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Pozo-Martínez J, Arán VJ, Zúñiga-Bustos M, Parra-Magna S, Rocha-Valderrama E, Liempi A, Castillo C, Olea-Azar C, Moncada-Basualto M. In Vitro Evaluation of New 5-Nitroindazolin-3-one Derivatives as Promising Agents against Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:11107. [PMID: 39456891 PMCID: PMC11508334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252011107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Revised: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a prevalent health problem in Latin America which has received insufficient attention worldwide. Current treatments for this disease, benznidazole and nifurtimox, have limited efficacy and may cause side effects. A recent study proposed investigating a wide range of nitroindazole and indazolone derivatives as feasible treatments. Therefore, it is proposed that adding a nitro group at the 5-position of the indazole and indazolone structure could enhance trypanocidal activity by inducing oxidative stress through activation of the nitro group by NTRs (nitroreductases). The study results indicate that the nitro group advances free radical production, as confirmed by several analyses. Compound 5a (5-nitro-2-picolyl-indazolin-3-one) shows the most favorable trypanocidal activity (1.1 ± 0.3 µM in epimastigotes and 5.4 ± 1.0 µM in trypomastigotes), with a selectivity index superior to nifurtimox. Analysis of the mechanism of action indicated that the nitro group at the 5-position of the indazole ring induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes apoptosis in the parasites. Computational docking studies reveal how the compounds interact with critical residues of the NTR and FMNH2 (flavin mononucleotide reduced) in the binding site, which is also present in active ligands. The lipophilicity of the studied series was shown to influence their activity, and the nitro group was found to play a crucial role in generating free radicals. Further investigations are needed of derivatives with comparable lipophilic characteristics and the location of the nitro group in different positions of the base structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Pozo-Martínez
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Clinical, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Laboratorio de Química-Médica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del Azuay, Av. 24 de Mayo 777, Cuenca 010204, Ecuador
| | - Vicente J. Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Matías Zúñiga-Bustos
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile; (M.Z.-B.)
| | - Sebastián Parra-Magna
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile; (M.Z.-B.)
- Free Radical and Antioxidants Laboratory, Inorganic and Analytical Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Esteban Rocha-Valderrama
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile; (M.Z.-B.)
- Free Radical and Antioxidants Laboratory, Inorganic and Analytical Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Ana Liempi
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile (C.C.)
| | - Christian Castillo
- Programa de Biología Integrativa, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile (C.C.)
| | - Claudio Olea-Azar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Clinical, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Mauricio Moncada-Basualto
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile; (M.Z.-B.)
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2
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Mollineda-Diogo N, Sifontes-Rodríguez S, Aguirre-García MM, Escalona-Montaño AR, Espinosa-Buitrago T, Mondragón-Flores R, Mondragón-Castelán ME, Meneses-Marcel A, Pérez-Olvera O, Sánchez-Almaraz DA, Perez-Castillo Y, Arán-Redó V. 3-Alkoxy-1-Benzyl-5-Nitroindazole Derivatives Are Potent Antileishmanial Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10582. [PMID: 39408911 PMCID: PMC11477194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251910582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Indazoles have previously been identified as molecules with antiprotozoal activity. In this study, we evaluate the in vitro activity of thirteen 3-alkoxy-1-benzyl-5-nitroindazole derivatives (series D) against L. amazonensis, L. infantum, and L. mexicana. In vitro, cytotoxicity against mouse peritoneal macrophages and growth inhibitory activity in promastigotes were evaluated for all compounds, and those showing adequate activity and selectivity were tested against intracellular amastigotes. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were employed to study the effects of 3-alkoxy-1-benzyl-5-nitroindazole and 2-benzyl-5-nitroindazolin-3-one derivatives on promastigotes of L. amazonensis. Compounds NV6 and NV8 were active in the two life stages of the three species, with the latter showing the best indicators of activity and selectivity. 3-alkoxy-1-benzyl-5-nitroindazole derivatives (series D) showed in vitro activity comparable to that of amphotericin B against the promastigote stage of Leishmania spp. Two compounds were also found to be active the amastigote stage. Electron microscopy studies confirmed the antileishmanial activity of the indazole derivatives studied and support future research on this family of compounds as antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niurka Mollineda-Diogo
- Centro de Bioactivos Químicos, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Villa Clara 250512, Cuba;
| | - Sergio Sifontes-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México—Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - María Magdalena Aguirre-García
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México—Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (M.M.A.-G.); (A.R.E.-M.); (O.P.-O.); (D.A.S.-A.)
| | - Alma Reyna Escalona-Montaño
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México—Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (M.M.A.-G.); (A.R.E.-M.); (O.P.-O.); (D.A.S.-A.)
| | - Teresa Espinosa-Buitrago
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ricardo Mondragón-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (R.M.-F.); (M.E.M.-C.)
| | - Mónica Edith Mondragón-Castelán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (R.M.-F.); (M.E.M.-C.)
