1
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Vukašinović N, Hsu CW, Marconi M, Li S, Zachary C, Shahan R, Szekley P, Aardening Z, Vanhoutte I, Ma Q, Pinto L, Krupař P, German N, Zhang J, Simon-Vezo C, Perez-Sancho J, Quijada PC, Zhou Q, Lee LR, Cai J, Bayer EM, Fendrych M, Truernit E, Zhou Y, Savaldi-Goldstein S, Wabnik K, Nolan TM, Russinova E. Polarity-guided uneven mitotic divisions control brassinosteroid activity in proliferating plant root cells. Cell 2025; 188:2063-2080.e24. [PMID: 40068682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 01/03/2025] [Accepted: 02/13/2025] [Indexed: 04/20/2025]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid hormones are positive regulators of plant organ growth, yet their function in proliferating tissues remains unclear. Here, through integrating single-cell RNA sequencing with long-term live-cell imaging of the Arabidopsis root, we reveal that brassinosteroid activity fluctuates throughout the cell cycle, decreasing during mitotic divisions and increasing during the G1 phase. The post-mitotic recovery of brassinosteroid activity is driven by the intrinsic polarity of the mother cell, resulting in one daughter cell with enhanced brassinosteroid signaling, while the other supports brassinosteroid biosynthesis. The coexistence of these distinct daughter cell states during the G1 phase circumvents a negative feedback loop to facilitate brassinosteroid production while signaling increases. Our findings uncover polarity-guided, uneven mitotic divisions in the meristem, which control brassinosteroid hormone activity to ensure optimal root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Vukašinović
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Che-Wei Hsu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marco Marconi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Shaopeng Li
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Christopher Zachary
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Rachel Shahan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pablo Szekley
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ziv Aardening
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Isabelle Vanhoutte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Lucrezia Pinto
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Pavel Krupař
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague 12844, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Nathan German
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | | | - Claire Simon-Vezo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Jessica Perez-Sancho
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pepe Cana Quijada
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Qianzi Zhou
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura R Lee
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jianghua Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormone Regulation and Molecular Breeding of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague 12844, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Elisabeth Truernit
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | | | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP, UPM-INIA) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Trevor M Nolan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium.
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2
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Pukhovaya EM, Ramalho JJ, Weijers D. Polar targeting of proteins - a green perspective. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262068. [PMID: 39330548 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity - the asymmetric distribution of molecules and cell structures within the cell - is a feature that almost all cells possess. Even though the cytoskeleton and other intracellular organelles can have a direction and guide protein distribution, the plasma membrane is, in many cases, essential for the asymmetric localization of proteins because it helps to concentrate proteins and restrict their localization. Indeed, many proteins that exhibit asymmetric or polarized localization are either embedded in the PM or located close to it in the cellular cortex. Such proteins, which we refer to here as 'polar proteins', use various mechanisms of membrane targeting, including vesicle trafficking, direct phospholipid binding, or membrane anchoring mediated by post-translational modifications or binding to other proteins. These mechanisms are often shared with non-polar proteins, yet the unique combinations of several mechanisms or protein-specific factors assure the asymmetric distribution of polar proteins. Although there is a relatively detailed understanding of polar protein membrane targeting mechanisms in animal and yeast models, knowledge in plants is more fragmented and focused on a limited number of known polar proteins in different contexts. In this Review, we combine the current knowledge of membrane targeting mechanisms and factors for known plant transmembrane and cortical proteins and compare these with the mechanisms elucidated in non-plant systems. We classify the known factors as general or polarity specific, and we highlight areas where more knowledge is needed to construct an understanding of general polar targeting mechanisms in plants or to resolve controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya M Pukhovaya
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - João Jacob Ramalho
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Muroyama A, Gong Y, Hartman KS, Bergmann D. Cortical polarity ensures its own asymmetric inheritance in the stomatal lineage to pattern the leaf surface. Science 2023; 381:54-59. [PMID: 37410832 PMCID: PMC10328556 DOI: 10.1126/science.add6162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell divisions specify differential cell fates across kingdoms. In metazoans, preferential inheritance of fate determinants into one daughter cell frequently depends on polarity-cytoskeleton interactions. Despite the prevalence of asymmetric divisions throughout plant development, evidence for analogous mechanisms that segregate fate determinants remains elusive. Here, we describe a mechanism in the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis that ensures unequal inheritance of a fate-enforcing polarity domain. By defining a cortical region depleted of stable microtubules, the polarity domain limits possible division orientations. Accordingly, uncoupling the polarity domain from microtubule organization during mitosis leads to aberrant division planes and accompanying cell identity defects. Our data highlight how a common biological module, coupling polarity to fate segregation through the cytoskeleton, can be reconfigured to accommodate unique features of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muroyama
