilitate a deeper understanding of the diversity of early land plants and their place within their ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gabriella Mosca
- Technical University of Munich80333MunichGermany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology‐ZMBPUniversity of Tübingen72076TübingenGermany
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14
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Burda I, Martin AC, Roeder AHK, Collins MA. The dynamics and biophysics of shape formation: Common themes in plant and animal morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2850-2866. [PMID: 38113851 PMCID: PMC10752614 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of tissue form in multicellular organisms results from the complex interplay between genetics and physics. In both plants and animals, cells must act in concert to pattern their behaviors. Our understanding of the factors sculpting multicellular form has increased dramatically in the past few decades. From this work, common themes have emerged that connect plant and animal morphogenesis-an exciting connection that solidifies our understanding of the developmental basis of multicellular life. In this review, we will discuss the themes and the underlying principles that connect plant and animal morphogenesis, including the coordination of gene expression, signaling, growth, contraction, and mechanical and geometric feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Burda
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Genetic Genomics and Development Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Genetic Genomics and Development Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Collins
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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15
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Strelin MM, Diggle PK, Aizen MA. Flower heterochrony and crop yield. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1360-1369. [PMID: 37612211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Crop improvement has focused on enhancing yield, nutrient content, harvestability, and stress resistance using a trait-centered reductionist approach. This has downplayed the fact that plants are developmentally integrated and respond coordinately and predictably to genetic and environmental variation, with potential consequences for food production. Crop yield, including both fruit/seed production and the possibility of generating hybrid crop varieties, is highly dependent on flower morphology and sex, which, in turn, can be profoundly affected by slight shifts in the timing and rate of flower organ development (i.e., flower heterochrony). We argue that understanding the genetic and environmental bases of flower heterochrony and their effect on flower morphology and sex in cultivated plants and in their wild relatives can facilitate crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Strelin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de la Polinización, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Pamela K Diggle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Marcelo A Aizen
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología de la Polinización, Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (CONICET - Universidad Nacional del Comahue), San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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16
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Burda I, Li CB, Clark FK, Roeder AHK. Robust organ size in Arabidopsis is primarily governed by cell growth rather than cell division patterns. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.11.566685. [PMID: 38014347 PMCID: PMC10680605 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.11.566685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Organ sizes and shapes are highly reproducible, or robust, within a species and individuals. Arabidopsis thaliana sepals, which are the leaf-like organs that enclose flower buds, have consistent size and shape, which indicates robust development. Counterintuitively, variability in cell growth rate over time and between cells facilitates robust development because cumulative cell growth averages to a uniform rate. Here we investigate how sepal morphogenesis is robust to changes in cell division but not robust to changes in cell growth variability. We live image and quantitatively compare the development of sepals with increased or decreased cell division rate ( lgo mutant and LGO overexpression, respectively), a mutant with altered cell growth variability ( ftsh4 ), and double mutants combining these. We find that robustness is preserved when cell division rate changes because there is no change in the spatial pattern of growth. Meanwhile when robustness is lost in ftsh4 mutants, cell growth accumulates unevenly, and cells have disorganized growth directions. Thus, we demonstrate in vivo that both cell growth rate and direction average in robust development, preserving robustness despite changes in cell division. Summary statement Robust sepal development is preserved despite changes in cell division rate and is characterized by spatiotemporal averaging of heterogeneity in cell growth rate and direction.
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17
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Trinh DC, Martin M, Bald L, Maizel A, Trehin C, Hamant O. Increased gene expression variability hinders the formation of regional mechanical conflicts leading to reduced organ shape robustness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302441120. [PMID: 37459526 PMCID: PMC10372692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302441120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To relate gene networks and organ shape, one needs to address two wicked problems: i) Gene expression is often variable locally, and shape is reproducible globally; ii) gene expression can have cascading effects on tissue mechanics, with possibly counterintuitive consequences for the final organ shape. Here, we address such wicked problems, taking advantage of simpler plant organ development where shape only emerges from cell division and elongation. We confirm that mutation in VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 3 (VIP3), a subunit of the conserved polymerase-associated factor 1 complex (Paf1C), increases gene expression variability in Arabidopsis. Then, we focused on the Arabidopsis sepal, which exhibits a reproducible shape and stereotypical regional growth patterns. In vip3 sepals, we measured higher growth heterogeneity between adjacent cells. This even culminated in the presence of negatively growing cells in specific growth conditions. Interestingly, such increased local noise interfered with the stereotypical regional pattern of growth. We previously showed that regional differential growth at the wild-type sepal tip triggers a mechanical conflict, to which cells resist by reinforcing their walls, leading to growth arrest. In vip3, the disturbed regional growth pattern delayed organ growth arrest and increased final organ shape variability. Altogether, we propose that gene expression variability is managed by Paf1C to ensure organ robustness by building up mechanical conflicts at the regional scale, instead of the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Chi Trinh
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Department of Pharmacological, Medical and Agronomical Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Cau Giay District, Hanoi11300, Vietnam
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Lotte Bald
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
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18
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Demes E, Verger S. High-throughput characterization of cortical microtubule arrays response to anisotropic tensile stress. BMC Biol 2023; 21:154. [PMID: 37430369 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants can perceive and respond to mechanical signals. For instance, cortical microtubule (CMT) arrays usually reorganize following the predicted maximal tensile stress orientation at the cell and tissue level. While research in the last few years has started to uncover some of the mechanisms mediating these responses, much remains to be discovered, including in most cases the actual nature of the mechanosensors. Such discovery is hampered by the absence of adequate quantification tools that allow the accurate and sensitive detection of phenotypes, along with high throughput and automated handling of large datasets that can be generated with recent imaging devices. RESULTS Here we describe an image processing workflow specifically designed to quantify CMT arrays response to tensile stress in time-lapse datasets following an ablation in the epidermis - a simple and robust method to change mechanical stress pattern. Our Fiji-based workflow puts together several plugins and algorithms under the form of user-friendly macros that automate the analysis process and remove user bias in the quantification. One of the key aspects is also the implementation of a simple geometry-based proxy to estimate stress patterns around the ablation site and compare it with the actual CMT arrays orientation. Testing our workflow on well-established reporter lines and mutants revealed subtle differences in the response over time, as well as the possibility to uncouple the anisotropic and orientational response. CONCLUSION This new workflow opens the way to dissect with unprecedented detail the mechanisms controlling microtubule arrays re-organization, and potentially uncover the still largely elusive plant mechanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Demes
