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Beeton K, Mitra D, Akinleye AA, Howell JA, Yu CS, Bidwell GL, Tandon R. An Elastin-like Polypeptide-fusion peptide targeting capsid-tegument interface as an antiviral against cytomegalovirus infection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10253. [PMID: 38704431 PMCID: PMC11069587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The tegument protein pp150 of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is known to be essential for the final stages of virus maturation and mediates its functions by interacting with capsid proteins. Our laboratory has previously identified the critical regions in pp150 important for pp150-capsid interactions and designed peptides similar in sequence to these regions, with a goal to competitively inhibit capsid maturation. Treatment with a specific peptide (PepCR2 or P10) targeted to pp150 conserved region 2 led to a significant reduction in murine CMV (MCMV) growth in cell culture, paving the way for in vivo testing in a mouse model of CMV infection. However, the general pharmacokinetic parameters of peptides, including rapid degradation and limited tissue and cell membrane permeability, pose a challenge to their successful use in vivo. Therefore, we designed a biopolymer-stabilized elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) fusion construct (ELP-P10) to enhance the bioavailability of P10. Antiviral efficacy and cytotoxic effects of ELP-P10 were studied in cell culture, and pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and antiviral efficacy were studied in a mouse model of CMV infection. ELP-P10 maintained significant antiviral activity in cell culture, and this conjugation significantly enhanced P10 bioavailability in mouse tissues. The fluorescently labeled ELP-P10 accumulated to higher levels in mouse liver and kidneys as compared to the unconjugated P10. Moreover, viral titers from vital organs of MCMV-infected mice indicated a significant reduction of virus load upon ELP-P10 treatment. Therefore, ELP-P10 has the potential to be developed into an effective antiviral against CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Beeton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Dipanwita Mitra
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Adesanya A Akinleye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - John A Howell
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Christian S Yu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Gene L Bidwell
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Ritesh Tandon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Office of Research Infrastructure Programs, National Institute of Health, 6701 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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2
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Dai YC, Yeh SY, Cheng YY, Huang WH, Liou GG, Yang TY, Chang CY, Fang TF, Chang CW, Su MT, Lee CP, Chen MR. BGLF4 kinase regulates the formation of the EBV cytoplasmic assembly compartment and the recruitment of cellular IQGAP1 for virion release. J Virol 2024; 98:e0189923. [PMID: 38294245 PMCID: PMC10878254 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01899-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
After Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome replication and encapsidation in the nucleus, nucleocapsids are translocated into the cytoplasm for subsequent tegumentation and maturation. The EBV BGLF4 kinase, which induces partial disassembly of the nuclear lamina, and the nuclear egress complex BFRF1/BFLF2 coordinately facilitate the nuclear egress of nucleocapsids. Here, we demonstrate that within EBV reactivated epithelial cells, viral capsids, tegument proteins, and glycoproteins are clustered in the juxtanuclear concave region, accompanied by redistributed cytoplasmic organelles and the cytoskeleton regulator IQ-domain GTPase-activation protein 1 (IQGAP1), close to the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). The assembly compartment (AC) structure was diminished in BGLF4-knockdown TW01-EBV cells and BGLF4-knockout bacmid-carrying TW01 cells, suggesting that the formation of AC structure is BGLF4-dependent. Notably, glycoprotein gp350/220 was observed by confocal imaging to be distributed in the perinuclear concave region and surrounded by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane marker calnexin, indicating that the AC may be located within a globular structure derived from ER membranes, adjacent to the outer nuclear membrane. Moreover, the viral capsid protein BcLF1 and tegument protein BBLF1 were co-localized with IQGAP1 near the cytoplasmic membrane in the late stage of replication. Knockdown of IQGAP1 did not affect the AC formation but decreased virion release from both TW01-EBV and Akata+ cells, suggesting IQGAP1-mediated trafficking regulates EBV virion release. The data presented here show that BGLF4 is required for cytoskeletal rearrangement, coordination with the redistribution of cytoplasmic organelles and IQGAP1 for virus maturation, and subsequent IQGAP1-dependent virion release.IMPORTANCEEBV genome is replicated and encapsidated in the nucleus, and the resultant nucleocapsids are translocated to the cytoplasm for subsequent virion maturation. We show that a cytoplasmic AC, containing viral proteins, markers of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and endosomes, is formed in the juxtanuclear region of epithelial and B cells during EBV reactivation. The viral BGLF4 kinase contributes to the formation of the AC. The cellular protein IQGAP1 is also recruited to the AC and partially co-localizes with the virus capsid protein BcLF1 and tegument protein BBLF1 in EBV-reactivated cells, dependent on the BGLF4-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement. In addition, virion release was attenuated in IQGAP1-knockdown epithelial and B cells after reactivation, suggesting that IQGAP1-mediated trafficking may regulate the efficiency of virus maturation and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Dai
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yun Yeh
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Cheng
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Huang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gunn-Guang Liou
- Office of Research and Development, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Yang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yuan Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Fang Fang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Tzu Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pei Lee
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Betsinger CN, Justice JL, Tyl MD, Edgar JE, Budayeva HG, Abu YF, Cristea IM. Sirtuin 2 promotes human cytomegalovirus replication by regulating cell cycle progression. mSystems 2023; 8:e0051023. [PMID: 37916830 PMCID: PMC10734535 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00510-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study expands the growing understanding that protein acetylation is a highly regulated molecular toggle of protein function in both host anti-viral defense and viral replication. We describe a pro-viral role for the human enzyme SIRT2, showing that its deacetylase activity supports HCMV replication. By integrating quantitative proteomics, flow cytometry cell cycle assays, microscopy, and functional virology assays, we investigate the temporality of SIRT2 functions and substrates. We identify a pro-viral role for the SIRT2 deacetylase activity via regulation of CDK2 K6 acetylation and the G1-S cell cycle transition. These findings highlight a link between viral infection, protein acetylation, and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora N. Betsinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joshua L. Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew D. Tyl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Julia E. Edgar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hanna G. Budayeva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yaa F. Abu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Lee Q, Chan WC, Qu X, Sun Y, Abdelkarim H, Le J, Saqib U, Sun MY, Kruse K, Banerjee A, Hitchinson B, Geyer M, Huang F, Guaiquil V, Mutso AA, Sanders M, Rosenblatt MI, Maienschein-Cline M, Lawrence MS, Gaponenko V, Malik AB, Komarova YA. End binding-3 inhibitor activates regenerative program in age-related macular degeneration. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101223. [PMID: 37794584 PMCID: PMC10591057 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), characterized by leaky neovessels emanating from the choroid, is a main cause of blindness. As current treatments for wet AMD require regular intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) biologics, there is a need for the development of less invasive treatments. Here, we designed an allosteric inhibitor of end binding-3 (EB3) protein, termed EBIN, which reduces the effects of environmental stresses on endothelial cells by limiting pathological calcium signaling. Delivery of EBIN via eye drops in mouse and non-human primate (NHP) models of wet AMD prevents both neovascular leakage and choroidal neovascularization. EBIN reverses the epigenetic changes induced by environmental stresses, allowing an activation of a regenerative program within metabolic-active endothelial cells comprising choroidal neovascularization (CNV) lesions. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of EBIN in preventing the degenerative processes underlying wet AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wan Ching Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xinyan Qu
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Le
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Uzma Saqib
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mitchell Y Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kevin Kruse
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Avik Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ben Hitchinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Melissa Geyer
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Victor Guaiquil
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amelia A Mutso
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yulia A Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology and The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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5
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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Lorenzo-Sánchez I, Trujillo-González R, Estévez-Herrera J, García-Luis J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. HIV Infection: Shaping the Complex, Dynamic, and Interconnected Network of the Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13104. [PMID: 37685911 PMCID: PMC10487602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved a plethora of strategies to overcome the cytoskeletal barrier (i.e., actin and intermediate filaments (AFs and IFs) and microtubules (MTs)) to achieve the viral cycle. HIV-1 modifies cytoskeletal organization and dynamics by acting on associated adaptors and molecular motors to productively fuse, enter, and infect cells and then traffic to the cell surface, where virions assemble and are released to spread infection. The HIV-1 envelope (Env) initiates the cycle by binding to and signaling through its main cell surface receptors (CD4/CCR5/CXCR4) to shape the cytoskeleton for fusion pore formation, which permits viral core entry. Then, the HIV-1 capsid is transported to the nucleus associated with cytoskeleton tracks under the control of specific adaptors/molecular motors, as well as HIV-1 accessory proteins. Furthermore, HIV-1 drives the late stages of the viral cycle by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics to assure viral Pr55Gag expression and transport to the cell surface, where it assembles and buds to mature infectious virions. In this review, we therefore analyze how HIV-1 generates a cell-permissive state to infection by regulating the cytoskeleton and associated factors. Likewise, we discuss the relevance of this knowledge to understand HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis in patients and to develop therapeutic strategies to battle HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Iria Lorenzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
- Analysis Department, Faculty of Mathematics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