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address: Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kensington S. Hartman
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dominique Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Durand-Smet P, Chevallier A, Colin L, Malivert A, Melogno I, Hamant O. Single-Cell Confinement Methods to Study Plant Cytoskeleton. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:63-75. [PMID: 36773225 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Progress in cytoskeletal research in animal systems has been accompanied by the development of single-cell systems (e.g., fibroblasts in culture). Single-cell systems exist for plant research, but the presence of a cell wall hinders the possibility to relate cytoskeleton dynamics to changes in cell shape or in mechanical stress pattern. Here we present two protocols to confine wall-less plant protoplasts in microwells with defined geometries. Either protocol might be more or less adapted to the question at hand. For instance, when using microwells made of agarose, the composition of the well can be easily modified to analyze the impact of biochemical cues. When using microwells in a stiff polymer (NOA73), protoplasts can be pressurized, and the wall of the well can be coated with cell wall components. Using both protocols, we could analyze microtubule and actin dynamics in vivo while also revealing the relative contribution of geometry and stress in their self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Durand-Smet
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Cité, Paris cedex 13, France.
| | - Antoine Chevallier
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Léia Colin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Alice Malivert
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Isaty Melogno
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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5
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Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which patterned gene activity leads to mechanical deformation of cells and tissues to create complex forms is a major challenge for developmental biology. Plants offer advantages for addressing this problem because their cells do not migrate or rearrange during morphogenesis, which simplifies analysis. We synthesize results from experimental analysis and computational modeling to show how mechanical interactions between cellulose fibers translate through wall, cell, and tissue levels to generate complex plant tissue shapes. Genes can modify mechanical properties and stresses at each level, though the values and pattern of stresses differ from one level to the next. The dynamic cellulose network provides elastic resistance to deformation while allowing growth through fiber sliding, which enables morphogenesis while maintaining mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16870, USA
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6
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Zhang Y, Xu T, Dong J. Asymmetric cell division in plant development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:343-370. [PMID: 36610013 PMCID: PMC9975081 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a fundamental process that generates new cell types during development in eukaryotic species. In plant development, post-embryonic organogenesis driven by ACD is universal and more important than in animals, in which organ pattern is preset during embryogenesis. Thus, plant development provides a powerful system to study molecular mechanisms underlying ACD. During the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the key components and mechanisms involved in this important process in plants. Here, we present an overview of how ACD is determined and regulated in multiple biological processes in plant development and compare their conservation and specificity among different model cell systems. We also summarize the molecular roles and mechanisms of the phytohormones in the regulation of plant ACD. Finally, we conclude with the overarching paradigms and principles that govern plant ACD and consider how new technologies can be exploited to fill the knowledge gaps and make new advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tongda Xu
- Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08891, USA
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7
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Fozard JA, Yu M, Bezodis W, Cheng J, Spooner J, Mansfield C, Chan J, Coen E. Localization of stomatal lineage proteins reveals contrasting planar polarity patterns in Arabidopsis cotyledons. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4967-4974.e5. [PMID: 36257315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many plant cells exhibit polarity, revealed by asymmetric localization of specific proteins within each cell.1,2,3,4,5,6 Polarity is typically coordinated between cells across a tissue, raising the question of how coordination is achieved. One hypothesis is that mechanical stresses provide cues.7 This idea gains support from experiments in which cotyledons were mechanically stretched transversely to their midline.8 These previously published results showed that without applied tension, the stomatal lineage cell polarity marker, BREVIS RADIX-LIKE 2 (BRXL2), exhibited no significant excess in the transverse orientation. By contrast, 7 h after stretching, BRXL2 polarity distribution exhibited transverse excess, aligned with the stretch direction. These stretching experiments involved statistical comparisons between snapshots of stretched and unstretched cotyledons, with different specimens being imaged in each case.8 Here, we image the same cotyledon before and after stretching and find no evidence for reorientation of polarity. Instead, statistical analysis shows that cotyledons contain a pre-existing transverse excess in BRXL2 polarity orientation that is not significantly modified by applied tension. The transverse excess reflects BRLX2 being preferentially localized toward the medial side of the cell, nearer to the cotyledon midline, creating a weak medial bias. A second polarity marker, BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE (BASL), also exhibits weak medial bias in stomatal lineages, whereas ectopic expression of BASL in non-stomatal cells exhibits strong proximal bias, as previously observed in rosette leaves. This proximal bias is also unperturbed by applied tension. Our findings therefore show that cotyledons contain two near-orthogonal coordinated biases in planar polarity: mediolateral and proximodistal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Fozard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Man Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - William Bezodis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jamie Spooner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Catherine Mansfield