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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19
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Mollier C, Skrzydeł J, Borowska-Wykręt D, Majda M, Bayle V, Battu V, Totozafy JC, Dulski M, Fruleux A, Wrzalik R, Mouille G, Smith RS, Monéger F, Kwiatkowska D, Boudaoud A. Spatial consistency of cell growth direction during organ morphogenesis requires CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112689. [PMID: 37352099 PMCID: PMC10391631 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrices contain fibril-like polymers often organized in parallel arrays. Although their role in morphogenesis has been long recognized, it remains unclear how the subcellular control of fibril synthesis translates into organ shape. We address this question using the Arabidopsis sepal as a model organ. In plants, cell growth is restrained by the cell wall (extracellular matrix). Cellulose microfibrils are the main load-bearing wall component, thought to channel growth perpendicularly to their main orientation. Given the key function of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE INTERACTIVE1 (CSI1) in guidance of cellulose synthesis, we investigate the role of CSI1 in sepal morphogenesis. We observe that sepals from csi1 mutants are shorter, although their newest cellulose microfibrils are more aligned compared to wild-type. Surprisingly, cell growth anisotropy is similar in csi1 and wild-type plants. We resolve this apparent paradox by showing that CSI1 is required for spatial consistency of growth direction across the sepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Mollier
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Joanna Skrzydeł
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Borowska-Wykręt
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Majda
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent Bayle
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Battu
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Chrisologue Totozafy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Mateusz Dulski
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Antoine Fruleux
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France; LPTMS, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Roman Wrzalik
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; August Chełkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Françoise Monéger
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon Cedex, France; LadHyX, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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20
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van Spoordonk R, Schneider R, Sampathkumar A. Mechano-chemical regulation of complex cell shape formation: Epidermal pavement cells-A case study. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 4:e5. [PMID: 37251797 PMCID: PMC10225270 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2023.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are encased by walls, which provide structural support and control their morphology. How plant cells regulate the deposition of the wall to generate complex shapes is a topic of ongoing research. Scientists have identified several model systems, the epidermal pavement cells of cotyledons and leaves being an ideal platform to study the formation of complex cell shapes. These cells indeed grow alternating protrusions and indentations resulting in jigsaw puzzle cell shapes. How and why these cells adopt such shapes has shown to be a challenging problem to solve, notably because it involves the integration of molecular and mechanical regulation together with cytoskeletal dynamics and cell wall modifications. In this review, we highlight some recent progress focusing on how these processes may be integrated at the cellular level along with recent quantitative morphometric approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology Department, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
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21
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Kirchhelle C, Hamant O. Discretizing the cellular bases of plant morphogenesis: Emerging properties from subcellular and noisy patterning. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 81:102159. [PMID: 36966612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is how multicellular organisms robustly shape their organs. In the past decade, much progress has been made not just in identifying biochemical and biophysical factors underpinning morphogenesis, but also in analyzing their spatio-temporal dynamics. A remarkable outcome of such analyses is that morphogenesis involves high levels of heterogeneity and fluctuations at local scales. Although this could be considered as white noise to be averaged over time, there is increasing evidence that these heterogeneities and fluctuations are instructive cues for development. In this review, we highlight some of the new questions that such heterogeneities raise for plant morphogenesis. We also investigate their effects across scales, focusing on how subcellular heterogeneities contribute to organ shape robustness and evolvability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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22
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Morphogenesis of leaves: from initiation to the production of diverse shapes. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:513-525. [PMID: 36876869 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The manner by which plant organs gain their shape is a longstanding question in developmental biology. Leaves, as typical lateral organs, are initiated from the shoot apical meristem that harbors stem cells. Leaf morphogenesis is accompanied by cell proliferation and specification to form the specific 3D shapes, with flattened lamina being the most common. Here, we briefly review the mechanisms controlling leaf initiation and morphogenesis, from periodic initiation in the shoot apex to the formation of conserved thin-blade and divergent leaf shapes. We introduce both regulatory gene patterning and biomechanical regulation involved in leaf morphogenesis. How phenotype is determined by genotype remains largely unanswered. Together, these new insights into leaf morphogenesis resolve molecular chains of events to better aid our understanding.
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23
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Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which patterned gene activity leads to mechanical deformation of cells and tissues to create complex forms is a major challenge for developmental biology. Plants offer advantages for addressing this problem because their cells do not migrate or rearrange during morphogenesis, which simplifies analysis. We synthesize results from experimental analysis and computational modeling to show how mechanical interactions between cellulose fibers translate through wall, cell, and tissue levels to generate complex plant tissue shapes. Genes can modify mechanical properties and stresses at each level, though the values and pattern of stresses differ from one level to the next. The dynamic cellulose network provides elastic resistance to deformation while allowing growth through fiber sliding, which enables morphogenesis while maintaining mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16870, USA
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24
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Chahtane H, Lai X, Tichtinsky G, Rieu P, Arnoux-Courseaux M, Cancé C, Marondedze C, Parcy F. Flower Development in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:3-38. [PMID: 37540352 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Like in other angiosperms, the development of flowers in Arabidopsis starts right after the floral transition, when the shoot apical meristem (SAM) stops producing leaves and makes flowers instead. On the flanks of the SAM emerge the flower meristems (FM) that will soon differentiate into the four main floral organs, sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil, stereotypically arranged in concentric whorls. Each phase of flower development-floral transition, floral bud initiation, and floral organ development-is under the control of specific gene networks. In this chapter, we describe these different phases and the gene regulatory networks involved, from the floral transition to the floral termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Chahtane
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Green Mission Pierre Fabre, Conservatoire Botanique Pierre Fabre, Soual, France
| | - Xuelei Lai
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Philippe Rieu
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Coralie Cancé
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
| | - Claudius Marondedze
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Midlands State University, Senga, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - François Parcy
- CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INRAE, IRIG, BIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France.
