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Zhu M, Wang Y, Guan L, Lu C, Sun R, Chen Y, Shi J, Zhu Y, Wang D. A novel chromosome 2q24.3-q32.1 microdeletion in a fetus with multiple malformations. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24602. [PMID: 35819063 PMCID: PMC9396185 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminal or interstitial deletion of chromosome 2q is rarely reported but clinically significant, which can result in developmental malformations and psychomotor retardation in humans. In the present study, we analyzed this deletion to comprehensively clarify the relationship between phenotype and microdeletion region. METHODS We collected clinical records of the fetus and summarized patient symptoms. Subsequently, genomic DNA was extracted from fetal tissue or peripheral blood collected from parents. In addition, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) were performed. RESULTS The fetus presented a previously unreported interstitial deletion of 2q24.3-q32.1. WES and CNV-seq revealed a de novo 18.46 Mb deletion at 2q24.3-q32.1, a region involving 94 protein-coding genes, including HOXD13, MAP3K20, DLX1, DLX2, SCN2A, and SCN1A. The fetus had upper and lower limb malformations, including camptodactyly and syndactyly, along with congenital cardiac defects. CONCLUSION Herein, we report a fetus with a novel microdeletion of chromosome 2q24.3-q32.1, likely a heterozygous pathogenic variant. Haploinsufficiency of HOXD13 might be related to limb deformity in the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianmian Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yihong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lijie Guan
- Department of Ultrasound imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaosheng Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rongyue Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanying Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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2
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Mangano GD, Antona V, Calì E, Fontana A, Salpietro V, Houlden H, Veggiotti P, Nardello R. A complex epileptic and dysmorphic phenotype associated with a novel frameshift KDM5B variant and deletion of SCN gene cluster. Seizure 2022; 97:20-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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3
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Starosta RT, Granadillo JL, Patel KR, Finegold MJ, Stoll J, Kulkarni S. Intrahepatic Cholestasis, Refractory Epilepsy, Skeletal Dysplasia, Endocrine Failure, and Dysmorphic Features in a Child With a Monoallelic 2q24-32.2 Deletion Encompassing ABCB11. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2022; 25:174-179. [PMID: 34428094 DOI: 10.1177/10935266211036084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a newborn who presented with multiple limb and facial anomalies, endocrine disorders, and progressively worsening low-GGT cholestasis. A liver biopsy revealed hepatocellular cholestasis with giant cell transformation. Immunohistochemical staining revealed complete absence of BSEP protein compared to control liver. A large 2q24-32.2 deletion leading to loss of 78 OMIM genes. Multiple structural anomalies, epilepsy and endocrine anomalies have been described with hemizygous loss of these genes. This deletion also resulted in complete heterozygous deletion of ABCB11, which encodes the bile salt export pump (BSEP). Genetic analysis did not reveal any pathogenic variants, deletions, or duplications in the other ABCB11 allele. A heterozygous variant in NR1H4, which causes the autosomal recessive progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 5, was also detected. The possible explanations for the PFIC type 2 phenotype in heterozygous loss of ABCB11 include genetic modifiers or di-genic disease with a compound ABCB11 deletion and an NR1H4 missense variant; or undetected pathogenic variants in the other ABCB11 or NR1H4 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Tzovenos Starosta
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 7548Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri.,Department of Pediatrics, 7548Washington University in Saint Louis, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jorge Luis Granadillo
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 7548Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Kalyani R Patel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Janis Stoll
- Department of Pediatrics, 7548Washington University in Saint Louis, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Sakil Kulkarni
- Department of Pediatrics, 7548Washington University in Saint Louis, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Saint Louis, Missouri
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4
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Menezes LFS, Sabiá Júnior EF, Tibery DV, Carneiro LDA, Schwartz EF. Epilepsy-Related Voltage-Gated Sodium Channelopathies: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1276. [PMID: 33013363 PMCID: PMC7461817 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a disease characterized by abnormal brain activity and a predisposition to generate epileptic seizures, leading to neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, social, and economic impacts for the patient. There are several known causes for epilepsy; one of them is the malfunction of ion channels, resulting from mutations. Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) play an essential role in the generation and propagation of action potential, and malfunction caused by mutations can induce irregular neuronal activity. That said, several genetic variations in NaV channels have been described and associated with epilepsy. These mutations can affect channel kinetics, modifying channel activation, inactivation, recovery from inactivation, and/or the current window. Among the NaV subtypes related to epilepsy, NaV1.1 is doubtless the most relevant, with more than 1500 mutations described. Truncation and missense mutations are the most observed alterations. In addition, several studies have already related mutated NaV channels with the electrophysiological functioning of the channel, aiming to correlate with the epilepsy phenotype. The present review provides an overview of studies on epilepsy-associated mutated human NaV1.1, NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.6, and NaV1.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Santos Menezes
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Elias Ferreira Sabiá Júnior
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Diogo Vieira Tibery
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Lilian Dos Anjos Carneiro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário Euro Americano, Brasília, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitário do Planalto Central, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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5
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Changes in the Fluorescence Tracking of NaV1.6 Protein Expression in a BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J Autistic Mouse Model. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:4893103. [PMID: 31933626 PMCID: PMC6942885 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4893103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS), the site of action potential initiation in neurons, is a critical determinant of neuronal excitability. Growing evidence indicates that appropriate recruitment of the AIS macrocomplex is essential for synchronized firing. However, disruption of the AIS structure is linked to the etiology of multiple disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a condition characterized by deficits in social communication, stereotyped behaviors, and very limited interests. To date, a complete understanding of the molecular components that underlie the AIS in ASD has remained elusive. In this research, we examined the AIS structure in a BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J mouse model (BTBR), a valid model that exhibits behavioral, electrical, and molecular features of autism, and compared this to the C57BL/6J wild-type control mouse. Using Western blot studies and high-resolution confocal microscopy in the prefrontal frontal cortex (PFC), our data indicate disrupted expression of different isoforms of the voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) at the AIS, whereas other components of AIS such as ankyrin-G and fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) and contactin-associated protein 1 (Caspr) in BTBR were comparable to those in wild-type control mice. A Western blot assay showed that BTBR mice exhibited a marked increase in different sodium channel isoforms in the PFC compared to wild-type mice. Our results provide potential evidence for previously undescribed mechanisms that may play a role in the pathogenesis of autistic-like phenotypes in BTBR mice.
