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Schiestl ET, Gearhardt AN, Wolfson J. The qualitative evaluation of food addiction across the lifespan. Appetite 2024; 194:107170. [PMID: 38147964 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Although it remains controversial, food addiction (FA) research has expanded substantially and empirical evidence for FA is growing. While quantitative studies have explored the prevalence and correlates of FA during childhood and adolescence, little is known about the perceived lived experience of FA across the lifespan, nor how experiences and perceptions of FA may change over time. For this study, 16 participants who met symptom threshold criteria for FA on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 completed in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews focused on their perceptions of the development of FA overtime, and perceived risk and protective factors. Thematic analysis was used to develop themes about the lived experience of FA in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Overall, highly palatable foods were viewed as the most problematic, while minimally processed foods were less associated with impairment and distress. Themes in childhood included a strong desire for highly processed foods and the perception that parental control over food choices could be either protective or risky for the later development of FA depending on which foods were available at home. In adolescence and young adulthood, increasing autonomy over food choices and the high availability of highly processed foods in the college environment were viewed as risk factors. Additionally, weight gain was a prominent theme. Finally, adulthood was characterized by more severe manifestations of FA, and the stress of adult responsibilities (e.g., work, parenting) contributed to this perception. This research sets the stage for future quantitative studies to explore these novel findings at the population level.
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Santos Flores JM, Trujillo Hernández PE, Guevara Valtier MC, Lara Reyes BJ, Santos Flores I, Cárdenas Villarreal VM, Rodríguez Vidales EP, Marroquín Escamilla AR, Vega Grimaldo MÁ. [Psychometric validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) in Spanish in a Mexican population]. NUTR HOSP 2024; 41:38-46. [PMID: 38095082 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: Mexico is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide. The increase of addictive behaviors at an early age is a possible cause of its development. The Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) allows identifying children with food addictive behaviors. Objective: to validate the YFAS-C scale in Spanish in a population sample of Mexican children and adolescents. Material and methods: an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. The study sample consisted of 448 children from seven to 14 years of age. The first stage involved translation into Spanish; a second stage involved the solution of questions with discrepancies; then, a reverse translation into the original language and a review by experts on the subject of eating disorders in pediatric population were performed; and in the last stage, a pilot test in order to culturally adapt the instrument and the evaluation of the psychometric properties was carried out. Results: using the principal component extraction method, four components were identified that explained 47.1 % of the sample variance. In the confirmatory factor analysis, it was found that the goodness-of-fit indices met the required values (CFI = 0.906: GFI = 0.932; AGFI = 0.915, SRMS = 0.007 and RMSEA = 0.043). Conclusions: a validated Spanish version of the YFAS-C scale was obtained for Mexican children and adolescents to assess food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Melchor Santos Flores
- Jefatura de Enseñanza, Investigación y Calidad. Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Nuevo León. Hospital General de Sabinas Hidalgo
| | | | | | - Braulio J Lara Reyes
- Facultad de Enfermería Dr. Santiago Valdés Galindo. Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila
| | | | | | | | | | - Miguel Ángel Vega Grimaldo
- Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Nuevo León. Servicio de Gestión del Cuidado. Hospital General de Sabinas Hidalgo
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Stein SF, Rios JM, Gearhardt AN, Nuttall AK, Riley HO, Kaciroti N, Rosenblum KL, Lumeng JC, Miller AL. Food addiction and dietary restraint in postpartum women: The role of childhood trauma exposure and postpartum depression. Appetite 2023; 187:106589. [PMID: 37146651 PMCID: PMC11079996 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The early postpartum period is a sensitive time for understanding women's high-risk eating (i.e., eating behavior associated with negative health outcomes) given potential long-term eating behavior implications for infants. Food addiction and dietary restraint are two high-risk eating phenotypes associated with long-term negative health outcomes that have been theoretically linked. Yet, no research has considered how much these constructs overlap during the early postpartum period. The present study sought to characterize these two high-risk eating phenotypes in postpartum women to examine whether these are distinct constructs with specific etiologies and to inform future targets of intervention. Women (N = 277) in the early postpartum period reported on high-risk eating, childhood trauma exposure, depression symptoms, and pre-pregnancy weight. Women's height was measured and pre-pregnancy BMI was calculated. We conducted bivariate correlations and path analysis to characterize the relationship between food addiction and dietary restraint, controlling for pre-pregnancy BMI. Results showed that food addiction and dietary restraint were not significantly associated and that women's childhood trauma exposure and postpartum depression were associated with food addiction but not dietary restraint. Sequential mediation revealed that higher levels of childhood trauma exposure were associated with worse postpartum depression and, in turn, greater food addiction during the early postpartum period. Findings suggest that food addiction and dietary restraint have distinct psychosocial predictors and etiological pathways, which suggests important construct validity differences between the two high-risk eating phenotypes. Interventions seeking to address food addiction in postpartum women and mitigate the impact of this high-risk eating phenotype on the next generation may benefit from treating postpartum depression, especially in women with histories of childhood trauma exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara F Stein
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Julia M Rios
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan College of Literature, Science and the Arts, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan College of Literature, Science and the Arts, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Amy K Nuttall
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, 552 West Circle Drive, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hurley O Riley