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25
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An Overview of Molecular Basis and Genetic Modification of Floral Organs Genes: Impact of Next-Generation Sequencing. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 65:833-848. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Zhao F, Long Y. Mechanosensing, from forces to structures. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1060018. [PMID: 36531357 PMCID: PMC9751800 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1060018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sessile plants evolve diverse structures in response to complex environmental cues. These factors, in essence, involve mechanical stimuli, which must be sensed and coordinated properly by the plants to ensure effective growth and development. While we have accumulated substantial knowledge on plant mechanobiology, how plants translate mechanical information into three-dimensional structures is still an open question. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of plant mechanosensing at different levels, particularly using Arabidopsis as a model plant system. We also attempt to abstract the mechanosensing process and link the gaps from mechanical cues to the generation of complex plant structures. Here we review the recent advancements on mechanical response and transduction in plant morphogenesis, and we also raise several questions that interest us in different sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuchen Long
- Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, The National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Bawa G, Liu Z, Wu R, Zhou Y, Liu H, Sun S, Liu Y, Qin A, Yu X, Zhao Z, Yang J, Hu M, Sun X. PIN1 regulates epidermal cells development under drought and salt stress using single-cell analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043204. [PMID: 36466268 PMCID: PMC9716655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of evolution, plants have developed plasticity to acclimate to environmental stresses such as drought and salt stress. These plant adaptation measures involve the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction and the expression of stress related genes. Here, we investigated the role of the plasma membrane-localized transporter of auxin PINFORMED1 (PIN1) in the regulation of pavement cells (PCs) and guard cells (GCs) development under drought and salt stress conditions. The results showed that drought and salt stress treatment affected the development of PCs and GCs. Further analysis identified the different regulation mechanisms of PIN1 in regulating the developmental patterns of PCs and GCs under drought and salt stress conditions. Drought and salt stress also regulated the expression dynamics of PIN1 in pif1/3/4/5 quadruple mutants. Collectively, we revealed that PIN1 plays a crucial role in regulating plant epidermal cells development under drought and salt stress conditions, thus contributing to developmental rebustness and plasticity.
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Chen B, Dang X, Bai W, Liu M, Li Y, Zhu L, Yang Y, Yu P, Ren H, Huang D, Pan X, Wang H, Qin Y, Feng S, Wang Q, Lin D. The IPGA1-ANGUSTIFOLIA module regulates microtubule organisation and pavement cell shape in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1310-1325. [PMID: 35975703 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells continuously experience mechanical stress resulting from the cell wall that bears internal turgor pressure. Cortical microtubules align with the predicted maximal tensile stress direction to guide cellulose biosynthesis and therefore results in cell wall reinforcement. We have previously identified Increased Petal Growth Anisotropy (IPGA1) as a putative microtubule-associated protein in Arabidopsis, but the function of IPGA1 remains unclear. Here, using the Arabidopsis cotyledon pavement cell as a model, we demonstrated that IPGA1 forms protein granules and interacts with ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) to cooperatively regulate microtubule organisation in response to stress. Application of mechanical perturbations, such as cell ablation, led to microtubule reorganisation into aligned arrays in wild-type cells. This microtubule response to stress was enhanced in the IPGA1 loss-of-function mutant. Mechanical perturbations promoted the formation of IPGA1 granules on microtubules. We further showed that IPGA1 physically interacted with AN both in vitro and on microtubules. The ipga1 mutant alleles exhibited reduced interdigitated growth of pavement cells, with smooth shape. IPGA1 and AN had a genetic interaction in regulating pavement cell shape. Furthermore, IPGA1 genetically and physically interacted with the microtubule-severing enzyme KATANIN. We propose that the IPGA1-AN module regulates microtubule organisation and pavement cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binqing Chen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xie Dang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenting Bai
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Min Liu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ying Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lilan Zhu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Agricultural Ecology Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Peihang Yu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huibo Ren
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dingquan Huang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Haifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shiliang Feng
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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29
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Schneider R, Ehrhardt DW, Meyerowitz EM, Sampathkumar A. Tethering of cellulose synthase to microtubules dampens mechano-induced cytoskeletal organization in Arabidopsis pavement cells. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1064-1073. [PMID: 35982303 PMCID: PMC9477734 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces control development in plants and animals, acting as cues in pattern formation and as the driving force of morphogenesis. In mammalian cells, molecular assemblies residing at the interface of the cell membrane and the extracellular matrix play an important role in perceiving and transmitting external mechanical signals to trigger physiological responses. Similar processes occur in plants, but there is little understanding of the molecular mechanisms and their genetic basis. Here, we show that the number and movement directions of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) at the plasma membrane vary during initial stages of development in the cotyledon epidermis of Arabidopsis, closely mirroring the microtubule organization. Uncoupling microtubules and CSCs resulted in enhanced microtubule co-alignment as caused by mechanical stimuli driven either by cell shape or by tissue-scale physical perturbations. Furthermore, micromechanical perturbation resulted in depletion of CSCs from the plasma membrane, suggesting a possible link between cellulose synthase removal from the plasma membrane and microtubule response to mechanical stimuli. Taken together, our results suggest that the interaction of cellulose synthase with cortical microtubules forms a physical continuum between the cell wall, plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton that modulates the mechano-response of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Schneider
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Plant Physiology Department, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany.
