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Silva ACDS, Martins FDC, Ladeia WA, Kakimori MTA, Lucas JI, Sasse JP, Martins TA, Macedo VDFRD, Murad VA, de Barros LD, Garcia JL. First report of Giardia duodenalis assemblage F in humans and dogs in southern Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 89:101878. [PMID: 36108583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to molecularly characterize Giardia duodenalis from stool samples of humans, dogs, and cats. Molecular analyses were performed on 59 samples that tested positive for G. duodenalis on coproparasitological examinations. After extraction, the samples were first tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (n-PCR) analysis of the SSU-rRNA gene, and for the samples that were positive, the β-giardin, TPI, and GDH genes were analyzed. The amplicons obtained in the n-PCR of the β-giardin gene were subjected to PCR-restriction length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and subsequent digestion with the enzyme HaeIII to differentiate the assemblages. Seven (11.8 %), 34 (57.7 %), and 18 (30.5 %) out of 59 samples were from humans, dogs, and cats, respectively. Nested-PCR results showed that 49.2 % (29/59) of samples were positive for the SSU-rRNA gene, with 42.9 % (3/7) of humans, 55.9 % (19/34) of dogs, and 38.9 % (7/18) of catsve. Of the other genes analyzed, β-giardin was amplified most frequently, in 34.5 % (10/29) of samples, followed by GDH in 27.6 % (8/29) of samples, and TPI in 10.3 % (3/29) of samples. Only one sample from a dog showed the amplification of all genes. PCR-RFLP analysis showed assemblage F in a human, dog, and cat samples; and assemblage C and D in dog samples. This is the first description of assemblage F in humans from Brazil and the first description of assemblage F in dogs. Further studies are needed to verify the frequency with which these infections occur, and provide information that will contribute to the molecular epidemiological understanding of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clécia Dos Santos Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Felippe Danyel Cardoso Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Winni Alves Ladeia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Monica Tiemi Aline Kakimori
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliana Izidoro Lucas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Sasse
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Thais Agostinho Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Vilma de Fátima Rodrigues de Macedo
- Clinical Parasitology Laboratory of the University Hospital, Ambulatory Hospital of Clínicas, State University of Londrina -UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Valter Abou Murad
- Clinical Parasitology Laboratory of the University Hospital, Ambulatory Hospital of Clínicas, State University of Londrina -UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil; Department of Clinical Veterinary, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, R. Dr. Valter Maurício Corrêa, s/n, 18618-681 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil
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de Almeida CR, Bezagio RC, Colli CM, Romera LIL, Ferrari A, Gomes ML. Elimination of Giardia duodenalis BIV in vivo using natural extracts in microbiome and dietary supplements. Parasitol Int 2021; 86:102484. [PMID: 34688884 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a combination therapy of several natural products was evaluated in vivo in the Giardia duodenalis infection model. G. duodenalis infected mice were treated as follows: distilled water (infected control C+), BIOintestil® (BIO; natural products of Cymbopogon martinii and Zingiber officinale), MicrobiomeX® (MBX; extract of Citrus sinensis and Citrus paradisi), MBX + BIO, Camellia sinensis tea (CPR; black tea). These natural compounds were administered in a dose of 100 mg/day and were compared to G. duodenalis-infected mice treated with albendazole (ALB; 50 mg/Kg/day) and metronidazole (MET; 500 mg/Kg/day), the conventional therapies used to this day. One group remained un-infected and untreated as our control group (C-). Treatment started 8 days after infection, and after 5 days of treatment (7 days for MET), all animals were followed for 15 days. We continuously checked for the presence of G. duodenalis by Faust method, in association with detection of the parasite by PCR from feces, as well for the presence of trophozoites in the intestinal mucosa after sacrifice. Animals treated with MBX, BIO and MBX + BIO presented an undetectable parasitic load until the 15th day of monitoring, while animals treated with CPR, MET and ALB continued to release cysts. Animals in the MBX, MBX + BIO, ALB groups consumed lower feed, MBX, CPR, MET had greater weight and MBX, MBX + BIO, BIO, CPR, C- consumed more water when compared to infected-group control. MBX and BIO alone or associated eliminated G. duodenalis without apparent adverse effects and animals of these groups showed better clinical performance in relation to those with high parasitic load. MET, ALB and CPR only decreased the number of cysts, indicating limitations and therapeutic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Coltro Bezagio
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Paraná, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Maria Colli
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Paraná, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Liara Izabela Lopes Romera
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Paraná, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Ariana Ferrari
- Post-Graduation in Clean Technologies, Universidade Cesumar (CESUMAR), Paraná, CEP 87050-390, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Paraná, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
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Comparative analysis of routine parasitological methods for recovery of cysts, molecular detection, and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2633-2638. [PMID: 34059933 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the diagnosis of giardiasis, fecal samples (high/medium/low concentration of cysts) were processed by the parasitological methods used in the routine: Faust, Lutz e Ritchie modified (replacement of formaldehyde by distilled water). The cysts were quantified; the DNA was extracted and amplified by semi-nested PCR (GDH gene). Fifteen clinical samples were analyzed to validate the study by PCR-RFLP. The results showed that the parasite was only detected and genotyped correctly when samples from children with high, medium, and low parasitic load, belonging to genotype AII, were processed by the modified Ritchie method, different from what was observed for the other methods used in laboratory routine (Faust and Lutz). The modified Ritchie method proved to be more suitable, recovering a greater number of cysts from samples, regardless of parasitic load, which reduces the chance of false negative results and has epidemiological repercussions since individuals with low parasite load are usually asymptomatic and the main disseminators of this infection.