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Katherine L Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan Medicine, 1522 Simpson Rd. East., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Vidmar AP, Salvy SJ, Wee CP, Pretlow R, Fox DS, Yee JK, Garell C, Glasner S, Mittelman SD. An addiction-based digital weight loss intervention: A multi-centre randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e12990. [PMID: 36484235 PMCID: PMC9905275 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized clinical trial tested the effectiveness of an addiction-based digital weight-loss intervention, focusing on withdrawal/abstinence from self-identified problem foods, snacking and excessive amounts at meals, and discomfort displacement, with and without coaching, compared to an in-person, multi-disciplinary, care model among adolescents with obesity. We hypothesized that the digital intervention with coaching would yield greater weight loss and lower delivery burden than the standard clinical arm, and greater participant engagement than the digital arm without coaching. METHODS Adolescents were randomized to app intervention, with or without coaching, or in-person multidisciplinary obesity intervention for 6 months. The primary outcome was change in %BMIp95 at weeks 12 and 24. A mixed-effects linear regression model was used to assess the association between change in %BMIp95 and intervention arm. We were also interested in assessing delivery burden, participant engagement and evaluating the relationships between weight change and demographic characteristics, mood, executive function and eating behaviours. RESULTS All adolescents (n = 161; BMI ≥95th%, age 16 ± 2.5 year; 47% Hispanic, 65% female, 59% publicly insured) lost weight over 24-weeks (-1.29%, [-1.82, -0.76], p < 0.0001), with no significant weight loss difference between groups (p = 0.3). Girls lost more weight than boys, whereas binge eating behaviour at baseline was associated with increase in %BMIp95 when controlling for other covariates. There was no association between ethnicity, mood, timing of intervention in relation to the pandemic, or executive function and change in %BMIp95 . CONCLUSIONS Contrary with our hypothesis, our results showed no difference in the change in BMI status between treatment arms. Since efficacy of this digital intervention was not inferior to in-person, multi-disciplinary care, this could offer a reasonable weight management option for clinicians, based on youth and family specific characteristics, such as accessibility, resources, and communication styles. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT035008353.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina P. Vidmar
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah J. Salvy
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Research Center for Health Equity Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Choo Phei Wee
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Southern California Clinical Science Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - D. Steven Fox
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Economics, School of Pharmacy of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer K. Yee
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States
| | - Cambria Garell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Suzette Glasner
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven D. Mittelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Socio-Demographic, Self-Control, Bullying, Parenting, and Sleep as Proximal Factors Associated with Food Addiction among Adolescents. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12120488. [PMID: 36546971 PMCID: PMC9774808 DOI: 10.3390/bs12120488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is considered an important period of neurodevelopment. It is a time for the emergence of psychosocial vulnerabilities, including symptoms of depression, eating disorders, and increased engagement in unhealthy eating behaviours. Food addiction (FA) in adolescents is an area of study where there has been substantial growth. However, to date, limited studies have considered what demographic characteristics of adolescents may predispose them to endorse greater symptoms of FA. Studies have found a variety of factors that often cluster with and may influence an adolescent's eating behaviour such as sleep, level of self-control, and parenting practices, as well as bullying. Therefore, this study investigated a range of socio-demographic, trait, mental health, and lifestyle-related profiles (including self-control, parenting, bullying, and sleep) as proximal factors associated with symptoms of FA, as assessed via the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (YFAS-C) in a large sample of Australian adolescents. Following data cleaning, the final analysed sample included 6587 students (age 12.9 years ± 0.39; range 10.9-14.9 years), with 50.05% identifying as male (n = 3297), 48.5% as female (n = 3195), 1.02% prefer not to say (n = 67), and 0.43% as non-binary (n = 28). Self-control was found to be the most significant predictor of total FA symptom score, followed by female gender, sleep quality, and being a victim of bullying. Universal prevention programs should therefore aim to address these factors to help reduce the prevalence or severity of FA symptoms within early adolescent populations.
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Parnarouskis L, Leventhal AM, Ferguson SG, Gearhardt AN. Withdrawal: A key consideration in evaluating whether highly processed foods are addictive. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13507. [PMID: 36196649 PMCID: PMC9786266 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Researchers are currently debating whether theories of addiction explain compulsive overeating of highly processed (HP) foods (i.e., industrially created foods high in refined carbohydrates and/or fat), which contributes to obesity and diet-related disease. A subset of individuals consumes HP foods with behavioral phenotypes that mirror substance use disorders. Withdrawal, the emergence of aversive physical and psychological symptoms upon reduction or cessation of substance use, is a core component of addiction that was central to historical debates about other substances' addictive potential (e.g., nicotine and cocaine). However, no one has systematically considered evidence for whether HP foods cause withdrawal, which represents a key knowledge gap regarding the utility of addiction models for understanding compulsive overeating. Thus, we reviewed evidence for whether animals and humans exhibit withdrawal when reducing or eliminating HP food intake. Controlled experimental evidence indicates animals experience HP food withdrawal marked by neural reward changes and behaviors consistent with withdrawal from other addictive substances. In humans, preliminary evidence supports subjective withdrawal-like experiences. However, most current human research is limited to retrospective recall. Further experimental research is needed to evaluate this construct. We outline future research directions to investigate HP food withdrawal in humans and consider potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stuart G Ferguson
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Uslu B, Okudan B, Bozdemir E, Alphan ME. ANTHROPOMETRIC PROFILES OF YOUNG RHYTMIC GYMNASTIC ATHLESTES ACCORDING TO THEIR PARENTAL NUTRITIONAL BEHAVIOR. SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52165/sgj.14.3.335-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that is supported by strength, speed and endurance with an emphasis on flexibility and coordination. It is assumed that low fat percentage, normal height, low body weight, and elegant and thin structure influence the performance of the athletes because it provides an aesthetically advantage in this sports branch. The aim of the study was to reveal the anthropometric properties in rhythmic gymnastics athletes, and to examine the changes and relationships of these parameters according to their parents' diet. A questionnaire with socio-demographic information, Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire, was used to gather data. The data on children's BMI, waist circumference and upper middle arm circumference were also included; these measurements were all taken by the same researcher. It was determined that the scores obtained from the parent feeding style scale differed according to the waist circumference of the child (p <0.05). It can be concluded that the scores obtained from the parent feeding style scale and its sub-dimensions of promoting to eat /encouraging feeding and instrumental feeding differ according to the child's upper middle arm circumference (p <0.05). As a result of the research, some sociodemographic and anthropometric features seem to affect the parents' feeding style of their children. The results obtained from this study can be used as a guide when creating forward-looking nutrition models for children engaged in rhythmic gymnastics, and planning the nutritional education for their parents.