| | - Alfredo Meneses-Marcel
- Centro de Bioactivos Químicos, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Villa Clara 250512, Cuba;
| | - Ofelia Pérez-Olvera
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México—Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (M.M.A.-G.); (A.R.E.-M.); (O.P.-O.); (D.A.S.-A.)
| | - Daniel Andrés Sánchez-Almaraz
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México—Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (M.M.A.-G.); (A.R.E.-M.); (O.P.-O.); (D.A.S.-A.)
| | - Yunierkis Perez-Castillo
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática and Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170125, Ecuador
| | - Vicente Arán-Redó
- Instituto de Química Médica del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas de España, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
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3
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Nué-Martinez JJ, Cisneros D, Moreno-Blázquez MD, Fonseca-Berzal C, Manzano JI, Kraeutler D, Ungogo MA, Aloraini MA, Elati HAA, Ibáñez-Escribano A, Lagartera L, Herraiz T, Gamarro F, de Koning HP, Gómez-Barrio A, Dardonville C. Synthesis and Biophysical and Biological Studies of N-Phenylbenzamide Derivatives Targeting Kinetoplastid Parasites. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13452-13480. [PMID: 37729094 PMCID: PMC10578353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The AT-rich mitochondrial DNA (kDNA) of trypanosomatid parasites is a target of DNA minor groove binders. We report the synthesis, antiprotozoal screening, and SAR studies of three series of analogues of the known antiprotozoal kDNA binder 2-((4-(4-((4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl)amino)benzamido)phenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium (1a). Bis(2-aminoimidazolines) (1) and bis(2-aminobenzimidazoles) (2) showed micromolar range activity against Trypanosoma brucei, whereas bisarylimidamides (3) were submicromolar inhibitors of T. brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania donovani. None of the compounds showed relevant activity against the urogenital, nonkinetoplastid parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. We show that series 1 and 3 bind strongly and selectively to the minor groove of AT DNA, whereas series 2 also binds by intercalation. The measured pKa indicated different ionization states at pH 7.4, which correlated with the DNA binding affinities (ΔTm) for series 2 and 3. Compound 3a, which was active and selective against the three parasites and displayed adequate metabolic stability, is a fine candidate for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Jonathan Nué-Martinez
- Instituto
de Química Médica, IQM−CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
- PhD
Programme in Medicinal Chemistry, Doctoral School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Cisneros
- Instituto
de Química Médica, IQM−CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
- PhD
Programme in Medicinal Chemistry, Doctoral School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Fonseca-Berzal
- Departamento
de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Manzano
- Instituto
de Parasitología y Biomedicina “Löpez Neyra”,
IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnolögico
de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Damien Kraeutler
- Instituto
de Química Médica, IQM−CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marzuq A. Ungogo
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Maha A. Aloraini
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Hamza A. A. Elati
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano
- Departamento
de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lagartera
- Instituto
de Química Médica, IQM−CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición, ICTAN−CSIC, José Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad
Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto
de Parasitología y Biomedicina “Löpez Neyra”,
IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnolögico
de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Departamento
de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Mollineda-Diogo N, Chaviano-Montes de Oca CS, Sifontes-Rodríguez S, Espinosa-Buitrago T, Monzote-Fidalgo L, Meneses-Marcel A, Morales-Helguera A, Perez-Castillo Y, Arán-Redó V. Antileishmanial activity of 5-nitroindazole derivatives. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2023; 10:20499361231208294. [PMID: 37915499 PMCID: PMC10617274 DOI: 10.1177/20499361231208294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, there is no safe and effective vaccine against leishmaniasis and existing therapies are inadequate due to high toxicity, cost and decreased efficacy caused by the emergence of resistant parasite strains. Some indazole derivatives have shown in vitro and in vivo activity against Trichomonas vaginalis and Trypanosoma cruzi. On that basis, 20 indazole derivatives were tested in vitro against Leishmania amazonensis. Objective To evaluate the in vitro activity of twenty 2-benzyl-5-nitroindazolin-3-one derivatives against L. amazonensis. Design For the selection of promising compounds, it is necessary to evaluate the indicators for in vitro activity. For this aim, a battery of studies for antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity were implemented. These results enabled the determination of the substituents in the indazole derivatives responsible for activity and selectivity, through the analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Methods In vitro cytotoxicity against mouse peritoneal macrophages and growth inhibitory activity in promastigotes were evaluated for 20 compounds. Compounds that showed adequate selectivity were tested against intracellular amastigotes. The SAR from the results in promastigotes was represented using the SARANEA software. Results Eight compounds showed selectivity index >10% and 50% inhibitory concentration <1 µM against the promastigote stage. Against intracellular amastigotes, four were as active as Amphotericin B. The best results were obtained for 2-(benzyl-2,3-dihydro-5-nitro-3-oxoindazol-1-yl) ethyl acetate, with 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.46 ± 0.01 µM against amastigotes and a selectivity index of 875. The SAR study showed the positive effect on the selectivity of the hydrophilic fragments substituted in position 1 of 2-benzyl-5- nitroindazolin-3-one, which played a key role in improving the selectivity profile of this series of compounds. Conclusion 2-bencyl-5-nitroindazolin-3-one derivatives showed selective and potent in vitro activity, supporting further investigations on this family of compounds as potential antileishmanial hits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niurka Mollineda-Diogo
- Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Centro de Bioactivos Químicos, Carretera a Camajuaní Km. 5 ½, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | | | - Sergio Sifontes-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Teresa Espinosa-Buitrago
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - Lianet Monzote-Fidalgo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí” (IPK), Departamento de Parasitología, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Alfredo Meneses-Marcel
- Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Centro de Bioactivos Químicos, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Aliuska Morales-Helguera
- Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Centro de Bioactivos Químicos, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Yunierkis Perez-Castillo
- Grupo de Bio-Quimioinformática and Área de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, CP 170125, Ecuador
| | - Vicente Arán-Redó
- Instituto de Química Médica del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas de España, Madrid, España
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Mohamed Abdelahi MM, El Bakri Y, Lai CH, Subramani K, Anouar EH, Ahmad S, Benchidmi M, Mague JT, Popović-Djordjević J, Goumri-Said S. Novel 3-chloro-6-nitro-1 H-indazole derivatives as promising antileishmanial candidates: synthesis, biological activity, and molecular modelling studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:151-167. [PMID: 34894940 PMCID: PMC8667887 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1995380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient pathway was disclosed for the synthesis of 3-chloro-6-nitro-1H-indazole derivatives by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition on dipolarophile compounds 2 and 3. Faced the problem of separation of two regioisomers, a click chemistry method has allowed us to obtain regioisomers of triazole-1,4 with good yields from 82 to 90% were employed. Also, the antileishmanial biological potency of the compounds was achieved using an MTT assay that reported compound 13 as a promising growth inhibitor of Leishmania major. Molecular docking demonstrated highly stable binding with the Leishmania trypanothione reductase enzyme and produced a network of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed for TryR-13 complex to understand its structural and intermolecular affinity stability in a biological environment. The studied complex remained in good equilibrium with a structure deviation of ∼1-3 Å. MM/GBSA binding free energies illustrated the high stability of TryR-13 complex. The studied compounds are promising leads for structural optimisation to enhance the antileishmanial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mokhtar Mohamed Abdelahi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Hétérocyclique, Centre de Recherche des Sciences des Médicaments, Pôle de Compétences Pharmacochimie, URAC 21, Faculté des Sciences, Mohammed V University Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youness El Bakri
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Hétérocyclique, Centre de Recherche des Sciences des Médicaments, Pôle de Compétences Pharmacochimie, URAC 21, Faculté des Sciences, Mohammed V University Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Chin-Hung Lai
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - El Hassane Anouar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Benchidmi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Hétérocyclique, Centre de Recherche des Sciences des Médicaments, Pôle de Compétences Pharmacochimie, URAC 21, Faculté des Sciences, Mohammed V University Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jelena Popović-Djordjević
- Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Souraya Goumri-Said
- College of Science, Physics Department, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Nitro compounds against trypanosomatidae parasites: Heroes or villains? Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128930. [PMID: 36030001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease and Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei rhodesiense or T. b. gambiense parasites, respectively; while Leishmania is caused by parasites from the Leishmania genus. In recent years, many efforts have been addressed to develop inhibitors against these parasites, especially nitro-containing derivatives, which can interfere with essential enzymes from the protozoa. In this review, all anti-trypanosomatidae nitrocompounds reported so far are shown herein, highlighting their activities and SAR analyses, providing all the benefits and problems associated with this ambiguous chemical group. Finally, this review paper will be useful for many research teams around the world, which are searching for novel trypanocidal and leishmanicidal agents.
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7
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Martín-Escolano R, Pérez-Cordón G, Arán VJ, Marín C, Sánchez-Moreno M, Rosales MJ. 5-Nitroindazole derivatives as potential therapeutic alternatives against Acanthamoeba castellanii. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106538. [PMID: 35618027 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amoebas of the genus Acanthamoeba are distributed worldwide, including species with a high pathogenic capacity for humans. In a similar way to what occurs with other parasitic protozoa, the available treatments show variable effectiveness in addition to high toxicity, which demands the development of new treatments. Positive results of 5-nitroindazole derivatives against several protozoa parasites suggest that these compounds may be a promising tool for the development of efficient antiparasitic drugs. In the present work we have evaluated the in vitro activity of ten 5-nitroindazole derivatives against Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and cysts. To that end, AlamarBlue Assay Reagent® was used to determine the activity against trophozoites compared to the reference drug chlorhexidine digluconate. Cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated using Vero cells. The activity on cysts was evaluated by light microscopy and using a Neubauer chamber to quantifying cysts and presence of trophozoites, as an indication of cyst. Our results showed the effectiveness of the 5-nitroindazole derivatives tested against both trophozoites and cysts of A. castellani highlighting 5-nitroindazole derivative 8 which showed a 80% activity on cysts, which is higher than that of the reference drug. Moreover, 5-nitroindazole derivatives 8, 9 and 10 were more effective on trophozoites than the reference drug showing IC50 values lower than 5 µM. Taking together these results, these 5-nitroindazole derivatives specially compound 8, might be a promising alternative for the development of more efficient treatments against A. castellani infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular & Evolutionary Parasitology, RAPID group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT27NJ, UK.