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30
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Marina SM, Pamela DK. Within-individual leaf allometry and the evolution of leaf morphology: A multilevel analysis of leaf allometry in temperate Viburnum (Adoxaceae) species. Evol Dev 2022; 24:145-157. [PMID: 35971627 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A critical issue in evolutionary biology is understanding the relationship between macroevolutionary patterns of diversity and the origin of variation at the organismal level. Among-individual allometry, the relationship between the size and shape of a structure among organisms at a fixed developmental stage, is often similar to evolutionary allometry, the relationship between the size and shape of a structure among populations or species, and the genetic and developmental process that underlie allometric relationships at both levels are thought to influence evolutionary diversification. Metameric organisms present an additional level of allometry: the relationship between the size and shape of structures within individuals. We propose that within-individual allometry is also related to evolutionary diversification among metameric organisms. We explore this idea in temperate deciduous Viburnum (Adoxaceae) species that bear two types of leaves, that is, preformed and neoformed leaves, with contrasting patterns of development. Examination of within-individual, among-individual, among-population, and among-species allometry of leaf shape in both leaf types showed that the slopes of all allometric relationships were significantly different from isometry, and their sign was consistent across allometric hierarchies. Although the allometric slope of preformed leaves was constant across allometry levels, the allometric slope of neoformed leaves became increasingly steeper. We suggest that allometric variation underlying evolutionary diversification in metameric organisms may manifest among individuals and also among their repeated structures. Moreover, structures with contrasting patterns of development within metameric organisms can experience different degrees of developmental constraint, and this can in turn affect morphological diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Strelin M Marina
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, Quintral, Bariloche, Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización (EcoPol), Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Diggle K Pamela
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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31
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Ren H, Rao J, Tang M, Li Y, Dang X, Lin D. PP2A interacts with KATANIN to promote microtubule organization and conical cell morphogenesis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1514-1530. [PMID: 35587570 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton is critical for cell and organ morphogenesis. The evolutionarily conserved microtubule-severing enzyme KATANIN plays critical roles in microtubule organization in the plant and animal kingdoms. We previously used conical cell of Arabidopsis thaliana petals as a model system to investigate cortical microtubule organization and cell morphogenesis and determined that KATANIN promotes the formation of circumferential cortical microtubule arrays in conical cells. Here, we demonstrate that the conserved protein phosphatase PP2A interacts with and dephosphorylates KATANIN to promote the formation of circumferential cortical microtubule arrays in conical cells. KATANIN undergoes cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Using co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified PP2A subunits as KATANIN-interacting proteins. Further biochemical studies showed that PP2A interacts with and dephosphorylates KATANIN to stabilize its cellular abundance. Similar to the katanin mutant, mutants for genes encoding PP2A subunits showed disordered cortical microtubule arrays and defective conical cell shape. Taken together, these findings identify PP2A as a regulator of conical cell shape and suggest that PP2A mediates KATANIN phospho-regulation during plant cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Ren
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jinqiu Rao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Min Tang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaxing Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xie Dang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Sciences and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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32
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Le Gloanec C, Collet L, Silveira SR, Wang B, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Kierzkowski D. Cell type-specific dynamics underlie cellular growth variability in plants. Development 2022; 149:276118. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Coordination of growth, patterning and differentiation is required for shaping organs in multicellular organisms. In plants, cell growth is controlled by positional information, yet the behavior of individual cells is often highly heterogeneous. The origin of this variability is still unclear. Using time-lapse imaging, we determined the source and relevance of cellular growth variability in developing organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that growth is more heterogeneous in the leaf blade than in the midrib and petiole, correlating with higher local differences in growth rates between neighboring cells in the blade. This local growth variability coincides with developing stomata. Stomatal lineages follow a specific, time-dependent growth program that is different from that of their surroundings. Quantification of cellular dynamics in the leaves of a mutant lacking stomata, as well as analysis of floral organs, supports the idea that growth variability is mainly driven by stomata differentiation. Thus, the cell-autonomous behavior of specialized cells is the main source of local growth variability in otherwise homogeneously growing tissue. Those growth differences are buffered by the immediate neighbors of stomata and trichomes to achieve robust organ shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Le Gloanec
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Loann Collet
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Sylvia R. Silveira
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Binghan Wang
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Anne-Lise Routier-Kierzkowska
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
- Université de Montréal , Département de Sciences Biologiques , , 4101 Sherbrooke St E, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2 , Canada
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Guo K, Huang C, Miao Y, Cosgrove DJ, Hsia KJ. Leaf morphogenesis: The multifaceted roles of mechanics. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1098-1119. [PMID: 35662674 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a rich diversity of biological forms, and the diversity of leaves is especially notable. Mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis have been studied in the past two decades, with a growing focus on the interactive roles of mechanics in recent years. Growth of plant organs involves feedback by mechanical stress: growth induces stress, and stress affects growth and morphogenesis. Although much attention has been given to potential stress-sensing mechanisms and cellular responses, the mechanical principles guiding morphogenesis have not been well understood. Here we synthesize the overarching roles of mechanics and mechanical stress in multilevel and multiple stages of leaf morphogenesis, encompassing leaf primordium initiation, phyllotaxis and venation patterning, and the establishment of complex mature leaf shapes. Moreover, the roles of mechanics at multiscale levels, from subcellular cytoskeletal molecules to single cells to tissues at the organ scale, are articulated. By highlighting the role of mechanical buckling in the formation of three-dimensional leaf shapes, this review integrates the perspectives of mechanics and biology to provide broader insights into the mechanobiology of leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Guo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - K Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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Budečević S, Manitašević Jovanović S, Vuleta A, Tucić B, Klingenberg CP. Directional asymmetry and direction-giving factors: Lessons from flowers with complex symmetry. Evol Dev 2022; 24:92-108. [PMID: 35708164 PMCID: PMC9542681 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Directional asymmetry is a systematic difference between the left and right sides for structures with bilateral symmetry or a systematic differentiation among repeated parts for complex symmetry. This study explores factors that produce directional asymmetry in the flower of Iris pumila, a structure with complex symmetry that makes it possible to investigate multiple such factors simultaneously. The shapes and sizes of three types of floral organs, the