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Radmanić L, Šimičić P, Bodulić K, Vince A, Zidovec-Lepej S. Antiviral treatment significantly reduces the levels of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in chronic hepatitis C. Cytokine 2024; 176:156529. [PMID: 38335772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to elucidate the changes in the immune response during antiviral treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C, with an emphasis on the chemokine dynamics and their association with liver fibrosis. Serum concentrations of 12 chemokines. (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11, CCL17, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11) were measured in 32 patients with chronic hepatitis C before direct-acting antiviral treatment and after sustained virological response using bead-based flow cytometry. Chemokine levels were also measured in 14 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals. Concentrations of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CCL20 were significantly higher in chronic hepatitis C patients before direct-acting antiviral treatment compared to healthy individuals. We also observed a significant reduction in CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 levels after sustained virological response. Furthermore, we demonstrated a strong positive correlation between CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 levels before antiviral treatment. When considering liver fibrosis, we found significantly higher levels of CXCL10 and lower levels of CCL17 and CXCL5 in pre-treatment patients with severe fibrosis. None of the analysed chemokines were able to predict METAVIR fibrosis score reduction after sustained virological response. The results of this study emphasize the importance of proinflammatory pathways in liver fibrosis immunopathology during chronic hepatitis C. Finally, our results also characterized CXCL10 as the chemokine which most accurately distinguished pre-treatment CHC patients and healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona Radmanić
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Šimičić
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristian Bodulić
- Research Department, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adriana Vince
- Department of Viral Hepatitis, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhang X, Luo Y, Ma L, Lu J, Liang Q, Xu C, Zhao C, Pan CQ. IP-10 Interferes With the Antiviral Response of Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents for Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Front Public Health 2022; 10:911551. [PMID: 35923969 PMCID: PMC9342904 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.911551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased interferon (IFN)-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) level has been shown to be associated with sustained virologic responses (SVRs) to pegylated interferon-alpha 2a/ribavirin-based therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). We investigated the relationship between IP-10 and treatment response in patients with CHC treated with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) therapy. Methods We measured the dynamic changes of IP-10 in samples from 90 patients with CHC. The serum IP-10 levels, intrahepatic expressions of IP-10 mRNA, and protein were determined, respectively. For the in vitro experiments, the expression changes of IP-10 in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-replicating Huh-7 cells with or without non-structural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor were analyzed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results Patients with chronic hepatitis C had increased baseline IP-10 levels, intrahepatic IP-10 mRNA, and protein expression. After initiating DAAs therapy, serum IP-10 levels decreased gradually in patients who achieved cure, whereas in patients who failed the therapy, IP-10 levels did not change significantly or recovered from the initial decline. Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that baseline IP-10 level ≤ 450 pg/ml and decline >30% at 12 weeks independently predicted the SVR in patients with CHC who received DAAs. In vitro, the expression of IP-10 mRNA and protein in HCV-replicating Huh-7 cells increased significantly. However, such activities were downregulated by NS5A inhibitor, followed by the reduction of HCV RNA levels and a decline in IP-10 levels. Conclusion IP-10 interfered with HCV replication in hepatocytes and the dynamic decline in IP-10 levels during DAA treatment predicted the SVR in patients with CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Luyuan Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Qianfei Liang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chengjun Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, People's Hospital of Kuancheng Manchu Nationality Autonomous County, Chengde, China
| | - Caiyan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Caiyan Zhao
| | - Calvin Q. Pan
- Center for Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical Univerisity, Beijing, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Calvin Q. Pan
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Shrivastava S, Kottilil S, Sherman KE, Masur H, Tang L. CCR5+ T-Cells Homed to the Liver Exhibit Inflammatory and Profibrogenic Signatures in Chronic HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102074. [PMID: 34696504 PMCID: PMC8539814 DOI: 10.3390/v13102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is accelerated in patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), compared with HCV monoinfected patients, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesize that T cells expressing the HIV co-receptor, chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), preferentially migrate to the inflamed liver and contribute to enhanced fibrogenesis. We compared the peripheral and intrahepatic CCR5 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in 21 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with 14 chronic HCV monoinfected patients. Using 12-color flow cytometry, phenotypic and functional characterization of CCR5+ and negative cells pre- and post-stimulation with HCV genotype specific overlapping pooled peptides was conducted. Patients with HIV/HCV coinfection had significantly more CD4+CCR5+ and CD8+CCR5+ T cells in the liver as compared with peripheral blood (p = 0.0001 for both). Compared with patients with HCV monoinfection, patients with HIV/HCV coinfection also had fewer peripheral CD4+CCR5+ and CD8+CCR5+ T cells (p = 0.02, p = 0.001 respectively), but more intrahepatic CD4+CCR5+ and CD8+CCR5+ cells (p = 0.0001 for both). Phenotypic analysis of CCR5+ sorted cells demonstrated an increased expression of markers of exhaustion, senescence, immune activation and liver homing (PD1, CD57, CD38, HLADR, and CXCR3). Post-stimulation with HCV peptides, CCR5+ T cells secreted more proinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines and chemokines rather than antiviral cytokines. Phenotypic and functional analyses of CCR5+ T cells in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients revealed a pathogenic role for CCR5+ T cells in hepatic fibrogenesis. These cells are functionally proinflammatory, pro-fibrogenic and preferentially accumulate in liver, accelerating fibrosis. These findings suggest that targeting CCR5 may be a therapeutic strategy for be ameliorating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;
| | - Shyam Kottilil
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Sherman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati, Cincinatti, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Henry Masur
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Lydia Tang
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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Manickam C, Shah SV, Lucar O, Ram DR, Reeves RK. Cytokine-Mediated Tissue Injury in Non-human Primate Models of Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2862. [PMID: 30568659 PMCID: PMC6290327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger robust secretion of interferons and other antiviral cytokines by infected and bystander cells, which in turn can tune the immune response and may lead to viral clearance or immune suppression. However, aberrant or unrestricted cytokine responses can damage host tissues, leading to organ dysfunction, and even death. To understand the cytokine milieu and immune responses in infected host tissues, non-human primate (NHP) models have emerged as important tools. NHP have been used for decades to study human infections and have played significant roles in the development of vaccines, drug therapies and other immune treatment modalities, aided by an ability to control disease parameters, and unrestricted tissue access. In addition to the genetic and physiological similarities with humans, NHP have conserved immunologic properties with over 90% amino acid similarity for most cytokines. For example, human-like symptomology and acute respiratory syndrome is found in cynomolgus macaques infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, antibody enhanced dengue disease is common in neotropical primates, and in NHP models of viral hepatitis cytokine-induced inflammation induces severe liver damage, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma recapitulates human disease. To regulate inflammation, anti-cytokine therapy studies in NHP are underway and will provide important insights for future human interventions. This review will provide a comprehensive outline of the cytokine-mediated exacerbation of disease and tissue damage in NHP models of viral infections and therapeutic strategies that can aid in prevention/treatment of the disease syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Spandan V. Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Olivier Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel R. Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Lin CC, Su SH, Jeng WJ, Huang CH, Teng W, Chen WT, Chen YC, Lin CY, Sheen IS. CCL4 is the only predictor for non-responder in GT-1 CHC patients with favorable IL28B genotype when treated with PegIFN/RBV. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:169. [PMID: 29284412 PMCID: PMC5747242 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-017-0724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines/cytokines play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). However, their clinical characteristics and implications in treatment responses to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment (PegIFN/RBV) have not been fully illustrated yet. In this study, we intended to investigate the possible predictability of serum chemokines/cytokines on the treatment response in Taiwanese of CHC, genotype-1 (GT-1). METHODS 60 Patients with GT-1 CHC infection who had been treated with PegIFN/RBV were enrolled, including 27 (45%) with sustained virological response (SVR), 11 (18%) with relapse after 48 weeks of treatment and 22 (37%) non-response (NR). Clinical parameters, seven chemokines/cytokines, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, IL-10 and IFN-γ, and genotypes of rs12979860, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interleukin-28B (IL28B) were analyzed for their relationship to treatment response. RESULTS Baseline serum levels of CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL3 and CCL4 were significantly higher in NR group while comparing with non-NR group. (CXCL10: p = 0.001; CXCL11: p < 0.001; CCL3: p = 0.006; CCL4: p = 0.005). However, only rs12979860 CC genotype was the independent factors for NR in GT-1 CHC infection (OR, 8.985; p = 0.008). In addition, baseline serum level of CCL4 was found to be the only independent factor for NR in GT-1 CHC patients with favorable IL28B genotype (OR, 1.134; p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS IL28B genotype is the predictor for NR in GT-1 CHC patients treated with PegIFN/RBV, while baseline serum level of CCL4 is the only predictor for NR in GT-1 CHC patients with favorable IL28B genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 5, Fu-Xin street, Quain San, TaoYuan, 330 Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huan Su