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Karoglan A, Schanze D, Bär C, Muschke P, Zenker M, Schanze I. A 2q24.2 microdeletion containingTANKas novel candidate gene for intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:832-836. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ante Karoglan
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Magdeburg, University of Magdeburg; Magdeburg Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Claudia Bär
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Magdeburg, University of Magdeburg; Magdeburg Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Petra Muschke
- Institute of Human Genetics; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Ina Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
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7
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Zhao P, Mao B, Cai X, Jiang J, Liu Z, Lin J, He X. 2q24 deletion in a 9-month old girl with anal atresia, hearing impairment, and hypotonia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 109:96-100. [PMID: 29728193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of 2q24.2 is a rare cytogenetic aberration in patients, exhibiting heterogeneous clinical features, and common phenotypes included developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, and mild dysmorphic features. Hearing impairment and anal atresia are rarely described. Here we described a 9-month-old female patient with hypotonia in all four limbs, developmental delay, and intellectual disability. In addition, congenital anal atresia was diagnosed and treated after birth, and hearing impairment was found in right ear. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) array detected a 5.2 Mb deletion on 2q24.2q24.3, including 19 genes (ITGB6; TBR1; SLC4A10; KCNH7 SCN3A; SCN2A et al.). Among these genes, it is affirmative that TBR1 is a causative gene for intellectual disability; however, the pathogenic genes of other phenotypes remain unclear. We briefly review the knowledge of genes likely involved in these clinical features, including hearing impairment, anal atresia, and developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China
| | - Bing Mao
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China; Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 430016, China
| | - Xiaonan Cai
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China; Department of Rehabilitation, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 430016, China
| | - Zhisheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China; Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 430016, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- EEG Room, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 430016, China.
| | - Xuelian He
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China.
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8
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Milani D, Sabatini C, Manzoni FMP, Ajmone PF, Rigamonti C, Malacarne M, Pierluigi M, Cavani S, Costantino MA. Microdeletion 2q23.3q24.1: exploring genotype-phenotype correlations. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2015; 55:107-11. [PMID: 25174267 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a 13-year-old girl with a 5.4 Mb de novo deletion, encompassing bands 2q23.3q24.1, identified by array-comparative genomic hybridization. She presented with minor facial and digital anomalies, mild developmental delay during infancy, and behavioral disorders. Few of the reported cases overlap this deletion and all only partially. We tried to compare the clinical features of the patient with the other cases, even though not all of them were molecularly characterized in detail. Considering the neuropsychiatric involvement of the proband and the clinical descriptions of other similar cases, we attempted to identify the genes more probably involved in neurological development and function in the deleted region, particularly GALNT13, KCNJ3 and NR4A2, which are expressed in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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9
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Lim BC, Hwang H, Kim H, Chae JH, Choi J, Kim KJ, Hwang YS, Yum MS, Ko TS. Epilepsy phenotype associated with a chromosome 2q24.3 deletion involving SCN1A: Migrating partial seizures of infancy or atypical Dravet syndrome? Epilepsy Res 2015; 109:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Lazier J, Chernos J, Lowry RB. A 2q24.3q31.1 microdeletion found in a patient with Filippi-like syndrome phenotype: a case report. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2385-7. [PMID: 24924433 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Filippi syndrome is characterized by developmental delay, growth failure, cryptorchidism, bilateral hand and foot syndactyly, and facial dysmorphism. The 2q24q31 contiguous deletion syndrome has similarly been associated with hand and foot anomalies, growth retardation, microcephaly, characteristic facies with a broad prominent nasal root and thin alae nasi, and intellectual disability. We present a patient with this deletion who has a Filippi-like phenotype, which may be the first causative cytogenetic result in this syndrome. This suggests the importance of array comparative genomic hybridization in evaluation of patients with Filippi syndrome, and suggests that the inheritance may not always be autosomal recessive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lazier
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
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11
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Utine GE, Haliloğlu G, Volkan-Salancı B, Çetinkaya A, Kiper PÖ, Alanay Y, Aktaş D, Anlar B, Topçu M, Boduroğlu K, Alikaşifoğlu M. Etiological yield of SNP microarrays in idiopathic intellectual disability. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2014; 18:327-37. [PMID: 24508361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) has a prevalence of 3% and is classified according to its severity. An underlying etiology cannot be determined in 75-80% in mild ID, and in 20-50% of severe ID. After it has been shown that copy number variations involving short DNA segments may cause ID, genome-wide SNP microarrays are being used as a tool for detecting submicroscopic copy number changes and uniparental disomy. This study was performed to investigate the presence of copy number changes in patients with ID of unidentified etiology. Affymetrix(®) 6.0 SNP microarray platform was used for analysis of 100 patients and their healthy parents, and data were evaluated using various databases and literature. Etiological diagnoses were made in 12 patients (12%). Homozygous deletion in NRXN1 gene and duplication in IL1RAPL1 gene were detected for the first time. Two separate patients had deletions in FOXP2 and UBE2A genes, respectively, for which only few patients have recently been reported. Interstitial and subtelomeric copy number changes were described in 6 patients, in whom routine cytogenetic tools revealed normal results. In one patient uniparental disomy type of Angelman syndrome was diagnosed. SNP microarrays constitute a screening test able to detect very small genomic changes, with a high etiological yield even in patients already evaluated using traditional cytogenetic tools, offer analysis for uniparental disomy and homozygosity, and thereby are helpful in finding novel disease-causing genes: for these reasons they should be considered as a first-tier genetic screening test in the evaluation of patients with ID and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eda Utine
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Genetics, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Göknur Haliloğlu
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilge Volkan-Salancı
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arda Çetinkaya
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Genetics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Ö Kiper
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Alanay
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Aktaş
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Genetics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Anlar
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meral Topçu
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Boduroğlu
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Alikaşifoğlu
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Genetics, Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
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A de novo 2.3 Mb deletion in 2q24.2q24.3 in a 20-month-old developmentally delayed girl. Gene 2014; 539:168-72. [PMID: 24508274 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a 20-month-old girl ascertained at the age of 11 months for developmental delay. She presented with hypotonia and delayed motor development. The patient had severe language impairment and showed behaviour consistent with autism spectrum disorder. She was microcephalic with mild dysmorphic features and had joint hyperlaxity. We detected a 2.3 Mb de novo deletion in 2q24.2q24.3 on her paternal chromosome. We compare the clinical features of our patient to six previously published patients with a deletion in 2q24.2q24.3, and one patient reported in the ECARUCA database. Although the clinical presentation of these patients is not highly consistent, likely due to the different deletion size and gene content, the following features seem to be recurrent: disturbance in the central nervous system, poor growth, hypotonia, and joint hyperlaxity. The region deleted in our patient contains 13 genes including PSMD14, TBR1, SLC4A10, DPP4, KCNH7, and FIGN. We briefly review the knowledge of these genes and their possible involvement in the aetiology of this developmental delay syndrome.