falls, standards, and style branches, were quantified using the methods of geometric morphometrics. For each flower, this study recorded the compass orientations of floral organs as well as their anatomical orientations relative to the two spathes subtending each flower. To characterize directional asymmetry at the whole-flower level, differences in the average sizes and shapes according to compass orientation and relative orientation were computed, and the left-right asymmetry was also evaluated for each individual organ. No size or shape differences within flowers were found in relation to anatomical position; this may relate to the terminal position of flowers in Iris pumila, suggesting that there may be no adaxial-abaxial polarity, which is very prominent in many other taxa. There was clear directional asymmetry of shape in relation to compass orientation, presumably driven by a consistent environmental gradient such as solar irradiance. There was also clear directional asymmetry between left and right halves of every floral organ, most likely related to the arrangement of organs in the bud. These findings indicate that different factors are acting to produce directional asymmetry at different levels. In conventional analyses not recording flower orientations, these effects would be impossible to disentangle from each other and would probably be included as part of fluctuating asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Budečević
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Manitašević Jovanović
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Vuleta
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Tucić
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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35
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Strauss S, Runions A, Lane B, Eschweiler D, Bajpai N, Trozzi N, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Yoshida S, Rodrigues da Silveira S, Vijayan A, Tofanelli R, Majda M, Echevin E, Le Gloanec C, Bertrand-Rakusova H, Adibi M, Schneitz K, Bassel G, Kierzkowski D, Stegmaier J, Tsiantis M, Smith RS. Using positional information to provide context for biological image analysis with MorphoGraphX 2.0. eLife 2022; 11:72601. [PMID: 35510843 PMCID: PMC9159754 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Positional information is a central concept in developmental biology. In developing organs, positional information can be idealized as a local coordinate system that arises from morphogen gradients controlled by organizers at key locations. This offers a plausible mechanism for the integration of the molecular networks operating in individual cells into the spatially coordinated multicellular responses necessary for the organization of emergent forms. Understanding how positional cues guide morphogenesis requires the quantification of gene expression and growth dynamics in the context of their underlying coordinate systems. Here, we present recent advances in the MorphoGraphX software (Barbier de Reuille et al., 2015) that implement a generalized framework to annotate developing organs with local coordinate systems. These coordinate systems introduce an organ-centric spatial context to microscopy data, allowing gene expression and growth to be quantified and compared in the context of the positional information thought to control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Strauss
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adam Runions
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Eschweiler
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Namrata Bajpai
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Saiko Yoshida
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Athul Vijayan
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Rachele Tofanelli
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Emillie Echevin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - Milad Adibi
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - George Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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36
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Nakayama H, Koga H, Long Y, Hamant O, Ferjani A. Looking beyond the gene network - metabolic and mechanical cell drivers of leaf morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275072. [PMID: 35438169 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The above-ground organs in plants display a rich diversity, yet they grow to characteristic sizes and shapes. Organ morphogenesis progresses through a sequence of key events, which are robustly executed spatiotemporally as an emerging property of intrinsic molecular networks while adapting to various environmental cues. This Review focuses on the multiscale control of leaf morphogenesis. Beyond the list of known genetic determinants underlying leaf growth and shape, we focus instead on the emerging novel mechanisms of metabolic and biomechanical regulations that coordinate plant cell growth non-cell-autonomously. This reveals how metabolism and mechanics are not solely passive outcomes of genetic regulation but play instructive roles in leaf morphogenesis. Such an integrative view also extends to fluctuating environmental cues and evolutionary adaptation. This synthesis calls for a more balanced view on morphogenesis, where shapes are considered from the standpoints of geometry, genetics, energy and mechanics, and as emerging properties of the cellular expression of these different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuchen Long
- Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, 184-8501 Tokyo, Japan
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Silveira SR, Le Gloanec C, Gómez-Felipe A, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Kierzkowski D. Live-imaging provides an atlas of cellular growth dynamics in the stamen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:769-781. [PMID: 34618064 PMCID: PMC8825458 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of multicellular organisms is a complex process involving precise coordination of growth among individual cells. Understanding organogenesis requires measurements of cellular behaviors over space and time. In plants, such a quantitative approach has been successfully used to dissect organ development in both leaves and external floral organs, such as sepals. However, the observation of floral reproductive organs is hampered as they develop inside tightly closed floral buds, and are therefore difficult to access for imaging. We developed a confocal time-lapse imaging method, applied here to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which allows full quantitative characterization of the development of stamens, the male reproductive organs. Our lineage tracing reveals the early specification of the filament and the anther. Formation of the anther lobes is associated with a temporal increase of growth at the lobe surface that correlates with intensive growth of the developing locule. Filament development is very dynamic and passes through three distinct phases: (1) initial intense, anisotropic growth, and high cell proliferation; (2) restriction of growth and proliferation to the filament proximal region; and (3) resumption of intense and anisotropic growth, displaced to the distal portion of the filament, without cell proliferation. This quantitative atlas of cellular growth dynamics provides a solid framework for future studies into stamen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R Silveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Constance Le Gloanec
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | - Andrea Gómez-Felipe
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
| | | | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, IRBV, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H1X 2B2
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38
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Gorelova V, Sprakel J, Weijers D. Plant cell polarity as the nexus of tissue mechanics and morphogenesis. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1548-1559. [PMID: 34887521 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
