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Dai W, Wen M, Kalso E, Palada V. Circadian disruption upon painful peripheral nerve injury in mice: Temporal effects on transcriptome in pain-regulating sensory tissues. Neurobiol Dis 2025; 211:106934. [PMID: 40324566 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2025.106934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2025] [Revised: 03/21/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/07/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NP) resulting from nerve damage shows diurnal fluctuation of intensity in patients, indicating circadian regulation. However, mechanisms linking NP and circadian regulation remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate time-dependent transcriptomic changes during a 24-hour period using a spared nerve injury (SNI) mouse model of NP. METHODS Pain-related behaviours were assessed at baseline and on days 7, 14, and 21 after SNI and control sham surgeries in C57BL/6JRJ mice. Spinal cord (SC) and periaqueductal gray (PAG) were collected 4-hourly over 24 h upon completion of behavioural testing. RESULTS RNA sequencing revealed 111 up- and 21 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the SC, and 35 up- and 33 downregulated DEGs in the PAG, across all six time points. The large majority of DEGs, 245 in the SC and 191 in the PAG, are involved in regulation of immunity. Among the top expressed genes, five DEGs in the SC, Atf3, Anxa10, Gpr151, Cxcl10, Sprr1a, and two DEGs in the PAG, Igf2 and Wnt6, were previously reported to regulate pain. Circadian analysis using CircaCompare identified 383 SC transcripts and 261 PAG transcripts with altered rhythmicity. Variability of gene expression during circadian day was increased in the SC and decreased in the PAG from the SNI mice. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that NP disrupts the circadian expression of rhythmic transcripts in the SC and PAG, potentially revealing new targets for chronotherapy of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manqing Wen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Kalso
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Vinko Palada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Pawlik K, Ciapała K, Ciechanowska A, Makuch W, Mika J. Pharmacological modulation of neutrophils, in contrast to that of macrophages/microglia, is sex independent and delays the development of morphine tolerance in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2025; 187:118149. [PMID: 40349556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2025] [Revised: 05/05/2025] [Accepted: 05/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Identifying sex-specific mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain, as well as its therapy, remains a challenge. Recent studies suggest important roles for neutrophils, macrophages and microglia in the development of hypersensitivity and the morphine effectiveness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test whether substances that inhibit the activation/influx of neutrophils (4-aminobenzoic hydrazide) and microglia/macrophages (minocycline) can help achieve pain relief in male/female mice and improve the analgesic effectiveness of morphine in neuropathy in both sexes. Our behavioral studies performed using chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve indicate that repeated twice-daily administrations of 4-aminobenzoic hydrazide (in both sexes) and minocycline (only in males) cause analgesia and delay morphine tolerance development. Observations in female include the absence of alleviation of tactile hypersensitivity (von Frey test) following minocycline, and even an increase in thermal hypersensitivity (cold plate test), which may be of clinical importance. This may be explained by a lack of impact on IBA-1 protein level after repeated administration of minocycline in females, along with increased levels of pronociceptive factors such as CCL2, CXCL2, and TNFα. Notably, the repeated twice-daily administration of 4-aminobenzoic hydrazide has beneficial analgesic effects and delays morphine tolerance development in both sexes. Its influence on male mice is likely caused by its impact on spinal neutrophil activation/influx and on the level of anti-(IL-4)/pro-(CCL2) nociceptive cytokines. Our studies provide the first evidence that the inhibition of neutrophil activation/influx during long-term morphine treatment can improve its efficacy and delay the development of opioid tolerance in neuropathy in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pawlik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, Krakow 31-343, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, Krakow 31-343, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, Krakow 31-343, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, Krakow 31-343, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, Krakow 31-343, Poland.
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Yasukochi S, Yamakawa W, Taniguchi M, Itoyama S, Tsuruta A, Kusunose N, Yamauchi T, Nakamura R, Matsunaga N, Ohdo S, Koyanagi S. The Circadian Clock Component REV-ERB Is an Analgesic Target for Cancer-Induced Tactile Pain Hypersensitivity. J Neurosci 2025; 45:e1969242025. [PMID: 40268481 PMCID: PMC12121715 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1969-24.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2025] [Accepted: 04/10/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is one of the most intractable pain conditions associated with tumor growth compressing and damaging nerves. A troublesome hallmark symptom of neuropathic pain is hypersensitivity to innocuous stimuli, known as "tactile allodynia," which is often refractory to currently available analgesics. Diurnal variations in pain hypersensitivity are common in patients with cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are enigmatic. Herein, we report that spinal expression of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) enhances pain sensitivity of NCTC2472 fibrosarcoma-implanted male mice during specific stages of the diurnal cycle. As the tumor grew, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels increased in the spinal cord of the mice. Increased IL-6 levels stimulated LCN2 expression in spinal microglia, but this expression was periodically repressed by the circadian clock components REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. Notably, intraspinal dorsal horn injection of lentiviral vectors expressing REV-ERBα or REV-ERBβ in tumor-bearing mice alleviated tactile allodynia. Furthermore, intrathecal injection of SR9009, a synthetic agonist of REV-ERBs, also attenuated cancer-induced pain hypersensitivity, accompanied by suppressing spinal LCN2 expression. These results suggest that temporal elevation of LCN2 expression decreases the threshold of tactile pain hypersensitivity induced by tumor growth. We propose that the circadian clock component of REV-ERBs is an effective target for alleviation of cancer-induced tactile allodynia, identifying a new class of analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Yasukochi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Wakaba Yamakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Marie Taniguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sayaka Itoyama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akito Tsuruta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Kusunose
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Risako Nakamura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoya Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ohdo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoru Koyanagi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Husain MA, Smith R, Sorge RE, Kaimari A, Si Y, Hassan AZ, Guha A, Smith KA, Cardozo CP, DeBerry JJ, Andrabi SA, Nabors LB, Filippova N, Webb CK, King PH. Inhibition of the RNA Regulator HuR Mitigates Spinal Cord Injury by Potently Suppressing Post-Injury Neuroinflammation. FASEB J 2025; 39:e70588. [PMID: 40317946 PMCID: PMC12046946 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202500236r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2025] [Revised: 04/09/2025] [Accepted: 04/18/2025] [Indexed: 05/07/2025]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major driver of secondary tissue damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). Within minutes after SCI, activated microglia and astrocytes produce proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 which induce tissue injury through cytotoxicity, vascular hyperpermeability, and secondary ischemia. The inflammatory cascade is amplified by chemokines like CCL2 and CXCL1 which recruit immune cells to the injured site. HuR is an RNA regulator that promotes glial expression of many proinflammatory factors by binding to adenylate- and uridylate-rich elements in the 3' untranslated regions of their mRNAs. SRI-42127 is a small molecule which blocks HuR function by preventing its nucleocytoplasmic translocation. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of SRI-42127 to suppress neuroinflammation after SCI and improve functional outcome. Adult female mice underwent a T10 contusion injury and received SRI-42127 1 h post injury for up to 5 days. Locomotor function was assessed by open field testing, balance beam, and rotarod. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess lesion size, neuronal loss, myelin sparing, microglial/astroglial activation, and HuR localization. Inflammatory mediator expression was assessed by qPCR, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, or western blot. We found that SRI-42127 treatment significantly attenuated loss of locomotor function and post-SCI pain. There was a reduction in lesion size and neuronal loss with an increase in myelin sparing. Microglia and astrocytes showed reduced activation and reduced nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HuR. There was a striking suppression of proinflammatory mediators at the epicenter along with peripheral suppression of inflammatory responses in serum, liver, and spleen. In conclusion, HuR inhibition with SRI-42127 may be a viable therapeutic approach for suppressing neuroinflammatory responses after SCI and improving functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amir Husain
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Killion Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Reed Smith
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Killion Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Robert E. Sorge
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Abdulraheem Kaimari
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Ying Si
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Killion Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Ali Z. Hassan
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Abhishek Guha
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Killion Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Katherine A. Smith
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Killion Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Christopher P. Cardozo
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters VA Medical CenterBronxNew YorkUSA
- Department of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jennifer J. DeBerry
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Shaida A. Andrabi
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - L. Burt Nabors
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Natalia Filippova
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Caroline K. Webb
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Peter H. King
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Killion Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Department of Cell Developmental, and Integrative BiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
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Shen Y, Lin P. The Role of Cytokines in Postherpetic Neuralgia. J Integr Neurosci 2025; 24:25829. [PMID: 40302252 DOI: 10.31083/jin25829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 10/02/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury is a significant cause of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). It is marked by upregulated expression of cytokines secreted by immune cells such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-18, and IL-10. In neuropathic pain (NP) due to nerve injury, cytokines are important for the induction of neuroinflammation, activation of glial cells, and expression of cation channels. The release of chemokines due to nerve injury promotes immune cell infiltration, recruiting inflammatory cytokines and further amplifying the inflammatory response. The resulting disequilibrium in neuroimmune response and neuroinflammation leads to a reduction of nerve fibers, altered nerve excitability, and neuralgia. PHN is a typical NP and cytokines may induce PHN by promoting central and peripheral sensitization. Currently, treating PHN is challenging and research on the role of cytokine signaling pathways in PHN is lacking. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms of cytokine-mediated PHN and discusses the cytokine signaling pathways associated with the central and peripheral sensitization of PHN. By elucidating the mechanisms of cytokines, the cells and molecules that regulate cytokines, and their signaling systems in PHN, this review reveals important research developments regarding cytokines and their signaling pathways mediating PHN, highlighting new targets of action for the development of analgesic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Shen