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da Silva ES, Naghavi MH. Microtubules and viral infection. Adv Virus Res 2023; 115:87-134. [PMID: 37173066 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) form rapidly adaptable, complex intracellular networks of filaments that not only provide structural support, but also form the tracks along which motors traffic macromolecular cargos to specific sub-cellular sites. These dynamic arrays play a central role in regulating various cellular processes including cell shape and motility as well as cell division and polarization. Given their complex organization and functional importance, MT arrays are carefully controlled by many highly specialized proteins that regulate the nucleation of MT filaments at distinct sites, their dynamic growth and stability, and their engagement with other subcellular structures and cargoes destined for transport. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of how MTs and their regulatory proteins function, including their active targeting and exploitation, during infection by viruses that utilize a wide variety of replication strategies that occur within different cellular sub-compartments or regions of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Santos da Silva
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; HIV Clinical and Translational Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Chao TY, Cheng YY, Wang ZY, Fang TF, Chang YR, Fuh CS, Su MT, Su YW, Hsu PH, Su YC, Chang YC, Lee TY, Chou WH, Middeldorp JM, Saraste J, Chen MR. Subcellular Distribution of BALF2 and the Role of Rab1 in the Formation of Epstein-Barr Virus Cytoplasmic Assembly Compartment and Virion Release. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0436922. [PMID: 36602343 PMCID: PMC9927466 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04369-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replicates its genome in the nucleus and undergoes tegumentation and envelopment in the cytoplasm. We are interested in how the single-stranded DNA binding protein BALF2, which executes its function and distributes predominantly in the nucleus, is packaged into the tegument of virions. At the mid-stage of virus replication in epithelial TW01-EBV cells, a small pool of BALF2 colocalizes with tegument protein BBLF1, BGLF4 protein kinase, and the cis-Golgi marker GM130 at the perinuclear viral assembly compartment (AC). A possible nuclear localization signal (NLS) between amino acids 1100 and 1128 (C29), which contains positive charged amino acid 1113RRKRR1117, is able to promote yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-LacZ into the nucleus. In addition, BALF2 interacts with the nucleocapsid-associated protein BVRF1, suggesting that BALF2 may be transported into the cytoplasm with nucleocapsids in a nuclear egress complex (NEC)-dependent manner. A group of proteins involved in intracellular transport were identified to interact with BALF2 in a proteomic analysis. Among them, the small GTPase Rab1A functioning in bi-directional trafficking at the ER-Golgi interface is also a tegument component. In reactivated TW01-EBV cells, BALF2 colocalizes with Rab1A in the cytoplasmic AC. Expression of dominant-negative GFP-Rab1A(N124I) diminished the accumulation of BALF2 in the AC, coupling with attenuation of gp350/220 glycosylation. Virion release was significantly downregulated by expressing dominant-negative GFP-Rab1A(N124I). Overall, the subcellular distribution of BALF2 is regulated through its complex interaction with various proteins. Rab1 activity is required for proper gp350/220 glycosylation and the maturation of EBV. IMPORTANCE Upon EBV lytic reactivation, the virus-encoded DNA replication machinery functions in the nucleus, while the newly synthesized DNA is encapsidated and transported to the cytoplasm for final virus assembly. The single-stranded DNA binding protein BALF2 executing functions within the nucleus was also identified in the tegument layer of mature virions. Here, we studied the functional domain of BALF2 that contributes to the nuclear targeting and used a proteomic approach to identify novel BALF2-interacting cellular proteins that may contribute to virion morphogenesis. The GTPase Rab1, a master regulator of anterograde and retrograde endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi trafficking, colocalizes with BALF2 in the juxtanuclear concave region at the midstage of EBV reactivation. Rab1 activity is required for BALF2 targeting to the cytoplasmic assembly compartment (AC) and for gp350/220 targeting to cis-Golgi for proper glycosylation and virion release. Our study hints that EBV hijacks the bi-directional ER-Golgi trafficking machinery to complete virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Chao
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Cheng
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Yun Wang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Fang Fang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ruei Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shane Fuh
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Tzu Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Wei Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Su
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Chang
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yau Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Chou
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaap M. Middeldorp
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Saraste
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Imaging Center, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mei-Ru Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Tipei, Taiwan
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8
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Mosher BS, Kowalik TF, Yurochko AD. Overview of how HCMV manipulation of host cell intracellular trafficking networks can promote productive infection. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.1026452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised and developing fetuses. Infection has also been linked to chronic inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular disease, and the development of certain cancers. The wide range of pathologies associated with HCMV infection is attributable to the broad cellular tropism of the virus where infection affects every organ system. Like other viruses, HCMV must tailor host cells to support productive infection. In particular, HCMV dedicates many resources and various strategies to manipulate host intracellular trafficking networks to facilitate various aspects of infection across all infected cell types. The dysregulation of host intracellular trafficking networks allows the virus to translocate to the host cell nucleus for genome replication, facilitate nuclear import/export of viral proteins and immature virions, subvert the host immune response, form new organelles for progeny virion assembly, maturation and egress, and promote cellular migration and viral spread. However, due to their complex nature, many aspects of these processes are not well-studied. New research and omics-based technologies have recently begun to elucidate the extent to which HCMV dysregulates host cell trafficking machinery. Here we review the variety of strategies HCMV utilizes to dysregulate intracellular trafficking networks to promote productive infection.
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Turner DL, Mathias RA. The human cytomegalovirus decathlon: Ten critical replication events provide opportunities for restriction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1053139. [PMID: 36506089 PMCID: PMC9732275 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1053139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals, transplant recipients, and to the developing foetus during pregnancy. There is no protective vaccine currently available, and with only a limited number of antiviral drug options, resistant strains are constantly emerging. Successful completion of HCMV replication is an elegant feat from a molecular perspective, with both host and viral processes required at various stages. Remarkably, HCMV and other herpesviruses have protracted replication cycles, large genomes, complex virion structure and complicated nuclear and cytoplasmic replication events. In this review, we outline the 10 essential stages the virus must navigate to successfully complete replication. As each individual event along the replication continuum poses as a potential barrier for restriction, these essential checkpoints represent potential targets for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan L. Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rommel A. Mathias
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Rommel A. Mathias,
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10
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Zhou S, Fu Z, Zhang Z, Jia X, Xu G, Sun L, Sun F, Gao P, Xu P, Deng H. Liquid-liquid phase separation mediates the formation of herpesvirus assembly compartments. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 222:213550. [PMID: 36250941 PMCID: PMC9579985 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202201088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus assembly, which takes place during the late stage of viral replication, is essential for virus propagation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, especially for viruses with complicated structures. Here, we use correlative light and electron microscopy to examine the formation of cytoplasmic virion assembly compartments (cVACs) during infection by a γ-herpesvirus. These cVACs are membraneless organelles with liquid-like properties. Formation of cVACs during virus infection is mediated by ORF52, an abundant tegument protein. ORF52 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), which is promoted by both DNA and RNA. Disrupting ORF52 phase separation blocks cVACs formation and virion production. These results demonstrate that phase separation of ORF52 is critical for cVACs formation. Our work defines herpesvirus cVACs as membraneless compartments that are generated through a process of LLPS mediated by a tegument protein and adds to the cellular processes that are facilitated by phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifei Fu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Public Technology Service Center, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,CAS Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangjun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Sun
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingyong Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,CAS Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Correspondence to Hongyu Deng:
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11
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Cook KC, Tsopurashvili E, Needham JM, Thompson SR, Cristea IM. Restructured membrane contacts rewire organelles for human cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4720. [PMID: 35953480 PMCID: PMC9366835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) link organelles to coordinate cellular functions across space and time. Although viruses remodel organelles for their replication cycles, MCSs remain largely unexplored during infections. Here, we design a targeted proteomics platform for measuring MCS proteins at all organelles simultaneously and define functional virus-driven MCS alterations by the ancient beta-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Integration with super-resolution microscopy and comparisons to herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), Influenza A, and beta-coronavirus HCoV-OC43 infections reveals time-sensitive contact regulation that allows switching anti- to pro-viral organelle functions. We uncover a stabilized mitochondria-ER encapsulation structure (MENC). As HCMV infection progresses, MENCs become the predominant mitochondria-ER contact phenotype and sequentially recruit the tethering partners VAP-B and PTPIP51, supporting virus production. However, premature ER-mitochondria tethering activates STING and interferon response, priming cells against infection. At peroxisomes, ACBD5-mediated ER contacts balance peroxisome proliferation versus membrane expansion, with ACBD5 impacting the titers of each virus tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn C Cook
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US
| | - Elene Tsopurashvili
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US
| | - Jason M Needham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, US
| | - Sunnie R Thompson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, US
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US.
