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Dulić T, Svirčev Z, Palanački Malešević T, Faassen EJ, Savela H, Hao Q, Meriluoto J. Assessment of Common Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacteria of Biological Loess Crusts. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030215. [PMID: 35324712 PMCID: PMC8953721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are a diverse group of bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria that have adverse effects on human and animal health. While the phenomenon of cyanotoxin production in aquatic environments is well studied, research on cyanotoxins in terrestrial environments, where cyanobacteria abundantly occur in biocrusts, is still in its infancy. Here, we investigated the potential cyanotoxin production in cyanobacteria-dominated biological loess crusts (BLCs) from three different regions (China, Iran, and Serbia) and in cyanobacterial cultures isolated from the BLCs. The presence of cyanotoxins microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, while the presence of cyanotoxin-encoding genes (mcyE, cyrJ, sxtA, sxtG, sxtS, and anaC) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. We could not detect any of the targeted cyanotoxins in the biocrusts or the cyanobacterial cultures, nor could we amplify any cyanotoxin-encoding genes in the cyanobacterial strains. The results are discussed in terms of the biological role of cyanotoxins, the application of cyanobacteria in land restoration programs, and the use of cyanotoxins as biosignatures of cyanobacterial populations in loess research. The article highlights the need to extend the field of research on cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin production to terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dulić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Elisabeth J. Faassen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henna Savela
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Qingzhen Hao
- Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Beitucheng Western Road, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
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Qian Y, Okano K, Kodato M, Arai M, Yanagiya T, Li Q, Amano C, Ruike K, Itayama T, Iwami N, Utsumi M, Lei Z, Zhang Z, Sugiura N, Shimizu K. Dynamics of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial community during a cyanobacterial bloom. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:78-91. [PMID: 34661632 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms frequently develop in eutrophic freshwater bodies worldwide. Microcystis species produce microcystins (MCs) as a cyanotoxin. Certain bacteria that harbor the mlr gene cluster, especially mlrA, are capable of degrading MCs. However, MCs-degrading bacteria may possess or lack mlr genes (mlr+ and mlr- genotypes, respectively). In this study we investigated the genotype that predominantly contributes to biodegradation and cyanobacterial predator community structure with change in total MCs concentration in an aquatic environment. The two genotypes co-existed but mlr+ predominated, as indicated by the negative correlation between mlrA gene copy abundance and total MCs concentration. At the highest MCs concentrations, predation pressure by Phyllopoda, Copepoda, and Monogononta (rotifers) was reduced; thus, MCs may be toxic to cyanobacterial predators. The results suggest cooperation between MCs-degrading bacteria and predators may reduce Microcystis abundance and MCs concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Qian
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Okano
- Department of Biological Environment, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita, Japan
| | - Miwa Kodato
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino Itakura Ora-gun, Gunma, Japan
| | - Michiko Arai
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino Itakura Ora-gun, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takeru Yanagiya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Qintong Li
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino Itakura Ora-gun, Gunma, Japan
| | - Chie Amano
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino Itakura Ora-gun, Gunma, Japan.,Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Kakeru Ruike
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Norio Iwami
- School of Science and Engineering, Meisei University, 2-1-1 Hodokubo, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Sustainability Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zhongfang Lei