| | - Gregorio Pérez-Cordón
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - María José Rosales
- Department of Parasitology, University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
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8
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5-Nitroindazole-based compounds: further studies for activity optimization as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106607. [PMID: 35907502 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new series of eleven 5-nitroindazole derivatives (10-20) and a related 6-nitroquinazoline (21) was synthesized and tested in vitro against different forms of the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas disease. Among these compounds, derivatives 11-14 and 17 showed trypanocidal profiles on epimastigotes (IC50 = 1.00-8.75 µM) considerably better than that of the reference drug benznidazole, BZ (IC50 = 25.22 µM). Furthermore, the lack of cytotoxicity observed for compounds 11, 12, 14, 17 and 18 over L929 fibroblasts, led to a notable selectivity (SI) on the extracellular replicative form of the parasite: SIEPI > 12.41 to > 256 µM. Since these five derivatives overpassed the cut-off value established by BZ (SIEPI ≥ 10), they were moved to a more specific assay against the intracellular and replicative form of T. cruzi, i.e, amastigotes. These molecules were not as active as BZ (IC50 = 0.57 µM) against this parasite form; however, all of them showed remarkable IC50 values lower than 7 µM. Special mention deserve compounds 12 and 17, whose SIAMA were > 246.15 and > 188.23, respectively. The results compiled in the present work, point to a positive impact over the trypanocidal activity of the electron withdrawing substituents introduced at position 2 of the N-2 benzyl moiety of these compounds, especially fluorine, i.e., derivatives 12 and 17. These outcomes, supported by the in silico prediction of good oral bioavailability and suitable risk profile, reinforce the 5-nitroindazole scaffold as an adequate template for preparing potential antichagasic agents.
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Patel G, Maurya RK, Tyagi S, Kant R, Yadav PP. PIDA‐Mediated Intramolecular N‐N Bond Formation to Access 2‐Aminoindazoles and 2,2′‐Biindazoles**. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Girija Patel
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Rahul K. Maurya
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Shaifali Tyagi
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular and Structural Biology CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
| | - Prem P. Yadav
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow 226031 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India
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10
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Ibáñez-Escribano A, Fonseca-Berzal C, Martínez-Montiel M, Álvarez-Márquez M, Gómez-Núñez M, Lacueva-Arnedo M, Espinosa-Buitrago T, Martín-Pérez T, Escario JA, Merino-Montiel P, Montiel-Smith S, Gómez-Barrio A, López Ó, Fernández-Bolaños JG. Thio- and selenosemicarbazones as antiprotozoal agents against Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:781-791. [PMID: 35193444 PMCID: PMC8881069 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2041629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the preparation of a panel of Schiff bases analogues as antiprotozoal agents by modification of the stereoelectronic effects of the substituents on N-1 and N-4 and the nature of the chalcogen atom (S, Se). These compounds were evaluated towards Trypanosoma cruzi and Trichomonas vaginalis. Thiosemicarbazide 31 showed the best trypanocidal profile (epimastigotes), similar to benznidazole (BZ): IC50 (31)=28.72 μM (CL-B5 strain) and 33.65 μM (Y strain), IC50 (BZ)=25.31 μM (CL-B5) and 22.73 μM (Y); it lacked toxicity over mammalian cells (CC50 > 256 µM). Thiosemicarbazones 49, 51 and 63 showed remarkable trichomonacidal effects (IC50 =16.39, 14.84 and 14.89 µM) and no unspecific cytotoxicity towards Vero cells (CC50 ≥ 275 µM). Selenoisosters 74 and 75 presented a slightly enhanced activity (IC50=11.10 and 11.02 µM, respectively). Hydrogenosome membrane potential and structural changes were analysed to get more insight into the trichomonacidal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Fonseca-Berzal
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Manuel Álvarez-Márquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Núñez
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Lacueva-Arnedo
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Espinosa-Buitrago
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Martín-Pérez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Antonio Escario
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Penélope Merino-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Sara Montiel-Smith
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Unidad de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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11