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Geriatrics, Hangzhou Third People's Hospital, 310009 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Liu Y, Cai X, Shi B, Mo Y, Zhang J, Luo W, Yu B, Li X. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects of Microglia-Astrocyte Interactions in Neuropathic Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2025; 62:4654-4676. [PMID: 39470872 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04562-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/01/2024]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a prevalent and debilitating condition experienced by the majority of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The complex pathophysiology of neuropathic pain, involving continuous activation of microglia and astrocytes, reactive gliosis, and altered neuronal plasticity, poses significant challenges for effective treatment. This review focuses on the pivotal roles of microglia and astrocytes, the two major glial cell types in the central nervous system, in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain after SCI. We highlight the extensive bidirectional interactions between these cells, mediated by the release of inflammatory mediators, neurotransmitters, and neurotrophic factors, which contribute to the amplification of pain signaling. Understanding the microglia-astrocyte crosstalk and its impact on neuronal function is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting neuropathic pain. In addition, this review discusses the fundamental biology, post-injury pain roles, and therapeutic prospects of microglia and astrocytes in neuropathic pain after SCI and elucidates the specific signaling pathways involved. We also speculated that the extracellular matrix (ECM) can affect the glial cells as well. Furthermore, we also mentioned potential targeted therapies, challenges, and progress in clinical trials, as well as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Finally, other relevant cell interactions in neuropathic pain and the role of glial cells in other neuropathic pain conditions have been discussed. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for further investigations into the microglia-astrocyte interaction and the detailed mechanisms of neuropathic pain after SCI, with the aim of improving therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- The Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xintong Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- The Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- The Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yajie Mo
- The Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- The Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenting Luo
- The Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bodong Yu
- The Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Gao N, Li M, Wang W, Liu Z, Guo Y. The dual role of TRPV1 in peripheral neuropathic pain: pain switches caused by its sensitization or desensitization. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1400118. [PMID: 39315294 PMCID: PMC11417043 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1400118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel plays a dual role in peripheral neuropathic pain (NeuP) by acting as a "pain switch" through its sensitization and desensitization. Hyperalgesia, commonly resulting from tissue injury or inflammation, involves the sensitization of TRPV1 channels, which modulates sensory transmission from primary afferent nociceptors to spinal dorsal horn neurons. In chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), TRPV1 is implicated in neuropathic pain mechanisms due to its interaction with ion channels, neurotransmitter signaling, and oxidative stress. Sensitization of TRPV1 in dorsal root ganglion neurons contributes to CIPN development, and inhibition of TRPV1 channels can reduce chemotherapy-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. In diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), TRPV1 is involved in pain modulation through pathways including reactive oxygen species and cytokine production. TRPV1's interaction with TRPA1 channels further influences chronic pain onset and progression. Therapeutically, capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, can induce analgesia through receptor desensitization, while TRPV1 antagonists and siRNA targeting TRPV1 show promise in preclinical studies. Cannabinoid modulation of TRPV1 provides another potential pathway for alleviating neuropathic pain. This review summarizes recent preclinical research on TRPV1 in association with peripheral NeuP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Guo
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wu PY, Caceres AI, Chen J, Sokoloff J, Huang M, Baht GS, Nackley AG, Jordt SE, Terrando N. Vagus nerve stimulation rescues persistent pain following orthopedic surgery in adult mice. Pain 2024; 165:e80-e92. [PMID: 38422485 PMCID: PMC11247455 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Postoperative pain is a major clinical problem imposing a significant burden on patients and society. In a survey 2 years after orthopedic surgery, 57% of patients reported persisting postoperative pain. However, only limited progress has been made in the development of safe and effective therapies to prevent the onset and chronification of pain after orthopedic surgery. We established a tibial fracture mouse model that recapitulates clinically relevant orthopedic trauma surgery, which causes changes in neuropeptide levels in dorsal root ganglia and sustained neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. Here, we monitored extended pain behavior in this model, observing chronic bilateral hindpaw mechanical allodynia in both male and female C57BL/6J mice that persisted for >3 months after surgery. We also tested the analgesic effects of a novel, minimally invasive, bioelectronic approach to percutaneously stimulate the vagus nerve (termed percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation [pVNS]). Weekly pVNS treatment for 30 minutes at 10 Hz for 3 weeks after the surgery strongly reduced pain behaviors compared with untreated controls. Percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation also improved locomotor coordination and accelerated bone healing. In the dorsal root ganglia, vagal stimulation inhibited the activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive satellite cells but without affecting microglial activation. Overall, these data provide novel evidence supportive of the use of pVNS to prevent postoperative pain and inform translational studies to test antinociceptive effects of bioelectronic medicine in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Yen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ana Isabel Caceres
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jiegen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jamie Sokoloff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mingjian Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gurpreet Singh Baht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrea G. Nackley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Niccolò Terrando
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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Guo H, Hu WC, Xian H, Shi YX, Liu YY, Ma SB, Pan KQ, Wu SX, Xu LY, Luo C, Xie RG. CCL2 Potentiates Inflammation Pain and Related Anxiety-Like Behavior Through NMDA Signaling in Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4976-4991. [PMID: 38157119 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is widely expressed in the nervous system and involved in regulating the development of chronic pain and related anxiety-like behaviors, but its precise mechanism is still unclear. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the involvement of CCL2-CCR2 signaling in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) leading to inflammatory pain and its concomitant anxiety-like behaviors by modulation of glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Our findings suggest that local bilateral injection of CCR2 antagonist in the ACC inhibits CFA-induced inflammatory pain and anxiety-like behavior. Meanwhile, the expression of CCR2 and CCL2 was significantly increased in ACC after 14 days of intraplantar injection of CFA, and CCR2 was mainly expressed in excitatory neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that the CCR2 inhibitor RS504393 reduced the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC) in ACC, and CCL2 was involved in the regulation of NMDAR-induced current in ACC neurons in the pathological state. In addition, local injection of the NR2B inhibitor of NMDAR subunits, Ro 25-6981, attenuated the effects of CCL2-induced hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behavior in the ACC. In summary, CCL2 acts on CCR2 in ACC excitatory neurons and participates in the regulation of CFA-induced pain and related anxiety-like behaviors through upregulation of NR2B. CCR2 in the ACC neuron may be a potential target for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain and pain-related anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Chao Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hang Xian
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yun-Xin Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Center for Conversation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Yuan-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- School of Life Science & Research Center for Resource Peptide Drugs, Shaanxi Engineering & Technological Research Center for Conversation & Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, Yanan University, Yanan, 716000, China
| | - Sui-Bin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kun-Qing Pan
- No.19 Cadet Regiment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shantou University Medical College, No.22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - Ceng Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Rou-Gang Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Izadjoo S, Moritz KE, Khayrullina G, Bergman EM, Melvin BM, Stinson MW, Paulson SG, McCormack NM, Anderson KN, Lewis LA, Rotty JD, Burnett BG. Key features of the innate immune response is mediated by the immunoproteasome in microglia. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4467983. [PMID: 38883799 PMCID: PMC11177974 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4467983/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). We and others have shown that the inflammatory response of microglia is partially regulated by the immunoproteasome, an inducible form of the proteasome responsible for the generation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I epitopes. While the role of the proteasome in the adaptive immune system is well established, emerging evidence suggests the immunoproteasome may have discrete functions in the innate immune response. Here, we show that inhibiting the immunoproteasome reduces the IFNγ-dependent induction of complement activator C1q, suppresses phagocytosis, and alters the cytokine expression profile in a microglial cell line and microglia derived from human inducible pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, we show that the immunoproteasome regulates the degradation of IκBα, a modulator of NF-κB signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that NADH prevents induction of the immunoproteasome, representing a potential pathway to suppress immunoproteasome-dependent immune responses.
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11
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Zeng J, Gao WW, Yang H, Wang YN, Mei Y, Liu TT, Wang M, Tang L, Ma DC, Li W. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate suppresses microglia polarization and neuroinflammation possibly via regulating miR-125b-5p/STAT3 axis to ameliorate neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 972:176523. [PMID: 38552937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The spinal cord microglia play a pivotal role in neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain (NP). Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS), a derivative of tanshinone IIA, has anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects. However, its underlying mechanism in NP remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of STS and elucidate possible mechanisms in a rat model of spared nerve injury. In vivo experiments, STS and AG490 were administered intraperitoneally once daily for 14 consecutive days after surgery. The results showed that the expression of miR-125b-5p in the spinal dorsal horn was substantially reduced, whereas signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling was increased. After treatment with STS, the mechanical thresholds, expression of miR-125b-5p, and microglial M2 marker such as Arg-1 in the spinal cord horn increased significantly, whereas multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis were significantly reduced. Moreover, STAT3 pathway-related proteins and expression of the microglial M1 marker, CD68, were appreciably inhibited. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce an inflammatory response in BV-2 microglial cells. STS pretreatment inhibited LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, reduced STAT3 pathway related-proteins and apoptosis, increased miR-125b-5p and proopiomelanocortin expression, and enhanced microglia transformation from M1 to M2 phenotype in BV-2 cells. These effects were reversed after the inhibition of miR-125b-5p expression in BV-2 cells. A dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that STAT3 binds to miR-125b-5p. In summary, these results suggest that STS exerts anti-hyperalgesic and anti-neuroinflammatory effects in rats with NP possibly via the miR-125b-5p/STAT3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Department of Pain Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Gao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya-Nang Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Mei
- Department of Pain Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Shapingba Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Chuan Ma
- Department of Pain Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pain Medicine, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China.