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12
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Flomm FJ, Soh TK, Schneider C, Wedemann L, Britt HM, Thalassinos K, Pfitzner S, Reimer R, Grünewald K, Bosse JB. Intermittent bulk release of human cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010575. [PMID: 35925870 PMCID: PMC9352052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can infect a variety of cell types by using virions of varying glycoprotein compositions. It is still unclear how this diversity is generated, but spatio-temporally separated envelopment and egress pathways might play a role. So far, one egress pathway has been described in which HCMV particles are individually enveloped into small vesicles and are subsequently exocytosed continuously. However, some studies have also found enveloped virus particles inside multivesicular structures but could not link them to productive egress or degradation pathways. We used a novel 3D-CLEM workflow allowing us to investigate these structures in HCMV morphogenesis and egress at high spatio-temporal resolution. We found that multiple envelopment events occurred at individual vesicles leading to multiviral bodies (MViBs), which subsequently traversed the cytoplasm to release virions as intermittent bulk pulses at the plasma membrane to form extracellular virus accumulations (EVAs). Our data support the existence of a novel bona fide HCMV egress pathway, which opens the gate to evaluate divergent egress pathways in generating virion diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Flomm
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timothy K. Soh
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Linda Wedemann
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah M. Britt
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kay Grünewald
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
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13
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An eIF3d-dependent switch regulates HCMV replication by remodeling the infected cell translation landscape to mimic chronic ER stress. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110767. [PMID: 35508137 PMCID: PMC9127984 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated loading of eIF3-bound 40S ribosomes on capped mRNA is generally dependent upon the translation initiation factor eIF4E; however, mRNA translation often proceeds during physiological stress, such as virus infection, when eIF4E availability and activity are limiting. It remains poorly understood how translation of virus and host mRNAs are regulated during infection stress. While initially sensitive to mTOR inhibition, which limits eIF4E-dependent translation, we show that protein synthesis in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected cells unexpectedly becomes progressively reliant upon eIF3d. Targeting eIF3d selectively inhibits HCMV replication, reduces polyribosome abundance, and interferes with expression of essential virus genes and a host gene expression signature indicative of chronic ER stress that fosters HCMV reproduction. This reveals a strategy whereby cellular eIF3d-dependent protein production is hijacked to exploit virus-induced ER stress. Moreover, it establishes how switching between eIF4E and eIF3d-responsive cap-dependent translation can differentially tune virus and host gene expression in infected cells. Instead of eIF4E-regulated ribosome loading, Thompson et al. show capped mRNA translation in HCMV-infected cells becomes reliant upon eIF3d. Depleting eIF3d inhibits HCMV replication, reduces polyribosomes, and restricts virus late gene and host chronic ER stress-induced gene expression. Thus, switching to eIF3d-responsive translation tunes gene expression to support virus replication.
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14
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Chitosan/benzyloxy-benzaldehyde modified ZnO nano template having optimized and distinct antiviral potency to human cytomegalovirus. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118965. [PMID: 34973780 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Utilization of biomolecules encapsulated nano particles is currently originating ample attention to generate unconventional nanomedicines in antiviral research. Zinc oxide nanoparticle has been extensively studied for antimicrobial, antifungal and antifouling properties due to high surface to volume ratios and distinctive chemical as well as physical properties. Nevertheless, still minute information is available on their response on viruses. Here, in situ nanostructured and polysaccharide encapsulated ZnO NPs are fabricated with having antiviral potency and low cytotoxicity (%viability ~ 90%) by simply controlling the formation within interspatial 3D networks of hydrogels through perfect locking mechanism. The two composites ChH@ZnO and ChB@ZnO shows exceedingly effective antiviral activity toward Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) having cell viability 93.6% and 92.4% up to 400 μg mL-1 concentration. This study brings significant insights regarding the role of ZnO NPs surface coatings on their nanotoxicity and antiviral action and could potentially guide to the development of better antiviral drug.
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15
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Tyl MD, Betsinger CN, Cristea IM. Virus-host protein interactions as footprints of human cytomegalovirus replication. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:135-147. [PMID: 34923282 PMCID: PMC8844139 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a pervasive β-herpesvirus that causes lifelong infection. The lytic replication cycle of HCMV is characterized by global organelle remodeling and dynamic virus-host interactions, both of which are necessary for productive HCMV replication. With the advent of new technologies for investigating protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions, numerous critical interfaces between HCMV and host cells have been identified. Here, we review temporal and spatial virus-host interactions that support different stages of the HCMV replication cycle. Understanding how HCMV interacts with host cells during entry, replication, and assembly, as well as how it interfaces with host cell metabolism and immune responses promises to illuminate processes that underlie the biology of infection and the resulting pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Tyl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Cora N. Betsinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,Corresponding author and lead contact: Ileana M. Cristea, 210 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Tel: 6092589417, Fax: 6092584575,
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16
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Manska S, Rossetto CC. Identification of cellular proteins associated with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA replication suggests novel cellular and viral interactions. Virology 2022; 566:26-41. [PMID: 34861458 PMCID: PMC8720285 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Upon entry of Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) into the host cell, the viral genome is transported to the nucleus where it serves as a template for transcription and genome replication. Production of new viral genomes is a coordinated effort between viral and cellular proteins. While the core replication proteins are encoded by the virus, additional cellular proteins support the process of genome synthesis. We used accelerated native isolation of proteins on nascent DNA (aniPOND) to study protein dynamics on nascent viral DNA during HCMV infection. Using this method, we identified specific viral and cellular proteins that are associated with nascent viral DNA. These included transcription factors, transcriptional regulators, DNA damage and repair factors, and chromatin remodeling complexes. The association of these identified proteins with viral DNA was confirmed by immunofluorescent imaging, chromatin-immunoprecipitation analyses, and shRNA knockdown experiments. These data provide evidence for the requirement of cellular factors involved in HCMV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Manska
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1664 North Virginia Street/MS320, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Cyprian C. Rossetto
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1664 North Virginia Street/MS320, Reno, NV 89557 USA,Correspondence to: Cyprian C. Rossetto, Ph.D.
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17
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Sanchez V, Britt W. Human Cytomegalovirus Egress: Overcoming Barriers and Co-Opting Cellular Functions. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010015. [PMID: 35062219 PMCID: PMC8778548 DOI: 10.3390/v14010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and other herpesviruses includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic phases. During the prolonged replication cycle of HCMV, the cell undergoes remarkable changes in cellular architecture that include marked increases in nuclear size and structure as well as the reorganization of membranes in cytoplasm. Similarly, significant changes occur in cellular metabolism, protein trafficking, and cellular homeostatic functions. These cellular modifications are considered integral in the efficient assembly of infectious progeny in productively infected cells. Nuclear egress of HCMV nucleocapsids is thought to follow a pathway similar to that proposed for other members of the herpesvirus family. During this process, viral nucleocapsids must overcome structural barriers in the nucleus that limit transit and, ultimately, their delivery to the cytoplasm for final assembly of progeny virions. HCMV, similar to other herpesviruses, encodes viral functions that co-opt cellular functions to overcome these barriers and to bridge the bilaminar nuclear membrane. In this brief review, we will highlight some of the mechanisms that define our current understanding of HCMV egress, relying heavily on the current understanding of egress of the more well-studied α-herpesviruses, HSV-1 and PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - William Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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18
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Buchwalter RA, Ogden SC, York SB, Sun L, Zheng C, Hammack C, Cheng Y, Chen JV, Cone AS, Meckes DG, Tang H, Megraw TL. Coordination of Zika Virus Infection and Viroplasm Organization by Microtubules and Microtubule-Organizing Centers. Cells 2021; 10:3335. [PMID: 34943843 PMCID: PMC8699624 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) became a global health concern in 2016 due to its links to congenital microcephaly and other birth defects. Flaviviruses, including ZIKV, reorganize the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form a viroplasm, a compartment where virus particles are assembled. Microtubules (MTs) and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) coordinate structural and trafficking functions in the cell, and MTs also support replication of flaviviruses. Here we investigated the roles of MTs and the cell's MTOCs on ZIKV viroplasm organization and virus production. We show that a toroidal-shaped viroplasm forms upon ZIKV infection, and MTs are organized at the viroplasm core and surrounding the viroplasm. We show that MTs are necessary for viroplasm organization and impact infectious virus production. In addition, the centrosome and the Golgi MTOC are closely associated with the viroplasm, and the centrosome coordinates the organization of the ZIKV viroplasm toroidal structure. Surprisingly, viroplasm formation and virus production are not significantly impaired when infected cells have no centrosomes and impaired Golgi MTOC, and we show that MTs are anchored to the viroplasm surface in these cells. We propose that the viroplasm is a site of MT organization, and the MTs organized at the viroplasm are sufficient for efficient virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Buchwalter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Sarah C. Ogden
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Sara B. York
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Chunfeng Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Christy Hammack
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Yichen Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Jieyan V. Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Allaura S. Cone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (S.C.O.); (C.H.); (Y.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Timothy L. Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (R.A.B.); (S.B.Y.); (L.S.); (C.Z.); (J.V.C.); (A.S.C.); (D.G.M.J.)
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19
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Tegument Protein pp150 Sequence-Specific Peptide Blocks Cytomegalovirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112277. [PMID: 34835083 PMCID: PMC8623180 DOI: 10.3390/v13112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) tegument protein pp150 is essential for the completion of the final steps in virion maturation. Earlier studies indicated that three pp150nt (N-terminal one-third of pp150) conformers cluster on each triplex (Tri1, Tri2A and Tri2B), and extend towards small capsid proteins atop nearby major capsid proteins, forming a net-like layer of tegument densities that enmesh and stabilize HCMV capsids. Based on this atomic detail, we designed several peptides targeting pp150nt. Our data show significant reduction in virus growth upon treatment with one of these peptides (pep-CR2) with an IC50 of 1.33 μM and no significant impact on cell viability. Based on 3D modeling, pep-CR2 specifically interferes with the pp150–capsid binding interface. Cells pre-treated with pep-CR2 and infected with HCMV sequester pp150 in the nucleus, indicating a mechanistic disruption of pp150 loading onto capsids and subsequent nuclear egress. Furthermore, pep-CR2 effectively inhibits mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in cell culture, paving the way for future animal testing. Combined, these results indicate that CR2 of pp150 is amenable to targeting by a peptide inhibitor, and can be developed into an effective antiviral.