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Scarim CB, Pavan FR. Recent advancement in drug development of nitro(NO 2 )-heterocyclic compounds as lead scaffolds for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:842-858. [PMID: 35106801 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). It was responsible for approximately 1.4 million deaths worldwide in 2019. The lack of new drugs to treat drug-resistant strains is a principal factor for the slow rise in TB infections. Our aim is to aid the development of new TB treatments by describing improvements (last decade, 2011-2021) to nitro(NO2 )-based compounds that have shown activity or pharmacological properties (e.g., anti-proliferative, anti-kinetoplastid) against Mtb. For all compounds, we have included final correlations of minimum inhibitory concentrations against Mtb (H37 Rv).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC), Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Moreira FF, Portes JDA, Barros Azeredo NF, Fernandes C, Horn A, Santiago CP, Segat BB, Caramori GF, Madureira LMP, Candela DRS, Marques MM, Lamounier Camargos Resende JA, de Souza W, DaMatta RA, Seabra SH. Development of new dinuclear Fe(III) coordination compounds with in vitro nanomolar antitrypanosomal activity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12242-12264. [PMID: 34519725 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01048d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease is a major public health problem affecting about 6 to 7 million people worldwide, mostly in Latin America. The available therapy for this disease is based on two drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole, which exhibit severe side effects, including resistance, severe cytotoxicity, variable efficacy and inefficiency in the chronic phase. Therefore, new drugs are urgently needed. Coordination compounds may be an interesting alternative for antiparasite therapy against Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii and T. cruzi. Herein, we tested the in vitro effect on T. cruzi epimastigotes (Y strain) of two new μ-oxo Fe(III) dinuclear complexes: [(HL1)(Cl)Fe(μ-O)Fe(Cl)(HL2)](Cl)2·(CH3CH2OH)2·H2O (1) and [(HL2)(Cl)Fe(μ-O)Fe(Cl)(HL2)](Cl)2·H2O (2) where HL1 and HL2 are ligands which contain two pyridines, amine and alcohol moieties with a naphthyl pendant unit yielding a N3O coordination environment. Complexes (1) and (2), which are isomers, were completely characterized, including X-ray diffraction studies for complex (1). Parasites were treated with the complexes and the outcome was analyzed. Complex (1) exhibited the lowest IC50 values, which were 99 ± 3, 97 ± 2 and 110 ± 39 nM, after 48, 72 and 120 h of treatment, respectively. Complex (2) showed IC50 values of 118 ± 5, 122 ± 6 and 104 ± 29 nM for the same treatment times. Low cytotoxicity to the host cell LLC-MK2 was found for both complexes, resulting in impressive selectivity indexes of 106 for complex (1) and 178 for (2), after 120 h of treatment. Treatment with both complexes reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential of the parasite. Ultrastructural analysis of the parasite after treatment with complexes showed that the mitochondria outer membrane presented swelling and abnormal disposition around the kinetoplast; in addition, reservosomes presented anomalous spicules and rupture. The complexes showed low nanomolar IC50 values affecting mitochondria and reservosomes, essential organelles for the survival of the parasite. The low IC50 and the high selectivity index show that both complexes act as a new prototype of drugs against T. cruzi and may be used for further development in drug discovery to treat Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Figueirôa Moreira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Bioquímica e Microscopia, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste (UEZO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Araujo Portes
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathália Florência Barros Azeredo
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Christiane Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Adolfo Horn
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Pinheiro Santiago
- Laboratório de Ciências Químicas, Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Barriquel Segat
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Finoto Caramori
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato Augusto DaMatta
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio Henrique Seabra
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Bioquímica e Microscopia, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste (UEZO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
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13
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Ibáñez-Escribano A, Reviriego F, Vela N, Fonseca-Berzal C, Nogal-Ruiz JJ, Arán VJ, Escario JA, Gómez-Barrio A. Promising hit compounds against resistant trichomoniasis: Synthesis and antiparasitic activity of 3-(ω-aminoalkoxy)-1-benzyl-5-nitroindazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 37:127843. [PMID: 33556576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 11 3-(ω-aminoalkoxy)-1-benzyl-5-nitroindazoles (2-12) has been prepared starting from 1-benzyl-5-nitroindazol-3-ol 13, and evaluated against sensitive and resistant isolates of the sexually transmitted protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Compounds 2, 3, 6, 9, 10 and 11 showed trichomonacidal profiles with IC50 < 20 µM against the metronidazole-sensitive isolate. Moreover, all these