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Ciechanowska A, Mika J. CC Chemokine Family Members' Modulation as a Novel Approach for Treating Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System Injury-A Review of Clinical and Experimental Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3788. [PMID: 38612597 PMCID: PMC11011591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in modern medicine and pharmacology, damage to the nervous system with various etiologies still poses a challenge to doctors and scientists. Injuries lead to neuroimmunological changes in the central nervous system (CNS), which may result in both secondary damage and the development of tactile and thermal hypersensitivity. In our review, based on the analysis of many experimental and clinical studies, we indicate that the mechanisms occurring both at the level of the brain after direct damage and at the level of the spinal cord after peripheral nerve damage have a common immunological basis. This suggests that there are opportunities for similar pharmacological therapeutic interventions in the damage of various etiologies. Experimental data indicate that after CNS/PNS damage, the levels of 16 among the 28 CC-family chemokines, i.e., CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL6, CCL7, CCL8, CCL9, CCL11, CCL12, CCL17, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, and CCL22, increase in the brain and/or spinal cord and have strong proinflammatory and/or pronociceptive effects. According to the available literature data, further investigation is still needed for understanding the role of the remaining chemokines, especially six of them which were found in humans but not in mice/rats, i.e., CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL18, and CCL23. Over the past several years, the results of studies in which available pharmacological tools were used indicated that blocking individual receptors, e.g., CCR1 (J113863 and BX513), CCR2 (RS504393, CCX872, INCB3344, and AZ889), CCR3 (SB328437), CCR4 (C021 and AZD-2098), and CCR5 (maraviroc, AZD-5672, and TAK-220), has beneficial effects after damage to both the CNS and PNS. Recently, experimental data have proved that blockades exerted by double antagonists CCR1/3 (UCB 35625) and CCR2/5 (cenicriviroc) have very good anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. In addition, both single (J113863, RS504393, SB328437, C021, and maraviroc) and dual (cenicriviroc) chemokine receptor antagonists enhanced the analgesic effect of opioid drugs. This review will display the evidence that a multidirectional strategy based on the modulation of neuronal-glial-immune interactions can significantly improve the health of patients after CNS and PNS damage by changing the activity of chemokines belonging to the CC family. Moreover, in the case of pain, the combined administration of such antagonists with opioid drugs could reduce therapeutic doses and minimize the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
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13
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Chen X, Tang SJ. Neural Circuitry Polarization in the Spinal Dorsal Horn (SDH): A Novel Form of Dysregulated Circuitry Plasticity during Pain Pathogenesis. Cells 2024; 13:398. [PMID: 38474361 PMCID: PMC10930392 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathological pain emerges from nociceptive system dysfunction, resulting in heightened pain circuit activity. Various forms of circuitry plasticity, such as central sensitization, synaptic plasticity, homeostatic plasticity, and excitation/inhibition balance, contribute to the malfunction of neural circuits during pain pathogenesis. Recently, a new form of plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), named neural circuit polarization (NCP), was discovered in pain models induced by HIV-1 gp120 and chronic morphine administration. NCP manifests as an increase in excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in excitatory neurons and a decrease in EPSCs in inhibitory neurons, presumably facilitating hyperactivation of pain circuits. The expression of NCP is associated with astrogliosis. Ablation of reactive astrocytes or suppression of astrogliosis blocks NCP and, concomitantly, the development of gp120- or morphine-induced pain. In this review, we aim to compare and integrate NCP with other forms of plasticity in pain circuits to improve the understanding of the pathogenic contribution of NCP and its cooperation with other forms of circuitry plasticity during the development of pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- Stony Brook University Pain and Anesthesia Research Center (SPARC), Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
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14
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Ye Z, Wang J, Shi W, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yang H. Reprimo (RPRM) as a Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Target for Radiation-Induced Brain Injury via Multiple Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17055. [PMID: 38069378 PMCID: PMC10707327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving cranial radiotherapy for primary and metastatic brain tumors may experience radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI). Thus far, there has been a lack of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for RIBI. Due to its complicated underlying pathogenic mechanisms, it is rather difficult to develop a single approach to target them simultaneously. We have recently reported that Reprimo (RPRM), a tumor suppressor gene, is a critical player in DNA damage repair, and RPRM deletion significantly confers radioresistance to mice. Herein, by using an RPRM knockout (KO) mouse model established in our laboratory, we found that RPRM deletion alleviated RIBI in mice via targeting its multiple underlying mechanisms. Specifically, RPRM knockout significantly reduced hippocampal DNA damage and apoptosis shortly after mice were exposed to whole-brain irradiation (WBI). For the late-delayed effect of WBI, RPRM knockout obviously ameliorated a radiation-induced decline in neurocognitive function and dramatically diminished WBI-induced neurogenesis inhibition. Moreover, RPRM KO mice exhibited a significantly lower level of acute and chronic inflammation response and microglial activation than wild-type (WT) mice post-WBI. Finally, we uncovered that RPRM knockout not only protected microglia against radiation-induced damage, thus preventing microglial activation, but also protected neurons and decreased the induction of CCL2 in neurons after irradiation, in turn attenuating the activation of microglial cells nearby through paracrine CCL2. Taken together, our results indicate that RPRM plays a crucial role in the occurrence of RIBI, suggesting that RPRM may serve as a novel potential target for the prevention and treatment of RIBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Z.Y.); (J.W.); (W.S.); (Z.Z.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.)
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15
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Ryu S, Liu X, Guo T, Guo Z, Zhang J, Cao YQ. Peripheral CCL2-CCR2 signalling contributes to chronic headache-related sensitization. Brain 2023; 146:4274-4291. [PMID: 37284790 PMCID: PMC10545624 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine, especially chronic migraine, is highly debilitating and still lacks effective treatment. The persistent headache arises from activation and sensitization of primary afferent neurons in the trigeminovascular pathway, but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Animal studies indicate that signalling through chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) and C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) mediates the development of chronic pain after tissue or nerve injury. Some migraine patients had elevated CCL2 levels in CSF or cranial periosteum. However, whether the CCL2-CCR2 signalling pathway contributes to chronic migraine is not clear. Here, we modelled chronic headache with repeated administration of nitroglycerin (NTG, a reliable migraine trigger in migraineurs) and found that both Ccl2 and Ccr2 mRNA were upregulated in dura and trigeminal ganglion (TG) tissues that are implicated in migraine pathophysiology. In Ccl2 and Ccr2 global knockout mice, repeated NTG administration did not evoke acute or persistent facial skin hypersensitivity as in wild-type mice. Intraperitoneal injection of CCL2 neutralizing antibodies inhibited chronic headache-related behaviours induced by repeated NTG administration and repetitive restraint stress, suggesting that the peripheral CCL2-CCR2 signalling mediates headache chronification. We found that CCL2 was mainly expressed in TG neurons and cells associated with dura blood vessels, whereas CCR2 was expressed in subsets of macrophages and T cells in TG and dura but not in TG neurons under both control and disease states. Deletion of Ccr2 gene in primary afferent neurons did not alter NTG-induced sensitization, but eliminating CCR2 expression in either T cells or myeloid cells abolished NTG-induced behaviours, indicating that both CCL2-CCR2 signalling in T cells and macrophages are required to establish chronic headache-related sensitization. At cellular level, repeated NTG administration increased the number of TG neurons that responded to calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) as well as the production of CGRP in wild-type but not Ccr2 global knockout mice. Lastly, co-administration of CCL2 and CGRP neutralizing antibodies was more effective in reversing NTG-induced behaviours than individual antibodies. Taken together, these results suggest that migraine triggers activate CCL2-CCR2 signalling in macrophages and T cells. This consequently enhances both CGRP and PACAP signalling in TG neurons, ultimately leading to persistent neuronal sensitization underlying chronic headache. Our work not only identifies the peripheral CCL2 and CCR2 as potential targets for chronic migraine therapy, but also provides proof-of-concept that inhibition of both peripheral CGRP and CCL2-CCR2 signalling is more effective than targeting either pathway alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box MSC 8054-86-05, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box MSC 8054-86-05, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tingting Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box MSC 8054-86-05, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhaohua Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box MSC 8054-86-05, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box MSC 8054-86-05, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yu-Qing Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box MSC 8054-86-05, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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16