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 5, Fu-Xin street, Quain San, TaoYuan, 330 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Juei Jeng
- Division of Hepatology, Department of HepatoGastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Huang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of HepatoGastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei Teng
- Division of Hepatology, Department of HepatoGastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Division of Hepatology, Department of HepatoGastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 5, Fu-Xin street, Quain San, TaoYuan, 330 Taiwan
- Division of Hepatology, Department of HepatoGastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 5, Fu-Xin street, Quain San, TaoYuan, 330 Taiwan
- Division of Hepatology, Department of HepatoGastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Shyan Sheen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, 5, Fu-Xin street, Quain San, TaoYuan, 330 Taiwan
- Division of Hepatology, Department of HepatoGastroenterology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, TaoYuan, Taiwan
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Moqueet N, Kanagaratham C, Gill MJ, Hull M, Walmsley S, Radzioch D, Saeed S, Platt RW, Klein MB. A prognostic model for development of significant liver fibrosis in HIV-hepatitis C co-infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176282. [PMID: 28467457 PMCID: PMC5415136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis progresses rapidly in HIV-Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected individuals partially due to heightened inflammation. Immune markers targeting stages of fibrogenesis could aid in prognosis of fibrosis. METHODS A case-cohort study was nested in the prospective Canadian Co-infection Cohort (n = 1119). HCV RNA positive individuals without fibrosis, end-stage liver disease or chronic Hepatitis B at baseline (n = 679) were eligible. A random subcohort (n = 236) was selected from those eligible. Pro-fibrogenic markers and Interferon Lambda (IFNL) rs8099917 genotype were measured from first available sample in all fibrosis cases (APRI ≥ 1.5 during follow-up) and the subcohort. We used Cox proportional hazards and compared Model 1 (selected clinical predictors only) to Model 2 (Model 1 plus selected markers) for predicting 3-year risk of liver fibrosis using weighted Harrell's C and Net Reclassification Improvement indices. RESULTS 113 individuals developed significant liver fibrosis over 1300 person-years (8.63 per 100 person-years 95% CI: 7.08, 10.60). Model 1 (age, sex, current alcohol use, HIV RNA, baseline APRI, HCV genotype) was nested in model 2, which also included IFNL genotype and IL-8, sICAM-1, RANTES, hsCRP, and sCD14. The C indexes (95% CI) for model 1 vs. model 2 were 0.720 (0.649, 0.791) and 0.756 (0.688, 0.825), respectively. Model 2 classified risk more appropriately (overall net reclassification improvement, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Including IFNL genotype and inflammatory markers IL-8, sICAM-1, RANTES, hs-CRP, and sCD14 enabled better prediction of the 3-year risk of significant liver fibrosis over clinical predictors alone. Whether this modest improvement in prediction justifies their additional cost requires further cost-benefit analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasheed Moqueet
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Department of Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M. John Gill
- Southern Alberta HIV Clinic, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark Hull
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sharon Walmsley
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danuta Radzioch
- Department of Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sahar Saeed
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert W. Platt
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marina B. Klein
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Presence of Rheumatoid Factor during Chronic HCV Infection Is Associated with Expansion of Mature Activated Memory B-Cells that Are Hypo-Responsive to B-Cell Receptor Stimulation and Persist during the Early Stage of IFN Free Therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144629. [PMID: 26649443 PMCID: PMC4674123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of those with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have circulating rheumatoid factor (RF), and a portion of these individuals develop cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. B cell phenotype/function in relation to RF in serum has been unclear. We examined B cell subset distribution, activation state (CD86), cell cycle state (Ki67), and ex-vivo response to BCR, TLR9 and TLR7/8 stimulation, in chronic HCV-infected donors with or without RF, and uninfected donors. Mature-activated B-cells of HCV-infected donors had lower CD86 expression compared to uninfected donors, and in the presence of RF they also showed reduced CD86 expression in response to BCR and TLR9 stimulation. Additionally, mature activated memory B cells of HCV RF+ donors less commonly expressed Ki67+ than HCV RF- donors, and did not proliferate as well in response to BCR stimulation. Proportions of mature-activated B cells were enhanced, while naïve B-cells were lower in the peripheral blood of HCV-RF+ compared to RF- and uninfected donors. None of these parameters normalize by week 8 of IFN free direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy in HCV RF+ donors, while in RF- donors, mature activated B cell proportions did normalize. These data indicate that while chronic HCV infection alone results in a lower state of activation in mature activated memory B cells, the presence of RF in serum is associated with a more pronounced state of unresponsiveness and an overrepresentation of these B cells in the blood. This phenotype persists at least during the early time window after removal of HCV from the host.
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Jabłońska J, Pawłowski T, Laskus T, Zalewska M, Inglot M, Osowska S, Perlejewski K, Bukowska-Ośko I, Cortes KC, Pawełczyk A, Ząbek P, Radkowski M. The correlation between pretreatment cytokine expression patterns in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with chronic hepatitis C outcome. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:556. [PMID: 26637466 PMCID: PMC4670510 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Cytokine response against hepatitis C virus (HCV) is likely to determine the natural course of infection as well as the outcome of antiviral treatment. However, the role of particular cytokines remains unclear. The current study analyzed activation of cytokine response in chronic hepatitis C patients undergoing standard antiviral treatment. Methods Twenty-two patients were treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Twenty-six different cytokine transcripts were measured quantitatively in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) before and after therapy and correlated with therapy outcome as well as with clinical and liver histological data. Results We found that patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) showed higher pretreatment cytokine response when compared to subjects in whom therapy was unsuccessful. The differentially expressed factors included IL-8, IL-16, TNF-α, GM-CSF, MCP-2, TGF-β, and IP-10. Serum ALT activity and/or histological grading also positively correlated with the expression of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, GM-CSF, M-CSF, MCP-2 and TGF-β. Conclusion Pretreatment activation of the immune system, as reflected by cytokines transcripts upregulation, positively correlates with treatment outcome and closely reflects liver inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jabłońska
- Department of Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Pawłowski
- Division of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Laskus
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Zalewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immune Deficiences, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Inglot
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immune Deficiences, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Osowska
- Department of General Surgery and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Karol Perlejewski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Iwona Bukowska-Ośko
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamila Caraballo Cortes
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Pawełczyk
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ząbek
- Municipal Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Diagnostic utility of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 kDa in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: single-center study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27:1087-93. [PMID: 26020377 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in cirrhotic patients with ascites. The diagnosis of SBP is mainly made on the basis of a polymorphonuclear leukocyte cell count exceeding 250/μl in ascitic fluid. However, this procedure is subjective. We aimed to evaluate serum and ascitic fluid interferon-γ-induced protein (IP-10) as accurate diagnostic markers for detecting SBP. METHODS A total of 425 consecutive patients with ascites were included. Serum and ascitic fluid of IP-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Patients were divided into an SBP group, including 61 patients, and a non-SBP group, including 364 patients. Serum and ascitic IP-10 were significantly higher in SBP patients than in patients without SBP (1855±825 vs. 955±510 pg/ml; P<0.001 and 2160±994 vs. 1110±623 pg/ml; P<0.001), respectively. There was a significant increase in both serum and ascitic levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in SBP patients than in patients without SBP. At a cut-off value of 1915 pg/ml, serum IP-10 had 91% sensitivity and 89% specificity for detecting SBP (area under the curve: 0.912). Also, at a cut-off value of 2355 pg/ml, ascitic IP-10 had 92.5% sensitivity and 87% specificity for detecting SBP (area under the curve: 0.943). Both were correlated with ascitic fluid proteins, polymorphonuclear count, TNF-α, and IL-6. CONCLUSION Serum and ascitic IP-10, TNF-α, and IL-6 are significantly increased in SBP patients versus patients without SBP. Serum level of IP-10 is more specific and sensitive, such as ascites. Thus, it seems to represent a satisfactory diagnostic marker for the diagnosis of SBP.