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jordi Chan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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8
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Guo X, Dong J. Protein polarization: Spatiotemporal precisions in cell division and differentiation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102257. [PMID: 35816992 PMCID: PMC9968528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Specification of cell polarity is vital to normal cell growth, morphogenesis, and function. As other eukaryotes, plants generate cellular polarity that is coordinated with tissue polarity and organ axes. In development, new cell types are generated by stem-cell division and differentiation, a process often involving proteins that are polarized to cortical domains at the plasma membrane. In the past decade, pioneering work using the model plant Arabidopsis identified multiple proteins that are polarized in dividing cells to instruct divisional behaviors and/or specify cell fates. In this review, we use these polarized cell-division regulators as example to summarize key mechanisms underlying protein polarization in plant cells. Recent progress underscores that self-organizing amplification processes are commonly involved in establishing cell polarity, and cellular polarity is influenced by both tissue-level and local mechanochemical cues. In addition, protein polarization during asymmetric cell division shows a distinct feature of temporal control in the stomatal lineage. We further discuss possible coordination between protein polarization and the progression of cell cycle in this developmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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9
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Cieslak M, Owens A, Prusinkiewicz P. Computational Models of Auxin-Driven Patterning in Shoots. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040097. [PMID: 34001531 PMCID: PMC8886983 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin regulates many aspects of plant development and behavior, including the initiation of new outgrowth, patterning of vascular systems, control of branching, and responses to the environment. Computational models have complemented experimental studies of these processes. We review these models from two perspectives. First, we consider cellular and tissue-level models of interaction between auxin and its transporters in shoots. These models form a coherent body of results exploring different hypotheses pertinent to the patterning of new outgrowth and vascular strands. Second, we consider models operating at the level of plant organs and entire plants. We highlight techniques used to reduce the complexity of these models, which provide a path to capturing the essence of studied phenomena while running simulations efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Cieslak
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrew Owens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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10
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Roeder AHK, Otegui MS, Dixit R, Anderson CT, Faulkner C, Zhang Y, Harrison MJ, Kirchhelle C, Goshima G, Coate JE, Doyle JJ, Hamant O, Sugimoto K, Dolan L, Meyer H, Ehrhardt DW, Boudaoud A, Messina C. Fifteen compelling open questions in plant cell biology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:72-102. [PMID: 34529074 PMCID: PMC8774073 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As scientists, we are at least as excited about the open questions-the things we do not know-as the discoveries. Here, we asked 15 experts to describe the most compelling open questions in plant cell biology. These are their questions: How are organelle identity, domains, and boundaries maintained under the continuous flux of vesicle trafficking and membrane remodeling? Is the plant cortical microtubule cytoskeleton a mechanosensory apparatus? How are the cellular pathways of cell wall synthesis, assembly, modification, and integrity sensing linked in plants? Why do plasmodesmata open and close? Is there retrograde signaling from vacuoles to the nucleus? How do root cells accommodate fungal endosymbionts? What is the role of cell edges in plant morphogenesis? How is the cell division site determined? What are the emergent effects of polyploidy on the biology of the cell, and how are any such "rules" conditioned by cell type? Can mechanical forces trigger new cell fates in plants? How does a single differentiated somatic cell reprogram and gain pluripotency? How does polarity develop de-novo in isolated plant cells? What is the spectrum of cellular functions for membraneless organelles and intrinsically disordered proteins? How do plants deal with internal noise? How does order emerge in cells and propagate to organs and organisms from complex dynamical processes? We hope you find the discussions of these questions thought provoking and inspiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christine Faulkner
- Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | | | - Charlotte Kirchhelle
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeremy E Coate
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA
| | - Jeff J Doyle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Heather Meyer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - David W Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau Cedex 91128 France
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11