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Scarneo S, Zhang X, Wang Y, Camacho-Domenech J, Ricano J, Hughes P, Haystead T, Nackley AG. Transforming Growth Factor-β-Activated Kinase 1 (TAK1) Mediates Chronic Pain and Cytokine Production in Mouse Models of Inflammatory, Neuropathic, and Primary Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:1633-1644. [PMID: 37121498 PMCID: PMC10524186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The origin of chronic pain is linked to inflammation, characterized by increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in local tissues and systemic circulation. Transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a key regulator of proinflammatory cytokine signaling that has been well characterized in the context of cancer and autoimmune disorders, yet its role in chronic pain is less clear. Here, we evaluated the ability of our TAK1 small-molecule inhibitor, takinib, to attenuate pain and inflammation in preclinical models of inflammatory, neuropathic, and primary pain. Inflammatory, neuropathic, and primary pain was modeled using intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), chronic constriction injury (CCI), and systemic delivery of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor OR486, respectively. Behavioral responses evoked by mechanical and thermal stimuli were evaluated in separate groups of mice receiving takinib or vehicle prior to pain induction (baseline) and over 12 days following CFA injection, 4 weeks following CCI surgery, and 6 hours following OR486 delivery. Hindpaw edema was also measured prior to and 3 days following CFA injection. Upon termination of behavioral experiments, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were collected to measure cytokines. We also evaluated the ability of takinib to modulate nociceptor activity via in vitro calcium imaging of neurons isolated from the DRG of Gcamp3 mice. In all 3 models, TAK1 inhibition significantly reduced hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli and expression of proinflammatory cytokines in DRG. Furthermore, TAK1 inhibition significantly reduced the activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-primed/capsaicin-evoked DRG nociceptive neurons. Overall, our results support the therapeutic potential of TAK1 as a novel drug target for the treatment of chronic pain syndromes with different etiologies. PERSPECTIVE: This article reports the therapeutic potential of TAK1 inhibitors for the treatment of chronic pain. This new treatment has the potential to provide a greater therapeutic offering to physicians and patients suffering from chronic pain as well as reduce the dependency on opioid-based pain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Scarneo
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; EydisBio Inc., Department of Research and Development Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaomin Wang
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jose Camacho-Domenech
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer Ricano
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Philip Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; EydisBio Inc., Department of Research and Development Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tim Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; EydisBio Inc., Department of Research and Development Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrea G Nackley
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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17
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Maruyama M, Sakai A, Fukunaga T, Miyagawa Y, Okada T, Hamada M, Suzuki H. Neat1 lncRNA organizes the inflammatory gene expressions in the dorsal root ganglion in neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1185322. [PMID: 37614230 PMCID: PMC10442554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory neurons regulate inflammatory processes in innervated regions through neuro-immune communication. However, how their immune-modulating functions are regulated in concert remains largely unknown. Here, we show that Neat1 long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) organizes the proinflammatory gene expressions in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in chronic intractable neuropathic pain in rats. Neat1 was abundantly expressed in the DRG and was upregulated after peripheral nerve injury. Neat1 overexpression in primary sensory neurons caused mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, whereas its knockdown alleviated neuropathic pain. Bioinformatics analysis of comprehensive transcriptome changes indicated the inflammatory response was the most relevant function of genes upregulated through Neat1. Consistent with this, upregulation of proinflammatory genes in the DRG following nerve injury was suppressed by Neat1 knockdown. Expression changes of these proinflammatory genes were regulated through Neat1-mRNA interaction-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Notably, Neat1 increased proinflammatory genes by stabilizing its interacting mRNAs in neuropathic pain. Finally, Neat1 in primary sensory neurons contributed to spinal inflammatory processes that mediated peripheral neuropathic pain. These findings demonstrate that Neat1 lncRNA is a key regulator of neuro-immune communication in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyo Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Fukunaga
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- Department of Computer Science, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Michiaki Hamada
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- AIST-Waseda University Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), Shinjuku-ku, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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18
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Taniguchi M, Yasukochi S, Yamakawa W, Tsurudome Y, Tsuruta A, Horiguchi M, Ushijima K, Yamashita T, Shindo N, Ojida A, Matsunaga N, Koyanagi S, Ohdo S. Inhibition of Tumor-Derived C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 Expression Attenuates Tactile Allodynia in NCTC 2472 Fibrosarcoma-Inoculated Mice. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:73-79. [PMID: 37316349 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain associated with cancers is caused by tumor growth compressing and damaging nerves, which would also be enhanced by inflammatory factors through sensitizing nociceptor neurons. A troublesome hallmark symptom of neuropathic pain is hypersensitivity to innocuous stimuli, a condition known as "tactile allodynia", which is often refractory to NSAIDs and opioids. The involvement of chemokine CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) in cancer-evoked neuropathic pain is well established, but opinions remain divided as to whether CCL2 is involved in the production of tactile allodynia with tumor growth. In this study, we constructed Ccl2 knockout NCTC 2472 (Ccl2-KO NCTC) fibrosarcoma cells and conducted pain behavioral test using Ccl2-KO NCTC-implanted mice. Implantation of naïve NCTC cells around the sciatic nerves of mice produced tactile allodynia in the inoculated paw. Although the growth of Ccl2 KO NCTC-formed tumors was comparable to that of naïve NCTC-formed tumors, Ccl2-KO NCTC-bearing mice failed to show tactile pain hypersensitivity, suggesting the involvement of CCL2 in cancer-induced allodynia. Subcutaneous administration of controlled-release nanoparticles containing the CCL2 expression inhibitor NS-3-008 (1-benzyl-3-hexylguanidine) significantly attenuated tactile allodynia in naïve NCTC-bearing mice accompanied by a reduction of CCL2 content in tumor masses. Our present findings suggest that inhibition of CCL2 expression in cancer cells is a useful strategy to attenuate tactile allodynia induced by tumor growth. Development of a controlled-release system of CCL2 expression inhibitor may be a preventative option for the treatment of cancer-evoked neuropathic pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The blockade of chemokine/receptor signaling, particularly for C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and its high-affinity receptor C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), has been implicated to attenuate cancer-induced inflammatory and nociceptive pain. This study demonstrated that continuous inhibition of CCL2 production from cancer cells also prevents the development of tactile allodynia associated with tumor growth. Development of a controlled-release system of CCL2 expression inhibitor may be a preventative option for management of cancer-evoked tactile allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Taniguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Sai Yasukochi
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Wakaba Yamakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Yuya Tsurudome
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Akito Tsuruta
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Michiko Horiguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Kentaro Ushijima
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Tomohiro Yamashita
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Naoya Shindo
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Akio Ojida
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Naoya Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Satoru Koyanagi
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
| | - Shigehiro Ohdo
- Department of Pharmaceutics (M.T., S.Y., W.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.), Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry (N.S., A.O.), and Department of Drug Discovery Structural Biology (T.Y.), Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Glocal Healthcare Science (A.T., S.K.) and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics (N.M.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan (Y.T., M.H., K.U.)
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19
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Pawlik K, Mika J. Targeting Members of the Chemokine Family as a Novel Approach to Treating Neuropathic Pain. Molecules 2023; 28:5766. [PMID: 37570736 PMCID: PMC10421203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Numerous studies indicate that this type of pain is a chronic condition with a complex mechanism that tends to worsen over time, leading to a significant deterioration in patients' quality of life and issues like depression, disability, and disturbed sleep. Presently used analgesics are not effective enough in neuropathy treatment and may cause many side effects due to the high doses needed. In recent years, many researchers have pointed to the important role of chemokines not only in the development and maintenance of neuropathy but also in the effectiveness of analgesic drugs. Currently, approximately 50 chemokines are known to act through 20 different seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors located on the surface of neuronal, glial, and immune cells. Data from recent years clearly indicate that more chemokines than initially thought (CCL1/2/3/5/7/8/9/11, CXCL3/9/10/12/13/14/17; XCL1, CX3CL1) have pronociceptive properties; therefore, blocking their action by using neutralizing antibodies, inhibiting their synthesis, or blocking their receptors brings neuropathic pain relief. Several of them (CCL1/2/3/7/9/XCL1) have been shown to be able to reduce opioid drug effectiveness in neuropathy, and neutralizing antibodies against them can restore morphine and/or buprenorphine analgesia. The latest research provides irrefutable evidence that chemokine receptors are promising targets for pharmacotherapy; chemokine receptor antagonists can relieve pain of different etiologies, and most of them are able to enhance opioid analgesia, for example, the blockade of CCR1 (J113863), CCR2 (RS504393), CCR3 (SB328437), CCR4 (C021), CCR5 (maraviroc/AZD5672/TAK-220), CXCR2 (NVPCXCR220/SB225002), CXCR3 (NBI-74330/AMG487), CXCR4 (AMD3100/AMD3465), and XCR1 (vMIP-II). Recent research has shown that multitarget antagonists of chemokine receptors, such as CCR2/5 (cenicriviroc), CXCR1/2 (reparixin), and CCR2/CCR5/CCR8 (RAP-103), are also very effective painkillers. A multidirectional strategy based on the modulation of neuronal-glial-immune interactions by changing the activity of the chemokine family can significantly improve the quality of life of patients suffering from neuropathic pain. However, members of the chemokine family are still underestimated pharmacological targets for pain treatment. In this article, we review the literature and provide new insights into the role of chemokines and their receptors in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Cracow, Poland;
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20