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Hu F, Miao L, Zhao Y, Xiao YY, Xu Q. A meta-analysis for C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 as a prognostic marker and potential drug target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015. [PMID: 26203228 PMCID: PMC4507792 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s86032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines (CKs), small proinflammatory chemoattractant cytokines that bind to specific G-protein coupled seven-span transmembrane receptors, are major regulators of cell trafficking and adhesion. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) has gained tremendous attention over the last decade, since it was found to be upregulated in a wide variety of cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The clinical relevance of expression of CXCR4 in HCC remains controversial; our aim was to identify the precise relationship of CXCR4 to prognosis and clinicopathological features. We searched the database from MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase and then conducted a meta-analysis from publications met the inclusion criteria for the qualitative study. Our data showed that 1) CXCR4 is overexpressed in HCC tissues but not in normal hepatic tissue, OR =84.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) =11.86–598.98, P<0.0001. CXCR4 expression is higher in HCC than those in cirrhosis as well, OR =20.71, 95% CI =7.61–56.34, P<0.00001. 2) The expression levels of CXCR4 does not increase during local progression, however, CXCR4 expression increases the risk of distant metastases in HCC, OR =5.84, 95% CI =2.84–12.00, P<0.00001. 3) High levels of CXCR4 gene expression are associated with worse survival in HCC, HR =0.18, 95% CI =0.10–0.32, Z=5.77, P<0.00001. These data indicate that CXCR4 expression correlates with an increased risk and worse survival in HCC patients. The aberrant CXCR4 expression plays an important role in the carcinogenesis and metastasis of HCC. Our conclusion also supports that the promise of CXCR4 signaling pathway blockade as a potential strategy for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Miao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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11
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CXCR4 expression affects overall survival of HCC patients whereas CXCR7 expression does not. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:474-82. [PMID: 25363530 PMCID: PMC4496532 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous disease with a poor prognosis and limited markers for predicting patient survival. Because chemokines and chemokine receptors play numerous and integral roles in HCC disease progression, the CXCR4–CXCL12–CXCR7 axis was studied in HCC patients. CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 86 HCC patients (training cohort) and validated in 42 unrelated HCC patients (validation cohort). CXCR4 levels were low in 22.1% of patients, intermediate in 30.2%, and high in 47.7%, whereas CXCR7 levels were low in 9.3% of patients, intermediate in 44.2% and high in 46.5% of the patients in the training cohort. When correlated to patient outcome, only CXCR4 affected overall survival (P=0.03). CXCR4–CXCL12–CXCR7 mRNA levels were examined in 33/86 patients. Interestingly, the common CXCR4–CXCR7 ligand CXCL12 was expressed at significantly lower levels in tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal liver (P=0.032). The expression and function of CXCR4 and CXCR7 was also analyzed in several human HCC cell lines. CXCR4 was expressed in Huh7, Hep3B, SNU398, SNU449 and SNU475 cells, whereas CXCR7 was expressed in HepG2, Huh7, SNU449 and SNU475 cells. Huh7, SNU449 and SNU475 cells migrated toward CXCL12, and this migration was inhibited by AMD3100/anti-CXCR4 and by CCX771/anti-CXCR7. Moreover, SNU449 and Huh7 cells exhibited matrix invasion in the presence of CXCL12 and CXCL11, a ligand exclusive to CXCR7. In conclusion, CXCR4 affects the prognosis of HCC patients but CXCR7 does not. Therefore, the CXCR4–CXCL12–CXCR7 axis plays a role in the interaction of HCC with the surrounding normal tissue and represents a suitable therapeutic target.
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12
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Israelow B, Narbus CM, Sourisseau M, Evans MJ. HepG2 cells mount an effective antiviral interferon-lambda based innate immune response to hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2014; 60:1170-9. [PMID: 24833036 PMCID: PMC4176518 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) exposure leads to persistent life-long infections characterized by chronic inflammation often developing into cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanism by which HCV remains in the liver while inducing an inflammatory and antiviral response remains unclear. Though the innate immune response to HCV in patients seems to be quite active, HCV has been shown in cell culture to employ a diverse array of innate immune antagonists, which suggests that current model systems to study interactions between HCV and the innate immune system are not representative of what happens in vivo. We recently showed that hepatoma-derived HepG2 cells support the entire HCV life cycle if the liver-specific microRNA, miR-122, is expressed along with the entry factor, CD81 (termed HepG2-HFL cells). We found that there was a striking difference in these cells' ability to sustain HCV infection and spread when compared with Huh-7 and Huh-7.5 cells. Additionally, HepG2-HFL cells exhibited a more robust antiviral response when challenged with other RNA viruses and viral mimetics than Huh-7 and Huh-7.5 cells. HCV infection elicited a potent interferon-lambda (IFN-λ), IFN-stimulated gene, and cytokine response in HepG2-HFL cells, but not in Huh-7 cells, suggesting that HepG2-HFL cells more faithfully recapitulate the innate immune response to HCV infection in vivo. Using this model, we found that blocking the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor pathway or the IFN-λ-signaling pathway promoted HCV infection and spread in HepG2-HFL cells. CONCLUSION HepG2-HFL cells represent a new system to study the interaction between HCV and the innate immune system, solidifying the importance of IFN-λ in hepatic response to HCV infection and revealing non-redundant roles of RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 in HCV recognition and repression of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Christopher M. Narbus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Marion Sourisseau
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
| | - Matthew J. Evans
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029
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13
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Urbaczek AC, Ribeiro LCDA, Ximenes VF, Afonso A, Nogueira CT, Generoso WC, Alberice JV, Rudnicki M, Ferrer R, da Fonseca LM, da Costa PI. Inflammatory response of endothelial cells to hepatitis C virus recombinant envelope glycoprotein 2 protein exposure. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:748-56. [PMID: 25317702 PMCID: PMC4238766 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) encodes approximately 10 different structural and non-structural proteins, including the envelope glycoprotein 2 (E2). HCV proteins, especially the envelope proteins, bind to cell receptors and can damage tissues. Endothelial inflammation is the most important determinant of fibrosis progression and, consequently, cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the inflammatory response of endothelial cells to two recombinant forms of the HCV E2 protein produced in different expression systems (Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris). We observed the induction of cell death and the production of nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor A in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated by the two recombinant E2 proteins. The E2-induced apoptosis of HUVECs was confirmed using the molecular marker PARP. The apoptosis rescue observed when the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine was used suggests that reactive oxygen species are involved in E2-induced apoptosis. We propose that these proteins are involved in the chronic inflammation caused by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Urbaczek
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas,
Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Valdecir Farias Ximenes
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual
Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Afonso
- Departamento de Parasitologia Médica, Unidade de Parasitologia Médica e
Microbiologia, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropcal, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,
Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São
Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
- Grupo de Bioanalítica, Microfabricações e Separações, Departamento de
Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São
Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Camila Tita Nogueira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas,
Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Wesley Cardoso Generoso
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São
Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Vieira Alberice
- Grupo de Bioanalítica, Microfabricações e Separações, Departamento de
Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São
Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Martina Rudnicki
- Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,
SP, Brasil
| | - Renila Ferrer
- Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,
SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Marcos da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas,
Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Inácio da Costa
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas,
Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
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14
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Nguyen N, Hampartzoumian T, Cameron B, Palmer C, O'Toole S, Post J, Zekry A, Lloyd A. Regulation of T cell recruitment and inflammation in the human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfected liver. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:1535-43. [PMID: 25587620 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Nguyen
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Taline Hampartzoumian
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Barbara Cameron
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Clovis Palmer
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Sandra O'Toole
- Cancer Research Program; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jeffrey Post
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Prince of Wales Hospital; Randwick New South Wales Australia
| | - Amany Zekry
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- St George Hospital Clinical School; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Andrew Lloyd
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Prince of Wales Hospital; Randwick New South Wales Australia
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15