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13
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Gurrieri F, Everman DB. Clinical, genetic, and molecular aspects of split-hand/foot malformation: an update. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2860-72. [PMID: 24115638 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We here provide an update on the clinical, genetic, and molecular aspects of split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM). This rare condition, affecting 1 in 8,500-25,000 newborns, is extremely complex because of its variability in clinical presentation, irregularities in its inheritance pattern, and the heterogeneity of molecular genetic alterations that can be found in affected individuals. Both syndromal and nonsyndromal forms are reviewed and the major molecular genetic alterations thus far reported in association with SHFM are discussed. This updated overview should be helpful for clinicians in their efforts to make an appropriate clinical and genetic diagnosis, provide an accurate recurrence risk assessment, and formulate a management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Gurrieri
- Istituto di Genetica Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Burrage LC, Eble TN, Hixson PM, Roney EK, Cheung SW, Franco LM. A mosaic 2q24.2 deletion narrows the critical region to a 0.4 Mb interval that includes TBR1, TANK, and PSMD14. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:841-4. [PMID: 23444363 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial deletions involving 2q24 have been associated with a wide range of phenotypes including intellectual disability and short stature. To date, the smallest common region among reported cases of deletions in this region is approximately 2.65 Mb and contains 15 genes. In the present case report, we describe an 18-year-old male with mild intellectual disability, short stature, and mosaicism for a 0.422 Mb deletion on 2q24.2 that was diagnosed by comparative genomic hybridization and confirmed with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). This deletion, which is present in approximately 61% of cells, includes three genes: TBR1, TANK, and PSMD14. The findings suggest that the critical region for intellectual disability and short stature in 2q24.2 can be narrowed to a 0.422 Mb segment. TBR1, a transcription factor involved in early cortical development, is a strong candidate for the intellectual disability phenotype seen in our patient and in patients with larger deletions in this region of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Nimmakayalu M, Noble N, Horton VK, Willing M, Copeland S, Sheffield V, Nagy PL, Wassink T, Patil S, Shchelochkov OA. 2q24 deletions: Further characterization of clinical findings and their relation to the SCN cluster. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2767-74. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Traylor RN, Dobyns WB, Rosenfeld JA, Wheeler P, Spence JE, Bandholz AM, Bawle EV, Carmany EP, Powell CM, Hudson B, Schultz RA, Shaffer LG, Ballif BC. Investigation of TBR1 Hemizygosity: Four Individuals with 2q24 Microdeletions. Mol Syndromol 2012; 3:102-112. [PMID: 23112752 DOI: 10.1159/000342008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TBR1 encodes a transcription factor with critical roles in corticogenesis, including cortical neuron migration and axon pathfinding, establishment of regional and laminar identity of cortical neurons, and control of glutamatergic neuronal cell fate. Based upon TBR1's role in cortical development, we sought to investigate TBR1 hemizygosity in individuals referred for genetic evaluation of intellectual disability and developmental delay. We describe 4 patients with microdeletions identified by molecular cytogenetic techniques, encompassing TBR1 and spanning 2q24.1q31.1, ranging in size from 2.17 to 12.34 Mb. Only the patient with the largest deletion had a possible cortical malformation. Mild ventriculomegaly is the only common brain anomaly, present in all patients; a Chiari I malformation is seen in 2 patients, and mega cisterna magna is seen in a third. Our findings are consistent with Tbr1 mouse models showing that hemizygosity of the gene requires additional genetic factors for the manifestation of severe structural brain malformations. Other syndromic features are present in these patients, including autism spectrum disorders, ocular colobomas, and craniosynostosis, features that are likely affected by the deletion of genes other than TBR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Traylor
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer Inc., Spokane, Wash., USA
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17
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Han S, Tai C, Westenbroek RE, Yu FH, Cheah CS, Potter GB, Rubenstein JL, Scheuer T, de la Iglesia HO, Catterall WA. Autistic-like behaviour in Scn1a+/- mice and rescue by enhanced GABA-mediated neurotransmission. Nature 2012; 489:385-90. [PMID: 22914087 PMCID: PMC3448848 DOI: 10.1038/nature11356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the SCN1A gene encoding voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.1 causes Dravet Syndrome (DS), a childhood neuropsychiatric disorder including recurrent intractable seizures, cognitive deficit, and autism-spectrum behaviors. The neural mechanisms responsible for cognitive deficit and autism-spectrum behaviors in DS are poorly understood. Here we show that mice with Scn1a haploinsufficiency display hyperactivity, stereotyped behaviors, social interaction deficits, and