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Santiago VA, Cassin SE. Social and Occupational Impairment Among Individuals with Ultra-processed Food Addiction. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cura-Esquivel I, Ramos-Álvarez J, Delgado E, Regalado-Ceballos A. Prevalence of food addiction using the Yale-C scale in Mexican children with overweight and obesity. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13500. [PMID: 35637710 PMCID: PMC9147313 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of excess weight and obesity in children has increased significantly worldwide. The concept of food addiction (FA) has been associated with eating-related problems and obesity. Studies on this topic have primarily examined adult samples and little is known about addictive-like eating among Mexican children and adolescents. Methods We conducted this study to examinate the prevalence of FA in a group of 291 overweight and obese children and adolescents using YFAS scale for children (YFAS-C) in Mexico. Results According to the YFAS-C approximately 14.4% of participants met for FA diagnosis. Forty-two (14.4%) received a FA diagnosis: 14 children and 28 adolescents. The number of FA symptoms in participants who received an FA diagnosis (M = 4.35, SD = 1.07) compared to participants with no FA diagnosis (M = 1.70, SD = 1.53) was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001). There were no statistically significant gender differences and the proportion of subjects with an FA diagnosis did not differ by age between children and adolescents. FA is a focus of interest in attempting to explain certain behaviors that may contribute to the development of obesity and explain the failure of the weight loose programs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idalia Cura-Esquivel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Juan Ramos-Álvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Edna Delgado
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Airam Regalado-Ceballos
- School of Medicine and University Hospital “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Food addiction comorbid to mental disorders in adolescents: a nationwide survey and register-based study. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:945-959. [PMID: 34089511 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescence is a high-risk period for development of addictive behavior. This may also apply to addiction-like eating of highly processed foods-commonly referred to as "food addiction". Adolescents with mental disorder may be at particularly elevated risk of developing food addiction as addiction often accompanies mental disorder. However, there are only few studies in adolescents investigating this potential comorbidity. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to examine the food addiction symptom load, as measured by the dimensional Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children-version 2.0 (dYFAS-C 2.0), among adolescents with a clinically verified mental disorder. METHOD A total of 3529 adolescents aged 13-17 were drawn from the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register, stratified on six major diagnostic categories of mental disorders; psychotic disorders, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and attention deficit disorders. Via their parents, these adolescents were invited to participate in a web-based survey. Data on health and socioeconomic factors from the Danish registers were linked to both respondents and non-respondents, allowing for thorough attrition analysis and estimation of weighted dYFAS-C 2.0 scores. RESULTS A total of 423 adolescents participated in the survey (response rate 12.0%). The mean weighted dYFAS-C 2.0 total score was 13.9 (95% CI 12.6; 14.9) for the entire sample and varied substantially across the diagnostic categories being highest for those with psychotic disorder, mean 18.4 (95% CI 14.6; 14.9), and affective disorders, mean 19.4. (95% CI 16.3; 22.5). Furthermore, the dYFAS-C 2.0 total score was positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.33, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Food addiction symptomatology seems to be prevalent among adolescents with mental disorder, particularly affective and psychotic disorders. As obesity is a tremendous problem in individuals with mental disorder further investigation of food addiction in young people with mental disorder is called for. This could potentially aid in the identification of potential transdiagnostic targets for prevention and treatment of obesity in this group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, Observational cross-sectional descriptive study combined with retrospective register data.
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Demir D, Bektas M. The Effect of an Obesity Prevention Program on Children's Eating Behaviors, Food Addiction, Physical Activity, and Obesity Status. J Pediatr Nurs 2021; 61:355-363. [PMID: 34563806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was carried out to determine the effect of an obesity prevention program on children's eating behaviors, food addiction, physical activity, and obesity prevalence. DESIGN AND METHODS A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used in the study. The study was conducted with a total of 128 students, including 55 in the intervention and 73 in the control groups. The obesity prevention program was implemented in the intervention group, and a routine curriculum training program was followed in the control group. The study data were collected before the intervention and in the third, sixth, and fifteenth months after the completion of the intervention. The data were evaluated using the chi-square test, McNeamer test, Cochrane Q test, multivariate analysis of variance in repeated measures, the Bonferroni adjusted paired t-test, power analysis, effect size, and regression analysis. RESULTS At the end of the study, it was determined that the body mass index values and food addiction rates of the students in the intervention group were lower than those of the students in the control group (p < .05). There was a significant difference between the mean scores of the students in the intervention and control groups obtained from the eating behavior questionnaire and the physical activity questionnaire in terms of time, group, and group * time interaction (p < .05). Also, the intervention program was found to have a large effect size (0.39) and a strong effect (0.85) on body mass index. CONCLUSION The obesity prevention intervention program was found to be effective in increasing children's positive eating behaviors and mean physical activity score and decreasing food addiction rates and body mass index values. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS We recommend that the intervention program implemented in this study should be used widely in the curriculum of the Ministry of Education. This program shows that the school nurse is effective in preventing obesity in children. For this reason, there should be a school nurse in schools for implementing health-promoting education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Demir
- Dokuz Eylul University Health Science Institute, Departmant of Pediatric Nursing, Turkey; Dokuz Eylul University Health Science Institute, Departmant of Pediatric Nursing, Inciraltı, Turkey.
| | - Murat Bektas
- Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Nursing, Inciraltı, Turkey
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All in the Family: Child and Adolescent Weight Loss Surgery in the Context of Parental Weight Loss Surgery. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8110990. [PMID: 34828703 PMCID: PMC8620201 DOI: 10.3390/children8110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: Bariatric surgery is the most effective current treatment option for patients with severe obesity. More children and adolescents are having surgery, many whose parents have also had surgery. The current study examines whether parental surgery status moderates the association between perceived social support, emotional eating, food addiction and weight loss following surgery, with those whose parents have had surgery evidencing a stronger relationship between the psychosocial factors and weight loss as compared to their peers. Methods: Participants were 228 children and adolescents undergoing sleeve gastrectomy between 2014 and 2019 at one institution. Children and adolescents completed self-report measures of perceived family social support, emotional eating, and food addiction at their pre-surgical psychological evaluation. Change in body mass index (BMI) from pre-surgery to 3, 6, and 12 months post-surgery was assessed at follow-up clinic visits. Parents reported their surgical status as having had surgery or not. Results: There were no differences in perceived family support, emotional eating, or food addiction symptoms between those whose parents had bariatric surgery and those whose parents did not. There were some moderating effects of parent surgery status on the relationship between social support, emotional eating/food addiction, and weight loss following surgery. Specifically, at 3 months post-surgery, higher change in BMI was associated with lower perceived family support only in those whose parents had not had surgery. More pre-surgical food addiction symptoms were associated with greater weight loss at 3 months for those whose parents had not had surgery, whereas this finding was true only for those whose parents had surgery at 12 months post-surgery. Conclusions: Children and adolescents whose parents have had bariatric surgery may have unique associations of psychosocial factors and weight loss. More research is needed to determine mechanisms of these relationships.