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20
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Dynactin 1 negatively regulates HIV-1 infection by sequestering the host cofactor CLIP170. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102884118. [PMID: 34686593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102884118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses directly engage and require the dynein-dynactin motor-adaptor complex in order to transport along microtubules (MTs) to the nucleus and initiate infection. HIV type 1 (HIV-1) exploits dynein, the dynein adaptor BICD2, and core dynactin subunits but unlike several other viruses, does not require dynactin-1 (DCTN1). The underlying reason for HIV-1's variant dynein engagement strategy and independence from DCTN1 remains unknown. Here, we reveal that DCTN1 actually inhibits early HIV-1 infection by interfering with the ability of viral cores to interact with critical host cofactors. Specifically, DCTN1 competes for binding to HIV-1 particles with cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP170), one of several MT plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) that regulate the stability of viral cores after entry into the cell. Outside of its function as a dynactin subunit, DCTN1 also functions as a +TIP that we find sequesters CLIP170 from incoming particles. Deletion of the Zinc knuckle (Zn) domain in CLIP170 that mediates its interactions with several proteins, including DCTN1, increased CLIP170 binding to virus particles but failed to promote infection, further suggesting that DCTN1 blocks a critical proviral function of CLIP170 mediated by its Zn domain. Our findings suggest that the unique manner in which HIV-1 binds and exploits +TIPs to regulate particle stability leaves them vulnerable to the negative effects of DCTN1 on +TIP availability and function, which may in turn have driven HIV-1 to evolve away from DCTN1 in favor of BICD2-based engagement of dynein during early infection.
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21
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Bhargava A, Williart A, Maurin M, Davidson PM, Jouve M, Piel M, Lahaye X, Manel N. Inhibition of HIV infection by structural proteins of the inner nuclear membrane is associated with reduced chromatin dynamics. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109763. [PMID: 34592156 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the nucleus to establish infection, but the role of nuclear envelope proteins in this process is incompletely understood. Inner nuclear transmembrane proteins SUN1 and SUN2 connect nuclear lamins to the cytoskeleton and participate in the DNA damage response (DDR). Increased levels of SUN1 or SUN2 potently restrict HIV infection through an unresolved mechanism. Here, we find that the antiviral activities of SUN1 and SUN2 are distinct. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are preferentially inhibited by SUN1 and SUN2, respectively. We identify DNA damage inducers that stimulate HIV-1 infection and show that SUN1, but not SUN2, neutralizes this effect. Finally, we show that chromatin movements and nuclear rotations are associated with the effects of SUN proteins and Lamin A/C on infection. These results reveal an emerging role of chromatin dynamics and the DDR in the control of HIV infection by structural components of the nuclear envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Bhargava
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Alice Williart
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Patricia M Davidson
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR168, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Lahaye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France.
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22
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Rollins MG, Shasmal M, Meade N, Astar H, Shen PS, Walsh D. Negative charge in the RACK1 loop broadens the translational capacity of the human ribosome. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109663. [PMID: 34496247 PMCID: PMC8451006 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the roles of initiation factors, RNA binding proteins, and RNA elements in regulating translation are well defined, how the ribosome functionally diversifies remains poorly understood. In their human hosts, poxviruses phosphorylate serine 278 (S278) at the tip of a loop domain in the small subunit ribosomal protein RACK1, thereby mimicking negatively charged residues in the RACK1 loops of dicot plants and protists to stimulate translation of transcripts with 5′ poly(A) leaders. However, how a negatively charged RACK1 loop affects ribosome structure and its broader translational output is not known. Here, we show that although ribotoxin-induced stress signaling and stalling on poly(A) sequences are unaffected, negative charge in the RACK1 loop alters the swivel motion of the 40S head domain in a manner similar to several internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), confers resistance to various protein synthesis inhibitors, and broadly supports noncanonical modes of translation. How ribosomes functionally diversify to selectively control translation is only beginning to be understood. Rollins et al. show that negative charge in a loop domain of the small subunit ribosomal protein RACK1 increases the swiveling motion of the 40S head and broadens the translational capacity of the human ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Rollins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Manidip Shasmal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nathan Meade
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Helen Astar
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter S Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Štimac I, Jug Vučko N, Blagojević Zagorac G, Marcelić M, Mahmutefendić Lučin H, Lučin P. Dynamin Inhibitors Prevent the Establishment of the Cytomegalovirus Assembly Compartment in the Early Phase of Infection. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090876. [PMID: 34575026 PMCID: PMC8469281 DOI: 10.3390/life11090876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection initiates massive rearrangement of cytoplasmic organelles to generate assembly compartment (AC). The earliest events, the establishment of the preAC, are initiated in the early phase as an extensive reorganization of early endosomes (EEs), endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), trans-Golgi network (TGN), and the Golgi. Here, we demonstrate that dynamin inhibitors (Dynasore, Dyngo-4a, MiTMAB, and Dynole-34-2) block the establishment of the preAC in murine CMV (MCMV) infected cells. In this study, we extensively analyzed the effect of Dynasore on the Golgi reorganization sequence into the outer preAC. We also monitored the development of the inner preAC using a set of markers that define EEs (Rab5, Vps34, EEA1, and Hrs), the EE-ERC interface (Rab10), the ERC (Rab11, Arf6), three layers of the Golgi (GRASP65, GM130, Golgin97), and late endosomes (Lamp1). Dynasore inhibited the pericentriolar accumulation of all markers that display EE-ERC-TGN interface in the inner preAC and prevented Golgi unlinking and dislocation to the outer preAC. Furthermore, in pulse-chase experiments, we demonstrated that the presence of dynasore only during the early phase of MCMV infection (4-14 hpi) is sufficient to prevent not only AC formation but also the synthesis of late-phase proteins and virion production. Therefore, our results indicate that dynamin-2 acts as a part of the machinery required for AC generation and rearrangement of EE/ERC/Golgi membranes in the early phase of CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Štimac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.Š.); (N.J.V.); (G.B.Z.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Natalia Jug Vučko
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.Š.); (N.J.V.); (G.B.Z.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Gordana Blagojević Zagorac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.Š.); (N.J.V.); (G.B.Z.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
- Nursing Department, University North, University Center Varaždin, Jurja Križanića 31b, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Marina Marcelić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.Š.); (N.J.V.); (G.B.Z.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Hana Mahmutefendić Lučin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.Š.); (N.J.V.); (G.B.Z.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
- Nursing Department, University North, University Center Varaždin, Jurja Križanića 31b, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Pero Lučin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.Š.); (N.J.V.); (G.B.Z.); (M.M.); (P.L.)
- Nursing Department, University North, University Center Varaždin, Jurja Križanića 31b, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
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Furey C, Astar H, Walsh D. Human Cytomegalovirus Exploits TACC3 To Control Microtubule Dynamics and Late Stages of Infection. J Virol 2021; 95:e0082121. [PMID: 34191581 PMCID: PMC8387038 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00821-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
While it is well established that microtubules (MTs) facilitate various stages of virus replication, how viruses actively control MT dynamics and functions remains less well understood. Recent work has begun to reveal how several viruses exploit End-Binding (EB) proteins and their associated microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs), in particular to enable loading of viral particles onto MTs for retrograde transport during early stages of infection. Distinct from other viruses studied to date, at mid- to late stages of its unusually protracted replication cycle, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) increases the expression of all three EB family members. This occurs coincident with the formation of a unique structure, termed the assembly compartment (AC), which serves as a Golgi-derived MT organizing center. Together, the AC and distinct EB proteins enable HCMV to increase the formation of dynamic and acetylated microtubule subsets to regulate distinct aspects of the viral replication cycle. Here, we reveal that HCMV also exploits EB-independent +TIP pathways by specifically increasing the expression of transforming acidic coiled coil protein 3 (TACC3) to recruit the MT polymerase, chTOG, from initial sites of MT nucleation in the AC out into the cytosol, thereby increasing dynamic MT growth. Preventing TACC3 increases or depleting chTOG impaired MT polymerization, resulting in defects in early versus late endosome organization in and around the AC as well as defects in viral trafficking and spread. Our findings provide the first example of a virus that actively exploits EB-independent +TIP pathways to regulate MT dynamics and control late stages of virus replication. IMPORTANCE Diverse viruses rely on host cell microtubule networks to transport viral particles within the dense cytoplasmic environment and to control the broader architecture of the cell to facilitate their replication. However, precisely how viruses regulate the dynamic behavior and function of microtubule filaments remains poorly defined. We recently showed that the assembly compartment (AC) formed by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) acts as a Golgi-derived microtubule organizing center. Here, we show that at mid- to late stages of infection, HCMV increases the expression of transforming acidic coiled coil protein 3 (TACC3) to control the localization of the microtubule polymerase, chTOG. This, in turn, enables HCMV to generate dynamic microtubule subsets that organize endocytic vesicles in and around the AC and facilitate the transport of new viral particles released into the cytosol. Our findings reveal the first instance of viral targeting of TACC3 to control microtubule dynamics and virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Helen Astar
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Pavišić V, Mahmutefendić Lučin H, Blagojević Zagorac G, Lučin P. Arf GTPases Are Required for the Establishment of the Pre-Assembly Compartment in the Early Phase of Cytomegalovirus Infection. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:867. [PMID: 34440611 PMCID: PMC8399710 DOI: 10.3390/life11080867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortly after entering the cells, cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) initiate massive reorganization of cellular endocytic and secretory pathways, which results in the forming of the cytoplasmic virion assembly compartment (AC). We have previously shown that the formation of AC in murine CMV- (MCMV) infected cells begins in the early phase of infection (at 4-6 hpi) with the pre-AC establishment. Pre-AC comprises membranes derived from the endosomal recycling compartment, early endosomes, and the trans-Golgi network, which is surrounded by fragmented Golgi cisterns. To explore the importance of Arf GTPases in the biogenesis of the pre-AC, we infected Balb 3T3 cells with MCMV and analyzed the expression and intracellular localization of Arf proteins in the early phases (up to 16 hpi) of infection and the development of pre-AC in cells with a knockdown of Arf protein expression by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Herein, we show that even in the early phase, MCMVs cause massive reorganization of the Arf system of the host cells and induce the over-recruitment of Arf proteins onto the membranes of pre-AC. Knockdown of Arf1, Arf3, Arf4, or Arf6 impaired the establishment of pre-AC. However, the knockdown of Arf1 and Arf6 also abolished the establishment of infection. Our study demonstrates that Arf GTPases are required for different steps of early cytomegalovirus infection, including the establishment of the pre-AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Pavišić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.P.); (H.M.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Hana Mahmutefendić Lučin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.P.); (H.M.L.); (P.L.)