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Mastroianni CM, Lichtner M, Mascia C, Zuccalà P, Vullo V. Molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV coinfection. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9184-208. [PMID: 24865485 PMCID: PMC4100089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in people coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Several studies have shown that HIV infection promotes accelerated HCV hepatic fibrosis progression, even with HIV replication under full antiretroviral control. The pathogenesis of accelerated hepatic fibrosis among HIV/HCV coinfected individuals is complex and multifactorial. The most relevant mechanisms involved include direct viral effects, immune/cytokine dysregulation, altered levels of matrix metalloproteinases and fibrosis biomarkers, increased oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis, HIV-associated gut depletion of CD4 cells, and microbial translocation. In addition, metabolic alterations, heavy alcohol use, as well drug use, may have a potential role in liver disease progression. Understanding the pathophysiology and regulation of liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV co-infection may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for the management of all patients with ongoing liver disease. In this review, we therefore discuss the evidence and potential molecular mechanisms involved in the accelerated liver fibrosis seen in patients coinfected with HIV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio M Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Mascia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Zuccalà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Nguyen N, de Esch C, Cameron B, Kumar RK, Zekry A, Lloyd AR. Positioning of leukocyte subsets in the portal and lobular compartments of hepatitis C virus-infected liver correlates with local chemokine expression. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:860-9. [PMID: 24236853 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is characterized by infiltration of a mixed population of leukocytes into portal tracts and infiltration almost exclusively by CD8+ T cells into lobules of the liver. This pattern of leukocyte recruitment is likely to be orchestrated in a cell-specific fashion by local chemokine expression. METHODS Portal or lobular tissues were isolated by laser capture microdissection from 17 liver biopsy specimens to examine regional gene expression of a panel of chemokine ligands and receptors. The biopsies were also stained immunohistochemically to enumerate regional cell numbers. RESULTS Expression of multiple chemokine ligands and receptors was evident, although few correlated with leukocyte numbers. In the lobule, expression of CXCL10 correlated with T-cell subsets (CD3+, P = 0.0002; CD4+, P = 0.0053; and CD8+, P = 0.0061), as did CCL5 (CD3+, P = 0.0005; CD8+, P = 0.0199) and CCL3 (CD3+, P = 0.0016; CD8+, P = 0.008). In the portal tracts, expression of CXCL10 and CCL5 was correlated with CD8+ T-cell numbers (P = 0.0040 and P = 0.0114, respectively), whereas CXCL13 was strongly correlated with CD20+ B-cell numbers (P < 0.0001). CXCR3 expression correlated with CD3+ and CD4+ T cells (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0208, respectively), CCR5 with CD8+ T cells (P < 0.0001), and CXCR5 with CD20+ B-cell infiltration (P = 0.0022). CONCLUSION CXCR3, CCR5, and CXCR5 and their ligands form key elements of the "zip code" responsible for regional localization of specific lymphocyte subsets in the HCV-infected liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Nguyen
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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The role of chemokines in acute and chronic hepatitis C infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 11:25-40. [PMID: 23954947 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C imposes a significant burden on global healthcare. Chronic infection is associated with progressive inflammation of the liver which typically manifests in cirrhosis, organ failure and cancer. By virtue of elaborate evasion strategies, hepatitis C virus (HCV) succeeds as a persistent human virus. It has an extraordinary capacity to subvert the immune response enabling it to establish chronic infections and associated liver disease. Chemokines are low molecular weight chemotactic peptides that mediate the recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissues and back into the lymphatics and peripheral blood. Thus, they are central to the temporal and spatial distribution of effector and regulatory immune cells. The interactions between chemokines and their cognate receptors help shape the immune response and therefore, have a major influence on the outcome of infection. However, chemokines represent a target for modulation by viruses including the HCV. HCV is known to modulate chemokine expression in vitro and may therefore enable its survival by subverting the immune response in vivo through altered leukocyte chemotaxis resulting in impaired viral clearance and the establishment of chronic low-grade inflammation. In this review, the roles of chemokines in acute and chronic HCV infection are described with a particular emphasis placed on chemokine modulation as a means of immune subversion. We provide an in depth discussion of the part played by chemokines in mediating hepatic fibrosis while addressing the potential applications for these chemoattractants in prognostic medicine.
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18
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Zekri ARN, Bahnassy AA, Mohamed WS, Alam EL-Din HM, Shousha HI, Zayed N, Eldahshan DH, Abdel-Aziz AO. Dynamic interplay between CXCL levels in chronic hepatitis C patients treated by interferon. Virol J 2013; 10:218. [PMID: 23816271 PMCID: PMC3707769 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin therapy has sustained virological response (SVR) rates of 54% to 61%. Pretreatment predictors of SVR to interferon therapy have not been fully investigated yet. The current study assesses a group of chemokines that may predict treatment response in Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL11, CXCL12, CXCL 13, CXCL 16 chemokines and E-Cadherin were assayed in 57 chronic HCV patients' sera using quantitative ELISA plate method. All studied patients were scheduled for combined pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin therapy (32 patients received pegylated interferon α 2b, and 25 patients received pegylated interferon α 2a). Quantitative hepatitis C virus RNA was done by real time RT-PCR and HCV genotyping by INNOLIPAII. RESULTS There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in baseline HCV RNA levels between responders and non-responders to interferon. A statistically significant difference in CXCL13 (p = 0.017) and E-Cadherin levels (P = 0.041) was reported between responders and nonresponders at week 12. Significant correlations were found between changes in the CXCL13 levels and CXCL9, CXCL16, E-cadherin levels as well as between changes in E-cadherin levels and both CXCL16 and ALT levels that were maintained during follow up. Also, significant changes have been found in the serum levels of CXCL5, CXCL13, and CXCL16 with time (before pegylated interferon α 2 a and α 2 b therapy, and at weeks 12 and 24) with no significant difference in relation to interferon type and response to treatment. CONCLUSION Serum levels of CXCL13 and E-Cadherin could be used as surrogate markers to predict response of combined PEG IFN-α/RBV therapy, especially at week 12. However, an extended study including larger number of patients is needed for validation of these findings. CLINICAL TRIAL NO NCT01758939.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahman N Zekri
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 1st Kasr El-Aini st, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer A Bahnassy
- Pathology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 1st Kasr El-Aini st, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Waleed S Mohamed
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 1st Kasr El-Aini st, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M Alam EL-Din
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, 1st Kasr El-Aini st, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend I Shousha
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini st, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Zayed
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini st, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina H Eldahshan
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benisuef University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Omar Abdel-Aziz
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini st, Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Self AA, Losikoff PT, Gregory SH. Divergent contributions of regulatory T cells to the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1569-76. [PMID: 23732899 DOI: 10.4161/hv.24726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus, a small single-stranded RNA virus, is a major cause of chronic liver disease. Resolution of primary hepatitis C virus infections depends upon the vigorous responses of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells to multiple viral epitopes. Although such broad CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses are readily detected early during the course of infection regardless of clinical outcome, they are not maintained in individuals who develop chronic disease. Purportedly, a variety of factors contribute to the diminished T-cell responses observed in chronic, virus-infected patients including the induction of and biological suppression by CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells. Indeed, a wealth of evidence suggests that regulatory T cells play diverse roles in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C, impairing the effector T-cell response and viral clearance early during the course of infection and suppressing liver injury as the disease progresses. The factors that affect the generation and biological response of regulatory T cells in chronic, hepatitis C virus-infected patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayssa A Self
- Department of Medicine; Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence, RI USA
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20
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Hepatitis C virus infection induces inflammatory cytokines and chemokines mediated by the cross talk between hepatocytes and stellate cells. J Virol 2013; 87:8169-78. [PMID: 23678168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00974-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines play important roles in inflammation during viral infection. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic RNA virus that is closely associated with chronic liver inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. During the progression of HCV-related diseases, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to the inflammatory response triggered by HCV infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate HSC-induced chronic inflammation during HCV infection are not fully understood. By coculturing HSCs with HCV-infected hepatocytes in vitro, we found that HSCs stimulated HCV-infected hepatocytes, leading to the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), and MIP-1β. Moreover, we found that this effect was mediated by IL-1α, which was secreted by HSCs. HCV infection enhanced production of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) β mRNA, and HSC-dependent IL-1α production contributed to the stimulation of C/EBPβ target cytokines and chemokines in HCV-infected hepatocytes. Consistent with this result, knockdown of mRNA for C/EBPβ in HCV-infected hepatocytes resulted in decreased production of cytokines and chemokines after the addition of HSC conditioned medium. Induction of cytokines and chemokines in hepatocytes by the HSC conditioned medium required a yet to be identified postentry event during productive HCV infection. The cross talk between HSCs and HCV-infected hepatocytes is a key feature of inflammation-mediated, HCV-related diseases.