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Skinner J, Jebeile H, Burrows T. Food addiction and mental health in adolescents: a systematic review. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2021; 5:751-766. [PMID: 34174201 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The intersection between eating behaviours and mental health has garnered substantial attention in recent years. For this Review, we systematically reviewed the available research to find out the prevalence of food addiction as measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale, and to investigate its association with mental health-related outcomes in adolescents. Eight databases were searched using keywords from Jan 1, 2009, to Aug 5, 2020, to identify studies reporting a Yale Food Addiction Scale diagnosis or symptom score, or both. In total, 27 studies were included. The prevalence of a food addiction diagnosis ranged from 2·6% to 49·9% in non-clinical and clinical populations, and prevalence was higher in women and adolescents with a higher weight status. Food addiction was associated with disordered eating, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and a poorer quality of life and self-esteem. These associations have important implications for the assessment and management of eating behaviours and mental health in adolescents. Transdiagnostic prevention and management intervention strategies could be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Skinner
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Hiba Jebeile
- Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tracy Burrows
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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Yekaninejad MS, Badrooj N, Vosoughi F, Lin CY, Potenza MN, Pakpour AH. Prevalence of food addiction in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13183. [PMID: 33403795 PMCID: PMC8244111 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Food addiction (FA) has been as a construct that is associated with childhood obesity. However, relatively little is known regarding the prevalence of FA among children and adolescents. An instrument designed to assess FA among youth, the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children and Adolescents (YFAS-C), has been developed and used to estimate FA prevalence among pediatric populations. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the results of FA prevalence among youth. Using keywords related to FA and children to search PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, we identified and analyzed 22 cross-sectional studies. No longitudinal studies were identified in the search. Meta-analysis with Freeman-Tukey Double Arcsine transformation was conducted to estimate FA prevalence. Meta-regression was applied to understand whether weight status (i.e., data from community samples vs. overweight/obese samples) is associated with FA. Eligible studies (N = 22) were analyzed using 6,996 participants. The estimated FA prevalence was 15% (95% CI 11-19%) for all samples, 12% (95% CI 8-17%) for community samples, and 19% (95% CI 14-26%) for overweight/obese samples. Meta-regression indicated that weight status was associated with FA severity (p = 0.002) and marginally with FA prevalence (p = 0.056). Healthcare providers should consider and address the high FA prevalence among pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Badrooj
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardis Vosoughi
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Shariati Hospital and School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Mac N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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15
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Converging vulnerability factors for compulsive food and drug use. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108556. [PMID: 33862029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly palatable foods and substance of abuse have intersecting neurobiological, metabolic and behavioral effects relevant for understanding vulnerability to conditions related to food (e.g., obesity, binge eating disorder) and drug (e.g., substance use disorder) misuse. Here, we review data from animal models, clinical populations and epidemiological evidence in behavioral, genetic, pathophysiologic and therapeutic domains. Results suggest that consumption of highly palatable food and drugs of abuse both impact and conversely are regulated by metabolic hormones and metabolic status. Palatable foods high in fat and/or sugar can elicit adaptation in brain reward and withdrawal circuitry akin to substances of abuse. Intake of or withdrawal from palatable food can impact behavioral sensitivity to drugs of abuse and vice versa. A robust literature suggests common substrates and roles for negative reinforcement, negative affect, negative urgency, and impulse control deficits, with both highly palatable foods and substances of abuse. Candidate genetic risk loci shared by obesity and alcohol use disorders have been identified in molecules classically associated with both metabolic and motivational functions. Finally, certain drugs may have overlapping therapeutic potential to treat obesity, diabetes, binge-related eating disorders and substance use disorders. Taken together, data are consistent with the hypotheses that compulsive food and substance use share overlapping, interacting substrates at neurobiological and metabolic levels and that motivated behavior associated with feeding or substance use might constitute vulnerability factors for one another. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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The Combination of Food Approach and Food Avoidant Behaviors in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: "Selective Overeating". J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:987-994. [PMID: 33846897 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Based on parent questionnaires, we demonstrate the presence of an eating pattern among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that is characterized by both food selectivity and eating in the absence of hunger. Children with ASD were categorized as engaging in eating patterns of selective overeating, selective eating only, overeating only, or typical eating. Group differences were found in the areas of diet composition, body mass index, and behavioral flexibility. Both the selective overeating group and selective eating only group were prone to favor calorie-dense, nutrient-deficient diets as compared to other groups. Eating groups also presented with differing profiles of everyday behavioral flexibility. These results suggest that selective overeating in ASD may present unique challenges and require tailored interventions.