- Nursing Department, University North, University Center Varaždin, Jurja Križanića 31b, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Gordana Blagojević Zagorac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.P.); (H.M.L.); (P.L.)
- Nursing Department, University North, University Center Varaždin, Jurja Križanića 31b, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Pero Lučin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.P.); (H.M.L.); (P.L.)
- Nursing Department, University North, University Center Varaždin, Jurja Križanića 31b, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
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26
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Marcelić M, Lučin HM, Begonja AJ, Zagorac GB, Lisnić VJ, Lučin P. Endosomal Phosphatidylinositol-3-Phosphate-Associated Functions Are Dispensable for Establishment of the Cytomegalovirus Pre-Assembly Compartment but Essential for the Virus Growth. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:859. [PMID: 34440603 PMCID: PMC8398575 DOI: 10.3390/life11080859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) initiates the stepwise establishment of the pre-assembly compartment (pre-AC) in the early phase of infection by the expansion of the early endosome (EE)/endosomal recycling compartment (ERC) interface and relocation of the Golgi complex. We depleted Vps34-derived phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) at EEs by VPS34-IN1 and inhibited PI(3)P-associated functions by overexpression of 2xFYVE- and p40PX PI(3)P-binding modules to assess the role of PI(3)P-dependent EE domains in the pre-AC biogenesis. We monitored the accumulation of Rab10 and Evectin-2 in the inner pre-AC and the relocation of GM130-positive cis-Golgi organelles to the outer pre-AC by confocal microscopy. Although PI(3)P- and Vps34-positive endosomes build a substantial part of pre-AC, the PI(3)P depletion and the inhibition of PI(3)P-associated functions did not prevent the establishment of infection and progression through the early phase. The PI(3)P depletion in uninfected and MCMV-infected cells rapidly dispersed PI(3)P-bond proteins and reorganized EEs, including ablation of EE-to-ERC transport and relocation of Rab11 endosomes. The PI(3)P depletion one hour before pre-AC initiation and overexpression of 2xFYVE and p40PX domains neither prevented Rab10- and Evectin-2 accumulation, nor Golgi unlinking and relocation. These data demonstrate that PI(3)P-dependent functions, including the Rab11-dependent EE-to-ERC route, are dispensable for pre-AC initiation. Nevertheless, the virus growth was drastically reduced in PI(3)P-depleted cells, indicating that PI(3)P-associated functions are essential for the late phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marcelić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.M.); (H.M.L.); (G.B.Z.)
| | - Hana Mahmutefendić Lučin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.M.); (H.M.L.); (G.B.Z.)
- University North, University Center Varaždin, Jurja Križanića 31b, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Antonija Jurak Begonja
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Gordana Blagojević Zagorac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.M.); (H.M.L.); (G.B.Z.)
- University North, University Center Varaždin, Jurja Križanića 31b, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Pero Lučin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (M.M.); (H.M.L.); (G.B.Z.)
- University North, University Center Varaždin, Jurja Križanića 31b, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
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27
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Naghavi MH. HIV-1 capsid exploitation of the host microtubule cytoskeleton during early infection. Retrovirology 2021; 18:19. [PMID: 34229718 PMCID: PMC8259435 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) form a filamentous array that provide both structural support and a coordinated system for the movement and organization of macromolecular cargos within the cell. As such, they play a critical role in regulating a wide range of cellular processes, from cell shape and motility to cell polarization and division. The array is radial with filament minus-ends anchored at perinuclear MT-organizing centers and filament plus-ends continuously growing and shrinking to explore and adapt to the intracellular environment. In response to environmental cues, a small subset of these highly dynamic MTs can become stabilized, acquire post-translational modifications and act as specialized tracks for cargo trafficking. MT dynamics and stability are regulated by a subset of highly specialized MT plus-end tracking proteins, known as +TIPs. Central to this is the end-binding (EB) family of proteins which specifically recognize and track growing MT plus-ends to both regulate MT polymerization directly and to mediate the accumulation of a diverse array of other +TIPs at MT ends. Moreover, interaction of EB1 and +TIPs with actin-MT cross-linking factors coordinate changes in actin and MT dynamics at the cell periphery, as well as during the transition of cargos from one network to the other. The inherent structural polarity of MTs is sensed by specialized motor proteins. In general, dynein directs trafficking of cargos towards the minus-end while most kinesins direct movement toward the plus-end. As a pathogenic cargo, HIV-1 uses the actin cytoskeleton for short-range transport most frequently at the cell periphery during entry before transiting to MTs for long-range transport to reach the nucleus. While the fundamental importance of MT networks to HIV-1 replication has long been known, recent work has begun to reveal the underlying mechanistic details by which HIV-1 engages MTs after entry into the cell. This includes mimicry of EB1 by capsid (CA) and adaptor-mediated engagement of dynein and kinesin motors to elegantly coordinate early steps in infection that include MT stabilization, uncoating (conical CA disassembly) and virus transport toward the nucleus. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of how MT regulators and their associated motors are exploited by incoming HIV-1 capsid during early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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28
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Lis N, Hein Z, Ghanwat SS, Ramnarayan VR, Chambers BJ, Springer S. The murine cytomegalovirus immunoevasin gp40/m152 inhibits NKG2D receptor RAE-1γ by intracellular retention and cell surface masking. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:269012. [PMID: 34085696 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D (also known as KLRK1) is a crucial natural killer (NK) cell-activating receptor, and the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) employs multiple immunoevasins to avoid NKG2D-mediated activation. One of the MCMV immunoevasins, gp40 (m152), downregulates the cell surface NKG2D ligand RAE-1γ (also known as Raet1c) thus limiting NK cell activation. This study establishes the molecular mechanism by which gp40 retains RAE-1γ in the secretory pathway. Using flow cytometry and pulse-chase analysis, we demonstrate that gp40 retains RAE-1γ in the early secretory pathway, and that this effect depends on the binding of gp40 to a host protein, TMED10, a member of the p24 protein family. We also show that the TMED10-based retention mechanism can be saturated, and that gp40 has a backup mechanism as it masks RAE-1γ on the cell surface, blocking the interaction with the NKG2D receptor and thus NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lis
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen 28759, Germany
| | - Zeynep Hein
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen 28759, Germany
| | - Swapnil S Ghanwat
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen 28759, Germany
| | - Venkat R Ramnarayan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen 28759, Germany
| | - Benedict J Chambers
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14152, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Springer
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University, Bremen 28759, Germany
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29
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Abstract
In female reproduction, the oocyte number is limited after birth. To achieve a continuous ovulatory cycle, oocytes are stored in primordial follicles.
Therefore, the regulation of primordial follicle dormancy and activation is important for reproductive sustainability, and its collapse leads to premature
ovarian insufficiency. In this review, we summarize primordial follicle development and the molecular mechanisms underlying primordial follicle maintenance and
activation in mice. We also overview the mechanisms discovered through in vitro culture of functional oocytes, including the establishment of
primordial follicle induction by environmental factors, which revealed the importance of hypoxia and compression by the extra cellular matrix (ECM) for
primordial follicle maintenance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Nagamatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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30
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Abstract
Chelsey C. Spriggs works in the field of DNA viral entry with a specific interest in virus-host interactions. In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on how two papers, “The HCMV assembly compartment is a dynamic Golgi-derived MTOC that controls nuclear rotation and virus spread” (D. J. Procter, A. Banerjee, M. Nukui, K. Kruse, et al., Dev Cell 45:83–100.e7, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.010) and “Cytoplasmic control of intranuclear polarity by human cytomegalovirus” (D. J. Procter, C. Furey, A. G. Garza-Gongora, S. T. Kosak, D. Walsh, Nature 587:109–114, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2714-x), impacted her research by reinforcing the scientific value in using viruses to understand cell biology.