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21
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Rivera-Toledo E, Gómez B. Respiratory syncytial virus persistence in macrophages alters the profile of cellular gene expression. Viruses 2013; 4:3270-80. [PMID: 23342359 PMCID: PMC3528265 DOI: 10.3390/v4123270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses can persistently infect differentiated cells through regulation of expression of both their own genes and those of the host cell, thereby evading detection by the host’s immune system and achieving residence in a non-lytic state. Models in vitro with cell lines are useful tools in understanding the mechanisms associated with the establishment of viral persistence. In particular, a model to study respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) persistence in a murine macrophage-like cell line has been established. Compared to non-infected macrophages, macrophages persistently infected with RSV show altered expression both of genes coding for cytokines and trans-membrane proteins associated with antigen uptake and of genes related to cell survival. The biological changes associated with altered gene expression in macrophages as a consequence of persistent RSV infection are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Rivera-Toledo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico.
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22
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Immune biomarker differences and changes comparing HCV mono-infected, HIV/HCV co-infected, and HCV spontaneously cleared patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60387. [PMID: 23593207 PMCID: PMC3617231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune biomarkers are implicated in HCV treatment response, fibrosis, and accelerated pathogenesis of comorbidities, though only D-dimer and C-reactive protein have been consistently studied. Few studies have evaluated HIV/HCV co-infection, and little longitudinal data exists describing a broader antiviral cytokine response Methods Fifty immune biomarkers were analyzed at baseline(BL) and HCV end of treatment follow-up(FU) time point using the Luminex 50-plex assay in plasma samples from 15 HCV-cleared, 24 HCV mono- and 49 HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment, who either did or did not receive pegylated-interferon/ribavirin HCV treatment. Biomarker levels were compared among spontaneous clearance patients, mono- and co-infected, untreated and HCV-treated, and sustained virologic responders (SVR) and non-responders (NR) at BL and FU using nonparametric analyses. A Bonferroni correction, adjusting for tests of 50 biomarkers, was used to reduce Type I error Results Compared to HCV patients at BL, HIV/HCV patients had 22 significantly higher and 4 significantly lower biomarker levels, following correction for multiple testing. There were no significantly different BL levels when comparing SVR and NR in mono- or co-infected patients; however, FU levels changed considerably in co-infected patients, with seven becoming significantly higher and eight becoming significantly lower in SVR patients. Longitudinally between BL and FU, 13 markers significantly changed in co-infected SVR patients, while none significantly changed in co-infected NR patients. There were also no significant changes in longitudinal analyses of mono-infected patients achieving SVR or mono-infected and co-infected groups deferring treatment Conclusions Clear differences exist in pattern and quantity of plasma immune biomarkers among HCV mono-infected, HIV/HCV co-infected, and HCV-cleared patients; and with SVR in co-infected patients treated for HCV. Though >90% of patients were male and co-infected had a larger percentage of African American patients, our findings may have implications for better understanding HCV pathogenesis, treatment outcomes, and future therapeutic targets
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Losikoff PT, Self AA, Gregory SH. Dendritic cells, regulatory T cells and the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. Virulence 2012; 3:610-20. [PMID: 23076334 PMCID: PMC3545943 DOI: 10.4161/viru.21823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small, enveloped RNA virus and a major cause of chronic liver disease. Resolution of primary HCV infections depends upon the vigorous responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to multiple viral epitopes. Although such broad-based responses are readily detected early during the course of infection regardless of clinical outcome, they are not maintained in individuals who develop chronic disease. Ostensibly, a variety of factors contribute to the diminished T cell responses observed in chronic, HCV-infected patients including impaired dendritic cell function and the induction of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Overwhelming evidence suggests that the complex interaction of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis T Losikoff
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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24
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Li K, Lemon SM. Innate immune responses in hepatitis C virus infection. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:53-72. [PMID: 22868377 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide and thus poses a significant public health threat. A hallmark of HCV infection is the extraordinary ability of the virus to persist in a majority of infected people. Innate immune responses represent the front line of defense of the human body against HCV immediately after infection. They also play a crucial role in orchestrating subsequent HCV-specific adaptive immunity that is pivotal for viral clearance. Accumulating evidence suggests that the host has evolved multifaceted innate immune mechanisms to sense HCV infection and elicit defense responses, while HCV has developed elaborate strategies to circumvent many of these. Defining the interplay of HCV with host innate immunity reveals mechanistic insights into hepatitis C pathogenesis and informs approaches to therapy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding innate immune responses to HCV infection, focusing on induction and effector mechanisms of the interferon antiviral response as well as the evasion strategies of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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25
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Weiss ID, Jacobson O, Kiesewetter DO, Jacobus JP, Szajek LP, Chen X, Farber JM. Positron emission tomography imaging of tumors expressing the human chemokine receptor CXCR4 in mice with the use of 64Cu-AMD3100. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:106-14. [PMID: 21347799 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Expression of CXCR4 in cancers has been correlated with poor prognosis and increased metastasis. Quantifying CXCR4 expression non-invasively might aid in prognostication and monitoring therapy. We evaluated a radiolabeled antagonist of CXCR4, ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100, as a positron-emitting imaging agent. PROCEDURES CXCR4-transfected or non-transfected cell lines were injected into mice to form xenografts. Accumulation of ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 in tumors was analyzed by small-animal PET and biodistribution assays. RESULTS ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 accumulated in CXCR4-expressing, but not CXCR4-negative, tumors. For CXCR4-expressing tumors, tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios were 23-41 and 50-59, respectively, depending on tumor type. Excess of unlabeled Cu-AMD3100 or AMD3100 significantly reduced ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 accumulation in CXCR4-expressing tumors. Human-absorbed dose calculations predicted a dose limit of 444 MBq. CONCLUSIONS CXCR4 can be imaged in tumors using ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100. Dosimetry studies suggest that imaging in humans is feasible. We conclude that ⁶⁴Cu-AMD3100 should be investigated as a potential agent for imaging and quantifying CXCR4 in tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzylamines
- CHO Cells
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Copper Radioisotopes/chemistry
- Copper Radioisotopes/pharmacokinetics
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cyclams
- Female
- Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Imaging/methods
- Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
- Radiation Dosage
- Radiopharmaceuticals/chemistry
- Radiopharmaceuticals/pharmacokinetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Tissue Distribution
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido D Weiss
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 10 Center Drive, Room 11N111, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hepatitis E virus quasispecies and the outcome of acute hepatitis E in solid-organ transplant patients. J Virol 2012; 86:10006-14. [PMID: 22761386 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01003-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are responsible for chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients, and this can evolve to cirrhosis. Like all RNA viruses, HEV exists as a mixture of heterogeneous viruses defining quasispecies. The relationship between the genetic heterogeneity described as a quasispecies, cytokine secretion, and the outcome of acute hepatitis in immunocompromised patients remains to be elucidated. We cloned and sequenced the region encoding the M and P capsid domains of HEV from eight solid-organ transplant (SOT) patients with acute HEV infection who subsequently cleared the virus and from eight SOT patients whose infection became chronic. We analyzed the cytokines and chemokines in the sera of these SOT patients by multianalyte profiling. The nucleotide sequence entropy and genetic distances were greater in patients whose infections became chronic. A lower K(a)/K(s) ratio was associated with the persistence of HEV. The patients who developed chronic infection had lower serum concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist and soluble IL-2 receptor. Increased concentrations of the chemokines implicated in leukocyte recruitment to the liver were associated with persistent infection. Those patients with chronic HEV infection and progressing liver fibrosis had less quasispecies diversification during the first year than patients without liver fibrosis progression. Great quasispecies heterogeneity, a weak inflammatory response, and high serum concentrations of the chemokines involved in leukocyte recruitment to the liver in the acute phase were associated with persistent HEV infection. Slow quasispecies diversification during the first year was associated with rapidly developing liver fibrosis.