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Dolwick AP, Persky S. Parental reward-based eating drive predicts parents' feeding behaviors and Children's ultra-processed food intake. Appetite 2021; 164:105241. [PMID: 33839147 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reward-based eating drive is associated with individual consumption, but there has been a paucity of research on the relationships between parental reward-based eating, child feeding behaviors, and child food consumption. Child feeding behaviors likely to be associated with parental reward-based eating drive include the provision of ultra-processed foods, as they are designed to be hyperpalatable and are associated with disordered food intake. The present study uses a virtual reality (VR) buffet restaurant environment to examine parents' food choice behaviors for their children and a food frequency assessment to measure the children's reported consumption over the course of a week. Results found that parental reward-based eating drive significantly predicted ultra-processed calories chosen by parents for their children in the VR Buffet, as well as the amount of ultra-processed food children ate according to the food frequency assessment. Both of these effects were significantly mediated by the healthfulness of the home food environment. This study is among the first to demonstrate associations between parental reward-based eating drive and child-focused food behavior and to elucidate a mediating effect of the home food environment on such relationships. These findings may be useful for the development of family-based interventions to improve child feeding and ultimately child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Dolwick
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Susan Persky
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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18
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Vidmar AP, Wee CP, Salvy SJ. Food addiction, executive function and mood in adolescents with obesity seeking treatment. Appetite 2021; 159:105049. [PMID: 33227386 PMCID: PMC8086816 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between food addiction, executive functions and mood in adolescence are not well-understood. This study examines differences in executive functioning, depression symptoms and perceived stress among adolescents with obesity with- and without food addiction. METHODS A total of 110 adolescents with obesity (74 females; age = 15.59 ± 1.3 y; 67% Hispanic; 74% public insurance) completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-2 (BRIEF-2), the Yale Food Addiction Scale for children (YFAS-c), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-DC). Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to evaluate differences in BRIEF-2, CES-DC and PSS scores between participants with and without food addiction. A logistic regression model assessed the associations between executive dysfunction, depression and stress on food addiction individually. Multiple logistic regression was utilized to further examine the association between executive dysfunction and food addiction when accounting for depression and stress. RESULTS More than a third of participants (34.5%) met the criteria for food addiction. Females were 2.89 times more likely than males to have food addiction (95th%CI = 1.12-7.46, p = 0.03). Participants with FA had significantly higher BRIEF-2 T-scores (all p < 0.05) and higher PSS and CES-DC scores (all p < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed depression was strongly correlated with FA when controlling for executive dysfunction and stress (p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Among obesity treatment-seeking adolescents, youths with food addiction displayed greater impairments in executive functioning and higher levels of stress and depressive symptoms than adolescents without food addiction. Prospective studies are needed to determine how this behavioral phenotype helps predict intervention outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina P Vidmar
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of USC, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, USA.
| | - Choo Phei Wee
- CTSI Biostatics Core, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J Salvy
- Research Center for Health Equity Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Schiestl ET, Rios JM, Parnarouskis L, Cummings JR, Gearhardt AN. A narrative review of highly processed food addiction across the lifespan. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110152. [PMID: 33127423 PMCID: PMC7750273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is growing that highly processed (HP) foods (i.e., foods high in refined carbohydrates and fat) are highly effective in activating reward systems and may even be capable of triggering addictive processes. Unlike traditional drugs of abuse, exposure to HP foods is common very early in development. HP food addiction has been associated with negative outcomes, including higher body mass index (BMI), more frequent binge eating, greater failure in weight loss treatment trials, and poorer mental and physical health. Although most research on HP food addiction has been conducted using adult samples, research on this topic now spans across the life span beginning in utero and extending through older adulthood. HP food addiction and related reward-based changes are associated with negative outcomes at every life stage, which has important implications for developmentally tailored prevention and treatment efforts. Using a developmentally informed approach, the current study comprehensively reviews the existing research on HP food addiction across the lifespan and highlights important areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia M Rios
- University of Michigan, United States of America
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20
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Heflin BH, Comer JS, Bagner DM. Predicting BMI in Young Children with Developmental Delay and Externalizing Problems: Links with Caregiver Depressive Symptoms and Acculturation. J Pediatr Psychol 2020; 45:1084-1092. [PMID: 32929475 PMCID: PMC7522297 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caregiver depression is associated with increased risk for childhood obesity. However, studies assessing the relation between caregiver depression and childhood obesity have focused primarily on typically developing, school-aged children and have not examined the influence of cultural factors. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between caregiver depressive symptoms and body mass index (BMI) scores in young children with developmental delay (DD) and externalizing behavior problems, as well as the moderating role of acculturation and enculturation on this association. METHODS We examined the association between caregiver depressive symptoms and child BMI scores in 147 3-year-old children with DD and elevated levels of externalizing behavior problems. Caregivers of all participating children self-identified as coming from cultural minority backgrounds. We also examined the association between caregiver depressive symptoms and child BMI across levels of caregiver acculturation and enculturation. RESULTS Higher levels of caregiver depressive symptoms were associated with higher child BMI scores (b = .189, p = .001). Acculturation significantly moderated the association between caregiver depressive symptoms and child BMI scores (b = .21, p = .01), such that the association was stronger for more acculturated caregivers. Enculturation was not a significant moderator. CONCLUSIONS Caregiver depressive symptoms may confer elevated risk for child obesity when caregivers are highly acculturated to the United States, suggesting clinicians should consider levels of acculturation to optimize services for children and families from cultural minority backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynna H Heflin
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University
| | - Jonathan S Comer
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University
| | - Daniel M Bagner
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University
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21
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Lin CY, Cheung P, Imani V, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Mediating Effects of Eating Disorder, Food Addiction, and Insomnia in the Association between Psychological Distress and Being Overweight among Iranian Adolescents. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051371. [PMID: 32403387 PMCID: PMC7284879 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With obesity and excess weight remaining a serious concern worldwide, investigating the mechanisms underlying this is of great importance. Psychological distress is a possible trigger contributing to excess weight for adolescents. Moreover, the association between psychological distress and excess weight may be mediated by eating disorder, food addiction, and insomnia. The present study utilized parallel mediation analysis to assess the aforementioned associations and possible mediation effects among Iranian adolescents. Through stratified and clustered sampling, adolescents (N = 861; mean ± SD age = 15.9 ± 3.2; 372 males) participated and were followed for a one-year period. Excess weight (standardized body mass index, z-BMI); psychological distress (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21); eating disorder attitudes (Eating Attitude Test-26); food addiction (Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children); and insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index) were assessed. Eating disorder attitudes, food addiction, and insomnia were significant mediators in the association of psychological distress and z-BMI. Additionally, psychological distress had direct effects on z-BMI. Given that eating disorder attitudes, food addiction, and insomnia showed mediated effects in the temporal association of psychological distress and excess weight, healthcare providers are encouraged to design programs on improving these three mediators to help adolescents overcome excess weight problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; (C.-Y.L.); (P.C.)