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31
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Localization of the WD repeat-containing protein 5 to the Virion Assembly Compartment Facilitates Human Cytomegalovirus Assembly. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02101-20. [PMID: 33504601 PMCID: PMC8103678 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02101-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) utilizes the cellular protein WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) to facilitate capsid nuclear egress. Here, we further show that HCMV infection results in WDR5 localization in a juxtanuclear region, and that its localization to this cellular site is associated with viral replication and late viral gene expression. Furthermore, WDR5 accumulated in the virion assembly compartment (vAC) and co-localized with vAC markers of gamma-tubulin (γ-tubulin), early endosomes, and viral vAC marker proteins pp65, pp28, and glycoprotein B (gB). WDR5 co-immunoprecipitated with multiple virion proteins, including MCP, pp150, pp65, pIRS1, and pTRS1, which may explain WDR5 accumulation in the vAC during infection. WDR5 fractionated with virions either in the presence or absence of Triton X-100 and was present in purified viral particles, suggesting that WDR5 was incorporated into HCMV virions. Thus, WDR5 localized to the vAC and was incorporated into virions, raising the possibility that in addition to capsid nuclear egress, WDR5 could also participate in cytoplasmic HCMV virion morphogenesis.Importance Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has a large (∼235-kb) genome that contains over 170 ORFs and exploits numerous cellular factors to facilitate its replication. In the late phase of HCMV infection cytoplasmic membranes are reorganized to establish the virion assembly compartment (vAC), which has been shown to necessary for efficient assembly of progeny virions. We previously reported that WDR5 facilitates HCMV nuclear egress. Here, we show that WDR5 is localized to the vAC and incorporated into virions, perhaps contributing to efficient virion maturation. Thus, findings in this study identified a potential role for WDR5 in HCMV assembly in the cytoplasmic phase of virion morphogenesis.
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32
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Scherer KM, Manton JD, Soh TK, Mascheroni L, Connor V, Crump CM, Kaminski CF. A fluorescent reporter system enables spatiotemporal analysis of host cell modification during herpes simplex virus-1 replication. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100236. [PMID: 33380421 PMCID: PMC7948757 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large and complex viruses that have a long history of coevolution with their host species. One important factor in the virus-host interaction is the alteration of intracellular morphology during viral replication with critical implications for viral assembly. However, the details of this remodeling event are not well understood, in part because insufficient tools are available to deconstruct this highly heterogeneous process. To provide an accurate and reliable method of investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of virus-induced changes to cellular architecture, we constructed a dual-fluorescent reporter virus that enabled us to classify four distinct stages in the infection cycle of herpes simplex virus-1 at the single cell level. This timestamping method can accurately track the infection cycle across a wide range of multiplicities of infection. We used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy analysis of cellular structures in live and fixed cells in concert with our reporter virus to generate a detailed and chronological overview of the spatial and temporal reorganization during viral replication. The highly orchestrated and striking relocation of many organelles around the compartments of secondary envelopment during transition from early to late gene expression suggests that the reshaping of these compartments is essential for virus assembly. We furthermore find that accumulation of HSV-1 capsids in the cytoplasm is accompanied by fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus with potential impact on the late steps of viral assembly. We anticipate that in the future similar tools can be systematically applied for the systems-level analysis of intracellular morphology during replication of other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Scherer
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James D Manton
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy K Soh
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Mascheroni
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vivienne Connor
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin M Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Clemens F Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Furey C, Jovasevic V, Walsh D. TACC3 Regulates Microtubule Plus-End Dynamics and Cargo Transport in Interphase Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 30:269-283.e6. [PMID: 31914393 PMCID: PMC6980831 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
End-binding proteins (EBs) are widely viewed as master regulators of microtubule dynamics and function. Here, we show that while EB1 mediates the dynamic microtubule capture of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in fibroblasts, in neuronal cells, infection occurs independently of EBs through stable microtubules. Prompted by this, we find that transforming acid coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3), widely studied in mitotic spindle formation, regulates the cytoplasmic localization of the microtubule polymerizing factor chTOG and influences microtubule plus-end dynamics during interphase to control infection in distinct cell types. Furthermore, perturbing TACC3 function in neuronal cells resulted in the formation of disorganized stable, detyrosinated microtubule networks and changes in cellular morphology, as well as impaired trafficking of both HSV-1 and transferrin. These trafficking defects in TACC3-depleted cells were reversed by the depletion of kinesin-1 heavy chains. As such, TACC3 is a critical regulator of interphase microtubule dynamics and stability that influences kinesin-1-based cargo trafficking. While EB proteins are widely studied as master regulators of microtubule plus-end dynamics, Furey et al. report EB-independent regulation of microtubule arrays and cargo trafficking by the transforming acid coiled-coil-containing protein, TACC3. By controlling the formation of detyrosinated stable microtubule networks, TACC3 influences kinesin-1-based sorting of both host and pathogenic cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vladimir Jovasevic
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Procter DJ, Furey C, Garza-Gongora AG, Kosak ST, Walsh D. Cytoplasmic control of intranuclear polarity by human cytomegalovirus. Nature 2020; 587:109-114. [PMID: 32908309 PMCID: PMC7644666 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite its size and rigidity, the cell nucleus can be moved or reorganized by cytoskeletal filaments under various conditions (for example, during viral infection)1-11. Moreover, whereas chromatin organizes into non-random domains12, extensive heterogeneity at the single-cell level13 means that precisely how and why nuclei reorganize remains an area of intense investigation. Here we describe convolutional neural network-based automated cell classification and analysis pipelines, which revealed the extent to which human cytomegalovirus generates nuclear polarity through a virus-assembled microtubule-organizing centre. Acetylation of tubulin enables microtubules emanating from this centre to rotate the nucleus by engaging cytoplasmically exposed dynein-binding domains in the outer nuclear membrane protein nesprin-2G, which polarizes the inner nuclear membrane protein SUN1. This in turn creates intranuclear polarity in emerin, and thereby controls nuclear actin filaments that spatially segregate viral DNA from inactive histones and host DNA, maximizing virus replication. Our findings demonstrate the extent to which viruses can control the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Procter
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arturo G Garza-Gongora
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven T Kosak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Protein gpUL132 Regulates Infectious Virus Production through Formation of the Viral Assembly Compartment. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02044-20. [PMID: 32994323 PMCID: PMC7527726 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02044-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following infection of permissive cells, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) induces the reorganization of intracellular membranes resulting in the formation of a distinctive membranous compartment in the cytoplasm of infected cells. This compartment has been designated the viral assembly compartment (AC) and is thought to be a site for cytoplasmic virion assembly and envelopment. In this study, we have demonstrated that a single virion envelope glycoprotein is essential for AC formation in infected cells, and in its absence, there is a significant decrease in the production of infectious virions. These findings are consistent with those from other studies that have demonstrated the importance of host cell proteins in the formation of the AC and demonstrate a critical role of a single virion protein in AC formation and the efficient assembly of infectious virus. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL132 open reading frame encodes a 270-amino-acid type I envelope glycoprotein, gpUL132. The deletion of UL132 (ΔUL132) from the HCMV genome results in a pronounced deficit in virus yield, with an approximately 2-log decrease in the production of infectious virus compared to the wild-type (WT) virus. Characterization of the ΔUL132 mutant virus indicated that it was less infectious with a high particle-to-infectious unit ratio and an altered composition of virion proteins compared to the WT virus. In addition, the viral assembly compartment (AC) failed to form in cells infected with the ΔUL132 mutant virus. The expression of gpUL132 in trans rescued the defects in the morphogenesis of the AC in cells infected with the ΔUL132 mutant virus and in infectious virus production. Furthermore, using cell lines expressing chimeric proteins, we demonstrated that the cytosolic domain of gpUL132 was sufficient to rescue AC formation and WT levels of virus production. Progeny virions from ΔUL132-infected cells expressing the cytosolic domain of gpUL132 exhibited particle-to-infectious unit ratios similar to those of the WT virus. Together, our findings argue that gpUL132 is essential for HCMV AC formation and the efficient production of infectious particles, thus highlighting the importance of this envelope protein for the virus-induced reorganization of intracellular membranes and AC formation in the assembly of infectious virus.
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Herpes Simplex Virus Organizes Cytoplasmic Membranes To Form a Viral Assembly Center in Neuronal Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00900-20. [PMID: 32699089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00900-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a neuroinvasive virus that has been used as a model organism for studying common properties of all herpesviruses. HSV induces host organelle rearrangement and forms multiple, dispersed assembly compartments in epithelial cells, which complicates the study of HSV assembly. In this study, we show that HSV forms a visually distinct unitary cytoplasmic viral assembly center (cVAC) in both cancerous and primary neuronal cells that concentrates viral structural proteins and is a major site of capsid envelopment. The HSV cVAC also concentrates host membranes that are important for viral assembly, such as Golgi- and recycling endosome-derived membranes. Finally, we show that HSV cVAC formation and/or maintenance depends on an intact microtubule network and a viral tegument protein, pUL51. Our observations suggest that the neuronal cVAC is a uniquely useful model to study common herpesvirus assembly pathways and cell-specific pathways for membrane reorganization.IMPORTANCE Herpesvirus particles are complex and contain many different proteins that must come together in an organized and coordinated fashion. Many viruses solve this coordination problem by creating a specialized assembly factory in the host cell, and the formation of such factories provides a promising target for interfering with virus production. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects several types of cells, including neurons, but has not previously been shown to form such an organized factory in the nonneuronal cells in which its assembly has been best studied. Here, we show that HSV-1 forms an organized assembly factory in neuronal cells, and we identify some of the viral and host cell factors that are important for its formation.