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Noor S, Wilson EH. Role of C-C chemokine receptor type 7 and its ligands during neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:77. [PMID: 22533989 PMCID: PMC3413568 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, chemokines and their receptors have received a great deal of attention for their multiple roles in controlling leukocyte functions during inflammation and immunity. The ability of chemokines to convey remarkably versatile but context-specific signals identifies them as powerful modulators of immune responses generated in response to diverse pathogenic or non-infectious insults. A number of recent studies have speculated that the C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7), plays important roles in immune-cell trafficking in various tissue compartments during inflammation and in immune surveillance. Using computational modeling and microfluidics-based approaches, recent studies have explored leukocyte migration behavior in response to CCR7 ligands in a complex chemokine environment existing with other coexisting chemokine fields. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the effects of soluble versus immobilized ligands and of the downstream signaling pathways of CCR7 that control leukocyte motility, directionality, and speed. This review also integrates the current knowledge about the role of CCR7 in coordinating immune responses between secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral tissue microenvironments during primary or secondary antigen encounters. CCR7 seems to influence distinct immunological events during inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS) including immune-cell entry and migration, and neuroglial interactions. The clinical and pathological outcome may vary depending on its contribution in the inflamed CNS microenvironment. Understanding these mechanisms has direct implications for therapeutic developments favoring more protective and efficient immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahani Noor
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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28
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Li K, Li NL, Wei D, Pfeffer SR, Fan M, Pfeffer LM. Activation of chemokine and inflammatory cytokine response in hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocytes depends on Toll-like receptor 3 sensing of hepatitis C virus double-stranded RNA intermediates. Hepatology 2012; 55:666-75. [PMID: 22030901 PMCID: PMC3272326 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chemokines and inflammatory cytokines are key regulators of immunity and inflammation during viral infections. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic RNA virus frequently associated with chronic liver inflammation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Intrahepatic levels of chemokines and cytokines are elevated in chronic HCV infections, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We found that Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) senses HCV infection in cultured hepatoma cells, leading to nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation and the production of numerous chemokines and inflammatory cytokines, such as regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, IP-10, and interleukin-6. The chemokine/cytokine induction occurred late in HCV infection and was abrogated when HCV was ultraviolet-inactivated before infection, indicating a dependence on the cellular recognition of HCV replication products. Gel-shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that NF-κB plays a pivotal role in HCV-induced chemokine/cytokine transcription. Mutations specifically disrupting the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding activity of TLR3 ablated the chemokine/cytokine response to HCV infection, indicating that HCV dsRNA was the pathogen-associated molecular pattern triggering TLR3 signaling. In vitro synthesized HCV dsRNAs, with a minimal length of ∼80-100 base pairs, activated TLR3-dependent chemokine expression, regardless of the genome position from which they derived. In contrast, HCV single-stranded RNAs, including those derived from the structured 3'nontranslated region highly potent for RIG-I activation, failed to do so. Moreover, robust production of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines was also observed in primary human hepatocytes after stimulation with extracellular poly-I:C, a TLR3 ligand. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that TLR3-mediated chemokine and inflammatory cytokine responses may play an important role in host immune responses to HCV and the pathogenesis of HCV-associated liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Nan L. Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Dahai Wei
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Susan R. Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Meiyun Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Lawrence M. Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Li H, Xie HY, Zhou L, Wang WL, Liang TB, Zhang M, Zheng SS. Polymorphisms of CCL3L1/CCR5 genes and recurrence of hepatitis B in liver transplant recipients. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2011; 10:593-8. [PMID: 22146622 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(11)60101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity of chemokines and chemokine receptors has been associated with the outcome of hepatitis B virus infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the copy number variation in the CCL3L1 gene and the polymorphisms of CCR5Δ32 and CCR5-2459A→G (rs1799987) are associated with recurrent hepatitis B in liver transplantation for hepatitis B virus infection-related end-stage liver disease. METHODS A total of 185 transplant recipients were enrolled in this study. The genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood, the copy number of the CCL3L1 gene was determined by a quantitative real-time PCR based assay, CCR5Δ32 was detected by a sizing PCR method, and a single-nucleotide polymorphism in CCR5-2459 was detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR. RESULTS No CCR5Δ32 mutation was detected in any of the individuals from China. Neither copy number variation nor polymorphism in CCR5-2459 was associated with post-transplant re-infection with hepatitis B virus. However, patients with fewer copies (<4) of the CCL3L1 gene compared with the population median in combination with the CCR5G allele had a significantly higher risk for recurrent hepatitis B (odds ratio=1.93, 95% CI: 1.00-3.69; P=0.047). CONCLUSION Patients possessing the compound decreased functional genotype of both CCL3L1 and CCR5 genes might be more likely to have recurrence of hepatitis B after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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30
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You CR, Park SH, Jeong SW, Woo HY, Bae SH, Choi JY, Sung YC, Yoon SK. Serum IP-10 Levels Correlate with the Severity of Liver Histopathology in Patients Infected with Genotype-1 HCV. Gut Liver 2011; 5:506-12. [PMID: 22195251 PMCID: PMC3240796 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2011.5.4.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We investigated the association between serum IP-10 levels and liver pathology in patients with chronic HCV infection. METHODS The serum IP-10 concentration was assessed in 85 patients with chronic HCV infection using a solid phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a liver biopsy specimen was obtained. The pathology was scored using the Knodell histologic activity index (HAI). RESULTS Of the 85 patients, 58 had genotype 1 HCV infection, 21 had genotype non-1, and 6 were undetermined. The serum IP-10 levels did not differ between patients infected with genotype 1 and genotype non-1 (p=0.472). In patients with genotype 1 infection, the total HAI score and the stage of fibrosis were highly correlated with the serum IP-10 level (r=0.555, r=0.578, p<0.001). Furthermore, the serum IP-10 concentrations of patients with severe fibrosis (stages 3, 4) were higher than those of patients with mild fibrosis (stages 0 to 2; 214.4 vs. 72.3 pg/mL, p=0.002) among patients with genotype 1 infection. However, in patients without genotype 1 infection, the histopathology was not associated with the serum IP-10 level. A multivariate analysis showed that serum IP-10 was an independent predictor of fibrosis (stages 3, 4) in patients with genotype 1 infection (odds ratio, 1.034; 95% confidence interval, 1.006 to 1.064; p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS Serum IP-10 concentration was significantly correlated with the severity of liver histology in genotype 1 HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ran You