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Norio Sugiura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Wood SM, Kremp A, Savela H, Akter S, Vartti VP, Saarni S, Suikkanen S. Cyanobacterial Akinete Distribution, Viability, and Cyanotoxin Records in Sediment Archives From the Northern Baltic Sea. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:681881. [PMID: 34211448 PMCID: PMC8241101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.681881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria of the order Nostocales, including Baltic Sea bloom-forming taxa Nodularia spumigena, Aphanizomenon flosaquae, and Dolichospermum spp., produce resting stages, known as akinetes, under unfavorable conditions. These akinetes can persist in the sediment and germinate if favorable conditions return, simultaneously representing past blooms and possibly contributing to future bloom formation. The present study characterized cyanobacterial akinete survival, germination, and potential cyanotoxin production in brackish water sediment archives from coastal and open Gulf of Finland in order to understand recent bloom expansion, akinete persistence, and cyanobacteria life cycles in the northern Baltic Sea. Results showed that cyanobacterial akinetes can persist in and germinate from Northern Baltic Sea sediment up to >40 and >400 years old, at coastal and open-sea locations, respectively. Akinete abundance and viability decreased with age and depth of vertical sediment layers. The detection of potential microcystin and nodularin production from akinetes was minimal and restricted to the surface sediment layers. Phylogenetic analysis of culturable cyanobacteria from the coastal sediment core indicated that most strains likely belonged to the benthic genus Anabaena. Potentially planktonic species of Dolichospermum could only be revived from the near-surface layers of the sediment, corresponding to an estimated age of 1–3 years. Results of germination experiments supported the notion that akinetes do not play an equally significant role in the life cycles of all bloom-forming cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea. Overall, there was minimal congruence between akinete abundance, cyanotoxin concentration, and the presence of cyanotoxin biosynthetic genes in either sediment core. Further research is recommended to accurately detect and quantify akinetes and cyanotoxin genes from brackish water sediment samples in order to further describe species-specific benthic archives of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffaney M Wood
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anke Kremp
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Henna Savela
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sultana Akter
- Biotechnology, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Saija Saarni
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sanna Suikkanen
- Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Marinović Z, Tokodi N, Backović DD, Šćekić I, Kitanović N, Simić SB, Đorđević NB, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Dulić T, Meriluoto J, Urbányi B, Lujić J, Svirčev Z. Does the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS) Effectively Safeguard Lake Balaton from Toxic Cyanobacterial Blooms? Microorganisms 2021; 9:960. [PMID: 33946953 PMCID: PMC8145032 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lake Balaton is the largest shallow lake in Central Europe. Its water quality is affected by its biggest inflow, the Zala River. During late 20th century, a wetland area named the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS) was constructed in the hopes that it would act as a filter zone and thus ameliorate the water quality of Lake Balaton. The aim of the present study was to test whether the KBWPS effectively safeguards Lake Balaton against toxic cyanobacterial blooms. During April, May, July and September 2018, severe cyanobacterial blooming was observed in the KBWPS with numbers reaching up to 13 million cells/mL at the peak of the bloom (July 2018). MC- and STX-coding genes were detected in the cyanobacterial biomass. Five out of nine tested microcystin congeners were detected at the peak of the bloom with the concentrations of MC-LR reaching 1.29 µg/L; however, accumulation of MCs was not detected in fish tissues. Histopathological analyses displayed severe hepatopancreas, kidney and gill alterations in fish obtained throughout the investigated period. In Lake Balaton, on the other hand, cyanobacterial numbers were much lower; more than 400-fold fewer cells/mL were detected during June 2018 and cyanotoxins were not detected in the water. Hepatic, kidney and gill tissue displayed few alterations and resembled the structure of control fish. We can conclude that the KBWPS acts as a significant buffering zone, thus protecting the water quality of Lake Balaton. However, as MC- and STX-coding genes in the cyanobacterial biomass were detected at both sites, regular monitoring of this valuable ecosystem for the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Marinović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Nada Tokodi
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Damjana Drobac Backović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ilija Šćekić
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Nevena Kitanović
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Snežana B. Simić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.B.S.); (N.B.Đ.)
| | - Nevena B. Đorđević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.B.S.); (N.B.Đ.)
| | - Árpád Ferincz
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Á.F.); (Á.S.)
| | - Ádám Staszny
- Department of Freshwater Fish Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Á.F.); (Á.S.)
| | - Tamara Dulić
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.Š.); (N.K.); (B.U.)