impaired context-dependent spatial memory. Olfactory sensitivity is retained, but novel food odors and social odors are aversive to Scn1a+/− mice. GABAergic neurotransmission is specifically impaired by this mutation, and selective deletion of NaV1.1 channels in forebrain interneurons is sufficient to cause these behavioral and cognitive impairments. Remarkably, treatment with low-dose clonazepam, a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, completely rescued the abnormal social behaviors and deficits in fear memory in DS mice, demonstrating that they are caused by impaired GABAergic neurotransmission and not by neuronal damage from recurrent seizures. These results demonstrate a critical role for NaV1.1 channels in neuropsychiatric functions and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for cognitive deficit and autism-spectrum behaviors in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Han
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology & Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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18
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Seppälä EH, Koskinen LLE, Gulløv CH, Jokinen P, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Bergamasco L, Baranowska Körberg I, Cizinauskas S, Oberbauer AM, Berendt M, Fredholm M, Lohi H. Identification of a novel idiopathic epilepsy locus in Belgian Shepherd dogs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33549. [PMID: 22457775 PMCID: PMC3311644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder in dogs, with an incidence ranging from 0.5% to up to 20% in particular breeds. Canine epilepsy can be etiologically defined as idiopathic or symptomatic. Epileptic seizures may be classified as focal with or without secondary generalization, or as primary generalized. Nine genes have been identified for symptomatic (storage diseases) and one for idiopathic epilepsy in different breeds. However, the genetic background of common canine epilepsies remains unknown. We have studied the clinical and genetic background of epilepsy in Belgian Shepherds. We collected 159 cases and 148 controls and confirmed the presence of epilepsy through epilepsy questionnaires and clinical examinations. The MRI was normal while interictal EEG revealed abnormalities and variable foci in the clinically examined affected dogs. A genome-wide association study using Affymetrix 50K SNP arrays in 40 cases and 44 controls mapped the epilepsy locus on CFA37, which was replicated in an independent cohort (81 cases and 88 controls; combined p = 9.70×10−10, OR = 3.3). Fine mapping study defined a ∼1 Mb region including 12 genes of which none are known epilepsy genes or encode ion channels. Exonic sequencing was performed for two candidate genes, KLF7 and ADAM23. No variation was found in KLF7 but a highly-associated non-synonymous variant, G1203A (R387H) was present in the ADAM23 gene (p = 3.7×10−8, OR = 3.9 for homozygosity). Homozygosity for a two-SNP haplotype within the ADAM23 gene conferred the highest risk for epilepsy (p = 6.28×10−11, OR = 7.4). ADAM23 interacts with known epilepsy proteins LGI1 and LGI2. However, our data suggests that the ADAM23 variant is a polymorphism and we have initiated a targeted re-sequencing study across the locus to identify the causative mutation. It would establish the affected breed as a novel therapeutic model, help to develop a DNA test for breeding purposes and introduce a novel candidate gene for human idiopathic epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija H. Seppälä
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta L. E. Koskinen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina H. Gulløv
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Päivi Jokinen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Karlskov-Mortensen
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luciana Bergamasco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anita M. Oberbauer
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Fredholm
- Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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19
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Duplication at chromosome 2q31.1-q31.2 in a family presenting syndactyly and nystagmus. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:1198-201. [PMID: 21654727 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
HOXD genes encode transcription factors involved in the antero-posterior patterning of the limb bud and in the specification of fingers. During the embryo development, HOXD genes are expressed, following a spatio-temporal colinearity that involves at least three regions, centrometric and telomeric to this cluster. Here, we describe a father and a daughter presenting a 3-4 hand bilateral syndactyly associated with a nystagmus. Array-comparative genomic hybridisation showed a 3.8 Mb duplication at 2q31.1-q31.2, comprising 27 genes including the entire HOXD cluster. We performed expression studies in lymphoblasts by reverse transcription-PCR and observed an HOXD13 and HOXD10 overexpression, whereas the HOXD12 expression was decreased. HOXD13 and HOXD10 overexpression, associated with a misregulation of at least HOXD12, may therefore induce the syndactyly. Deletions of the HOXD cluster and its regulatory sequences induce hand malformations and, particularly, finger anomalies. Recently, smaller duplications of the same region have been reported in association with a mesomelic dysplasia, type Kantaputra. We discuss the variable phenotypes associated with such 2q duplications.