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Park J, Lee C, Kim YT. Effects of Natural Product-Derived Compounds on Inflammatory Pain via Regulation of Microglial Activation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:941. [PMID: 37513853 PMCID: PMC10386117 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory pain is a type of pain caused by tissue damage associated with inflammation and is characterized by hypersensitivity to pain and neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. Neuroinflammation is significantly increased by various neurotransmitters and cytokines that are expressed in activated primary afferent neurons, and it plays a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory pain. The activation of microglia and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are the hallmark features of neuroinflammation. During the development of neuroinflammation, various intracellular signaling pathways are activated or inhibited in microglia, leading to the regulation of inflammatory proteins and cytokines. Numerous attempts have been conducted to alleviate inflammatory pain by inhibiting microglial activation. Natural products and their compounds have gained attention as potential candidates for suppressing inflammatory pain due to verified safety through centuries of use. Many studies have also shown that natural product-derived compounds have the potential to suppress microglial activation and alleviate inflammatory pain. Herein, we review the literature on inflammatory mediators and intracellular signaling involved in microglial activation in inflammatory pain, as well as natural product-derived compounds that have been found to suppress microglial activation. This review suggests that natural product-derived compounds have the potential to alleviate inflammatory pain through the suppression of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Park
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Changho Lee
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Tai Kim
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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21
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Wedel S, Hahnefeld L, Schreiber Y, Namendorf C, Heymann T, Uhr M, Schmidt MV, de Bruin N, Hausch F, Thomas D, Geisslinger G, Sisignano M. SAFit2 ameliorates paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain by reducing spinal gliosis and elevating pro-resolving lipid mediators. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:149. [PMID: 37355700 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CIPN) describes a pathological pain state that occurs dose-dependently as a side effect and can limit or even impede an effective cancer therapy. Unfortunately, current treatment possibilities for CIPN are remarkably confined and mostly inadequate as CIPN therapeutics themselves consist of low effectiveness and may induce severe side effects, pointing out CIPN as pathological entity with an emerging need for novel treatment targets. Here, we investigated whether the novel and highly specific FKBP51 inhibitor SAFit2 reduces paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. METHODS In this study, we used a well-established multiple low-dose paclitaxel model to investigate analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of SAFit2. For this purpose, the behavior of the mice was recorded over 14 days and the mouse tissue was then analyzed using biochemical methods. RESULTS Here, we show that SAFit2 is capable to reduce paclitaxel-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in mice. In addition, we detected that SAFit2 shifts lipid levels in nervous tissue toward an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid profile that counteracts peripheral sensitization after paclitaxel treatment. Furthermore, SAFit2 reduced the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the spinal cord as well as the levels of pain-mediating chemokines. Its treatment also increased anti-inflammatory cytokines levels in neuronal tissues, ultimately leading to a resolution of neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS In summary, SAFit2 shows antihyperalgesic properties as it ameliorates paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain by reducing peripheral sensitization and resolving neuroinflammation. Therefore, we consider SAFit2 as a potential novel drug candidate for the treatment of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Wedel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Namendorf
- Core Unit Analytics and Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Heymann
- Department of Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Core Unit Analytics and Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Core Unit Analytics and Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Natasja de Bruin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Department of Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco Sisignano
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Wu PY, Caceres AI, Chen J, Sokoloff J, Huang M, Baht GS, Nackley AG, Jordt SE, Terrando N. Vagus nerve stimulation rescues persistent pain following orthopedic surgery in adult mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.16.540949. [PMID: 37292744 PMCID: PMC10245641 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.540949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative pain is a major clinical problem imposing a significant burden on our patients and society. Up to 57% of patients experience persistent postoperative pain 2 years after orthopedic surgery [49]. Although many studies have contributed to the neurobiological foundation of surgery-induced pain sensitization, we still lack safe and effective therapies to prevent the onset of persistent postoperative pain. We have established a clinically relevant orthopedic trauma model in mice that recapitulates common insults associated with surgery and ensuing complications. Using this model, we have started to characterize how induction of pain signaling contributes to neuropeptides changes in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and sustained neuroinflammation in the spinal cord [62]. Here we have extended the characterization of pain behaviors for >3 months after surgery, describing a persistent deficit in mechanical allodynia in both male and female C57BL/6J mice after surgery. Notably, we have applied a novel minimally invasive bioelectronic approach to percutaneously stimulate the vagus nerve (termed pVNS) [24] and tested its anti-nociceptive effects in this model. Our results show that surgery induced a strong bilateral hind-paw allodynia with a slight decrease in motor coordination. However, treatment with pVNS for 30-minutes at10 Hz weekly for 3 weeks prevented pain behavior compared to naïve controls. pVNS also improved locomotor coordination and bone healing compared to surgery without treatment. In the DRGs, we observed that vagal stimulation fully rescued activation of GFAP positive satellite cells but did not affect microglial activation. Overall, these data provide novel evidence for the use of pVNS to prevent postoperative pain and may inform translational studies to test anti-nociceptive effects in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Yen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ana Isabel Caceres
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jiegen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jamie Sokoloff
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mingjian Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gurpreet Singh Baht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrea G Nackley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Integrated Toxicology & Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Niccolò Terrando
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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23
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Marino Y, Arangia A, Cordaro M, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Impellizzeri D, Cupi R, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, Fusco R, Cuzzocrea S, Di Paola R. Analysis of the Influence of IL-6 and the Activation of the Jak/Stat3 Pathway in Fibromyalgia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030792. [PMID: 36979771 PMCID: PMC10045851 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Fibromyalgia is a medical condition that affects a small percentage of the population, with no known effective treatment. There is evidence to suggest that inflammation is a key factor in the nerve sensitization that characterizes the disorder. Therefore, this paper concentrates on the role of IL-6 in fibromyalgia and the related pain-like symptoms. Methods: This work aimed to evaluate Sprague–Dawley rats, which were injected for three consecutive days with 1 mg/kg of reserpine; IL-6-R Ab was intraperitoneally injected at 1.5 mg/kg seven days after the first reserpine injection. Behavioral analyses were conducted at the beginning of the experiment and at seven and twenty-one days from the first reserpine injection. At this timepoint, the animals were sacrificed, and tissues were collected for molecular and histological analysis. Results: Our data showed the analgesic effect of IL-6-R-Ab administration on mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Additionally, the reserpine + IL-6-R-Ab group showed a reduced expression of the pain-related mediators cFOS and NFG and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and chemokines (Cxcl5, Cxcl10 and Cx3cl1). From the molecular point of view, the IL-6-R-Ab administration reduced the gp130 phosphorylation and the activation of the Jak/STAT3 pathway. Additionally, the IL-6-R Ab reduced the activation of neuroinflammatory cells. Conclusions: Our study showed that IL-6 plays a crucial role in fibromyalgia by triggering the Jak/STAT3 pathway, leading to an increase in chemokine levels and activating glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Arangia
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Cupi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunzita, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunzita, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, n 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunzita, 98168 Messina, Italy
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24
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Pharmacological Evidence of the Important Roles of CCR1 and CCR3 and Their Endogenous Ligands CCL2/7/8 in Hypersensitivity Based on a Murine Model of Neuropathic Pain. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010098. [PMID: 36611891 PMCID: PMC9818689 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain treatment remains a challenging issue because the therapies currently used in the clinic are not sufficiently effective. Moreover, the mechanism of neuropathy is still not entirely understood; however, much evidence indicates that chemokines are important factors in the initial and late phases of neuropathic pain. To date, the roles of CCR1, CCR3 and their endogenous ligands have not been extensively studied; therefore, they have become the subject of our research. In the present comprehensive behavioral and biochemical study, we detected significant time-dependent and long-lasting increases in the mRNA levels of CCR1 and/or CCR3 ligands, such as CCL2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9, in the murine spinal cord after chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve, and these increases were accompanied by changes in the levels of microglial/macrophage, astrocyte and neutrophil cell markers. ELISA results suggested that endogenous ligands of CCR1 and CCR3 are involved in the development (CCL2/3/5/7/8/9) and persistence (CCL2/7/8) of neuropathic pain. Moreover, intrathecal injection of CCL2/3/5/7/8/9 confirmed their possible strong influence on mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity development. Importantly, inhibition of CCL2/7/8 production and CCR1 and CCR3 blockade by selective/dual antagonists effectively reduced neuropathic pain-like behavior. The obtained data suggest that CCL2/7/8/CCR1 and CCL7/8/CCR3 signaling are important in the modulation of neuropathic pain in mice and that these chemokines and their receptors may be interesting targets for future investigations.