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Center for Reproductive Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.D.B.); (J.M.); (Z.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
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5
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Wejnerowski Ł, Falfushynska H, Horyn O, Osypenko I, Kokociński M, Meriluoto J, Jurczak T, Poniedziałek B, Pniewski F, Rzymski P. In Vitro Toxicological Screening of Stable and Senescing Cultures of Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, and Raphidiopsis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E400. [PMID: 32560354 PMCID: PMC7354461 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity of cyanobacteria is the subject of ongoing research, and a number of toxic metabolites have been described, their biosynthesis pathways have been elucidated, and the mechanism of their action has been established. However, several knowledge gaps still exist, e.g., some strains produce hitherto unknown toxic compounds, while the exact dynamics of exerted toxicity during cyanobacterial growth still requires further exploration. Therefore, the present study investigated the toxicity of extracts of nine freshwater strains of Aphanizomenon gracile, an Aphanizomenon sp. strain isolated from the Baltic Sea, a freshwater strain of Planktothrix agardhii, and two strains of Raphidiopsis raciborskii obtained from 25- and 70-day-old cultures. An in vitro experimental model based on Cyprinus carpio hepatocytes (oxidative stress markers, DNA fragmentation, and serine/threonine protein activity) and brain homogenate (cholinesterase activity) was employed. The studied extracts demonstrated toxicity to fish cells, and in general, all examined extracts altered at least one or more of considered parameters, indicating that they possess, to some degree, toxic potency. Although the time from which the extracts were obtained had a significant importance for the response of fish cells, we observed strong variability between the different strains and species. In some strains, extracts that originated from 25-day-old cultures triggered more harmful effects on fish cells compared to those obtained from 70-day-old cultures, whereas in other strains, we observed the opposite effect or a lack of a significant change. Our study revealed that there was no clear or common pattern regarding the degree of cyanobacterial bloom toxicity at a given stage of development. This means that young cyanobacterial blooms that are just forming can pose an equally toxic threat to aquatic vertebrates and ecosystem functioning as those that are stable or old with a tendency to collapse. This might be largely due to a high variability of strains in the bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wejnerowski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine; (O.H.); (I.O.)
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine; (O.H.); (I.O.)
| | - Inna Osypenko
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine; (O.H.); (I.O.)
| | - Mikołaj Kokociński
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Tomasz Jurczak
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Filip Pniewski
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
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Dziga D, Kokociński M, Barylski J, Nowicki G, Maksylewicz A, Antosiak A, Banaś AK, Strzałka W. Correlation between specific groups of heterotrophic bacteria and microcystin biodegradation in freshwater bodies of central Europe. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5586992. [PMID: 31609415 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins produced by several toxic cyanobacterial strains constitute an important problem for public health. Bacterial degradation of these hepatotoxins may play an important role in natural ecosystems, however the nature of the process is very poorly understood. The aim of our study was to investigate the possible interactions between cyanotoxin producers and degraders. Samples collected from 24 water bodies in western Poland were analysed to determine the chemo-physical parameters, phytoplankton content, bacterial community structure and microcystin-biodegradation potency. A redundancy analysis identified a positive correlation between the capacity of a community to degrade microcystin LR (MC-LR) and temperature, pH, chlorophyll a concentration and the abundance of MC-producers. The relative abundance of classes F38, TM7-3 and the order WCHB1-81c (Actinobacteria) was significantly higher in the lakes with MC-biodegradation potency. Some specific bacterial genera belonging to Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes and TM7 were closely correlated with the occurrence of Microcystis spp. Furthermore, the MC biodegradation process was connected with the same bacterial groups. Thus, our approach allowed us to provide a broader picture of some specific relations between microcystin producers and potential microcystin degraders. A more comprehensive analysis of the existing correlations may be helpful in our understanding of natural mechanisms of MC elimination using bacteria such as MC-degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Dziga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Kokociński
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Barylski
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Nowicki
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Maksylewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Antosiak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Banaś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Strzałka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland
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7