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20
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Theisen A, Rosenfeld JA, Shane K, McBride KL, Atkin JF, Gaba C, Hoo J, Kurczynski TW, Schnur RE, Coffey LB, Zackai EH, Schimmenti L, Friedman N, Zabukovec M, Ball S, Pagon R, Lucas A, Brasington CK, Spence JE, Sparks S, Banks V, Smith W, Friedberg T, Wyatt PR, Aust M, Tervo R, Crowley A, Skidmore D, Lamb AN, Ravnan B, Sahoo T, Schultz R, Torchia BS, Sgro M, Chitayat D, Shaffer LG. Refinement of the Region for Split Hand/Foot Malformation 5 on 2q31.1. Mol Syndromol 2011; 1:262-271. [PMID: 22140379 DOI: 10.1159/000328405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Deletions that encompass 2q31.1 have been proposed as a microdeletion syndrome with common clinical features, including intellectual disability/developmental delay, microcephaly, cleft palate, growth delay, and hand/foot anomalies. In addition, several genes within this region have been proposed as candidates for split hand-foot malformation 5 (SHFM5). Methods: To delineate the genotype-phenotype correlation between deletions of this region, we identified 14 individuals with deletions at 2q31.1 detected by microarray analysis for physical and developmental disabilities. Results: All subjects for whom detailed clinical records were available had neurological deficits of varying degree. Seven subjects with deletions encompassing the HOXD cluster had hand/foot anomalies of varying severity, including syndactyly, brachydactyly, and ectrodactyly. Of 7 subjects with deletions proximal to the HOXD cluster, 5 of which encompassed DLX1/DLX2, none had clinically significant hand/foot anomalies. In contrast to previous reports, the individuals in our study did not display a characteristic gestalt of dysmorphic facial features. Conclusion: The absence of hand/foot anomalies in any of the individuals with deletions of DLX1/DLX2 but not the HOXD cluster supports the hypothesis that haploinsufficiency of the HOXD cluster, rather than DLX1/DLX2, accounts for the skeletal abnormalities in subjects with 2q31.1 microdeletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Theisen
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, Spokane, Wash
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21
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Alport syndrome and leiomyomatosis: the first deletion extending beyond COL4A6 intron 2. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:717-24. [PMID: 21380622 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alport syndrome (ATS) is a nephropathy characterized by the association of progressive hematuric nephritis with ultrastructural changes of the glomerular basement membrane (thinning, thickening, and splitting), sensorineural deafness, and variable ocular abnormalities (anterior lenticonus, macular flecks, and cataracts). The most common mode of transmission is X-linked inheritance, due to COL4A5 mutations. X-linked ATS is rarely associated with diffuse leiomyomatosis (DL), a benign hypertrophy of the visceral smooth muscle in gastrointestinal, respiratory, and female reproductive tracts. The ATS-DL complex is due to deletions that encompass the 5' ends of the COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes and include the bidirectional promoter. In this paper, we described 3 ATS-DL cases, 2 familial and 1 sporadic bearing a deletion encompassing the 5'-end of both the COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes, as identified by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis. The array-CGH technique allowed a better definition of deletion size, confirming that the proximal breakpoint was within COL4A6 intron 2 in 2 cases. Surprisingly, 1 case had a deletion extending proximally beyond exon 3 of COL4A6, as confirmed by qPCR analysis. This is the largest deletion reported to date that has been associated with ATS-DL and this case should lead us to reconsider the mechanisms that might be involved in the development of diffuse leiomyomatosis.
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22
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Magri C, Piovani G, Pilotta A, Michele T, Buzi F, Barlati S. De novo deletion of chromosome 2q24.2 region in a mentally retarded boy with muscular hypotonia. Eur J Med Genet 2011; 54:361-4. [PMID: 21211576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To date, more than 100 cases with a deletion of chromosome 2q have been identified, although studies reporting small interstitial deletions involving the 2q24.2-q24.3 region are still rare. Here, we have described the genotype and the phenotype of a boy with a 5.3 Mb de novo deletion in this region, identified by SNP array analysis. The selected region included 20 genes, of which 4 are prominently expressed in the brain. Their combined haplo-insufficiency could explain the main clinical features of this patient which included mental retardation, severe hypotonia, joint laxity and mild dysmorphic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Magri
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
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23
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Katzaki E, Morin G, Pollazzon M, Papa FT, Buoni S, Hayek J, Andrieux J, Lecerf L, Popovici C, Receveur A, Mathieu-Dramard M, Renieri A, Mari F, Philip N. Syndromic mental retardation with thrombocytopenia due to 21q22.11q22.12 deletion: Report of three patients. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1711-7. [PMID: 20578134 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, an increasing number of microdeletion/microduplication syndromes have been delineated. This rapid evolution is mainly due to the availability of microarray technology as a routine diagnostic tool. Microdeletions of the 21q22.11q22.12 region encompassing the RUNX1 gene have been reported in nine patients presenting with syndromic thrombocytopenia and mental retardation. RUNX1 gene is responsible for an autosomal dominant platelet disorder with predisposition to acute myelogenous leukemia. We report on three novel patients with an overlapping "de novo" interstitial deletion involving the band 21q22 characterized by array-CGH. All our patients presented with severe developmental delay, dysmorphic features, behavioral problems, and thrombocytopenia. Comparing the clinical features of our patients with the overlapping ones already reported two potential phenotypes related to 21q22 microdeletion including RUNX1 were highlighted: thrombocytopenia with +/- mild dysmorphic features and syndromic thrombocytopenia with growth and developmental delay.