compounds submitted to cytotoxicity assays against mammalian cells exhibited low non-specific cytotoxic effects, except compounds 3 and 9 which displayed moderate cytotoxicity (CC50 = 74.7 and 59.1 µM, respectively). Those compounds with trichomonacidal effect were also evaluated against a metronidazole-resistant culture. Special mention deserve compounds 6 and 10, which displayed better IC50 values (1.3 and 0.5 µM respectively) than that of the reference drug (IC50 MTZ = 3.0 µM). The high activity of these compounds against the resistant isolate reinforces the absence of cross-resistance with the reference drug. The remarkable trichomonacidal results against resistant T. vaginalis isolates suggest the interest of 3-(ω-aminoalkoxy)-1-benzyl-5-nitroindazoles to be considered as good prototypes to continue in the development of new drugs with enhanced trichomonacidal activity, aiming to increase the non-existent drugs to face clinical resistance efficiently for those patients in whom therapy with 5-nitroimidazoles is contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Felipe Reviriego
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Vela
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Fonseca-Berzal
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Nogal-Ruiz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Escario
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Zuma AA, de Souza W. Chagas Disease Chemotherapy: What Do We Know So Far? Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:3963-3995. [PMID: 33593251 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210216152654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD), and although endemic in Latin America, affects around 6-7 million people infected worldwide. The treatment of Chagas disease is based on benznidazole and nifurtimox, which are the only available drugs. However, they are not effective during the chronic phase and cause several side effects. Furthermore, BZ promotes cure in 80% of the patients in the acute phase, but the cure rate drops to 20% in adults in the chronic phase of the disease. In this review, we present several studies published in the last six years, which describes the antiparasitic potential of distinct drugs, from the synthesis of new compounds aiming to target the parasite, as well as the repositioning and the combination of drugs. We highlight several compounds for having shown results that are equivalent or superior to BZ, which means that they should be further studied, either in vitro or in vivo. Furthermore, we stand out the differences in the effects of BZ on the same strain of T. cruzi, which might be related to methodological differences such as parasite and cell ratios, host cell type and the time of adding the drug. In addition, we discuss the wide variety of strains and also the cell types used as a host cell, which makes it difficult to compare the trypanocidal effect of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Araujo Zuma
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21491-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21491-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Brazil
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15
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Activity profile of two 5-nitroindazole derivatives over the moderately drug-resistant Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain (DTU TcII): in vitro and in vivo studies. Parasitology 2020; 147:1216-1228. [PMID: 32530391 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we have identified several families of 5-nitroindazole derivatives as promising antichagasic prototypes. Among them, 1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-benzyl-5-nitro-1,2-dihydro-3H-indazol-3-one, (hydrochloride) and 1-(2-acetoxyethyl)-2-benzyl-5-nitro-1,2-dihydro-3H-indazol-3-one (compounds 16 and 24, respectively) have recently shown outstanding activity in vitro over the drug-sensitive Trypanosoma cruzi CL strain (DTU TcVI). Here, we explored the activity of these derivatives against the moderately drug-resistant Y strain (DTU TcII), in vitro and in vivo. The outcomes confirmed their activity over replicative forms, showing IC50 values of 0.49 (16) and 5.75 μm (24) towards epimastigotes, 0.41 (16) and 1.17 μm (24) against intracellular amastigotes. These results, supported by the lack of toxicity on cardiac cells, led to better selectivities than benznidazole (BZ). Otherwise, they were not as active as BZ in vitro against the non-replicative form of the parasite, i.e. bloodstream trypomastigotes. In vivo, acute toxicity assays revealed the absence of toxic events when administered to mice. Moreover, different therapeutic schemes pointed to their capability for decreasing the parasitaemia of T. cruzi Y acute infected mice, reaching up to 60% of reduction at the peak day as monotherapy (16), 79.24 and 91.11% when 16 and 24 were co-administered with BZ. These combined therapies had also a positive impact over the mortality, yielding survivals of 83.33 and 66.67%, respectively, while untreated animals reached a cumulative mortality of 100%. These findings confirm the 5-nitroindazole scaffold as a putative prototype for developing novel drugs potentially applicable to the treatment of Chagas disease and introduce their suitability to act in combination with the reference drug.