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Lee J, Choi J, Fatka M, Swanner E, Ikuma K, Liang X, Leung T, Howe A. Improved detection of mcyA genes and their phylogenetic origins in harmful algal blooms. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 176:115730. [PMID: 32234603 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins, a group of cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacterial strains, have become a significant microbial hazard to human and animal health due to increases in the frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs). Many studies have explored the correlation between microcystin concentrations and abundances of toxin-producing genes (e.g., mcyA genes) measured using quantitative PCR, and discrepancies between toxin concentrations and gene abundances are often observed. In this study, the results show that these discrepancies are at least partially due to primer sets that do not capture the phylogenetic diversity of naturally present toxin-producers. We designed three novel primer gene probes based on known mcyA genes to improve the detection and quantification of these genes in environmental samples. These primers were shown to improve the identification of mcyA genes compared to previously published primers in freshwater metagenomes, cyanobacterial isolates, and lake water samples. Unlike previously published primers, our primer sets could selectively amplify and resolve Microcystis, Anabaena, and Planktothrix mcyA genes. In lake water samples, abundance estimations of mcyA genes were found to correlate strongly with microcystin concentrations. Based on our results, these primers offer significant improvements over previously published probes to accurately identify and quantify mcyA genes in the environment. There is an increasing need to develop models based on microbial information and environmental factors to predict CyanoHABs, and improved primers will play an important role in aiding monitoring efforts to collect reliable and consistent data on toxicity risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejin Lee
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jinlyung Choi
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Micah Fatka
- Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Swanner
- Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kaoru Ikuma
- Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Xuewei Liang
- Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tania Leung
- Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Adina Howe
- Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
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8
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Spoof L, Jaakkola S, Važić T, Häggqvist K, Kirkkala T, Ventelä AM, Kirkkala T, Svirčev Z, Meriluoto J. Elimination of cyanobacteria and microcystins in irrigation water-effects of hydrogen peroxide treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8638-8652. [PMID: 31907814 PMCID: PMC7048868 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms pose a risk to wild and domestic animals as well as humans due to the toxins they may produce. Humans may be subjected to cyanobacterial toxins through many routes, e.g., by consuming contaminated drinking water, fish, and crop plants or through recreational activities. In earlier studies, cyanobacterial cells have been shown to accumulate on leafy plants after spray irrigation with cyanobacteria-containing water, and microcystin (MC) has been detected in the plant root system after irrigation with MC-containing water. This paper reports a series of experiments where lysis of cyanobacteria in abstracted lake water was induced by the use of hydrogen peroxide and the fate of released MCs was followed. The hydrogen peroxide-treated water was then used for spray irrigation of cultivated spinach and possible toxin accumulation in the plants was monitored. The water abstracted from Lake Köyliönjärvi, SW Finland, contained fairly low concentrations of intracellular MC prior to the hydrogen peroxide treatment (0.04 μg L-1 in July to 2.4 μg L-1 in September 2014). Hydrogen peroxide at sufficient doses was able to lyse cyanobacteria efficiently but released MCs were still present even after the application of the highest hydrogen peroxide dose of 20 mg L-1. No traces of MC were detected in the spinach leaves. The viability of moving phytoplankton and zooplankton was also monitored after the application of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide at 10 mg L-1 or higher had a detrimental effect on the moving phytoplankton and zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Spoof
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sauli Jaakkola
- Pyhäjärvi Institute, Sepäntie 7, 27500, Kauttua, Finland
| | - Tamara Važić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Kerstin Häggqvist
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Kirkkala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Teija Kirkkala
- Pyhäjärvi Institute, Sepäntie 7, 27500, Kauttua, Finland
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
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9
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Wei J, Xie X, Huang F, Xiang L, Wang Y, Han T, Massey IY, Liang G, Pu Y, Yang F. Simultaneous Microcystis algicidal and microcystin synthesis inhibition by a red pigment prodigiosin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113444. [PMID: 31676094 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis blooms and their secondary metabolites microcystins (MCs) occurred all over the world, which have damaged aquatic ecosystems and threatened public health. Techniques to reduce the Microcystis blooms and MCs are urgently needed. This study aimed to investigate the algicidal and inhibitory mechanisms of a red pigment prodigiosin (PG) against the growth and MC-producing abilities of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). The numbers of Microcystis cells were counted under microscope. The expression of microcystin synthase B gene (mcyB) and concentrations of MCs were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods, respectively. The inhibitory effects of PG against M. aeruginosa strain FACHB 905 with 50% algicidal concentration (LC50) at 120 h was 0.12 μg/mL. When M. aeruginosa cells exposed to 0.08 μg/mL, 0.16 μg/mL, 0.32 μg/mL PG, the expression of mcyB of M. aeruginosa was down-regulated 4.36, 8.16 and 18.51 times lower than that of the control at 120 h. The concentrations of total MC (TMC) also were 1.66, 1.72 and 5.75 times lower than that of the control at 120 h. PG had high algicidal effects against M. aeruginosa, with the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) initially increased and then decreased after 72 h, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) increase, the expression of mcyB gene down-regulation, and MCs synthesis inhibition. This study was first to report the PG can simultaneously lyse Microcystis cells, down-regulate of mcyB expression and inhibit MCs production effectively probably due to oxidative stress, which indicated PG poses a great potential for regulating Microcystis blooms and MCs pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Xian Xie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Feiyu Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Tongrui Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Isaac Yaw Massey
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210007, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210007, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210007, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China.