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24
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Mitter D, Chiaie BD, Lüdecke HJ, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Bohring A, Kohlhase J, Caliebe A, Siebert R, Roepke A, Ramos-Arroyo MA, Nieva B, Menten B, Loeys B, Mortier G, Wieczorek D. Genotype-phenotype correlation in eight new patients with a deletion encompassing 2q31.1. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1213-24. [PMID: 20425826 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microdeletions of the 2q31.1 region are rare. We present the clinical and molecular findings of eight previously unreported patients with overlapping deletions in 2q31.1. The patients have a variable clinical phenotype and present with developmental delay (7/8), growth retardation (5/8), seizures (2/8) and a craniofacial dysmorphism consisting of microcephaly (4/8), short palpebral fissures (7/8), broad eyebrows with lateral flare (7/8), low-set ears with thickened helices and lobules (5/8), and micrognathia (6/8). Additional congenital anomalies were noted, including limb abnormalities (8/8), heart defects (3/8), genital anomalies (3/8), and craniosynostosis (1/8). Six of these microdeletions, ranging in size from 1.24 to 8.35 Mb, were identified by array CGH, one larger deletion (19.7 Mb) was detected by conventional karyotyping and further characterized by array CGH analysis. The smallest region of overlap in all eight patients spans at most 88 kb and includes only the WIPF1 gene. This gene codes for the WAS/WASL interacting protein family member 1. The patients described here do not present with clinical signs of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and the deletion of this single gene does not allow explaining the phenotype in our patients. It is likely that the deletion of different but overlapping sets of genes from 2q31 is responsible for the clinical variability in these patients. To further dissect the complex phenotype associated with deletions in 2q31, additional patients with overlapping phenotypes should be examined with array CGH. This should help to link particular phenotypes to specific genes, and add to our understanding of the underlying developmental processes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Comparative Genomic Hybridization
- Female
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/complications
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Foot Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Genetic Association Studies
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/complications
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Pregnancy
- Radiography
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mitter
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
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25
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Rifai L, Port-Lis M, Tabet AC, Bailleul-Forestier I, Benzacken B, Drunat S, Kuzbari S, Passemard S, Verloes A, Aboura A. Ectodermal dysplasia-like syndrome with mental retardation due to contiguous gene deletion: further clinical and molecular delineation of del(2q32) syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:111-7. [PMID: 20034071 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report on a patient with an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 at 2q31.2q33.2. She had prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, cleft palate, camptodactyly, bilateral talipes equinovarus, severe intellectual disability, and ectodermal anomalies. She showed thin, atrophic skin, sparse, brittle, slowly growing hair, oligodontia with abnormally shaped teeth, normal sweating, and normal fingernails, consistent with a diagnosis of ectodermal dysplasia. Array CGH analysis (Agilent 44K) showed the deletion to span 26 Mb, between cytogenetic bands 2q31.2 and 2q33. The deletion leads to hemizygosity for the HOXD cluster and its regulatory elements, COL3A1/COL5A2, GTF3C3, CASP8, CASP10, and SABT2 could perhaps interfere with long range control of DLX1 and DLX2 expression. This girl confirms the existence of a clinically recognizable 2q32 microdeletion syndrome, as recently delineated by Van Buggenhout et al. and confirms a novel putative locus for ectodermal dysplasia on chromosome 2q31q33. We recommend considering cytogenetic and/or molecular screening for del(2q32) in patients with developmental disability and ectodermal dysplasia-like phenotype, including thin skin, oligodontia, dysplastic teeth, and sparse hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Rifai
- Department of Medical Genetics, AP-HP-Robert DEBRE University Hospital, Paris, France
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26
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Takatsuki S, Nakamura R, Haga Y, Mitsui K, Hashimoto T, Shimojima K, Saji T, Yamamoto T. Severe pulmonary emphysema in a girl with interstitial deletion of 2q24.2q24.3 includingITGB6. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1020-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Chen CP, Lin SP, Chern SR, Chen YJ, Tsai FJ, Wu PC, Wang W. Array-CGH detection of a de novo 2.8 Mb deletion in 2q24.2-->q24.3 in a girl with autistic features and developmental delay. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:217-20. [PMID: 20346423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a 3 years and 4 months old girl with autistic features, developmental delay, mental retardation, language impairment and dysmorphic features, carrying a 2.8 Mb de novo deletion of chromosome 2q24.2-->q24.3 detected by array-CGH. This region contains two neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel genes SCN2A and SCN3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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28
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Uliana V, Grosso S, Cioni M, Ariani F, Papa FT, Tamburello S, Rossi E, Katzaki E, Mucciolo M, Marozza A, Pollazzon M, Mencarelli MA, Mari F, Balestri P, Renieri A. 3.2 Mb microdeletion in chromosome 7 bands q22.2-q22.3 associated with overgrowth and delayed bone age. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:168-70. [PMID: 20219702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a patient with mental retardation, epilepsy, overgrowth, delayed bone age, peculiar facial features, corpus callosum hypoplasia, enlarged cisterna magna and right cerebellar hypoplasia. Array-CGH analysis revealed the presence of a de novo 3.2 Mb interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 involving bands q22.2-q22.3. The rearrangement includes 15 genes and encompasses a genomic region that represents a site of frequent loss of heterozygosity in myeloid malignancies. Four genes are implicated in the control of cell cycle: SRPK2, MLL5, RINT1 and LHFPL3. Haploinsufficiency of these genes might therefore be associated with overgrowth and could confer susceptibility to cancers or other tumours, so that attention to this possibility would be appropriate during regular medical review. In conclusion, array-CGH analysis should be performed in patients with overgrowth where the known causes have already been excluded, because some still unclassified overgrowth syndromes may be caused by subtle genomic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Uliana
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Italy
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29