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16
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Santos SS, de Araújo RV, Giarolla J, Seoud OE, Ferreira EI. Searching for drugs for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis: a review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105906. [PMID: 31987883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis are neglected diseases (NDs) and are a considerable global challenge. Despite the huge number of people infected, NDs do not create interest from pharmaceutical companies because the associated revenue is generally low. Most of the research on these diseases has been conducted in academic institutions. The chemotherapeutic armamentarium for NDs is scarce and inefficient and better drugs are needed. Researchers have found some promising potential drug candidates using medicinal chemistry and computational approaches. Most of these compounds are synthetic but some are from natural sources or are semi-synthetic. Drug repurposing or repositioning has also been greatly stimulated for NDs. This review considers some potential drug candidates and provides details of their design, discovery and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Renan Vinicius de Araújo
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Omar El Seoud
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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17
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Eddahmi M, Moura NMM, Bouissane L, Faustino MAF, Cavaleiro JAS, Paz FAA, Mendes RF, Figueiredo J, Carvalho J, Cruz C, Neves MGPMS, Rakib EM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Functionalized Nitroindazolylacetonitrile Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Eddahmi
- Laboratory of Organic and Analytic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and TechnicsSultan Moulay Slimane University BP 523 2300 Beni-Mellal Morocco
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Nuno M. M. Moura
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Latifa Bouissane
- Laboratory of Organic and Analytic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and TechnicsSultan Moulay Slimane University BP 523 2300 Beni-Mellal Morocco
| | - Maria A. F. Faustino
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Filipe A. A. Paz
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Ricardo F. Mendes
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Joana Figueiredo
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade da Beira Interior Av. Infante D. Henrique 6200-506 Covilhã Portugal
| | - Josué Carvalho
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade da Beira Interior Av. Infante D. Henrique 6200-506 Covilhã Portugal
| | - Carla Cruz
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da SaúdeUniversidade da Beira Interior Av. Infante D. Henrique 6200-506 Covilhã Portugal
| | | | - El Mostapha Rakib
- Laboratory of Organic and Analytic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and TechnicsSultan Moulay Slimane University BP 523 2300 Beni-Mellal Morocco
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18
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Patterson S, Fairlamb AH. Current and Future Prospects of Nitro-compounds as Drugs for Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4454-4475. [PMID: 29701144 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180426164352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interest in nitroheterocyclic drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases has undergone a resurgence in recent years. Here we review the current status of monocyclic and bicyclic nitroheterocyclic compounds as existing or potential new treatments for visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas' disease and human African trypanosomiasis. Both monocyclic (nifurtimox, benznidazole and fexinidazole) and bicyclic (pretomanid (PA-824) and delamanid (OPC-67683)) nitro-compounds are prodrugs, requiring enzymatic activation to exert their parasite toxicity. Current understanding of the nitroreductases involved in activation and possible mechanisms by which parasites develop resistance is discussed along with a description of the pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic behaviour and chemical structure-activity relationships of drugs and experimental compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Patterson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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19
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Nitroheterocyclic derivatives: privileged scaffold for drug development against Chagas disease. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Martín-Montes Á, Aguilera-Venegas B, Mª Morales-Martín R, Martín-Escolano R, Zamora-Ledesma S, Marín C, Arán VJ, Sánchez-Moreno M. In vitro assessment of 3-alkoxy-5-nitroindazole-derived ethylamines and related compounds as potential antileishmanial drugs. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103274. [PMID: 31539744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread neglected tropical disease complex that is responsible of one million new cases per year. Current treatments are outdated and pose many problems that new drugs need to overcome. With the goal of developing new, safe, and affordable drugs, we have studied the in vitro activity of 12 different 5-nitroindazole derivatives that showed previous activity against different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi in a previous work. T. cruzi belongs to the same family as Leishmania spp., and treatments for the disease it produces also needs renewal. Among the derivatives tested, compounds 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, and 12 showed low J774.2 macrophage toxicity, while their effect against both intracellular and extracellular forms of the studied parasites was higher than the ones found for the reference drug Meglumine Antimoniate (Glucantime®). In addition, their Fe-SOD inhibitory effect, the infection rates, metabolite alteration, and mitochondrial membrane potential of the parasites treated with the selected drugs were studied in order to gain insights into the action mechanism, and the results of these tests were more promising than those found with glucantime, as the leishmanicidal effect of these new drug candidates was higher. The promising results are encouraging to test these derivatives in more complex studies, such as in vivo studies and other experiments that could find out the exact mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Montes
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Benjamín Aguilera-Venegas
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Box 233, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Rosa Mª Morales-Martín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Zamora-Ledesma
- Cuerpo Académico de Ecología y Diversidad Faunística, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, c/ Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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21
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Abstract
The nitro group is considered to be a versatile and unique functional group in medicinal chemistry. Despite a long history of use in therapeutics, the nitro group has toxicity issues and is often categorized as a structural alert or a toxicophore, and evidence related to drugs containing nitro groups is rather contradictory. In general, drugs containing nitro groups have been extensively associated with mutagenicity and genotoxicity. In this context, efforts toward the structure-mutagenicity or structure-genotoxicity relationships have been undertaken. The current Perspective covers various aspects of agents that contain nitro groups, their bioreductive activation mechanisms, their toxicities, and approaches to combat their toxicity issues. In addition, recent advances in the field of anticancer, antitubercular and antiparasitic agents containing nitro groups, along with a patent survey on hypoxia-activated prodrugs containing nitro groups, are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , Taipei Medical University , 250 Wuxing Street , Taipei 11031 , Taiwan
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22