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10
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Akter S, Kustila T, Leivo J, Muralitharan G, Vehniäinen M, Lamminmäki U. Noncompetitive Chromogenic Lateral-Flow Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Microcystins and Nodularin. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E79. [PMID: 31216673 PMCID: PMC6627203 DOI: 10.3390/bios9020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms cause local and global health issues by contaminating surface waters. Microcystins and nodularins are cyclic cyanobacterial peptide toxins comprising numerous natural variants. Most of them are potent hepatotoxins, tumor promoters, and at least microcystin-LR is possibly carcinogenic. In drinking water, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the provisional guideline value of 1 µg/L for microcystin-LR. For water used for recreational activity, the guidance values for microcystin concentration varies mostly between 4-25 µg/L in different countries. Current immunoassays or lateral flow strips for microcystin/nodularin are based on indirect competitive method, which are generally more prone to sample interference and sometimes hard to interpret compared to two-site immunoassays. Simple, sensitive, and easy to interpret user-friendly methods for first line screening of microcystin/nodularin near water sources are needed for assessment of water quality and safety. We describe the development of a two-site sandwich format lateral-flow assay for the rapid detection of microcystins and nodularin-R. A unique antibody fragment capable of broadly recognizing immunocomplexes consisting of a capture antibody bound to microcystins/nodularin-R was used to develop the simple lateral flow immunoassay. The assay can visually detect the major hepatotoxins (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, -LY, -LF -LW, and nodularin-R) at and below the concentration of 4 µg/L. The signal is directly proportional to the concentration of the respective toxin, and the use of alkaline phosphatase activity offers a cost efficient alternative by eliminating the need of toxin conjugates or other labeling system. The easy to interpret assay has the potential to serve as a microcystins/nodularin screening tool for those involved in water quality monitoring such as municipal authorities, researchers, as well as general public concerned of bathing water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Akter
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Teemu Kustila
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Janne Leivo
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Gangatharan Muralitharan
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Palkalaiperur, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Markus Vehniäinen
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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11
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Wejnerowski Ł, Rzymski P, Kokociński M, Meriluoto J. The structure and toxicity of winter cyanobacterial bloom in a eutrophic lake of the temperate zone. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:752-760. [PMID: 29934736 PMCID: PMC6061131 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Winter cyanobacterial blooms have become increasingly common in eutrophic lakes advocating a need for their monitoring and risk assessment. The present study evaluated the toxicity of a winter cyanobacterial bloom in a eutrophicated freshwater lake located in Western Poland. The bloom was dominated by potentially toxic species: Planktothrix agardhii, Limnothrix redekei, and Aphanizomenon gracile. The toxin analysis revealed the presence of demethylated forms of microcystin-RR and microcystin-LR in ranges of 24.6-28.7 and 6.6-7.6 µg/L, respectively. The toxicity of sampled water was further evaluated in platelet-rich plasma isolated from healthy human subjects using lipid peroxidation and lactate dehydrogenase assays. No significant adverse effects were observed. The present study demonstrates that toxicity of some winter cyanobacterial blooms in the temperate zone, like that in Lubosińskie Lake, may not exhibit significant health risks despite microcystin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wejnerowski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Kokociński
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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12