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Bagó-Mas A, Korimová A, Deulofeu M, Verdú E, Fiol N, Svobodová V, Dubový P, Boadas-Vaello P. Polyphenolic grape stalk and coffee extracts attenuate spinal cord injury-induced neuropathic pain development in ICR-CD1 female mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14980. [PMID: 36056079 PMCID: PMC9440260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients develop central neuropathic pain (CNP), which is largely refractory to current treatments. Considering the preclinical evidence showing that polyphenolic compounds may exert antinociceptive effects, the present work aimed to study preventive effects on SCI-induced CNP development by repeated administration of two vegetal polyphenolic extracts: grape stalk extract (GSE) and coffee extract (CE). Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were evaluated at 7, 14 and 21 days postinjury. Then, gliosis, ERK phosphorylation and the expression of CCL2 and CX3CL1 chemokines and their receptors, CCR2 and CX3CR1, were analyzed in the spinal cord. Gliosis and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 expression were also analyzed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) since they are supraspinal structures involved in pain perception and modulation. GSE and CE treatments modulated pain behaviors accompanied by reduced gliosis in the spinal cord and both treatments modulated neuron-glia crosstalk-related biomolecules expression. Moreover, both extracts attenuated astrogliosis in the ACC and PAG as well as microgliosis in the ACC with an increased M2 subpopulation of microglial cells in the PAG. Finally, GSE and CE prevented CX3CL1/CX3CR1 upregulation in the PAG, and modulated their expression in ACC. These findings suggest that repeated administrations of either GSE or CE after SCI may be suitable pharmacologic strategies to attenuate SCI-induced CNP development by means of spinal and supraspinal neuroinflammation modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bagó-Mas
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Andrea Korimová
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Meritxell Deulofeu
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Fiol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agriculture and Food Technology, Polytechnic School, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Viktorie Svobodová
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petr Dubový
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
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Sorge RE, Si Y, Norian LA, Guha A, Moore GE, Nabors LB, Filippova N, Yang X, Smith R, Chellappan R, King PH. Inhibition of the RNA Regulator HuR by SRI-42127 Attenuates Neuropathic Pain After Nerve Injury Through Suppression of Neuroinflammatory Responses. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1649-1661. [PMID: 35864415 PMCID: PMC9606176 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, is a major driver of neuropathic pain (NP) following peripheral nerve injury. We have previously shown that the RNA binding protein, HuR, is a positive node of regulation for many of these inflammatory mediators in glia and that its chemical inhibition or genetic deletion attenuates their production. In this report, we show that systemic administration of SRI-42127, a novel small molecule HuR inhibitor, attenuates mechanical allodynia, a hallmark of NP, in the early and chronic phases after spared nerve injury in male and female mice. Flow cytometry of lumbar spinal cords in SRI-42127-treated mice shows a reduction in infiltrating macrophages and a concomitant decrease in microglial populations expressing IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL2. Immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and qPCR of lumbar spinal cord tissue indicate suppression of these cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. ELISA of plasma samples in the acute phase also shows attenuation of inflammatory responses. In summary, inhibition of HuR by SRI-42127 leads to the suppression of neuroinflammatory responses and allodynia after nerve injury and represents a promising new direction in the treatment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Sorge
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Lyse A Norian
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Abhishek Guha
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Grace E Moore
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - L Burt Nabors
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Natalia Filippova
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Reed Smith
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rajeshwari Chellappan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Peter H King
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Civitan 545C, 1719 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Cordaro M, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Genovese T, Franco G, Marino Y, Di Paola D, Cuzzocrea S, Impellizzeri D, Di Paola R, Fusco R. Role of Etanercept and Infliximab on Nociceptive Changes Induced by the Experimental Model of Fibromyalgia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116139. [PMID: 35682817 PMCID: PMC9181785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fibromyalgia is a clinical condition that affects 1% to 5% of the population. No proper therapy has been currently found. It has been described that inflammation plays a central role in the nerve sensitizations that characterize the pathology. Methods: This paper aimed to evaluate the efficacy of etanercept and infliximab in the management of pain sensitization. Fibromyalgia was induced by three injections once a day of reserpine at the dose of 1 mg/kg. Etanercept (3 mg/kg) and infliximab (10 mg/kg) were administered the day after the last reserpine injection and then 5 days after that. Behavioral analyses were conducted once a week, and molecular investigations were performed at the end of the experiment. Results: Our data confirmed the major effect of infliximab administration as compared to etanercept: infliximab administration strongly reduced pain sensitization in thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. From the molecular point of view, infliximab reduced the activation of microglia and astrocytes and the expression of the purinergic P2X7 receptor ubiquitously expressed on glia and neurons. Downstream of the P2X7 receptor, infliximab also reduced p38-MAPK overexpression induced by the reserpine administration. Conclusion: Etanercept and infliximab treatment caused a significant reduction in pain. In particular, rats that received infliximab showed less pain sensitization. Moreover, infliximab reduced the activation of microglia and astrocytes, reducing the expression of the purinergic receptor P2X7 and p38-MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.D.); (T.G.); (G.F.); (Y.M.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.D.); (T.G.); (G.F.); (Y.M.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.D.); (T.G.); (G.F.); (Y.M.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Gianluca Franco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.D.); (T.G.); (G.F.); (Y.M.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Ylenia Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.D.); (T.G.); (G.F.); (Y.M.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.D.); (T.G.); (G.F.); (Y.M.); (D.D.P.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.D.); (T.G.); (G.F.); (Y.M.); (D.D.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.S.); (R.D.); (T.G.); (G.F.); (Y.M.); (D.D.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
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Advances in Visualizing Microglial Cells in Human Central Nervous System Tissue. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050603. [PMID: 35625531 PMCID: PMC9138569 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has recently been identified as a fundamentally important pathological process in most, if not all, CNS diseases. The main contributor to neuroinflammation is the microglia, which constitute the innate immune response system. Accurate identification of microglia and their reactivity state is therefore essential to further our understanding of CNS pathophysiology. Many staining techniques have been used to visualise microglia in rodent and human tissue, and immunostaining is currently the most frequently used. Historically, identification of microglia was predominantly based on morphological structure, however, recently there has been a reliance on selective antigen expression, and microglia-specific markers have been identified providing increased certainty that the cells observed are in fact microglia, rather than the similar yet distinct macrophages. To date, the most microglia-specific markers are P2Y12 and TMEM119. However, other microglia-related markers can also be useful for demonstrating activation state, phagocytic state, and for neuroimaging purposes in longitudinal studies. Overall, it is important to be aware of the microglia-selectivity issues of the various stains and immunomarkers used by researchers to distinguish microglia in CNS tissue to avoid misinterpretation.
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San Martín VP, Sazo A, Utreras E, Moraga-Cid G, Yévenes GE. Glycine Receptor Subtypes and Their Roles in Nociception and Chronic Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:848642. [PMID: 35401105 PMCID: PMC8984470 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.848642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the inhibitory control provided by the glycinergic system is one of the major mechanisms underlying chronic pain. In line with this concept, recent studies have provided robust proof that pharmacological intervention of glycine receptors (GlyRs) restores the inhibitory function and exerts anti-nociceptive effects on preclinical models of chronic pain. A targeted regulation of the glycinergic system requires the identification of the GlyR subtypes involved in chronic pain states. Nevertheless, the roles of individual GlyR subunits in nociception and in chronic pain are yet not well defined. This review aims to provide a systematic outline on the contribution of GlyR subtypes in chronic pain mechanisms, with a particular focus on molecular pathways of spinal glycinergic dis-inhibition mediated by post-translational modifications at the receptor level. The current experimental evidence has shown that phosphorylation of synaptic α1β and α3β GlyRs are involved in processes of spinal glycinergic dis-inhibition triggered by chronic inflammatory pain. On the other hand, the participation of α2-containing GlyRs and of β subunits in pain signaling have been less studied and remain undefined. Although many questions in the field are still unresolved, future progress in GlyR research may soon open new exciting avenues into understanding and controlling chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P. San Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Anggelo Sazo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elías Utreras
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Gonzalo E. Yévenes,
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Wilkerson JL, Alberti LB, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Peripherally administered cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB 2R) agonists lose anti-allodynic effects in TRPV1 knockout mice, while intrathecal administration leads to anti-allodynia and reduced GFAP, CCL2 and TRPV1 expression in the dorsal spinal cord and DRG. Brain Res 2022; 1774:147721. [PMID: 34774500 PMCID: PMC10763621 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of cation channels, of which the TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor plays a critical role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, is expressed on nociceptors and spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. TRPV1 is also expressed on spinal astrocytes and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) satellite cells. Agonists of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) suppress allodynia, with some that can bind TRPV1. The neuroimmune C-C class chemokine-2 (CCL2) expressed on injured DRG nociceptor cell bodies, Schwann cells and spinal astrocytes, stimulates immune cell accumulation in DRG and spinal cord, a known critical element in chronic allodynia. The current report examined whether two CB2R agonists, AM1710 and AM1241, previously shown to reverse light touch mechanical allodynia in rodent models of sciatic neuropathy, require TRPV1 activation that leads to receptor insensitivity resulting in reversal of allodynia. Global TRPV1 knockout (KO) mice with sciatic neuropathy given intrathecal or intraperitoneal AM1710 were examined for anti-allodynia followed by immunofluorescent microscopy analysis of lumbar spinal cord and DRG of astrocyte and CCL2 markers. Additionally, immunofluorescent analysis following intrathecal AM1710 and AM1241 in rat was performed. Data reveal that intrathecal AM1710 resulted in mouse anti-allodynia, reduced spinal astrocyte activation and CCL2 expression independent of TRPV1 gene deletion. Conversely, peripheral AM1710 in TRPV1-KO mice failed to reverse allodynia. In rat, intrathecal AM1710 and AM1241 reduced spinal and DRG TRPV1 expression, with CCL2-astrocyte and -microglial co-expression. These data support that CB2R agonists can impact spinal and DRG TRPV1 expression critical for anti-allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren B Alberti
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Zhu X, Xie W, Zhang J, Strong JA, Zhang JM. Sympathectomy decreases pain behaviors and nerve regeneration by downregulating monocyte chemokine CCL2 in dorsal root ganglia in the rat tibial nerve crush model. Pain 2022; 163:e106-e120. [PMID: 33941753 PMCID: PMC8556407 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Peripheral nerve regeneration is associated with pain in several preclinical models of neuropathic pain. Some neuropathic pain conditions and preclinical neuropathic pain behaviors are improved by sympathetic blockade. In this study, we examined the effect of a localized "microsympathectomy," ie, cutting the gray rami containing sympathetic postganglionic axons where they enter the L4 and L5 spinal nerves, which is more analogous to clinically used sympathetic blockade compared with chemical or surgical sympathectomy. We also examined manipulations of CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), a key player in both regeneration and pain. We used rat tibial nerve crush as a neuropathic pain model in which peripheral nerve regeneration can occur successfully. CCL2 in the sensory ganglia was increased by tibial nerve crush and reduced by microsympathectomy. Microsympathectomy and localized siRNA-mediated knockdown of CCL2 in the lumbar dorsal root ganglion had very similar effects: partial improvement of mechanical hypersensitivity and guarding behavior, reduction of regeneration markers growth-associated protein 43 and activating transcription factor 3, and reduction of macrophage density in the sensory ganglia and regenerating nerve. Microsympathectomy reduced functional regeneration as measured by myelinated action potential propagation through the injury site and denervation-induced atrophy of the tibial-innervated gastrocnemius muscle at day 10. Microsympathectomy plus CCL2 knockdown had behavioral effects similar to microsympathectomy alone. The results show that local sympathetic effects on neuropathic pain may be mediated in a large part by the effects on expression of CCL2, which in turn regulates the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Wenrui Xie
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Judith A. Strong
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
| | - Jun-Ming Zhang
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, U.S.A