How reproducible body patterns emerge from the collective activity of individual cells is a key question in developmental biology. Plant cells are encaged in their walls and unable to migrate. Morphogenesis thus relies on directional cell division, by precise positioning of division planes, and anisotropic cellular growth, mediated by regulated mechanical inhomogeneity of the walls. Both processes require the prior establishment of cell polarity, marked by the formation of polar domains at the plasma membrane, in a number of developmental contexts. The establishment of cell polarity involves biochemical cues, but increasing evidence suggests that mechanical forces also play a prominent instructive role. While evidence for mutual regulation between cell polarity and tissue mechanics is emerging, the nature of this bidirectional feedback remains unclear. Here we review the role of cell polarity at the interface of tissue mechanics and morphogenesis. We also aim to integrate biochemistry-centred insights with concepts derived from physics and physical chemistry. Lastly, we propose a set of questions that will help address the fundamental nature of cell polarization and its mechanistic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorelova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Tang W, Lin W, Zhou X, Guo J, Dang X, Li B, Lin D, Yang Z. Mechano-transduction via the pectin-FERONIA complex activates ROP6 GTPase signaling in Arabidopsis pavement cell morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2021; 32:508-517.e3. [PMID: 34875231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During growth and morphogenesis, plant cells respond to mechanical stresses resulting from spatiotemporal changes in the cell wall that bear high internal turgor pressure. Microtubule (MT) arrays are reorganized to align in the direction of maximal tensile stress, presumably reinforcing the local cell wall by guiding the synthesis of cellulose. However, how mechanical forces regulate MT reorganization remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mechanical signaling that is based on the Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinase (CrRLK1L) subfamily receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) regulates the reorganization of cortical MT in cotyledon epidermal pavement cells (PCs) in Arabidopsis. Recessive mutations in FER compromised MT responses to mechanical perturbations, such as single-cell ablation, compression, and isoxaben treatment, in these PCs. These perturbations promoted the activation of ROP6 guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that acts directly downstream of FER. Furthermore, defects in the ROP6 signaling pathway negated the reorganization of cortical MTs induced by these stresses. Finally, reduction in highly demethylesterified pectin, which binds the extracellular malectin domains of FER and is required for FER-mediated ROP6 activation, also impacted mechanical induction of cortical MT reorganization. Taken together, our results suggest that the FER-pectin complex senses and/or transduces mechanical forces to regulate MT organization through activating the ROP6 signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Tang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jingzhe Guo
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xie Dang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Binqi Li
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China; Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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40
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Malivert A, Erguvan Ö, Chevallier A, Dehem A, Friaud R, Liu M, Martin M, Peyraud T, Hamant O, Verger S. FERONIA and microtubules independently contribute to mechanical integrity in the Arabidopsis shoot. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001454. [PMID: 34767544 PMCID: PMC8612563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To survive, cells must constantly resist mechanical stress. In plants, this involves the reinforcement of cell walls, notably through microtubule-dependent cellulose deposition. How wall sensing might contribute to this response is unknown. Here, we tested whether the microtubule response to stress acts downstream of known wall sensors. Using a multistep screen with 11 mutant lines, we identify FERONIA (FER) as the primary candidate for the cell’s response to stress in the shoot. However, this does not imply that FER acts upstream of the microtubule response to stress. In fact, when performing mechanical perturbations, we instead show that the expected microtubule response to stress does not require FER. We reveal that the feronia phenotype can be partially rescued by reducing tensile stress levels. Conversely, in the absence of both microtubules and FER, cells appear to swell and burst. Altogether, this shows that the microtubule response to stress acts as an independent pathway to resist stress, in parallel to FER. We propose that both pathways are required to maintain the mechanical integrity of plant cells. In all living organisms, cells must resist mechanical stress to survive. This study of the model plant Arabidopsis reveals that the candidate cell wall mechanoreceptor FERONIA and microtubules independently contribute to this mechanical feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Malivert
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Özer Erguvan
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Chevallier
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Dehem
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Rodrigue Friaud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Mengying Liu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Théophile Peyraud
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (OH); (SV)
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France
- * E-mail: (OH); (SV)
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41
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Schütz LM, Louveaux M, Vilches Barro A, Bouziri S, Cerrone L, Wolny A, Kreshuk A, Hamprecht FA, Maizel A. Integration of Cell Growth and Asymmetric Division during Lateral Root Initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1269-1279. [PMID: 33725093 PMCID: PMC8579162 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root formation determines to a large extent the ability of plants to forage their environment and thus their growth. In Arabidopsis thaliana and other angiosperms, lateral root initiation requires radial cell expansion and several rounds of anticlinal cell divisions that give rise to a central core of small cells, which express different markers than the larger surrounding cells. These small central cells then switch their plane of divisions to periclinal and give rise to seemingly morphologically similar daughter cells that have different identities and establish the different cell types of the new root. Although the execution of these anticlinal and periclinal divisions is tightly regulated and essential for the correct development of the lateral root, we know little about their geometrical features. Here, we generate a four-dimensional reconstruction of the first stages of lateral root formation and analyze the geometric features of the anticlinal and periclinal divisions. We identify that the periclinal divisions of the small central cells are morphologically dissimilar and asymmetric. We show that mother cell volume is different when looking at anticlinal vs. periclinal divisions and the repeated anticlinal divisions do not lead to reduction in cell volume, although cells are shorter. Finally, we show that cells undergoing a periclinal division are characterized by a strong cell expansion. Our results indicate that cells integrate growth and division to precisely partition their volume upon division during the first two stages of lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Marie Schütz
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Agrilution Systems GmbH, Munich 81249, Germany
| | - Marion Louveaux
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Institut Pasteur, Paris 75014, France
| | - Amaya Vilches Barro
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sami Bouziri
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Wolny
- HCI-IWR, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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42
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Calcutt R, Vincent R, Dean D, Arinzeh TL, Dixit R. Plant cell adhesion and growth on artificial fibrous scaffolds as an in vitro model for plant development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj1469. [PMID: 34669469 PMCID: PMC8528414 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of plant development would benefit from an in vitro model that mimics the endogenous physical interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Here, we present artificial scaffolds to which both solid- and liquid-cultured tobacco BY-2 cells adhere without perturbing cell morphology, division, and cortical microtubule organization. Scaffolds consisting of polyvinylidene tri-fluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) were prepared to mimic the cell wall’s fibrillar structure and its relative hydrophobicity and piezoelectric property. We found that cells adhered best to scaffolds consisting of nanosized aligned fibers. In addition, poling of PVDF-TrFE, which orients the fiber dipoles and renders the scaffold more piezoelectric, increased cell adhesion. Enzymatic treatments revealed that the plant cell wall polysaccharide, pectin, is largely responsible for cell adhesion to scaffolds, analogous to pectin-mediated cell adhesion in plant tissues. Together, this work establishes the first plant biomimetic scaffolds that will enable studies of how cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions affect plant developmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Calcutt
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Richard Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Derrick Dean
- Biomedical Engineering Program and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36014, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.L.A.); (D.D.); (R.D.)