| | - Pauline Cheung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; (C.-Y.L.); (P.C.)
| | - Vida Imani
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166/15731, Iran;
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Nottingham Trent University, International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 3419759811, Iran
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, SE-551 11 Jönköping, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-28-33239259
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22
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Maternal executive function and the family food environment. Appetite 2019; 137:21-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Vidmar AP, Salvy SJ, Pretlow R, Mittelman SD, Wee CP, Fink C, Steven Fox D, Raymond JK. An addiction-based mobile health weight loss intervention: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2019; 78:11-19. [PMID: 30654026 PMCID: PMC8078064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The notion of obesity as an addictive process is controversial. However, studies show that between 5.9 and 30.7% of adolescents with obesity report food or eating addiction. Few weight management interventions have tested techniques based on addiction medicine principles. METHODS This multi-center randomized control trial (RCT) is designed to test the effectiveness of a mobile health (mHealth) weight-loss intervention based on addiction principles, such as withdrawal and tolerance, in a sample of 180 adolescents (ages 14-18) recruited from four pediatric weight management clinics in Southern California. Akin to a Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) design evaluating multicomponent behavioral interventions, we will compare the combination of an app + phone coaching (App+Coach) to app alone (App) and in-clinic multi-disciplinary (Clinic) intervention arms. The primary outcome is mean change in zBMI and %BMIp95 over 18 months. We hypothesize that youth who receive App+Coach will have a greater reduction in body weight over the 18-month study period at a lower cost than standard of care models. Secondary outcomes include adherence to treatment regimen, intervention satisfaction, effect of the intervention on metabolic factors and activity level. We will also explore potential moderators of intervention effectiveness such as addictive eating habits, self-regulation and executive functioning. CONCLUSIONS New and creative approaches are needed to address pediatric obesity. If successful, this RCT may provide an innovative and cost-effective mHealth approach, based on addiction methods, for weight loss among adolescents with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina P Vidmar
- Diabetes & Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Sarah J Salvy
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Research Center for Health Equity Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Steven D Mittelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology at the UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Choo Phei Wee
- CTSI Biostatics Core, Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cassandra Fink
- Diabetes & Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - D Steven Fox
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Economics, School of Pharmacy of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer K Raymond
- Diabetes & Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Vidmar AP, Pretlow R, Borzutzky C, Wee CP, Fox DS, Fink C, Mittelman SD. An addiction model-based mobile health weight loss intervention in adolescents with obesity. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12464. [PMID: 30117309 PMCID: PMC6338524 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical approaches to treating childhood obesity can be expensive and poorly reimbursed, and often produce suboptimal results. It has been theorized that overeating may have addictive qualities, and a sizable number of adolescents with obesity endorse addictive habits. Interestingly, few weight management interventions have tested techniques founded in addiction medicine principles. We therefore performed a pilot study of an addiction model based mHealth weight loss intervention in adolescents. METHODS Adolescents with obesity were recruited from an multidisciplinary weight management clinic (EMPOWER). Adolescents without significant obesity comorbidities, who exhibited signs of addictive eating, based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale, were enrolled in a pilot study of an interactive, addiction-based, weight loss smartphone app with coaching (http://clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02689154). The app was designed to help subjects omit problem foods, avoid snacking and reduce meal size. A contemporary cohort of adolescents who completed the EMPOWER program were evaluated. Feasibility of recruitment, adherence, retention rates, BMI change and cost of intervention were examined. RESULTS Eighteen participants were recruited to app intervention. App participants had higher retention (100% vs. 37%) and lower total cost per patient ($855.15 vs. $1428.00) than the EMPOWER clinic participants. App participants exhibited a significant decrease in zBMI and %BMIp95 over the 6 months (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001), which was comparable to the age-matched EMPOWER program completers (p = 0.31 and p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS An addiction medicine-based mHealth intervention targeted for adolescents was feasible to implement, resulted in high retention and adherence rates, and reduced zBMI and %BMIp95 in a more cost-effective manner than an in-clinic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Vidmar
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - C. Borzutzky
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult MedicineChildren's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - C. P. Wee
- CTSI Biostatics CoreSaban Research InstituteLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - D. S. Fox
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health EconomicsSchool of Pharmacy of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - C. Fink
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - S. D. Mittelman
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Present address:
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology at the UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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Filgueiras AR, Pires de Almeida VB, Koch Nogueira PC, Alvares Domene SM, Eduardo da Silva C, Sesso R, Sawaya AL. Exploring the consumption of ultra-processed foods and its association with food addiction in overweight children. Appetite 2018; 135:137-145. [PMID: 30439381 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the consumption of ultra-processed foods and its association with food addiction in overweight children. The prevalence of food addiction was investigated using the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children in overweight 9-11 year-old children (BMI/age ≥1 Z score) of both sexes from two schools (n = 139). Food intake was estimated by a food frequency questionnaire and the food items were classified into 4 categories: minimally processed, culinary ingredients, processed foods and ultra-processed foods (UPF), based on their degree of processing. Among the children, 95% showed at least one of the seven symptoms of food addiction and 24% presented with a diagnosis of food addiction. In analysis of covariance adjusted for age and sex, a tendency of higher consumption of added sugar (refined sugar, honey, corn syrup) and UPF was found among those diagnosed with food addiction. Multiple logistic regression adjusted for sugar, sodium and fat ingestion showed that consumption of cookies/biscuits (OR = 4.19, p = 0.015) and sausages (OR = 11.77, p = 0.029) were independently associated with food addiction. The identification of foods that may be associated with addictive behavior is very important for correctly treating and preventing childhood obesity, which continues to be one of the greatest health problems in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Sesso