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Ramalho JJ, Jones VAS, Mutte S, Weijers D. Pole position: How plant cells polarize along the axes. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:174-192. [PMID: 34338785 PMCID: PMC8774072 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Having a sense of direction is a fundamental cellular trait that can determine cell shape, division orientation, or function, and ultimately the formation of a functional, multicellular body. Cells acquire and integrate directional information by establishing discrete subcellular domains along an axis with distinct molecular profiles, a process known as cell polarization. Insight into the principles and mechanisms underlying cell polarity has been propelled by decades of extensive research mostly in yeast and animal models. Our understanding of cell polarity establishment in plants, which lack most of the regulatory molecules identified in other eukaryotes, is more limited, but significant progress has been made in recent years. In this review, we explore how plant cells coordinately establish stable polarity axes aligned with the organ axes, highlighting similarities in the molecular logic used to polarize both plant and animal cells. We propose a classification system for plant cell polarity events and nomenclature guidelines. Finally, we provide a deep phylogenetic analysis of polar proteins and discuss the evolution of polarity machineries in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6703WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Connected function of PRAF/RLD and GNOM in membrane trafficking controls intrinsic cell polarity in plants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7. [PMID: 35013279 PMCID: PMC8748900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27748-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is a fundamental feature underlying cell morphogenesis and organismal development. In the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage, the polarity protein BASL controls stomatal asymmetric cell division. However, the cellular machinery by which this intrinsic polarity site is established remains unknown. Here, we identify the PRAF/RLD proteins as BASL physical partners and mutating four PRAF members leads to defects in BASL polarization. Members of PRAF proteins are polarized in stomatal lineage cells in a BASL-dependent manner. Developmental defects of the praf mutants phenocopy those of the gnom mutants. GNOM is an activator of the conserved Arf GTPases and plays important roles in membrane trafficking. We further find PRAF physically interacts with GNOM in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we propose that the positive feedback of BASL and PRAF at the plasma membrane and the connected function of PRAF and GNOM in endosomal trafficking establish intrinsic cell polarity in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage.
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13
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Gorelova V, Sprakel J, Weijers D. Plant cell polarity as the nexus of tissue mechanics and morphogenesis. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1548-1559. [PMID: 34887521 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
How reproducible body patterns emerge from the collective activity of individual cells is a key question in developmental biology. Plant cells are encaged in their walls and unable to migrate. Morphogenesis thus relies on directional cell division, by precise positioning of division planes, and anisotropic cellular growth, mediated by regulated mechanical inhomogeneity of the walls. Both processes require the prior establishment of cell polarity, marked by the formation of polar domains at the plasma membrane, in a number of developmental contexts. The establishment of cell polarity involves biochemical cues, but increasing evidence suggests that mechanical forces also play a prominent instructive role. While evidence for mutual regulation between cell polarity and tissue mechanics is emerging, the nature of this bidirectional feedback remains unclear. Here we review the role of cell polarity at the interface of tissue mechanics and morphogenesis. We also aim to integrate biochemistry-centred insights with concepts derived from physics and physical chemistry. Lastly, we propose a set of questions that will help address the fundamental nature of cell polarization and its mechanistic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorelova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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14
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Nir I, Amador G, Gong Y, Smoot NK, Cai L, Shohat H, Bergmann DC. Evolution of polarity protein BASL and the capacity for stomatal lineage asymmetric divisions. Curr Biol 2021; 32:329-337.e5. [PMID: 34847354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric and oriented stem cell divisions enable the continued production of patterned tissues. The molecules that guide these divisions include several "polarity proteins" that are localized to discrete plasma membrane domains, are differentially inherited during asymmetric divisions, and whose scaffolding activities can guide division plane orientation and subsequent cell fates. In the stomatal lineages on the surfaces of plant leaves, asymmetric and oriented divisions create distinct cell types in physiologically optimized patterns. The polarity protein BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE (BASL) is a major regulator of stomatal lineage division and cell fate asymmetries in Arabidopsis, but its role in the stomatal lineages of other plants is unclear. Here, using phylogenetic and functional assays, we demonstrate that BASL is a eudicot-specific polarity protein. Dicot BASL orthologs can polarize in heterologous systems and rescue the Arabidopsis BASL mutant. The more widely distributed BASL-like proteins, although they share BASL's conserved C-terminal domain, are neither polarized nor do they function in asymmetric divisions of the stomatal lineage. Comparison of BASL protein localization and loss of function BASL phenotypes in Arabidopsis and tomato revealed previously unappreciated differences in how asymmetric cell divisions are employed for pattern formation in different species. This multi-species analysis therefore provides insight into the evolution of a unique polarity regulator and into the developmental choices available to cells as they build and pattern tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Nir