- Department of Internal Medicine, WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Gorrell MD, Zekry A, McCaughan GW, Lloyd A. The long and the short of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 in hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2011; 54:1875-9. [PMID: 22038789 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Monnier J, Boissan M, L'Helgoualc'h A, Lacombe ML, Turlin B, Zucman-Rossi J, Théret N, Piquet-Pellorce C, Samson M. CXCR7 is up-regulated in human and murine hepatocellular carcinoma and is specifically expressed by endothelial cells. Eur J Cancer 2011; 48:138-48. [PMID: 21778049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex and progressive disease that involves cycles of liver cell death, inflammation, and tissue regeneration/remodelling. Chemokines and chemokine receptors play numerous and integral roles in the disease progression of HCC. Here we investigated the novel chemokine receptor CXCR7/RDC1 in HCC progression, its two known ligands CXCL12 and CXCL11, as well as the other CXCL12 receptor, CXCR4. Our results show that in a cohort of 408 human HCCs, CXCR7 and CXCL11 were significantly higher in tumours compared to normal liver controls (5- and 10-fold, respectively). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining on human HCC sections confirmed that both CXCL11 and CXCR7 were much higher in cancer tissues. Furthermore, IHC staining revealed that CXCR7 protein was only expressed in endothelial cells whereas CXCL11 exhibited a much broader tissue expression. At the cellular level we observed that in vitro, human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) up-regulated CXCR7 under hypoxic and acidic pH conditions, which are well known characteristics of the HCC tumour micro-environment. As for its ligand, we observed that IFNγ robustly induced CXCL11 in hepatic stellate cells, hepatocytes, and HMEC-1s. In addition, in the mouse Diethylnitrosamine model of hepatocarcinogenesis we observed a very strong induction of CXCR7 and CXCL11 transcripts, confirming that CXCR7/CXCL11 up-regulation is conserved between human and mice liver cancer. Altogether, our results strongly support the hypothesis that the CXCL11/CXCR7 pathway is involved HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Monnier
- EA 4427 SeRAIC-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, IFR 140 Rennes, France
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The role of CXCR3 in the induction of primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:564062. [PMID: 21647407 PMCID: PMC3102447 DOI: 10.1155/2011/564062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Investigate whether CXCR3 and its ligands were involved in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) in an autoimmune cholangitis animal model. Methods. Female C57BL/6 mice were injected with 5 mg/kg of poly I:C intraperitoneally twice a week for 24 weeks. PBC model was confirmed by liver function, serum autoantibodies and liver biopsy. Lymphocytes subsets in liver and spleen and CXCL10 serum level were tested by flow cytometry and ELISA. Liver specimens were collected to evaluate the differences in pathology between WT and CXCR3−/− mice. Results. Antimitochondrial antibody was detected in all PBC model. Numbers of infiltrates were detected in the portal areas 8 weeks after poly I:C injection, which progressed up to 24 weeks. Compared to control mice, CXCL10 serum level increased in PBC mice and the proportion of CXCR3+ cells increased in the intrahepatic infiltrates of PBC mice, chiefly on CD8+ cells, whereas the expression of CXCR3 on CD3+ and CD8+ splenocytes decreased in PBC model. Compared with WT mice, CXCR3−/− mice developed delayed and milder progression of cellular inflammation. Conculsions. CXCR3 might contribute to the development of PBC in murine model. Knockout of CXCR3 might delay and alleviate the PBC disease progression, but could not entirely block the disease development.
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Arababadi MK, Pourfathollah AA, Jafarzadeh A, Hassanshahi G, Mohit M, Hajghani M, Ahmadabadi BN, Kennedy D. Evaluation of CCR5 Expression on NK Cells in Iranian Patients With Occult Hepatitis B Infection. Lab Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1309/lmauisl84q4srsbt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Yeh CB, Tsai HT, Chen YC, Kuo WH, Chen TY, Hsieh YH, Chou MC, Yang SF. Genetic polymorphism of CCR2-64I increased the susceptibility of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2010; 102:264-70. [PMID: 20740585 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate genetic impact of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2) gene polymorphisms on the susceptibility and clinicopathological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS A total of 446 subjects, including 344 healthy controls and 102 patients with HCC, were recruited in this study and subjected to PCR-RFLP to estimate the impact of these two polymorphic variants on HCC. RESULTS No relationship between MCP-1 -2518G/A gene polymorphism and HCC risk was found among our recruited HCC patients and healthy controls. However, there was a significantly increased risk (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.11-3.29) of having HCC among subjects with GA heterozygotes of CCR2 V64I after adjusting for other confoundings. There was no synergistic effect between gene polymorphism and environmental risk factors, including tobacco and alcohol consumptions, as well as clinicopathological parameters of HCC for MCP-1 -2518G/A and CCR2 V64I genes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CCR2-64I gene polymorphism is an important factor for the susceptibility of HCC but it might not influence the clinical pathological progression of HCC, and the contribution of CCR2-64I gene polymorphism on the susceptibility of HCC could be not through the affection of liver injury-related clinical pathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Bin Yeh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Sharma M. Chemokines and their receptors: orchestrating a fine balance between health and disease. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/07388550903187418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Vargas A, Berenguer J, Catalan P, Miralles P, Lopez JC, Cosin J, Resino S. Association between plasma levels of eotaxin (CCL-11) and treatment response to interferon- and ribavirin in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 65:303-6. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Hong F, Tuyama A, Lee TF, Loke J, Agarwal R, Cheng X, Garg A, Fiel MI, Schwartz M, Walewski J, Branch A, Schecter AD, Bansal MB. Hepatic stellate cells express functional CXCR4: role in stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha-mediated stellate cell activation. Hepatology 2009; 49:2055-67. [PMID: 19434726 PMCID: PMC2893547 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chemokine interactions with their receptors have been implicated in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. The hepatic expression of CXCR4 messenger RNA is increased in hepatitis C cirrhotic livers and plasma levels of its endogenous ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha), correlate with increased fibrosis in these patients. The expression of CXCR4 by HSCs has not been reported. We therefore examined whether HSCs express CXCR4 in vivo and in vitro and explored whether SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 receptor engagement promotes HSC activation, fibrogenesis, and proliferation. The hepatic protein expression of both CXCR4 and SDF-1alpha is increased in hepatitis C cirrhotic livers and immunoflourescent and immunohistochemical staining confirms that HSCs express CXCR4 in vivo. Immortalized human stellate cells as well as primary human HSCs express CXCR4, and cell surface receptor expression increases with progressive culture-induced activation. Treatment of stellate cells with recombinant SDF-1alpha increases expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen I and stimulates a dose-dependent increase in HSC proliferation. Inhibitor studies suggest that SDF-1alpha/CXCR4-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt phosphorylation mediate effects on collagen I expression and stellate cell proliferation. CONCLUSION HSCs express CXCR4 receptor in vivo and in vitro. CXCR4 receptor activation by SDF-1alpha is profibrogenic through its effects on HSC activation, fibrogenesis, and proliferation. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways mediate SDF-1alpha-induced effects on HSC expression of collagen I and proliferation. The availability of small molecule inhibitors of CXCR4 make this receptor an appealing target for antifibrotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hong
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ana Tuyama
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ting Fang Lee
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Johnny Loke
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Xin Cheng
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Anita Garg