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Dziga D, Maksylewicz A, Maroszek M, Budzyńska A, Napiorkowska-Krzebietke A, Toporowska M, Grabowska M, Kozak A, Rosińska J, Meriluoto J. The biodegradation of microcystins in temperate freshwater bodies with previous cyanobacterial history. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:420-430. [PMID: 28772230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins occur in freshwater lakes and reservoirs all over the world. Bacterial degradation of microcystins (MC), hepatotoxins produced by several cyanobacterial species, has also been broadly documented. However, information regarding MC biodegradation in European water bodies is very limited. In this paper, the occurrence and identification of MC biodegradation products was documented for 21 European lakes and reservoirs, many of which have well-documented cyanobacterial bloom histories. Varying cyanobacterial abundance and taxonomical composition were documented and MC producers were found in all the analysed samples. Planktothrix agardhii was the most common cyanobacterial species and it formed mass occurrences in four lakes. MC biodegradation was observed in 86% of the samples (18 out of 21), and four products of dmMC-LR decomposition were detected by HPLC and LC-MS methods. The two main products were cyclic dmMC-LR with modifications in the Arg-Asp-Leu region; additionally one product was recognized as the tetrapeptide Adda-Glu-Mdha-Ala. The composition of the detected products suggested a new biochemical pathway of MC degradation. The results confirmed the hypothesis that microcystin biodegradation is a common phenomenon in central European waters and that it may occur by a mechanism which is different from the one previously reported. Such a finding implies the necessity to develop a more accurate methodology for screening bacteria with MC biodegradation ability. Furthermore, it warrants new basic and applied studies on the characterization and utilization of new MC-degrading strains and biodegradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Dziga
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Maksylewicz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maroszek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Budzyńska
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61614 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Toporowska
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20262 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Grabowska
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Kozak
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Rosińska
- Department of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
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13
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Zhang H, Yang S, Beier RC, Beloglazova NV, Lei H, Sun X, Ke Y, Zhang S, Wang Z. Simple, high efficiency detection of microcystins and nodularin-R in water by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 992:119-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Martínez de la Escalera G, Kruk C, Segura AM, Nogueira L, Alcántara I, Piccini C. Dynamics of toxic genotypes of Microcystis aeruginosa complex (MAC) through a wide freshwater to marine environmental gradient. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 62:73-83. [PMID: 28118894 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bloom-forming species belonging to Microcystis aeruginosa complex (MAC) are the most commonly reported worldwide. MAC blooms are composed by toxic and non-toxic genotypes and the environmental conditions favouring the dominance of toxic genotypes are still a matter of debate among the scientific community. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of toxic MAC genotypes along a seasonal cycle and over an environmental gradient spanning 800km, from a eutrophic freshwater reservoir in Río Uruguay to marine water in the outer limit of Río de la Plata. Abundance of four mcy genes, mcyB, mcyD, mcyE and mcyJ was determined by qPCR and used as a proxy of abundance of toxic MAC genotypes. All the mcy genes were detected through the seasonal cycle at all sampling sites, being systematically higher in the freshwater reservoir and decreasing towards the marine site. The highest toxic genotype abundance was found during the austral summer months. According to generalized linear regressions and random forest models, temperature and conductivity were the most relevant explanatory variables. This suggests that although toxic MAC genotypes grow optimally in freshwater, they are also able to tolerate the high-salinity and low temperature conditions found in estuarine and marine waters. This ability to resist harsh conditions impose a health risk and a management challenge. To our knowledge, this is the first report addressing several mcy genes in a broad gradient that includes a wide array of different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Kruk
- Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Acuáticos, CURE, Rocha, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Sección Limnología, IECA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Angel M Segura
- Polo de Desarrollo Universitario, Modelización y Análisis de Recursos Naturales, CURE, Rocha, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Nogueira
- Sección Limnología, IECA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Alcántara
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay; Sección Limnología, IECA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Piccini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay.