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Fonseca-Berzal C, Arán VJ, Escario JA, Gómez-Barrio A. Experimental models in Chagas disease: a review of the methodologies applied for screening compounds against Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3367-3380. [PMID: 30232605 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the main problems of Chagas disease (CD), the parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is the lack of a completely satisfactory treatment, which is currently based on two old nitroheterocyclic drugs (i.e., nifurtimox and benznidazole) that show important limitations for treating patients. In this context, many laboratories look for alternative therapies potentially applicable to the treatment, and therefore, research in CD chemotherapy works in the design of experimental protocols for detecting molecules with activity against T. cruzi. Phenotypic assays are considered the most valuable strategy for screening these antiparasitic compounds. Among them, in vitro experiments are the first step to test potential anti-T. cruzi drugs directly on the different parasite forms (i.e., epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes) and to detect cytotoxicity. Once the putative trypanocidal drug has been identified in vitro, it must be moved to in vivo models of T. cruzi infection, to explore (i) acute toxicity, (ii) efficacy during the acute infection, and (iii) efficacy in the chronic disease. Moreover, in silico approaches for predicting activity have emerged as a supporting tool for drug screening procedures. Accordingly, this work reviews those in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods that have been routinely applied during the last decades, aiming to discover trypanocidal compounds that contribute to developing more effective CD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fonseca-Berzal
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vicente J Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Escario
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Scarim CB, Jornada DH, Chelucci RC, de Almeida L, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. Current advances in drug discovery for Chagas disease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:824-838. [PMID: 30033393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) according to World Health Organization. It is estimated that 8-10 million people are infected worldwide, mainly in Latin America. Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is characterized by two phases: acute and chronic. The current therapy for Chagas disease is limited to drugs such as nifurtimox and benznidazole, which are effective in treating only the acute phase of the disease. In addition, several side effects ranging from hypersensitivity to bone marrow depression and peripheral polyneuropathy have been associated with these drugs. Therefore, the current challenge is to find new effective and safe drugs against this NTD. The aim of this review is to describe the advances in the medicinal chemistry of new anti-chagasic compounds reported in the literature in the last five years. We report promising prototypes for drug discovery identified through target-based and phenotype-based strategies and present some important targets for the development of new synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Hartmann Jornada
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Consolin Chelucci
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Fonseca-Berzal C, Ibáñez-Escribano A, Vela N, Cumella J, Nogal-Ruiz JJ, Escario JA, da Silva PB, Batista MM, Soeiro MDNC, Sifontes-Rodríguez S, Meneses-Marcel A, Gómez-Barrio A, Arán VJ. Antichagasic, Leishmanicidal, and Trichomonacidal Activity of 2-Benzyl-5-nitroindazole-Derived Amines. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1246-1259. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fonseca-Berzal
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Nerea Vela
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - José Cumella
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan José Nogal-Ruiz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - José Antonio Escario
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Patrícia Bernardino da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz; Av. Brasil 4365 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcos Meuser Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz; Av. Brasil 4365 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Maria de Nazaré C. Soeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz; Av. Brasil 4365 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Sergio Sifontes-Rodríguez
- Centro de Bioactivos Químicos; Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas; Carretera a Camajuaní, km 5 1/2 54830 Santa Clara, Villa Clara Cuba
| | - Alfredo Meneses-Marcel
- Centro de Bioactivos Químicos; Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas; Carretera a Camajuaní, km 5 1/2 54830 Santa Clara, Villa Clara Cuba
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia; Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM); Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Vicente J. Arán
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); c/ Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
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25
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Cyrhetrenylaniline and new organometallic phenylimines derived from 4- and 5-nitrothiophene: Synthesis, characterization, X-Ray structures, electrochemistry and in vitro anti- T. brucei activity. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Bala V, Chhonker YS. Recent developments in anti-Trichomonas research: An update review. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:232-243. [PMID: 29175675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a major non-viral sexually-transmitted infection resulted into serious obstetrical and gynecological troubles. The increasing resistance to nitroimidazole therapy and recurrence makes it crucial to develop new drugs against trichomoniasis. Over the past few years, a large number of research articles highlighting the synthetic and natural product research to combat Trichomonas vaginalis have been published. Electronic databases were searched to collect all data from the year 2006 through June 2017 for anti-Trichomonas activity potential of synthetic and natural products. This review article put together the synthetic and natural product research to find out an effective metronidazole alternative to cure trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, USA.
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27
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Simple dialkyl pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylates show in vitro and in vivo activity against disease-causing trypanosomatids. Parasitology 2017; 144:1133-1143. [PMID: 28367781 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of some simple dialkyl pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylates (compounds 2-6) and their sodium salts (pyrazolates) (compounds 7-9) against Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis are reported. In most cases the studied compounds showed, especially against the clinically significant amastigote forms, in vitro activities higher than those of the reference drugs (benznidazole for T. cruzi and glucantime for Leishmania spp.); furthermore, the low non-specific cytotoxicities against Vero cells and macrophages shown by these compounds led to good selectivity indexes, which are 8-72 times higher for T. cruzi amastigotes and 15-113 times higher for Leishmania spp. amastigotes than those of the respective reference drugs. The high efficiency of diethyl ester 3 and its sodium salt 8 against the mentioned protozoa was confirmed by further in vitro assays on infection rates and by an additional in vivo study in a murine model of acute and chronic Chagas disease. The inhibitory capacity of compounds 3 and 8 on the essential iron superoxide dismutase of the aforementioned parasites may be related to the observed anti-trypanosomatid activity. The low acute toxicity of compounds 3 and 8 in mice is also reported in this article.
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