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43
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Hartmann FP, Tinturier E, Julien JL, Leblanc-Fournier N. Between Stress and Response: Function and Localization of Mechanosensitive Ca 2+ Channels in Herbaceous and Perennial Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11043. [PMID: 34681698 PMCID: PMC8538497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, how plants sense and respond to mechanical stress has become a flourishing field of research. The pivotal role of mechanosensing in organogenesis and acclimation was demonstrated in various plants, and links are emerging between gene regulatory networks and physical forces exerted on tissues. However, how plant cells convert physical signals into chemical signals remains unclear. Numerous studies have focused on the role played by mechanosensitive (MS) calcium ion channels MCA, Piezo and OSCA. To complement these data, we combined data mining and visualization approaches to compare the tissue-specific expression of these genes, taking advantage of recent single-cell RNA-sequencing data obtained in the root apex and the stem of Arabidopsis and the Populus stem. These analyses raise questions about the relationships between the localization of MS channels and the localization of stress and responses. Such tissue-specific expression studies could help to elucidate the functions of MS channels. Finally, we stress the need for a better understanding of such mechanisms in trees, which are facing mechanical challenges of much higher magnitudes and over much longer time scales than herbaceous plants, and we mention practical applications of plant responsiveness to mechanical stress in agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P. Hartmann
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.T.); (J.-L.J.)
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44
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Marconi M, Wabnik K. Shaping the Organ: A Biologist Guide to Quantitative Models of Plant Morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:746183. [PMID: 34675952 PMCID: PMC8523991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.746183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis is the process of shape acquisition initiated with a small reservoir of undifferentiated cells. In plants, morphogenesis is a complex endeavor that comprises a large number of interacting elements, including mechanical stimuli, biochemical signaling, and genetic prerequisites. Because of the large body of data being produced by modern laboratories, solving this complexity requires the application of computational techniques and analyses. In the last two decades, computational models combined with wet-lab experiments have advanced our understanding of plant organ morphogenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the most important achievements in the field of computational plant morphodynamics. We present a brief history from the earliest attempts to describe plant forms using algorithmic pattern generation to the evolution of quantitative cell-based models fueled by increasing computational power. We then provide an overview of the most common types of "digital plant" paradigms, and demonstrate how models benefit from diverse techniques used to describe cell growth mechanics. Finally, we highlight the development of computational frameworks designed to resolve organ shape complexity through integration of mechanical, biochemical, and genetic cues into a quantitative standardized and user-friendly environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
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45
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Hilty J, Muller B, Pantin F, Leuzinger S. Plant growth: the What, the How, and the Why. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:25-41. [PMID: 34245021 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Growth is a widely used term in plant science and ecology, but it can have different meanings depending on the context and the spatiotemporal scale of analysis. At the meristem level, growth is associated with the production of cells and initiation of new organs. At the organ or plant scale and over short time periods, growth is often used synonymously with tissue expansion, while over longer time periods the increase in biomass is a common metric. At even larger temporal and spatial scales, growth is mostly described as net primary production. Here, we first address the question 'what is growth?'. We propose a general framework to distinguish between the different facets of growth, and the corresponding physiological processes, environmental drivers and mathematical formalisms. Based on these different definitions, we then review how plant growth can be measured and analysed at different organisational, spatial and temporal scales. We conclude by discussing why gaining a better understanding of the different facets of plant growth is essential to disentangle genetic and environmental effects on the phenotype, and to uncover the causalities around source or sink limitations of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hilty
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, 46 Wakefield Street, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Bertrand Muller
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Florent Pantin
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, 46 Wakefield Street, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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46
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Lin W, Wang Y, Coudert Y, Kierzkowski D. Leaf Morphogenesis: Insights From the Moss Physcomitrium patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:736212. [PMID: 34630486 PMCID: PMC8494982 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Specialized photosynthetic organs have appeared several times independently during the evolution of land plants. Phyllids, the leaf-like organs of bryophytes such as mosses or leafy liverworts, display a simple morphology, with a small number of cells and cell types and lack typical vascular tissue which contrasts greatly with flowering plants. Despite this, the leaf structures of these two plant types share many morphological characteristics. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of leaf morphogenesis in the model moss Physcomitrium patens, focusing on the underlying cellular patterns and molecular regulatory mechanisms. We discuss this knowledge in an evolutionary context and identify parallels between moss and flowering plant leaf development. Finally, we propose potential research directions that may help to answer fundamental questions in plant development using moss leaves as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenye Lin