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Gervasini C, Mottadelli F, Ciccone R, Castronovo P, Milani D, Scarano G, Bedeschi MF, Belli S, Pilotta A, Selicorni A, Zuffardi O, Larizza L. High frequency of copy number imbalances in Rubinstein-Taybi patients negative to CREBBP mutational analysis. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:768-75. [PMID: 20125191 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterised by facial dysmorphisms, growth and psychomotor development delay, and skeletal defects. The known genetic causes are point mutations or deletions of the CREBBP (50-60%) and EP300 (5%) genes. To detect chromosomal rearrangements indicating novel positional candidate RSTS genes, we used a-CGH to study 26 patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for RSTS who were negative at fluorescence in situ hybridisation analyses of the CREBBP and EP300 regions, and direct sequencing analyses of the CREBBP gene. We found seven imbalances (27%): four de novo and three inherited rearrangements not reported among the copy number variants. A de novo 7p21.1 deletion of 500 kb included the TWIST1 gene, a suggested candidate for RSTS that is responsible for the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, an entity that enters in differential diagnosis with RSTS. A similar issue of differential diagnosis was raised by a large 4.3 Mb 2q22.3q23.1 deletion encompassing ZEB2, the gene responsible for the Mowat-Wilson syndrome, whose signs may overlap with RSTS. Positional candidate genes could not be sought in the remaining pathogenetic imbalances, because of the size of the involved region (a 9 Mb 2q24.3q31.1 deletion) and/or the relative paucity of suitable genes (a 5 Mb 3p13p12.3 duplication). One of the inherited rearrangements, the 17q11.2 379Kb duplication, represents the reciprocal event of the deletion underlying an overgrowth syndrome, both being mediated by the NF1-REP-P1 and REP-P2 sub-duplicons. The contribution of this and the other detected CNVs to the clinical RSTS phenotype is difficult to assess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gervasini
- Division of Medical Genetics, San Paolo School of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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30
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Tsai LP, Liao HM, Chen YJ, Fang JS, Chen CH. A novel microdeletion at chromosome 2q31.1-31.2 in a three-generation family presenting duplication of great toes with clinodactyly. Clin Genet 2009; 75:449-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Pollazzon M, Grosso S, Papa F, Katzaki E, Marozza A, Mencarelli M, Uliana V, Balestri P, Mari F, Renieri A. A 9.3Mb microdeletion of 3q27.3q29 associated with psychomotor and growth delay, tricuspid valve dysplasia and bifid thumb. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 52:131-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mencarelli MA, Katzaki E, Papa FT, Sampieri K, Caselli R, Uliana V, Pollazzon M, Canitano R, Mostardini R, Grosso S, Longo I, Ariani F, Meloni I, Hayek J, Balestri P, Mari F, Renieri A. Private inherited microdeletion/microduplications: Implications in clinical practice. Eur J Med Genet 2008; 51:409-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Papa FT, Mencarelli MA, Caselli R, Katzaki E, Sampieri K, Meloni I, Ariani F, Longo I, Maggio A, Balestri P, Grosso S, Farnetani MA, Berardi R, Mari F, Renieri A. A 3 Mb deletion in 14q12 causes severe mental retardation, mild facial dysmorphisms and Rett-like features. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1994-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Deletion of the SCN gene cluster on 2q24.4 is associated with severe epilepsy: an array-based genotype-phenotype correlation and a comprehensive review of previously published cases. Epilepsy Res 2008; 81:69-79. [PMID: 18539002 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize a deletion of chromosome 2q at the molecular level in a patient suffering from severe epilepsy resembling severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy/Dravet's syndrome (SMEI/DS) and to correlate other cases harboring deletions in the same region to morphological and clinical data. METHODS Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) was performed on DNA from the patient. Forty-three previously published cases reporting deletions within region 2q21-q31 were collected and analyzed regarding their cytogenetic and clinical data. RESULTS A del(2)(q24.3q31.1) was detected in the patient, spanning a 10.4-megabase (Mb) region between 165.18 and 175.58Mb, harboring 47 genes. FISH analysis was performed, confirming this deletion. Twenty-two of the 43 previously published cases were seizure-positive. The most common dysmorphic features were ear abnormalities, microcephaly, micrognathia and brachysyndactyly for all patients as well as for solely the seizure-positive and -negative ones. For the 22 seizure-positive cases chromosome subband 2q24.3 constituted the smallest commonly deleted region among the majority of the cases, where subbands 2q22.1 and 2q33.3 represented the most proximal and distal breakpoint, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on the early age of presentation and the severity of the epilepsy reported for the majority of the seizure-positive cases it was concluded that SMEI/DS could be the epileptic encephalopathy associated with deletions within the 2q22.1-q33.3 region, due to haploinsuffiency of SCN1A and/or complete or partial deletion of other voltage-gated sodium channel genes caused by the aberration. Furthermore, our study supports that array CGH is a competent technique for screening SCN1A mutation-negative patients diagnosed with SMEI/DS-like epilepsies and dysmorphic features, generating rapid and high-resolution data of genomic imbalances present in the patients.
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Caselli R, Mencarelli MA, Papa FT, Ariani F, Longo I, Meloni I, Vonella G, Acampa M, Auteri A, Vicari S, Orsi A, Hayek G, Renieri A, Mari F. Delineation of the phenotype associated with 7q36.1q36.2 deletion: long QT syndrome, renal hypoplasia and mental retardation. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1195-9. [PMID: 18348270 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Terminal deletions of the long arm of chromosome 7 are well known and are frequently associated with hypotelorism or holoprosencephaly due to the involvement of the SHH gene located in 7q36.3. These deletions are easily detectable with routine subtelomeric MLPA analysis. Deletions affecting a more proximal part of 7q36, namely bands 7q36.1q36.2 are less common, and may be missed by subtelomeric MLPA analysis. We report a 9-year-old girl with a 5.27 Mb deletion in 7q36.1q36.2, and compare her to literature patients proposing a phenotype characterized by mental retardation, unusual facial features, renal hypoplasia and long QT syndrome due to loss of the KCNH2 gene. These characteristics are sufficiently distinct that the syndrome may be diagnosed on clinical grounds.
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Abstract
The MURCS association [Müllerian Duct aplasia or hypoplasia (M), unilateral renal agenesis (UR) and cervicothoracic somite dysplasia (CS)] manifests itself as Müllerian Duct aplasia or hypoplasia, unilateral renal agenesis and cervicothoracic somite dysplasia. We report on a 22-year-old woman with bicornuate uterus, right renal agenesis, C2-C3 vertebral fusion (MURCS association) and 22q11.2 deletion. Angio-MRI revealed the aberrant origin of arch arteries. Hashimoto thyroiditis, micropolycystic ovaries with a dermoid cyst in the right ovary and mild osteoporosis were also diagnosed. Accurate revision of radiographs enabled us also to identify thoracolumbar and lumbosacral vertebral-differentiation defects. Audiometry and echocardiogram were normal. Bone densitometry showed osteoporosis. As per our evaluation, the patient had short stature, obesity (BMI 30.7) and facial features suggestive of the 22q11 deletion syndrome. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis showed a de-novo 22q11.2 deletion confirmed by array-comparative genomic hybridization analysis. We discuss whether this is a casual association or whether it is an additional syndrome owing to the well known phenotype extensive variability of the 22q11 deletion syndrome.