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15
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Scherer PI, Raeder U, Geist J, Zwirglmaier K. Influence of temperature, mixing, and addition of microcystin-LR on microcystin gene expression in Microcystis aeruginosa. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6:e00393. [PMID: 27411372 PMCID: PMC5300888 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, such as the toxin producer Microcystis aeruginosa, are predicted to be favored by global warming both directly, through elevated water temperatures, and indirectly, through factors such as prolonged stratification of waterbodies. M. aeruginosa is able to produce the hepatotoxin microcystin, which causes great concern in freshwater management worldwide. However, little is known about the expression of microcystin synthesis genes in response to climate change-related factors. In this study, a new RT-qPCR assay employing four reference genes (GAPDH, gltA, rpoC1, and rpoD) was developed to assess the expression of two target genes (the microcystin synthesis genes mcyB and mcyD). This assay was used to investigate changes in mcyB and mcyD expression in response to selected environmental factors associated with global warming. A 10°C rise in temperature significantly increased mcyB expression, but not mcyD expression. Neither mixing nor the addition of microcystin-LR (10 μg L-1 or 60 μg L-1 ) significantly altered mcyB and mcyD expression. The expression levels of mcyB and mcyD were correlated but not identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia I. Scherer
- Aquatic Systems Biology UnitLimnological Research Station IffeldorfDepartment of Ecology and Ecosystem ManagementTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Uta Raeder
- Aquatic Systems Biology UnitLimnological Research Station IffeldorfDepartment of Ecology and Ecosystem ManagementTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Juergen Geist
- Aquatic Systems Biology UnitLimnological Research Station IffeldorfDepartment of Ecology and Ecosystem ManagementTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Katrin Zwirglmaier
- Aquatic Systems Biology UnitLimnological Research Station IffeldorfDepartment of Ecology and Ecosystem ManagementTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- Present address: Bundeswehr Institute of MicrobiologyMunichGermany
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16
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Akter S, Vehniäinen M, Spoof L, Nybom S, Meriluoto J, Lamminmäki U. Broad-Spectrum Noncompetitive Immunocomplex Immunoassay for Cyanobacterial Peptide Hepatotoxins (Microcystins and Nodularins). Anal Chem 2016; 88:10080-10087. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Akter
- Molecular
Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Vehniäinen
- Molecular
Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Lisa Spoof
- Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sonja Nybom
- Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Molecular
Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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17
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Svirčev Z, Obradović V, Codd GA, Marjanović P, Spoof L, Drobac D, Tokodi N, Petković A, Nenin T, Simeunović J, Važić T, Meriluoto J. Massive fish mortality and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii bloom in Aleksandrovac Lake. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1353-1363. [PMID: 27352231 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a massive fish mortality during a Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii bloom in Aleksandrovac Lake, Serbia in mid-December 2012. According to a preliminary investigation of the samples taken on November 6 before the fish mortalities and to extended analyses of samples taken on November 15, no values of significant physicochemical parameters emerged to explain the cause(s) of the fish mortality. No industrial pollutants were apparent at this location, and results excluded the likelihood of bacterial infections. Even after freezing, the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water was sufficient for fish survival. High concentrations of chlorophyll a and phaeophytin occurred in the lake, and phytoplankton bloom samples were lethal in Artemia salina bioassays. A bloom of the cyanobacterium C. raciborskii was recorded during November. Although the A. salina bioassays indicated the presence of toxic compounds in the cyanobacterial cells, the cyanotoxins, microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesna Obradović
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Prvoslav Marjanović
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Lisa Spoof
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Damjana Drobac
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Nada Tokodi
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Anđelka Petković
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Tanja Nenin
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Jelica Simeunović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Tamara Važić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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18
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Joung SH, Oh HM, You KA. Dynamic variation of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis proportion in the eutrophic Daechung Reservoir in Korea. J Microbiol 2016; 54:543-50. [PMID: 27480634 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-6141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the environmental factors affecting the level of potentially toxic Microcystis. The long-term tendencies of temperature, precipitation, and water quality factors were analyzed to determine the environmental characteristics of the Daechung Reservoir in Korea, and water samples were directly collected to analyze the dynamics of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis at weekly intervals from May to October 2012. Microcystis was the dominant genus during the study period, and it was composed of potentially toxic and non-toxic Microcystis. The fraction of potentially toxic Microcystis ranged from 6.0% to 61.1%. The amount of toxic Microcystis was highly related to the intracellular microcystin concentration (r = 0.760, P < 0.01). Therefore, the fraction of potentially toxic Microcystis is an important concern in Microcystis blooming because the intracellular microcystin concentration may reflect microcystin levels in the water. The prevalence of potentially toxic Microcystis was highly related to water temperature in Daechung Reservoir (r = 0.585, P < 0.01). Thus, temperature increase during Microcystis blooming may lead to more frequent toxic Microcystis blooms in eutrophic water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Joung