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Santos da Silva E, Shanmugapriya S, Malikov V, Gu F, Delaney MK, Naghavi MH. HIV-1 capsids mimic a microtubule regulator to coordinate early stages of infection. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104870. [PMID: 32896909 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While the microtubule end-binding protein, EB1 facilitates early stages of HIV-1 infection, how it does so remains unclear. Here, we show that beyond its effects on microtubule acetylation, EB1 also indirectly contributes to infection by delivering the plus-end tracking protein (+TIP), cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP170) to the cell periphery. CLIP170 bound to intact HIV-1 cores or in vitro assembled capsid-nucleocapsid complexes, while EB1 did not. Moreover, unlike EB1 and several other +TIPs, CLIP170 enhanced infection independently of effects on microtubule acetylation. Capsid mutants and imaging revealed that CLIP170 bound HIV-1 cores in a manner distinct from currently known capsid cofactors, influenced by pentamer composition or curvature. Structural analyses revealed an EB-like +TIP-binding motif within the capsid major homology region (MHR) that binds SxIP motifs found in several +TIPs, and variability across this MHR sequence correlated with the extent to which different retroviruses engage CLIP170 to facilitate infection. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the complex roles of +TIPs in mediating early stages of retroviral infection, and reveal divergent capsid-based EB1 mimicry across retroviral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Santos da Silva
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shanmugapriya Shanmugapriya
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Viacheslav Malikov
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Keegan Delaney
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Eichwald C, Ackermann M, Fraefel C. Mammalian orthoreovirus core protein μ2 reorganizes host microtubule-organizing center components. Virology 2020; 549:13-24. [PMID: 32805585 PMCID: PMC7402380 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) viral factories (VFs) are membrane-less cytosolic inclusions in which virus transcription, replication of dsRNA genome segments, and packaging of virus progeny into newly synthesized virus cores take place. In infected cells, the MRV μ2 protein forms punctae in the enlarged region of the filamentous VFs that are co-localized with γ-tubulin and resistant to nocodazole treatment, and permitted microtubule (MT)-extension, features common to MT-organizing centers (MTOCs). Using a previously established reconstituted VF model, we addressed the functions of MT-components and MTOCs concerning their roles in the formation of filamentous VFs. Indeed, the MTOC markers γ-tubulin and centrin were redistributed within the VF-like structures (VFLS) in a μ2-dependent manner. Moreover, the MT-nucleation centers significantly increased in numbers, and γ-tubulin was pulled-down in a binding assay when co-expressed with histidine-tagged-μ2 and μNS. Thus, μ2, by interaction with γ-tubulin, can modulate MTOCs localization and function according to viral needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Eichwald
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kennedy MA, Hofstadter WA, Cristea IM. TRANSPIRE: A Computational Pipeline to Elucidate Intracellular Protein Movements from Spatial Proteomics Data Sets. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1422-1439. [PMID: 32401031 PMCID: PMC7737664 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein localization is paramount to protein function, and the intracellular movement of proteins underlies the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Given advances in spatial proteomics, the investigation of protein localization at a global scale has become attainable. Also becoming apparent is the need for dedicated analytical frameworks that allow the discovery of global intracellular protein movement events. Here, we describe TRANSPIRE, a computational pipeline that facilitates TRanslocation ANalysis of SPatIal pRotEomics data sets. TRANSPIRE leverages synthetic translocation profiles generated from organelle marker proteins to train a probabilistic Gaussian process classifier that predicts changes in protein distribution. This output is then integrated with information regarding co-translocating proteins and complexes and enriched gene ontology associations to discern the putative regulation and function of movement. We validate TRANSPIRE performance for predicting nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling events. Analyzing an existing data set of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteomes during Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-induced cellular mRNA decay, we confirm that TRANSPIRE readily discerns expected translocations of RNA binding proteins. We next investigate protein translocations during infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a β-herpesvirus known to induce global organelle remodeling. We find that HCMV infection induces broad changes in protein localization, with over 800 proteins predicted to translocate during virus replication. Evident are protein movements related to HCMV modulation of host defense, metabolism, cellular trafficking, and Wnt signaling. For example, the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) translocates to the lysosome early in infection in conjunction with its degradation, which we validate by targeted mass spectrometry. Using microscopy, we also validate the translocation of the multifunctional kinase DAPK3, a movement that may contribute to HCMV activation of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - William A Hofstadter
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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HIV-1 Exploits CLASP2 To Induce Microtubule Stabilization and Facilitate Virus Trafficking to the Nucleus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00404-20. [PMID: 32376623 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00404-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exploits a number of specialized microtubule (MT) plus-end tracking proteins (commonly known as +TIPs) to induce the formation of stable microtubules soon after virus entry and promote early stages of infection. However, given their functional diversity, the nature of the +TIPs involved and how they facilitate HIV-1 infection remains poorly understood. Here, we identify cytoplasmic linker-associated protein 2 (CLASP2), a +TIP that captures cortical MT plus ends to enable filament stabilization, as a host factor that enables HIV-1 to induce MT stabilization and promote early infection in natural target cell types. Using fixed- and live-cell imaging in human microglia cells, we further show that CLASP2 is required for the trafficking of incoming HIV-1 particles carrying wild-type (WT) envelope. Moreover, both WT CLASP2 and a CLASP2 mutant lacking its C-terminal domain, which mediates its interaction with several host effector proteins, bind to intact HIV-1 cores or in vitro-assembled capsid-nucleocapsid (CA-NC) complexes. However, unlike WT CLASP2, the CLASP2 C-terminal mutant is unable to induce MT stabilization or promote early HIV-1 infection. Our findings identify CLASP2 as a new host cofactor that utilizes distinct regulatory domains to bind incoming HIV-1 particles and facilitate trafficking of incoming viral cores through MT stabilization.IMPORTANCE While microtubules (MTs) have long been known to be important for delivery of incoming HIV-1 cores to the nucleus, how the virus engages and exploits these filaments remains poorly understood. Our previous work revealed the importance of highly specialized MT regulators that belong to a family called plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) in facilitating early stages of infection. These +TIPs perform various functions, such as engaging cargos for transport or engaging peripheral actin to stabilize MTs, suggesting several family members have the potential to contribute to infection in different ways. Here, we reveal that cytoplasmic linker-associated protein 2 (CLASP2), a key regulator of cortical capture and stabilization of MTs, interacts with incoming HIV-1 particles, and we identify a distinct C-terminal domain in CLASP2 that promotes both MT stabilization and early infection. Our findings identify a new +TIP acting as a host cofactor that facilitates early stages of viral infection.
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Abstract
The human betaherpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV; species Human betaherpesvirus 5) and human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 (HHV-6A, -6B, and -7; species Human betaherpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7) are highly prevalent and can cause severe disease in immune-compromised and immune-naive populations in well- and under-developed communities. Herpesvirus virion assembly is an intricate process that requires viral orchestration of host systems. In this review, we describe recent advances in some of the many cellular events relevant to assembly and egress of betaherpesvirus virions. These include modifications of host metabolic, immune, and autophagic/recycling systems. In addition, we discuss unique aspects of betaherpesvirus virion structure, virion assembly, and the cellular pathways employed during virion egress.
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42
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The Golgi Outpost Protein TPPP Nucleates Microtubules and Is Critical for Myelination. Cell 2019; 179:132-146.e14. [PMID: 31522887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes extend elaborate microtubule arbors that contact up to 50 axon segments per cell, then spiral around myelin sheaths, penetrating from outer to inner layers. However, how they establish this complex cytoarchitecture is unclear. Here, we show that oligodendrocytes contain Golgi outposts, an organelle that can function as an acentrosomal microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). We identify a specific marker for Golgi outposts-TPPP (tubulin polymerization promoting protein)-that we use to purify this organelle and characterize its proteome. In in vitro cell-free assays, recombinant TPPP nucleates microtubules. Primary oligodendrocytes from Tppp knockout (KO) mice have aberrant microtubule branching, mixed microtubule polarity, and shorter myelin sheaths when cultured on 3-dimensional (3D) microfibers. Tppp KO mice exhibit hypomyelination with shorter, thinner myelin sheaths and motor coordination deficits. Together, our data demonstrate that microtubule nucleation outside the cell body at Golgi outposts by TPPP is critical for elongation of the myelin sheath.
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Murray LA, Combs AN, Rekapalli P, Cristea IM. Methods for characterizing protein acetylation during viral infection. Methods Enzymol 2019; 626:587-620. [PMID: 31606092 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a prevalent posttranslational modification that acts as a regulator of protein function, subcellular localization, and interactions. A growing body of work has highlighted the importance of temporal alterations in protein acetylation during infection with a range of human viruses. It has become clear that both cellular and viral proteins are decorated by lysine acetylations, and that these modifications contribute to core host defense and virus replication processes. Further defining the extent and dynamics of protein acetylation events during the progression of an infection can provide an important new perspective on the intricate mechanisms underlying the biology and pathogenesis of virus infections. Here, we provide protocols for identifying, quantifying, and probing the regulation of lysine acetylations during viral infection. We describe the use of acetyl-lysine immunoaffinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry for assessing the cellular acetylome at different stages of an infection. As an alternative to traditional antibody-mediated western blotting, we discuss the benefits of targeted mass spectrometry approaches for detecting and quantifying site-specific acetylations on proteins of interest. Specifically, we provide a protocol using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). We further discuss experimental considerations that are specific to studying viral infections. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the types of assays that can be employed to characterize the function of an acetylation event in the context of infection. As a method to interrogate the regulation of acetylation, we describe the Fluor de Lys assay for monitoring the enzymatic activities of deacetylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Murray
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ashton N Combs
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Pranav Rekapalli
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States.