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lydia Sawaya
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil
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26
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Borisenkov MF, Tserne TA, Bakutova LA. Food addiction in Russian adolescents: Associations with age, sex, weight, and depression. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:671-676. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail F. Borisenkov
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Syktyvkar Russia
| | - Tatyana A. Tserne
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Syktyvkar Russia
| | - Larisa A. Bakutova
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Syktyvkar Russia
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Ivezaj V, Wiedemann AA, Lydecker JA, Grilo CM. Food addiction among Spanish-speaking Latino/as residing in the United States. Eat Behav 2018; 30:61-65. [PMID: 29870970 PMCID: PMC6047914 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined food addiction, assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), and associated features among a participant group of Spanish-speaking Latino/as residing in the United States. METHOD Participants were 140 Spanish-speaking Latino/as (n = 77 female) who participated in an anonymous web-based survey. Mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 31.87 (SD = 9.12) years and 28.34 (SD = 7.14) kg/m2, respectively. Participants completed a battery of established self-report measures assessing food addiction, binge-eating and eating-disorder psychopathology (Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire; EDE-Q), depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-2; PHQ-2), and mental and physical functioning (MOS Short Form Health Survey; SF-12). RESULTS Of the 140 participants, 25 (17.9%) exceeded the clinical threshold of food addiction; no significant differences were observed between those categorized with versus without food addiction in age, sex, or race. YFAS scores were significantly correlated with EDE-Q overvaluation, EDE-Q dissatisfaction, BMI, SF-12, and the PHQ-2 (all p-values < .01). Categorical analyses revealed similar findings with participants categorized with clinical levels of food addiction being significantly more likely to meet clinical levels of overvaluation of weight/shape, and reporting significantly greater frequency of binge-eating, depressive symptoms, and poorer overall mental health than those not meeting food addiction criteria (all p-values < .05). CONCLUSION Our findings for this Spanish-speaking participant group are generally consistent with those reported in a meta-analysis of English-speaking individuals in suggesting that higher YFAS scores are associated with greater disturbances in eating psychopathology. Future studies should examine whether level of acculturation might contribute to differences in food addiction symptoms and associated psychopathology among Spanish-speaking Latino/as.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos M. Grilo
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519,Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511
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Wiedemann AA, Lawson JL, Cunningham PM, Khalvati KM, Lydecker JA, Ivezaj V, Grilo CM. Food addiction among men and women in India. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:597-604. [PMID: 30003654 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to address a cultural gap in the food addiction (FA) literature by examining FA and associated clinical features in a nonclinical group of men and women residing in India. METHOD Participants (N = 415) were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk to complete an online survey about weight and eating. Participants completed self-report measures assessing FA (Yale Food Addiction Scale [YFAS]), eating-disorder psychopathology (Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire [EDE-Q]), health-related quality of life (Short Form Health Survey-12-item version [SF-12]), and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-2). RESULTS The FA symptom mean was 3.53 (SD = 1.90); 32.5% (n = 129) met FA clinical threshold on the YFAS. Groups categorized with and without FA on the YFAS did not differ significantly in sex or body mass index. YFAS scores were significantly correlated with greater frequency of binge eating, higher severity scores on all EDE-Q subscales, higher depression, and poorer functioning scores on the SF-12 (all ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS FA, as conceptualized and measured by the YFAS, appears to be common among individuals residing in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Wiedemann
- Psychiatry Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jessica L Lawson
- Psychiatry Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paige M Cunningham
- Psychiatry Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathryn M Khalvati
- Psychiatry Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Janet A Lydecker
- Psychiatry Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Valentina Ivezaj
- Psychiatry Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Carlos M Grilo
- Psychiatry Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Maternal Overnutrition Programs Central Inflammation and Addiction-Like Behavior in Offspring. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8061389. [PMID: 30027100 PMCID: PMC6031166 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity or maternal overnutrition during pregnancy and lactation might have long-term consequences in offspring health. Fetal programming is characterized by adaptive responses to specific environmental conditions during early life stages. Programming alters gene expression through epigenetic modifications leading to a transgenerational effect of behavioral phenotypes in the offspring. Maternal intake of hypercaloric diets during fetal development programs aberrant behaviors resembling addiction in offspring. Programming by hypercaloric surplus sets a gene expression pattern modulating axonal pruning, synaptic signaling, and synaptic plasticity in selective regions of the reward system. Likewise, fetal programming can promote an inflammatory phenotype in peripheral and central sites through different cell types such as microglia and T and B cells, which contribute to disrupted energy sensing and behavioral pathways. The molecular mechanism that regulates the central and peripheral immune cross-talk during fetal programming and its relevance on offspring's addictive behavior susceptibility is still unclear. Here, we review the most relevant scientific reports about the impact of hypercaloric nutritional fetal programming on central and peripheral inflammation and its effects on addictive behavior of the offspring.