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gabriel Amador
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicole K Smoot
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Le Cai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hagai Shohat
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Guo X, Wang L, Dong J. Establishing asymmetry: stomatal division and differentiation in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:60-67. [PMID: 34254322 PMCID: PMC8429090 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the leaf epidermis, stomatal pores allow gas exchange between plants and the environment. The production of stomatal guard cells requires the lineage cells to divide asymmetrically. In this Insight review, we describe an emerging picture of how intrinsic molecules drive stomatal asymmetric cell division in multidimensions, from transcriptional activities in the nucleus to the dynamic assembly of the polarity complex at the cell cortex. Given the significant roles of stomatal activity in plant responses to environmental changes, we incorporate recent advances in external cues feeding into the regulation of core molecular machinery required for stomatal development. The work we discuss here is mainly based on the dicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana with summaries of recent progress in the monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: Xiaoyu Guo (), Juan Dong ()
| | - Lu Wang
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence: Xiaoyu Guo (), Juan Dong ()
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16
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Robinson S. Mechanobiology of cell division in plant growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:559-564. [PMID: 33774836 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell division in plants is particularly important as cells cannot rearrange. It therefore determines the arrangement of cells (topology) and their size and shape (geometry). Cell division reduces mechanical stress locally by producing smaller cells and alters mechanical properties by reinforcing the mechanical wall network, both of which can alter overall tissue morphology. Division orientation is often regarded as following geometric rules, however recent work has suggested that divisions align with the direction of maximal tensile stress. Mechanical stress has already been shown to feed into many processes of development including those that alter mechanical properties. Such an alignment may enable cell division to selectively reinforce the cell wall network in the direction of maximal tensile stress. Therefore there exists potential feedback between cell division, mechanical stress and growth. Improving our understanding of this topic will help to shed light on the debated role of cell division in organ scale growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Robinson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman St., Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
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Liang P, Schmitz C, Lace B, Ditengou FA, Su C, Schulze E, Knerr J, Grosse R, Keller J, Libourel C, Delaux PM, Ott T. Formin-mediated bridging of cell wall, plasma membrane, and cytoskeleton in symbiotic infections of Medicago truncatula. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2712-2719.e5. [PMID: 33930305 PMCID: PMC8231094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Legumes have maintained the ability to associate with rhizobia to sustain the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis (RNS). In Medicago truncatula, the Nod factor (NF)-dependent intracellular root colonization by Sinorhizobium meliloti initiates from young, growing root hairs. They form rhizobial traps by physically curling around the symbiont.1,2 Although alterations in root hair morphology like branching and swelling have been observed in other plants in response to drug treatments3 or genetic perturbations,4, 5, 6 full root hair curling represents a rather specific invention in legumes. The entrapment of the symbiont completes with its full enclosure in a structure called the “infection chamber” (IC),1,2,7,8 from which a tube-like membrane channel, the “infection thread” (IT), initiates.1,2,9 All steps of rhizobium-induced root hair alterations are aided by a tip-localized cytosolic calcium gradient,10,11 global actin re-arrangements, and dense subapical fine actin bundles that are required for the delivery of Golgi-derived vesicles to the root hair tip.7,12, 13, 14 Altered actin dynamics during early responses to NFs or rhizobia have mostly been shown in mutants that are affected in the actin-related SCAR/WAVE complex.15, 16, 17, 18 Here, we identified a polarly localized SYMBIOTIC FORMIN 1 (SYFO1) to be required for NF-dependent alterations in membrane organization and symbiotic root hair responses. We demonstrate that SYFO1 mediates a continuum between the plasma membrane and the cell wall that is required for the onset of rhizobial infections. The SYMBIOTIC FORMIN 1 (SYFO1) specifically regulates symbiotic root hair curling SYFO1 directly binds actin and polarizes in responding root hairs SYFO1 induces membrane protrusions in cell-wall-devoid protoplasts Cell wall association of SYFO1 is indispensable for its function in root hairs
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Liang
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clara Schmitz
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Lace
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franck Anicet Ditengou
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chao Su
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eija Schulze
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Knerr
- University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- University of Freiburg, Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 8, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean Keller
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cyril Libourel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 24, chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Thomas Ott
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 8, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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