- IRBV, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRIA, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- IRBV, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Riglet L, Rozier F, Fobis-Loisy I, Gaude T. KATANIN and cortical microtubule organization have a pivotal role in early pollen tube guidance. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1921992. [PMID: 33960266 PMCID: PMC8244755 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1921992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Following pollen deposition on the receptive surface of the stigma, pollen germinates a tube that carries male gametes toward the ovule where fertilization occurs. As soon as it emerges from the pollen grain, the pollen tube has to be properly guided through the pistil tissues so as to reach the ovule and ensure double fertilization. Chemical attractants, nutrients as well as receptor kinase-dependent signaling pathways have been implicated in this guidance. Recently, we showed in Arabidopsis that the microtubule severing enzyme KATANIN, by acting both on cortical microtubule (CMT) dynamics and cellulose microfibril (CMF) deposition, conferred particular mechanical properties to the papilla cell wall that act as active guidance factors. Here we confirm the importance of KATANIN and CMT orientation in pollen tube directionality by examining another katanin mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Riglet
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, CNRS, INRAE, Allée d’Italie, France
| | - Frédérique Rozier
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, CNRS, INRAE, Allée d’Italie, France
| | - Isabelle Fobis-Loisy
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, CNRS, INRAE, Allée d’Italie, France
| | - Thierry Gaude
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, CNRS, INRAE, Allée d’Italie, France
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48
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Tissue folding at the organ-meristem boundary results in nuclear compression and chromatin compaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017859118. [PMID: 33608459 PMCID: PMC7923354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017859118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial mechanical perturbations affect chromatin in animal cells in culture. Whether this is also relevant to growing tissues in living organisms remains debated. In plants, aerial organ emergence occurs through localized outgrowth at the periphery of the shoot apical meristem, which also contains a stem cell niche. Interestingly, organ outgrowth has been proposed to generate compression in the saddle-shaped organ-meristem boundary domain. Yet whether such growth-induced mechanical stress affects chromatin in plant tissues is unknown. Here, by imaging the nuclear envelope in vivo over time and quantifying nucleus deformation, we demonstrate the presence of active nuclear compression in that domain. We developed a quantitative pipeline amenable to identifying a subset of very deformed nuclei deep in the boundary and in which nuclei become gradually narrower and more elongated as the cell contracts transversely. In this domain, we find that the number of chromocenters is reduced, as shown by chromatin staining and labeling, and that the expression of linker histone H1.3 is induced. As further evidence of the role of forces on chromatin changes, artificial compression with a MicroVice could induce the ectopic expression of H1.3 in the rest of the meristem. Furthermore, while the methylation status of chromatin was correlated with nucleus deformation at the meristem boundary, such correlation was lost in the h1.3 mutant. Altogether, we reveal that organogenesis in plants generates compression that is able to have global effects on chromatin in individual cells.
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Zhou Y, Li Y, Gong M, Qin F, Xiao D, Zhan J, Wang A, He L. Regulatory mechanism of GA 3 on tuber growth by DELLA-dependent pathway in yam (Dioscorea opposita). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:433-448. [PMID: 34142302 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous GA3 responses to DoEXP and DoXTH depend on the DoGA20ox1, DoGA3ox1, DoGA2ox3, DoGA2ox4, DoGID1a, and DoDELLA1 to regulate yam tuber growth. Yam tuber undergoes significant alteration in morphogenesis and functions during growth, and gibberellins (GA) are considered potentially important regulators of tuber growth. However, it is little known about the regulation of GA metabolism and GA signaling components genes in tuber growth of yam. In this study, the cloning and expressions of GA3 level, GA metabolism and signaling genes, and cell wall genes in tuber growth in response to GA3 and GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PP333) treatments were studied. The contents of GA3 accumulated at the tuber growth, with the highest levels in the early expansion stage. DoGA20ox1, DoGA3ox1, and four DoGA2ox genes were significantly abundant in the early expansion stage of tuber and gradually declined along with tuber growth. Three DoGID1 and three DoDELLA genes were showed different expression patterns in the early expansion stage of tuber and gradually declined along with tuber growth. Five DoEXP and three DoXTH genes expression levels were higher in the early expansion stage than in other stages. Exogenous GA3 increased endogenous GA3 levels, whereas the expression levels of DoGA20ox1, DoGA3ox1, DoGID1a, and DoDELLA1 were down-regulated in the early expansion stage of tuber by GA3 treatment, DoGA2ox3 and DoGA2ox4 were up-regulated. PP333 application exhibited opposite consequences. Thus, a mechanism of GA3 regulating yam tuber growth by DELLA-dependent pathway is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Gong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qin
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xiao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longfei He
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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Liu S, Jobert F, Rahneshan Z, Doyle SM, Robert S. Solving the Puzzle of Shape Regulation in Plant Epidermal Pavement Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:525-550. [PMID: 34143651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-081920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis serves many essential functions, including interactions with the environment, protection, mechanical strength, and regulation of tissue and organ growth. To achieve these functions, specialized epidermal cells develop into particular shapes. These include the intriguing interdigitated jigsaw puzzle shape of cotyledon and leaf pavement cells seen in many species, the precise functions of which remain rather obscure. Although pavement cell shape regulation is complex and still a long way from being fully understood, the roles of the cell wall, mechanical stresses, cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, and phytohormones are becoming clearer. Here, we provide a review of this current knowledge of pavement cell morphogenesis, generated from a wealth of experimental evidence and assisted by computational modeling approaches. We also discuss the evolution and potential functions of pavement cell interdigitation. Throughout the review, we highlight some of the thought-provoking controversies and creative theories surrounding the formation of the curious puzzle shape of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - François Jobert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Zahra Rahneshan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
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