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Hemmingsson E. Early Childhood Obesity Risk Factors: Socioeconomic Adversity, Family Dysfunction, Offspring Distress, and Junk Food Self-Medication. Curr Obes Rep 2018; 7:204-209. [PMID: 29704182 PMCID: PMC5958160 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-018-0310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To explore the sequence and interaction of infancy and early childhood risk factors, particularly relating to disturbances in the social environment, and how the consequences of such exposures can promote weight gain and obesity. RECENT FINDINGS This review will argue that socioeconomic adversity is a key upstream catalyst that sets the stage for critical midstream risk factors such as family strain and dysfunction, offspring insecurity, stress, emotional turmoil, low self-esteem, and poor mental health. These midstream risk factors, particularly stress and emotional turmoil, create a more or less perfect foil for calorie-dense junk food self-medication and subtle addiction, to alleviate uncomfortable psychological and emotional states. Disturbances in the social environment during infancy and early childhood appear to play a critical role in weight gain and obesity, through such mechanisms as insecurity, stress, and emotional turmoil, eventually leading to junk food self-medication and subtle addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hemmingsson
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Box 5626, 114 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Magyar ÉE, Tényi D, Gearhardt A, Jeges S, Abaligeti G, Tóth ÁL, Janszky J, Molnár D, Tényi T, Csábi G. Adaptation and validation of the Hungarian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:181-188. [PMID: 29383940 PMCID: PMC6035032 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity proves to be an important public health issue, since it serves as a potential risk factor for multiple diseases. Food addiction could also serve as an important etiological factor. As childhood obesity plays a serious issue also in Hungary, we aimed to adapt and validate the Hungarian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children (H-YFAS-C). Methods A total of 191 children were assessed with the H-YFAS-C and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI). The following psychometric properties were analyzed: internal consistency, construct validity, convergent, and discriminant validity. Results A good construct validity was revealed by confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA = 0.0528, CFI = 0.896, χ2 value = 279.06). Question 25 proved to have no significant effect on its group and was removed from further analyses. The Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficient indicated good internal consistency (K20 = 0.82). With the use of the eight EDI subscales, a good convergent and discriminant validity could be determined. Food addiction was diagnosed in 8.9% of children. The mean symptom count was 1.7 ± 1.2 (range: 0-7). Females were more often diagnosed with food addiction than males (p = .016; OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.2-10.6). BMI percentiles were significantly higher in children with diagnosed food addiction (p = .003). There proved to be no correlation between age and the occurrence of food addiction. Discussion and conclusion Our results show that H-YFAS-C is a good and reliable tool for addictive-like behavior assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Erzsébet Magyar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dalma Tényi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary,Corresponding author: Dalma Tényi; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, Rét u.2., 7623 Pécs, Hungary; Phone: +36 72 536 000; Fax: +36 72 535 911; E-mail:
| | - Ashley Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sára Jeges
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gallusz Abaligeti
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Levente Tóth
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Janszky
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dénes Molnár
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tényi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Csábi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Prevalence of food addiction among Iranian children and adolescents: Associations with sociodemographic and anthropometric indices. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2018; 32:8. [PMID: 30159259 PMCID: PMC6108267 DOI: 10.14196/mjiri.32.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Food addiction has been defined as consuming palatable foods leading to addictive-like behaviors. Little studies have assayed food addiction in children and adolescents. Thus, we aimed at identifying the prevalence of food addiction and the relationship between food addiction, sociodemographic and anthropometric indicators among children and adolescents in southwestern Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 222 elementary school students aged 7 to 13 years in Ahvaz, Iran, using a random sampling method. Sociodemographic and anthropometric indicators were obtained. The 25-item child version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS-C) was applied to provide food addiction diagnosis and symptoms. A nonparametric analysis was used for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of food addiction was 17.3%. Also, the most common symptoms associated with food addiction were (1) inability to cut down, (2) withdrawal, and (3) tolerance. The students with food addiction diagnosis were older than the undiagnosed (p=0.04). The males and students older than 8 years showed a higher food addiction score than females and students under 8 years (p<0.05). In females, significant positive correlations were found between anthropometric indicators, including body mass index and body mass index z-score, with food addiction score (p<0.01). Conclusion: Food addiction diagnosis was more prevalent in males and students over 8 years. Females with higher YFAS-C scores had elevated body mass index z-scores, suggesting that food addiction may be a remarkable problem in childhood and early adolescence and may also be related to a risk of overweight/obesity in Iranian students.
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Schulte EM, Jacques-Tiura AJ, Gearhardt AN, Naar S. Food addiction prevalence and concurrent validity in African American adolescents with obesity. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 32:187-196. [PMID: 29094956 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Food addiction, measured by the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), has been associated with obesity, eating-related problems (e.g., bingeing), and problematic consumption of highly processed foods. Studies on this topic have primarily examined adult samples with an overrepresentation of White individuals, and little is known about addictive-like eating in adolescents, particularly African American adolescents who exhibit high rates of obesity and eating pathology. The current study examined the prevalence of food addiction and its convergent validity with percent overweight, eating-related problems, and self-reported dietary intake in a sample of 181 African American adolescents with obesity. Approximately 10% of participants met for food addiction, measured by the YFAS for children (YFAS-C). YFAS-C scores were most strongly associated with objective binge episodes (OBE), though significant relationships were also observed with objective overeating episodes (OOE), percent overweight relative to age- and sex-adjusted body mass index (BMI), and, more modestly, subjective binge episodes (SBE). YFAS-C scores were also related to greater consumption of all nutrient characteristics of interest (calories, fat, saturated fat, trans fat, carbohydrates, sugar, added sugar), though most strongly with trans fat, a type of fat found most frequently in highly processed foods. These findings suggest that the combination of exhibiting a loss of control while consuming an objectively large amount of food seems to be most implicated in food addiction for African American adolescents with obesity. The present work also provides evidence that individuals with food addiction may consume elevated quantities of highly processed foods, relative to those without addictive-like eating. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sylvie Naar
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University
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Mies GW, Treur JL, Larsen JK, Halberstadt J, Pasman JA, Vink JM. The prevalence of food addiction in a large sample of adolescents and its association with addictive substances. Appetite 2017; 118:97-105. [PMID: 28826746 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing, due to, among other factors, increased availability of highly palatable food (food high in fat, salt and/or sugar). It has been proposed that certain foods and/or eating behaviours may be addictive, to a degree comparable to substances of abuse. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) measures 'food addiction' by translating the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder to eating behaviour. So far, only a few studies have examined the prevalence of food addiction in children with the YFAS for children (YFAS-C). Large-scale studies, especially among adolescents, are lacking. Adolescence is of particular interest because it is a period wherein unhealthy eating behaviours or addictive tendencies are likely to develop. The current study examines the prevalence of food addiction using the YFAS-C in a large group of Dutch adolescents (N = 2653) aged 14-21 years. With Generalized Estimation Equation (GEE) analysis we tested the relationship between food addiction symptoms and smoking, cannabis use, alcohol use, and sugar intake through drinks, while controlling for gender, age, educational level and weight class. In the total sample 2.6% met the criteria for a food addiction 'diagnosis', and the average symptom count was 1.0 (SD = 1.3, range 0-7). Symptoms of food addiction were positively associated with smoking, alcohol use, cannabis use and sugar intake. We propose that future studies focus on possible genetic/(neuro)biological mechanisms involved in both food addiction and substance use and that longitudinal designs are needed to examine possible causal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabry W Mies
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Junilla K Larsen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jutka Halberstadt
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Joëlle A Pasman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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