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Read C, Schauflinger M, Nikolaenko D, Walther P, von Einem J. Regulation of Human Cytomegalovirus Secondary Envelopment by a C-Terminal Tetralysine Motif in pUL71. J Virol 2019; 93:e02244-18. [PMID: 30996102 PMCID: PMC6580969 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02244-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) secondary envelopment requires the viral tegument protein pUL71. The lack of pUL71 results in a complex ultrastructural phenotype with increased numbers of viral capsids undergoing envelopment at the cytoplasmic virus assembly complex. Here, we report a role of the pUL71 C terminus in secondary envelopment. Mutant viruses expressing C-terminally truncated pUL71 (TB71del327-361 and TB71del348-351) exhibited an impaired secondary envelopment in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. Further mutational analyses of the C terminus revealed a tetralysine motif whose mutation (TB71mutK348-351A) resulted in an envelopment defect that was undistinguishable from the defect caused by truncation of the pUL71 C terminus. Interestingly, not all morphological alterations that define the ultrastructural phenotype of a TB71stop virus were found in cells infected with the C-terminally mutated viruses. This suggests that pUL71 provides additional functions that modulate HCMV morphogenesis and are harbored elsewhere in pUL71. This is also reflected by an intermediate growth defect of the C-terminally mutated viruses compared to the growth of the TB71stop virus. Electron tomography and three-dimensional visualization of different stages of secondary envelopment in TB71mutK348-351A-infected cells showed unambiguously the formation of a bud neck. Furthermore, we provide evidence for progressive tegument formation linked to advancing grades of capsid envelopment, suggesting that tegumentation and envelopment are intertwined processes. Altogether, we identified the importance of the pUL71 C terminus and, specifically, of a positively charged tetralysine motif for HCMV secondary envelopment.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important human pathogen that causes severe symptoms, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Furthermore, congenital HCMV infection is the leading viral cause of severe birth defects. Development of antiviral drugs to prevent the production of infectious virus progeny is challenging due to a complex and multistep virion morphogenesis. The mechanism of secondary envelopment is still not fully understood; nevertheless, it represents a potential target for antiviral drugs. Our identification of the role of a positively charged motif in the pUL71 C terminus for efficient HCMV secondary envelopment underlines the importance of pUL71 and, especially, its C terminus for this process. It furthermore shows how cell-associated spread and virion release depend on secondary envelopment. Ultrastructural analyses of different stages of envelopment contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the process of secondary envelopment. This may bring us closer to the development of novel concepts to treat HCMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Read
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Schauflinger
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens von Einem
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Rollins MG, Jha S, Bartom ET, Walsh D. RACK1 evolved species-specific multifunctionality in translational control through sequence plasticity within a loop domain. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228908. [PMID: 31118235 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor of activated protein C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein that regulates several aspects of mRNA translation; yet, how it does so, remains poorly understood. Here we show that, although RACK1 consists largely of conserved β-propeller domains that mediate binding to several other proteins, a short interconnecting loop between two of these blades varies across species to control distinct RACK1 functions during translation. Mutants and chimeras revealed that the amino acid composition of the loop is optimized to regulate interactions with eIF6, a eukaryotic initiation factor that controls 60S biogenesis and 80S ribosome assembly. Separately, phylogenetics revealed that, despite broad sequence divergence of the loop, there is striking conservation of negatively charged residues amongst protists and dicot plants, which is reintroduced to mammalian RACK1 by poxviruses through phosphorylation. Although both charged and uncharged loop mutants affect eIF6 interactions, only a negatively charged plant - but not uncharged yeast or human loop - enhances translation of mRNAs with adenosine-rich 5' untranslated regions (UTRs). Our findings reveal how sequence plasticity within the RACK1 loop confers multifunctionality in translational control across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Rollins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sujata Jha
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Taisne C, Lussignol M, Hernandez E, Moris A, Mouna L, Esclatine A. Human cytomegalovirus hijacks the autophagic machinery and LC3 homologs in order to optimize cytoplasmic envelopment of mature infectious particles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4560. [PMID: 30872707 PMCID: PMC6418312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During its life cycle, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) tightly modulates autophagy, a vesicular pathway allowing degradation and recycling of cellular components. To study the interplay between autophagy and the viral life cycle, we established various autophagy-deficient human fibroblastic cell lines. By knocking down the expression or activity of five autophagy-related proteins, we confirmed the proviral function that the autophagic machinery exerts on HCMV production. Using 3D reconstruction from confocal microscopy and electron microscopy, we demonstrated that lipidated LC3-positive vesicles accumulated at the viral assembly compartment (vAC). The vAC is a juxtanuclear ring-shaped structure containing several organelles and membranes, where assembly and final envelopment of HCMV particles occur. Two LC3 homologs, GABARAPL1 and GATE16, also accumulated during HCMV infection and were associated with the vAC, in proximity with fragmented Golgi stacks. Additionally, we observed the formation of a pre-assembly compartment (PrAC) in infected cells, which consists of a juxtanuclear structure containing both fragmented Golgi and LC3-positive vesicles. Finally, we showed that highly purified extracellular viral particles were associated with various autophagy proteins. Our results thus suggest that autophagy machinery participates to the final cytoplasmic envelopment of HCMV viral particles into the vAC and that autophagy-related proteins can be spotted in the virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Taisne
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Marion Lussignol
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Eva Hernandez
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.,Sorbonne Université, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Paris, France
| | - Lina Mouna
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.,Virologie, APHP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Audrey Esclatine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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47
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Tang CX, Luan L, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liu XF, Wang J, Xiong Y, Wang D, Huang LY, Gao DS. Golgin-160 and GMAP210 play an important role in U251 cells migration and invasion initiated by GDNF. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211501. [PMID: 30695072 PMCID: PMC6351060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common malignant tumors of the brain and are characteristic of severe migration and invasion. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes glioma development process. However, the regulatory mechanisms of promoting occurrence and development of glioma have not yet been clearly elucidated. In the present study, the mechanism by which GDNF promotes glioma cell migration and invasion through regulating the dispersion and location of the Golgi apparatus (GA) is described. Following GDNF treatment, a change in the volume and position of GA was observed. The stack area of the GA was enlarged and it was more concentrated near the nucleus. Golgin-160 and Golgi microtubule-associated protein 210 (GMAP210) were identified as target molecules regulating GA positioning. In the absence of either golgin-160 or GMAP210 using lentivirus, the migration and invasion of U251 cells were decreased, while it was increased following GDNF. It was also found that the GA was decreased in size and dispersed following golgin-160 or GMAP210 knockdown, as determined by GA green fluorescence assay. Once GDNF was added, the above phenomenon would be twisted, and the concentrated location and volume of the GA was restored. In combination, the present data suggested that the regulation of the position and size of the GA by golgin-160 and GMAP210 play an important role in U251 cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Xi Tang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lan Luan
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Medicine information, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin-Yan Huang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dian-Shuai Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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48
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. To best perform these functions, Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure. The Golgi structure is dynamic but tightly regulated; it undergoes rapid disassembly and reassembly during the cell cycle of mammalian cells and is disrupted under certain stress and pathological conditions. In the past decade, significant amount of effort has been made to reveal the molecular mechanisms that regulate the Golgi membrane architecture and function. Here we review the major discoveries in the mechanisms of Golgi structure formation, regulation, and alteration in relation to its functions in physiological and pathological conditions to further our understanding of Golgi structure and function in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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49
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Murray LA, Sheng X, Cristea IM. Orchestration of protein acetylation as a toggle for cellular defense and virus replication. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4967. [PMID: 30470744 PMCID: PMC6251895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights protein acetylation, a prevalent lysine posttranslational modification, as a regulatory mechanism and promising therapeutic target in human viral infections. However, how infections dynamically alter global cellular acetylation or whether viral proteins are acetylated remains virtually unexplored. Here, we establish acetylation as a highly-regulated molecular toggle of protein function integral to the herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication. We offer temporal resolution of cellular and viral acetylations. By interrogating dynamic protein acetylation with both protein abundance and subcellular localization, we discover finely tuned spatial acetylations across infection time. We determine that lamin acetylation at the nuclear periphery protects against virus production by inhibiting capsid nuclear egress. Further studies within infectious viral particles identify numerous acetylations, including on the viral transcriptional activator pUL26, which we show represses virus production. Altogether, this study provides specific insights into functions of cellular and viral protein acetylations and a valuable resource of dynamic acetylation events. The dynamics of protein acetylation during infection remains unexplored. Here, Murray et al. characterize spatio-temporal acetylations of both cellular and viral proteins during HCMV infection, providing new functional insights into the host-virus acetylome that might help identify new antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Murray
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - X Sheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - I M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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50
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Walsh D, Naghavi MH. Exploitation of Cytoskeletal Networks during Early Viral Infection. Trends Microbiol 2018; 27:39-50. [PMID: 30033343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Being dependent upon host transport systems to navigate the cytoplasm, viruses have evolved various strategies to manipulate cytoskeletal functions. Generally, viruses use the actin cytoskeleton to control entry and short-range transport at the cell periphery and exploit microtubules (MTs) for longer-range cytosolic transport, in some cases to reach the nucleus. While earlier studies established the fundamental importance of these networks to successful infection, the mechanistic details and true extent to which viruses usurp highly specialized host cytoskeletal regulators and motor adaptors is only beginning to emerge. This review outlines our current understanding of how cytoskeletal regulation contributes specifically to the early stages of viral infection, with a primary focus on retroviruses and herpesviruses as examples of recent advances in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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