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Novelli G, Rossi M, Ferretti G, Poli L, Pretagostini R, Ruberto F, Morabito V, Cinti P, Nudo F, Mennini G, Berloco PB. Adacolumn treatment in kidney transplant patients with hepatitis C virus. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:1195-200. [PMID: 19460515 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients who have undergone kidney transplantation and suffer from hepatitis C (HCV) cannot be treated with standard therapy (pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin) due to the risk of acute rejection. Furthermore, immunosuppressive therapy facilitates the progression of infection and chronic hepatopathies. Monocytes and macrophages are known to produce extrahepatic breeding sites that spread disease. Our aim was to reduce macrophages, granulocytes, monocytes, proinflammatory cells, and viremia levels using an extracorporeal device: Adacolumn Leukocyte Apheresis (Otzuka Electronics, Japan). METHODS The Adalcolumn filter is filled with 2-mm cellulose acetate beads immersed in sterile saline solution. These carriers absorb granulocytes and monocytes/macrophanges through their FCR receptors. Six patients affected by viral genotype 1b underwent five 1-hour treatments for 5 consecutive days. RESULTS Viremia was reduced in Patients 1, 2, 4, and 6 in association with decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and a normal CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio, after 3 months. Subjects 1 and 3 showed inverted CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell ratios, which changed at 4-month follow-up in only patient 1. Subject 5 did not show any changes. CONCLUSIONS The treatment was safe without hemodynamic or infectious complications, suggesting that this method could be used in a greater number of patients to evaluate amelioration of increased viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Novelli
- Dipartimento "P. Stefanini" Chirurgia Generale e Trapianti d'Organo, La Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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Martínez I, Lombardía L, Herranz C, García-Barreno B, Domínguez O, Melero JA. Cultures of HEp-2 cells persistently infected by human respiratory syncytial virus differ in chemokine expression and resistance to apoptosis as compared to lytic infections of the same cell type. Virology 2009; 388:31-41. [PMID: 19345972 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
HEp-2 cells that survived a lytic infection with Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) were grown to obtain a persistently infected culture that produced relatively high amounts of virus (10(6)-10(7) pfu/ml) for more than twenty passages. The cells in this culture were heterogeneous with regard to the expression of viral antigens, ranging from high to undetectable levels. However, all cell clones derived from the persistent culture did not produce infectious virus or viral antigens and grew more slowly than the original uninfected HEp-2 cells. When these "cured" cell clones were infected with wild-type HRSV, delayed virus production and reduction in the number and size of syncytia were observed compared to lytically infected HEp-2 cells. Most significantly, differences in gene expression between persistently and lytically infected cultures were also observed, including genes that encode for cytokines, chemokines and other gene products that either promote cell survival or inhibit apoptosis. These results highlight the significantly different responses of the same cell type to HRSV infection depending on the outcome of such infection, i.e., lytic versus persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Martínez
- Unidad de Interacción Virus-Célula, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus, a noncytopathic hepatotropic RNA virus, affects over 170 million people worldwide. In the majority of cases, neither the early innate immune response nor the later adaptive immune response succeeds in clearing the virus, and the infection becomes chronic. Furthermore, in many patients, the ineffective inflammatory response drives fibrogenesis and the development of cirrhosis. It is critical to understand this immune pathology if preventative and curative therapies are to be developed. Chemokines are a superfamily of small proteins that promote leukocyte migration and orchestrate the immune response to viruses, including hepatitis C virus. Chemokines are crucial for viral elimination, but inappropriate persistence of expression in chronic hepatitis C infection can drive tissue damage and inflammation. Here we review the role of chemokines and their receptors in hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Heydtmann
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Liver Disease, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Jacobson O, Weiss ID, Szajek L, Farber JM, Kiesewetter DO. 64Cu-AMD3100--a novel imaging agent for targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1486-93. [PMID: 19188071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor which has been shown to be exploited by various tumors for increased survival, invasion, and homing to target organs. We developed a one step radiosynthesis for labeling the CXCR4-specific antagonist AMD3100 with Cu-64 to produce (64)Cu-AMD3100 with a specific activity of 11.28Ci/ micromol (417GBq/ micromol) at the end of radiosynthesis. Incorporation of Cu(II) ion into AMD3100 did not change its ability to inhibit cellular migration in response to the (only) CXCR4 ligand, SDF-1/CXCL12. (64)Cu-AMD3100 binding affinity to CXCR4 was found to be 62.7 microM. Biodistribution of (64)Cu-AMD3100 showed accumulation in CXCR4-expressing organs and tissues, a renal clearance pathway, and an anomalous specific accumulation in the liver. We conclude that (64)Cu-AMD3100 exhibits promise as a potential PET imaging agent for visualization of CXCR4-positive tumors and metastases and might be used to guide and monitor anti-CXCR4 tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Positron Emission Tomography Radiochemistry Group, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Genetic variations of the chemokine scavenger receptor D6 are associated with liver inflammation in chronic hepatitis C. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:861-6. [PMID: 18822328 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.08.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) represents one of the most common chronic infections worldwide and is a major indication for liver transplantation. Liver inflammation is the main predictor of advanced fibrosis in HCV. Inflammatory cells are recruited to the liver by chemokines. Recently, a novel class of chemokine receptors has been characterized that lack signaling functions and are termed scavenger receptors. We determine here whether genetic variations of the scavenger receptor D6 contribute to the grade of liver inflammation in HCV. Four haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from HapMap that cover the genetic information of D6 (CCBP2). Among these SNPs, rs4683336 was associated with liver inflammation in qualitative (p = 0.003) and quantitative (p = 0.0086) genotype analysis. This association was confirmed in an independent cohort of HCV-infected patients (p = 0.006 for qualitative and p = 0.0046 for quantitative analysis, respectively). Furthermore, the haplotype that is tagged by marker rs4683336 was significantly correlated with liver inflammation when compared with the most common D6 haplotype (p = 0.014). The importance of genetic variations in D6 was supported through the demonstration of an association of D6 mRNA expression with histologic inflammation in liver biopsies and a considerable range of D6 mRNA expression in isolated human hepatocytes. In conclusion, we demonstrate that variations in a chemokine scavenging receptor are significantly correlated with clinical inflammatory phenotypes such as HCV infection.
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Rankin WV, Henry CJ, Turnquist SE, Turk JR, Beissenherz ME, Tyler JW, Green JA. Comparison of distributions of survivin among tissues from urinary bladders of dogs with cystitis, transitional cell carcinoma, or histologically normal urinary bladders. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1073-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.8.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Grégoire C, Chasson L, Luci C, Tomasello E, Geissmann F, Vivier E, Walzer T. The trafficking of natural killer cells. Immunol Rev 2008; 220:169-82. [PMID: 17979846 PMCID: PMC7165697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system that participate in the early control of microbial infections and cancer. NK cells can induce the death of autologous cells undergoing various forms of stress, recognizing and providing non-microbial 'danger' signals to the immune system. NK cells are widely distributed in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. NK cell precursors originate from the bone marrow and go through a complex maturation process that leads to the acquisition of their effector functions, to changes in their expression of integrins and chemotactic receptors, and to their redistribution from the bone marrow and lymph nodes to blood, spleen, liver, and lung. Here, we describe the tissue localization of NK cells, using NKp46 as an NK cell marker, and review the current knowledge on the mechanisms that govern their trafficking in humans and in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Grégoire
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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