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Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Mostly Asymptomatic Indigenous People from the Tapirapé Tribe, Brazilian Amazon. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020206. [PMID: 33672794 PMCID: PMC7917967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little information is available on the occurrence and genetic variability of the diarrhoea-causing enteric protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis in indigenous communities in Brazil. This cross-sectional epidemiological survey describes the frequency, genotypes, and risk associations for this pathogen in Tapirapé people (Brazilian Amazon) at four sampling campaigns during 2008–2009. Microscopy was used as a screening test, and molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) assays targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA, the glutamate dehydrogenase, the beta-giardin, and the triosephosphate isomerase genes as confirmatory/genotyping methods. Associations between G. duodenalis and sociodemographic and clinical variables were investigated using Chi-squared test and univariable/multivariable logistic regression models. Overall, 574 individuals belonging to six tribes participated in the study, with G. duodenalis prevalence rates varying from 13.5–21.7%. The infection was positively linked to younger age and tribe. Infected children <15 years old reported more frequent gastrointestinal symptoms compared to adults. Assemblage B accounted for three out of four G. duodenalis infections and showed a high genetic diversity. No association between assemblage and age or occurrence of diarrhoea was demonstrated. These data indicate that the most likely source of infection was anthropic and that different pathways (e.g., drinking water) may be involved in the transmission of the parasite.
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Improvement in cyst recovery and molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis from stool samples. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:1233-1239. [PMID: 31813130 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is difficult in faecal samples due to inhibitors that contaminate DNA preparations, or due to low cyst concentrations. In order to eliminate inhibitors, improve cyst recovery and molecular detection of G. duodenalis, different types of water, distillates (MDs), deionized (MDz), injection (MI) or Milli-Q® (MM) were used instead of formaldehyde (F) in the laboratory routine method (Ritchie). Cysts were isolated from faecal samples with low cyst concentrations (< 1 cyst/field), medium (1-2 cysts/field) or high (> 2 cysts/field). Cyst recovery was improved using all water types (MDs, MDz, MI, MM) compared to formaldehyde. At all cyst concentrations, the use of MM consistently showed the greatest recovery of G. duodenalis cysts . DNA samples from recovered cysts were tested for the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and β-giardin (βg) genes. The use of Milli-Q® water allowed to detect both genes in all cyst concentrations, including low. The method processed with the other types of water amplified these genes at high and medium cyst concentrations. GDH and βg genes were not detected when the sample was processed with formaldehyde. These experimental results were confirmed in clinical samples. The results suggest that Milli-Q® water provides the highest cyst recovery from stool samples and, correspondingly, the highest sensitivity for detecting G. duodenalis by microscopy or PCR for GDH and βg genes, even at low concentration of cysts.
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Sá ARN, Kimoto KY, Steindel M, Grisard EC, Gomes ML. Limit of detection of PCR/RFLP analysis of cytochrome oxidase II for the identification of genetic groups of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in biological material from vertebrate hosts. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2403-2410. [PMID: 29858942 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Mixed infections with Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli and their different genetic groups occur frequently in vertebrate hosts and are difficult to detect by serology. In the present study, we evaluated the limit of detection of polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) analysis of cytochrome oxidase II (COII) for the identification of genetic groups of these two parasites in blood and tissue from vertebrate hosts. Reconstitution experiments were performed using human blood (TcI/TcII and KP1+/KP1-) and mouse tissue (TcI/TcII). We tested blood from patients who were in the chronic phase of Chagas disease and tissue from animals that were experimentally infected with all possible combinations of six discrete typing units. In blood samples, T. cruzi and T. rangeli were detected when 5 parasites (pa) were present in the sample, and genetic groups were identified when at least 50 pa were present in the sample. T. cruzi alone could be detected with 1 pa and genotyped (TcI/TcII) with 2 pa. T. rangeli was detected with 2 pa and genotyped (KP+/KP1-) with 25 pa. The present method more readily detected TcII and KP1- in both admixtures and alone. In mouse tissue, TcI and TcII were detected with at least 25 pa. The analysis of blood samples from patients and tissue from animals that were experimentally infected revealed low parasite loads in these hosts, which were below the limit of detection of the present method and could not be genotyped. Our findings indicate that the performance of PCR/RFLP analysis of COII is directly related to the amount and proportion of parasites that are present in the sample and the genetic groups to which the parasites belong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Regina Nichi Sá
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87 020-900, Brazil. .,Docente do curso de Biomedicina, Centro Universitário Integrado, Rodovia BR 158, KM 207, Campo Mourão, Paraná, 87300-970, Brazil.