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Heles M, Mrozkova P, Sulcova D, Adamek P, Spicarova D, Palecek J. Chemokine CCL2 prevents opioid-induced inhibition of nociceptive synaptic transmission in spinal cord dorsal horn. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:279. [PMID: 34857006 PMCID: PMC8638248 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Opioid analgesics remain widely used for pain treatment despite the related serious side effects. Some of those, such as opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia may be at least partially due to modulation of opioid receptors (OR) function at nociceptive synapses in the spinal cord dorsal horn. It was suggested that increased release of different chemokines under pathological conditions may play a role in this process. The goal of this study was to investigate the crosstalk between the µOR, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor and C–C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) chemokine and the involvement of spinal microglia in the modulation of opioid analgesia. Methods Patch-clamp recordings of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and dorsal root evoked currents (eEPSC) in spinal cord slices superficial dorsal horn neurons were used to evaluate the effect of µOR agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO), CCL2, TRPV1 antagonist SB366791 and minocycline. Paw withdrawal test to thermal stimuli was combined with intrathecal (i.t.) delivery of CCL2 and DAMGO to investigate the modulation in vivo. Results Application of DAMGO induced a rapid decrease of mEPSC frequency and eEPSC amplitude, followed by a delayed increase of the eESPC amplitude, which was prevented by SB366791. Chemokine CCL2 treatment significantly diminished all the DAMGO-induced changes. Minocycline treatment prevented the CCL2 effects on the DAMGO-induced eEPSC depression, while mEPSC changes were unaffected. In behavioral experiments, i.t. injection of CCL2 completely blocked DAMGO-induced thermal hypoalgesia and intraperitoneal pre-treatment with minocycline prevented the CCL2 effect. Conclusions Our results indicate that opioid-induced inhibition of the excitatory synaptic transmission could be severely attenuated by increased CCL2 levels most likely through a microglia activation-dependent mechanism. Delayed potentiation of neurotransmission after µOR activation is dependent on TRPV1 receptors activation. Targeting CCL2 and its receptors and TRPV1 receptors in combination with opioid therapy could significantly improve the analgesic properties of opioids, especially during pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Heles
- Laboratory of Pain Research, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Mrozkova
- Laboratory of Pain Research, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Sulcova
- Laboratory of Pain Research, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Adamek
- Laboratory of Pain Research, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Diana Spicarova
- Laboratory of Pain Research, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Palecek
- Laboratory of Pain Research, Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Bao X, Chen C, Yuan L. Triptolide Attenuates Neuropathic Pain by Regulating Microglia Polarization through the CCL2/CCR2 Axis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8985721. [PMID: 34691228 PMCID: PMC8531820 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8985721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (T10) is a common anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug. However, the activation of microglia and elimination of the corresponding inflammatory response are new targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Chemokine CCL (CCL2) is a key mediator for activating microglia. In this study, the effects of triptolide on the activation and polarization of microglia cells and CCL2 and its corresponding receptor, chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), were mainly discussed. Microglia were stimulated with 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pretreated with 10, 20, and 40 nM T10 and CCR2 antagonist (RS102895), respectively. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) and western blot results showed that T10 could obviously inhibit the upregulation of CCL2 and CCR2 induced by LPS stimulation in microglia cells, inhibit the fluorescence intensity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) antibody immunostaining in cells, and upregulate the fluorescence intensity of arginase 1 antibody in cells. The expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. RS102895 can significantly reverse the activation and M2 polarization of microglia pretreated with 40 nM T10 and weaken the anti-inflammatory effect of T10. The addition of CCL2 did not extremely affect the function of RS102895. T10 may inhibit microglia activation and M1 polarization by inhibiting the expression of CCL2 and CCR2, promoting M2 polarization, reducing the level of inflammatory factors in cells, and exerting its analgesic effect, which is worthy of clinical promotion as a drug for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubin Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fenghua District People's Hospital, Ningbo 315500, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Cai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fenghua District People's Hospital, Ningbo 315500, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liyong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang Province, China
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Li K, Tan YH, Feng SY, Fu KY. CXCR3 signalling partially contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in male rodents. J Oral Rehabil 2021; 49:186-194. [PMID: 34570922 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is a lack of effective therapy for chronic pain. Increasing evidence has shown that chemokines and their correlative receptors involved in the neuron-glial cell cross-talk could contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Our previous studies suggested that CXCR3 expression was elevated in the spinal dorsal horn after nerve injury. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to explore the role of CXCR3 signalling in chronic pain modulation. METHODS Reverse transcription quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to measure the expression of CXCR3 and its ligands in the spinal cord following chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Cxcr3 -knockout mice were used to observe the effect of the receptor on pain-related behaviour and microglial activation. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of two activation markers for spinal microglia, Iba-1 and phosphorylated-p38 (p-p38) in these mice. RESULTS The expression of CXCR3 and its ligand CXCL11 was upregulated in the lumbar dorsal horn of the spinal cord in CCI models. In Cxcr3 -knockout mice, CCI-induced tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were observed to be alleviated during the early stage of pain processing. Meanwhile, the expression of the glial activation markers, namely, Iba-1 and p-p38, was decreased. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that CXCR3 could be a key modulator involved in pain modulation of the spinal cord; therefore, CXCR3-related signalling pathways could be potential targets for the treatment of intractable pathological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of General Dentistry II, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Hui Tan
- Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Yang Feng
- Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Yuan Fu
- Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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35
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Ji A, Xu J. Neuropathic Pain: Biomolecular Intervention and Imaging via Targeting Microglia Activation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1343. [PMID: 34572554 PMCID: PMC8466763 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many diseases, including cancer, can lead to neuropathic pain (NP). NP is one of the accompanying symptoms of suffering in many conditions and the life quality of NP patient is seriously affected. Due to complex causes, the effects of clinical treatments have been very unsatisfactory. Many experts have found that neuron-microglia interaction plays an essential role in NP occurrence and development. Therefore, the activation of microglia, related inflammatory mediators and molecular and cellular signaling pathways have become the focus of NP research. With the help of modern functional imaging technology, advanced pre-and clinical studies have been carried out and NP interventions have been attempted by using the different pharmaceuticals and the extracted active components of various traditional herbal medicines. In this communication, we review the mechanism of microglia on NP formation and treatment and molecular imaging technology's role in the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of NP therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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Warfield AE, Prather JF, Todd WD. Systems and Circuits Linking Chronic Pain and Circadian Rhythms. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:705173. [PMID: 34276301 PMCID: PMC8284721 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.705173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research over the last 20 years regarding the link between circadian rhythms and chronic pain pathology has suggested interconnected mechanisms that are not fully understood. Strong evidence for a bidirectional relationship between circadian function and pain has been revealed through inflammatory and immune studies as well as neuropathic ones. However, one limitation of many of these studies is a focus on only a few molecules or cell types, often within only one region of the brain or spinal cord, rather than systems-level interactions. To address this, our review will examine the circadian system as a whole, from the intracellular genetic machinery that controls its timing mechanism to its input and output circuits, and how chronic pain, whether inflammatory or neuropathic, may mediate or be driven by changes in these processes. We will investigate how rhythms of circadian clock gene expression and behavior, immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, intracellular signaling, and glial cells affect and are affected by chronic pain in animal models and human pathologies. We will also discuss key areas in both circadian rhythms and chronic pain that are sexually dimorphic. Understanding the overlapping mechanisms and complex interplay between pain and circadian mediators, the various nuclei they affect, and how they differ between sexes, will be crucial to move forward in developing treatments for chronic pain and for determining how and when they will achieve their maximum efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William D. Todd
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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Ye J, Jin S, Cai W, Chen X, Zheng H, Zhang T, Lu W, Li X, Liang C, Chen Q, Wang Y, Gu X, Yu B, Chen Z, Wang X. Rationally Designed, Self-Assembling, Multifunctional Hydrogel Depot Repairs Severe Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100242. [PMID: 34029000 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Following severe spinal cord injury (SCI), dysregulated neuroinflammation causes neuronal and glial apoptosis, resulting in scar and cystic cavity formation during wound healing and ultimately the formation of an atrophic microenvironment that inhibits nerve regrowth. Because of this complex and dynamic pathophysiology, a systemic solution for scar- and cavity-free wound healing with microenvironment remodeling to promote nerve regrowth has rarely been explored. A one-step solution is proposed through a self-assembling, multifunctional hydrogel depot that punctually releases the anti-inflammatory drug methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) and growth factors (GFs) locally according to pathophysiology to repair severe SCI. Synergistically releasing the anti-inflammatory drug MPSS and GFs in the hydrogel depot throughout SCI pathophysiology protects spared tissues/axons from secondary injury, promotes scar boundary- and cavity-free wound healing, and results in permissive bridges for remarkable axonal regrowth. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies indicate that remnants of spared axons, not regenerating axons, mediate functional recovery, strongly suggesting that additional interventions are still required to render the rebuilt neuronal circuits functional. These findings pave the way for the development of a systemic solution to treat acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjia Ye
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics 2nd Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310009 P. R.China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Jin
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Wanxiong Cai
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics 2nd Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310009 P. R.China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Zheng
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Tianfang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine First Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Wujie Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine First Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBCI) Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen‐Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science‐Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions Shenzhen Guangdong Province 518055 P. R. China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics 2nd Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310009 P. R.China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics 2nd Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310009 P. R.China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 P. R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 P. R. China
| | - Zuobing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine First Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
| | - Xuhua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Orthopedics 2nd Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310009 P. R.China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain–Machine Integration School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310003 P. R. China
- Co‐innovation Center of Neuroregeneration Nantong University Nantong Jiangsu Province 226001 P. R. China
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Differential expression of cerebrospinal fluid neuroinflammatory mediators depending on osteoarthritis pain phenotype. Pain 2021; 161:2142-2154. [PMID: 32384383 PMCID: PMC7431139 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Distinct cerebrospinal fluid neuroinflammatory profiles may be associated with different objective characteristics of persistent pain in osteoarthritis patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Neuroinflammation is implicated in the development and maintenance of persistent pain states, but there are limited data linking cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory mediators with neurophysiological pain processes in humans. In a prospective observational study, CSF inflammatory mediators were compared between patients with osteoarthritis (OA) who were undergoing total hip arthroplasty due to disabling pain symptoms (n = 52) and pain-free comparison controls (n = 30). In OA patients only, detailed clinical examination and quantitative sensory testing were completed. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were analyzed for 10 proinflammatory mediators using Meso Scale Discovery platform. Compared to controls, OA patients had higher CSF levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) (P = 0.002), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (P = 0.007), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (P = 0.006). Osteoarthritis patients with central sensitization possibly indicated by arm pressure pain detection threshold <250 kPa showed significantly higher CSF levels of Fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt-1) (P = 0.044) and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) (P = 0.024), as compared to subjects with PPDT above that threshold. In patients reporting pain numerical rating scale score ≥3/10 during peripheral venous cannulation, Flt-1 was elevated (P = 0.025), and in patients with punctate stimulus wind-up ratio ≥2, CSF monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 was higher (P = 0.011). Multiple logistic regression models showed that increased Flt-1 was associated with central sensitization, assessed by remote-site PPDT and peripheral venous cannulation pain, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 with temporal summation in the area of maximum pain. Multiple proinflammatory mediators measured in CSF are associated with persistent hip OA-related pain. Pain phenotype may be influenced by specific CSF neuroinflammatory profiles.