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Brandau DT, Lund M, Cooley LD, Sanger WG, Butler MG. Autistic and dysmorphic features associated with a submicroscopic 2q33.3-q34 interstitial deletion detected by array comparative genomic hybridization. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:521-4. [PMID: 18203195 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duane T Brandau
- Section of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA
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Grosso S, Pucci L, Curatolo P, Coppola G, Bartalini G, Di Bartolo R, Scarinci R, Renieri A, Balestri P. Epilepsy and electroencephalographic anomalies in chromosome 2 aberrations. Epilepsy Res 2008; 79:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Scala E, Longo I, Ottimo F, Speciale C, Sampieri K, Katzaki E, Artuso R, Mencarelli MA, D'Ambrogio T, Vonella G, Zappella M, Hayek G, Battaglia A, Mari F, Renieri A, Ariani F. MECP2 deletions and genotype-phenotype correlation in Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 143A:2775-84. [PMID: 17968969 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that represents one of the most common genetic causes of mental retardation in girls. MECP2 point mutations in exons 2-4 account for about 80% of classic Rett cases and for a lower percentage of variant patients. We investigated the genetic cause in 77 mutation-negative Rett patients (33 classic, 31 variant, and 13 Rett-like cases) by searching missed MECP2 defects. DHPLC analysis of exon 1 and MLPA analysis allowed us to identify the defect in 17 Rett patients: one exon 1 point mutation (c.47_57del) in a classic case and 16 MECP2 large deletions (15/33 classic and 1/31 variant cases). One identical intragenic MECP2 deletion, probably due to gonadal mosaicism, was found in two sisters with discordant phenotype: one classic and one "highly functioning" preserved speech variant. This result indicates that other epigenetic or genetic factors, beside MECP2, may contribute to phenotype modulation. Three out of 16 MECP2 deletions extend to the adjacent centromeric IRAK1 gene. A putative involvement of the hemizygosity of this gene in the ossification process is discussed. Finally, results reported here clearly indicate that MECP2 large deletions are a common cause of classic Rett, and MLPA analysis is mandatory in MECP2-negative patients, especially in those more severely affected (P = 0.044).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Scala
- Medical Genetics, Molecular Biology Department, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Mencarelli MA, Caselli R, Pescucci C, Hayek G, Zappella M, Renieri A, Mari F. Clinical and molecular characterization of a patient with a 2q31.2-32.3 deletion identified by array-CGH. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:858-65. [PMID: 17352388 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report on a patient with a de novo interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2 involving bands 2q31.2-2q32.3. The patient shows severe mental retardation, absence of speech, sleep disturbances, behavioral problems, and some dysmorphic features. In particular, he presents with macrocephaly, high forehead, thick and coarse hair, thick eyebrows, synophrys, increased inner and outer canthal distance, bifid nasal tip, high palate, micrognathia, dysmorphic right ear, and long and tapering fingers. Array-CGH analysis allowed us to identify and characterize a 2q interstitial deletion of about 13 Mb, involving the segment between cytogenetic bands 2q31.2 and 2q32.3. The deletion was confirmed by quantitative PCR. We compare the phenotype of our patient with those already reported in literature. In particular, we discuss the similarities shared with two recently reported patients, studied by array-CGH, who show an overlapping deletion. The common clinical features are: long face, high forehead, abnormal teeth and ears, midface hypoplasia, high palate, micrognathia, transparent and thin skin, high frequency of inguinal hernia, severe development impairment, and behavioral problems. Some genes located in the deleted region may be good candidates for the neurological phenotype such as ZNF533 and MYO1B, which are both involved in neuronal function. Furthermore, the GLS gene could be a good candidate in generating the behavioral phenotype in the patient. In fact, it encodes for the major enzyme yielding glutamate from glutamine and it can be implicated in behavioral disturbances in which glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter.
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Caselli R, Speciale C, Pescucci C, Uliana V, Sampieri K, Bruttini M, Longo I, De Francesco S, Pramparo T, Zuffardi O, Frezzotti R, Acquaviva A, Hadjistilianou T, Renieri A, Mari F. Retinoblastoma and mental retardation microdeletion syndrome: clinical characterization and molecular dissection using array CGH. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:535-542. [PMID: 17502991 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe three patients with retinoblastoma, dysmorphic features and developmental delay. Patients 1 and 2 have high and broad forehead, deeply grooved philtrum, thick anteverted lobes and thick helix. Patient 1 also has dolicocephaly, sacral pit/dimple and toe crowding; patient 2 shows intrauterine growth retardation and short fifth toe. Both patients have partial agenesis of corpus callosum. Patient 3 has growth retardation, microcephaly, thick lower lip and micrognathia. Using array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), we identified a 13q14 de novo deletion in patients 1 and 2, while patient 3 had a 7q11.21 maternally inherited deletion, probably not related to the disease. Our results confirm that a distinct facial phenotype is related to a 13q14 deletion. Patients with retinoblastoma and malformations without a peculiar facial phenotype may have a different deletion syndrome or a casual association of mental retardation and retinoblastoma. Using array-CGH, we defined a critical region for mental retardation and dysmorphic features. We compared this deletion with a smaller one in a patient with retinoblastoma (case 4) and identified two distinct critical regions, containing 30 genes. Four genes appear to be good functional candidates for the neurological phenotype: NUFIP1 (nuclear fragile X mental retardation protein 1), HTR2A (serotonin receptor 2A), PCDH8 (prothocaderin 8) and PCDH17 (prothocaderin 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Caselli
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, V.le Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - C Speciale
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, V.le Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - C Pescucci
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, V.le Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - V Uliana
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, V.le Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - K Sampieri
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, V.le Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - M Bruttini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, V.le Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - I Longo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, V.le Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - S De Francesco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retinoblastoma Referral Center, Siena, Italy
| | - T Pramparo
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - O Zuffardi
- Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - R Frezzotti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - A Acquaviva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - T Hadjistilianou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retinoblastoma Referral Center, Siena, Italy
| | - A Renieri
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, V.le Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - F Mari
- Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Policlinico Le Scotte, V.le Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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