| | - Karen Yuki Kimoto
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87 020-900, Brazil
| | - Mário Steindel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, s/n - 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Edmundo Carlos Grisard
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, s/n - 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná, 87 020-900, Brazil.
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Evaluation of Three Protocols of DNA Extraction for Detection of Giardia duodenalis in Human Fecal Specimens. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.63096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Rafael K, Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Tiyo BT, Evangelista FF, Bezagio RC, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in vegetables cultivated with organic and chemical fertilizer from street markets and community vegetable gardens in a region of Southern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katyelle Rafael
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá
| | - Ariella A Marchioro
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá
| | | | - Bruna T Tiyo
- Postgraduate Program on Bioscience and Physiopathology, UEM, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Evangelista
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá
| | - Renata C Bezagio
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá
| | - Ana L Falavigna-Guilherme
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, State University of Maringa (UEM). Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900 Maringá
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, UEM
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Coelho CH, Durigan M, Leal DAG, Schneider ADB, Franco RMB, Singer SM. Giardiasis as a neglected disease in Brazil: Systematic review of 20 years of publications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006005. [PMID: 29065126 PMCID: PMC5678545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Giardiasis is an intestinal infection that affects more than two hundred million people annually worldwide; it is caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia duodenalis. In tropical countries and in low or middle-income settings, like Brazil, its prevalence can be high. There is currently no systematic review on the presence of G. duodenalis in patients, animals or water sources in Brazil. METHODS This systematic review was performed according to recommendations established by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). As databases for our searches, we have used PubMed, Embase, Scopus and the Brazilian database SciELO using the keywords «Giardia*» and «Brazil». RESULTS This systematic review identified research studies related to G. duodenalis in water, giardiasis in animals, prevalence of giardiasis across Brazilian regions, genotyping of strains isolated in humans, and giardiasis in indigenous populations. We also propose a network of G. duodenalis transmission in Brazil based on genotypes analyses. CONCLUSION This is the first time within the last twenty years that a review is being published on the occurrence of G. duodenalis in Brazil, addressing relevant issues such as prevalence, molecular epidemiology and analytical methods for parasite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriano de Bernardi Schneider
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina
at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Steven M. Singer
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington DC, United States
of America
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Synergistic effects of fenbendazole and metronidazole against Giardia muris in Swiss mice naturally infected. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:939-944. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Identical assemblage of Giardia duodenalis in humans, animals and vegetables in an urban area in southern Brazil indicates a relationship among them. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118065. [PMID: 25761119 PMCID: PMC4356552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis infects humans and other mammals by ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food, or directly in environments with poor hygiene. Eight assemblages, designated A–H, are described for this species. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated by microscopy or by direct immunofluorescence technique the occurrence of G. duodenalis in 380 humans, 34 animals, 44 samples of water and 11 of vegetables. G. duodenalis cysts present in samples were genotyped through PCR-RFLP of β giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes and sequencing of gdh. The gdh gene was amplified in 76.5% (26/34) of the human faeces samples with positive microscopy and in 2.9% (1/34) of negative samples. In 70.4% (19/27) of the positive samples were found BIV assemblage. In two samples from dogs with positive microscopy and one negative sample, assemblages BIV, C, and D were found. Cysts of Giardia were not detected in water samples, but three samples used for vegetable irrigation showed total coliforms above the allowed limit, and Escherichia coli was observed in one sample. G. duodenalis BIV was detected in two samples of Lactuca sativa irrigated with this sample of water. BIV was a common genotype, with 100% similarity, between different sources or hosts (humans, animals and vegetables), and the one most often found in humans. Conclusions/Significance This is the first study in Brazil that reports the connection among humans, dogs and vegetables in the transmission dynamics of G. duodenalis in the same geographic area finding identical assemblage. BIV assemblage was the most frequently observed among these different links in the epidemiological chain.
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