- Dongjin Engineering Co., LTD., Daegu, 740978, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Mock Oh
- Biochemical and Bioenergy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A You
- Water Environment Research Department, National Institute of Environment Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
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19
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Pacheco ABF, Guedes IA, Azevedo SMFO. Is qPCR a Reliable Indicator of Cyanotoxin Risk in Freshwater? Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8060172. [PMID: 27338471 PMCID: PMC4926139 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The wide distribution of cyanobacteria in aquatic environments leads to the risk of water contamination by cyanotoxins, which generate environmental and public health issues. Measurements of cell densities or pigment contents allow both the early detection of cellular growth and bloom monitoring, but these methods are not sufficiently accurate to predict actual cyanobacterial risk. To quantify cyanotoxins, analytical methods are considered the gold standards, but they are laborious, expensive, time-consuming and available in a limited number of laboratories. In cyanobacterial species with toxic potential, cyanotoxin production is restricted to some strains, and blooms can contain varying proportions of both toxic and non-toxic cells, which are morphologically indistinguishable. The sequencing of cyanobacterial genomes led to the description of gene clusters responsible for cyanotoxin production, which paved the way for the use of these genes as targets for PCR and then quantitative PCR (qPCR). Thus, the quantification of cyanotoxin genes appeared as a new method for estimating the potential toxicity of blooms. This raises a question concerning whether qPCR-based methods would be a reliable indicator of toxin concentration in the environment. Here, we review studies that report the parallel detection of microcystin genes and microcystin concentrations in natural populations and also a smaller number of studies dedicated to cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin. We discuss the possible issues associated with the contradictory findings reported to date, present methodological limitations and consider the use of qPCR as an indicator of cyanotoxin risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz F Pacheco
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-902, Brazil.
| | - Iame A Guedes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-902, Brazil.
| | - Sandra M F O Azevedo
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-902, Brazil.
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Kurmayer R, Deng L, Entfellner E. Role of toxic and bioactive secondary metabolites in colonization and bloom formation by filamentous cyanobacteria Planktothrix. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:69-86. [PMID: 27307781 PMCID: PMC4892429 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bloom-forming cyanobacteria Planktothrix agardhii and P. rubescens are regularly involved in the occurrence of cyanotoxin in lakes and reservoirs. Besides microcystins (MCs), which inhibit eukaryotic protein phosphatase 1 and 2A, several families of bioactive peptides are produced, thereby resulting in impressive secondary metabolite structural diversity. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the phylogeny, morphology, and ecophysiological adaptations of Planktothrix as well as the toxins and bioactive peptides produced. The relatively well studied ecophysiological adaptations (buoyancy, shade tolerance, nutrient storage capacity) can partly explain the invasiveness of this group of cyanobacteria that bloom within short periods (weeks to months). The more recent elucidation of the genetic basis of toxin and bioactive peptide synthesis paved the way for investigating its regulation both in the laboratory using cell cultures as well as under field conditions. The high frequency of several toxin and bioactive peptide synthesis genes observed within P. agardhii and P. rubescens, but not for other Planktothrix species (e.g. P. pseudagardhii), suggests a potential functional linkage between bioactive peptide production and the colonization potential and possible dominance in habitats. It is hypothesized that, through toxin and bioactive peptide production, Planktothrix act as a niche constructor at the ecosystem scale, possibly resulting in an even higher ability to monopolize resources, positive feedback loops, and resilience under stable environmental conditions. Thus, refocusing harmful algal bloom management by integrating ecological and phylogenetic factors acting on toxin and bioactive peptide synthesis gene distribution and concentrations could increase the predictability of the risks originating from Planktothrix blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kurmayer
- University of Innsbruck, Research Institute for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria.
| | - Li Deng
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Entfellner
- University of Innsbruck, Research Institute for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
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Campo E, Lezcano MÁ, Agha R, Cirés S, Quesada A, El-Shehawy R. First TaqMan Assay to Identify and Quantify the Cylindrospermopsin-Producing Cyanobacterium <i>Aphanizomenon ovalisporum</i> in Water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2013.35058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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