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Uhelski ML, Li Y, Fonseca MM, Romero-Snadoval EA, Dougherty PM. Role of innate immunity in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci Lett 2021; 755:135941. [PMID: 33961945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that the innate immune system plays an essential role in the generation of many types of neuropathic pain including that which accompanies cancer treatment. In this article we review current findings of the role of the innate immune system in contributing to cancer treatment pain at the distal endings of peripheral nerve, in the nerve trunk, in the dorsal root ganglion and in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Uhelski
- The Department of Pain Medicine Research, The Division of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, United States
| | - Yan Li
- The Department of Pain Medicine Research, The Division of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, United States
| | - Miriam M Fonseca
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States
| | | | - Patrick M Dougherty
- The Department of Pain Medicine Research, The Division of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, United States.
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Inhibition of lncRNA DILC attenuates neuropathic pain via the SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225196. [PMID: 32510145 PMCID: PMC7300282 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been involved in the development of multiple pathological processes including neuropathic pain. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of lncRNA down-regulated in liver cancer stem cells (DILC) in the progression of neuropathic pain and its underlying mechanism. Neuropathic pain rat model was established with the bilateral chronic constriction injury (bCCI) method. The results from quantitative PCR analysis in the spinal cord showed that DILC was significantly up-regulated in rats with bCCI compared with the sham group. DILC down-regulation mediated by intrathecal administration of DILC siRNA significantly increased the mechanical shrinkage threshold (MWT) and paw withdrawal threshold latency (PWTL), decreased the positive frequency for nerve sensitivity to cold and suppressed the expression of inflammatory genes in bCCI rats. Down-regulation of DILC induced suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3) expression and inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) in spinal cord tissues. Western blotting showed that down-regulation of DILC by DILC siRNA transfection induced SOCS3 expression and inhibited the expression of p-Janus kinase 2 (p-JAK2) and p-STAT3 and their downstream genes in primary microglia. Furthermore, down-regulation of DILC increased the viability of primary microglia, suppressed apoptosis, and inhibited the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in microglia. In contrast, overexpression of DILC showed the opposite functions to those of DILC knockdown. In conclusion, silence of lncRNA DILC attenuates neuropathic pain via SOCS3-induced suppression of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Dansereau MA, Midavaine É, Bégin-Lavallée V, Belkouch M, Beaudet N, Longpré JM, Mélik-Parsadaniantz S, Sarret P. Mechanistic insights into the role of the chemokine CCL2/CCR2 axis in dorsal root ganglia to peripheral inflammation and pain hypersensitivity. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:79. [PMID: 33757529 PMCID: PMC7986025 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is reported as the leading cause of disability in the common forms of inflammatory arthritis conditions. Acting as a key player in nociceptive processing, neuroinflammation, and neuron-glia communication, the chemokine CCL2/CCR2 axis holds great promise for controlling chronic painful arthritis. Here, we investigated how the CCL2/CCR2 system in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contributes to the peripheral inflammatory pain sensitization. METHODS Repeated intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the CCR2 antagonist, INCB3344 was tested for its ability to reverse the nociceptive-related behaviors in the tonic formalin and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) inflammatory models. We further determined by qPCR the expression of CCL2/CCR2, SP and CGRP in DRG neurons from CFA-treated rats. Using DRG explants, acutely dissociated primary sensory neurons and calcium mobilization assay, we also assessed the release of CCL2 and sensitization of nociceptors. Finally, we examined by immunohistochemistry following nerve ligation the axonal transport of CCL2, SP, and CGRP from the sciatic nerve of CFA-treated rats. RESULTS We first found that CFA-induced paw edema provoked an increase in CCL2/CCR2 and SP expression in ipsilateral DRGs, which was decreased after INCB3344 treatment. This upregulation in pronociceptive neuromodulators was accompanied by an enhanced nociceptive neuron excitability on days 3 and 10 post-CFA, as revealed by the CCR2-dependent increase in intracellular calcium mobilization following CCL2 stimulation. In DRG explants, we further demonstrated that the release of CCL2 was increased following peripheral inflammation. Finally, the excitation of nociceptors following peripheral inflammation stimulated the anterograde transport of SP at their peripheral nerve terminals. Importantly, blockade of CCR2 reduced sensory neuron excitability by limiting the calcium mobilization and subsequently decreased peripheral transport of SP towards the periphery. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of CCR2 reversed the pronociceptive action of CCL2 in rats receiving formalin injection and significantly reduced the neurogenic inflammation as well as the stimuli-evoked and movement-evoked nociceptive behaviors in CFA-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide significant mechanistic insights into the role of CCL2/CCR2 within the DRG in the development of peripheral inflammation, nociceptor sensitization, and pain hypersensitivity. We further unveil the therapeutic potential of targeting CCR2 for the treatment of painful inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Dansereau
- Département de Pharmacologie & Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Élora Midavaine
- Département de Pharmacologie & Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Valérie Bégin-Lavallée
- Département de Pharmacologie & Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Mounir Belkouch
- Département de Pharmacologie & Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Beaudet
- Département de Pharmacologie & Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de Pharmacologie & Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Stéphane Mélik-Parsadaniantz
- Centre de Recherche Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, INSERM, UMR_S968, CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie & Physiologie, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Sensory neuron-associated macrophages as novel modulators of neuropathic pain. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e873. [PMID: 33981924 PMCID: PMC8108583 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system comprises an infinity of neural networks that act in the communication between the central nervous system and the most diverse tissues of the body. Along with the extension of the primary sensory neurons (axons and cell bodies), a population of resident macrophages has been described. These newly called sensory neuron-associated macrophages (sNAMs) seem to play an essential role in physiological and pathophysiological processes, including infection, autoimmunity, nerve degeneration/regeneration, and chronic neuropathic pain. After different types of peripheral nerve injury, there is an increase in the number and activation of sNAMs in the sciatic nerve and sensory ganglia. The activation of sNAMs and their participation in neuropathic pain development depends on the stimulation of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors and Nod-like receptors, chemokines/cytokines, and microRNAs. On activation, sNAMs trigger the production of critical inflammatory mediators such as proinflammatory cytokines (eg, TNF and IL-1β) and reactive oxygen species that can act in the amplification of primary sensory neurons sensitization. On the other hand, there is evidence that sNAMs can produce antinociceptive mediators (eg, IL-10) that counteract neuropathic pain development. This review will present the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the participation of sNAMs in peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain development. Understanding how sNAMs are activated and responding to nerve injury can help set novel targets for the control of neuropathic pain.
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Szeredi ID, Jancsó G, Oszlács O, Sántha P. Prior perineural or neonatal treatment with capsaicin does not alter the development of spinal microgliosis induced by peripheral nerve injury. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:677-692. [PMID: 32960358 PMCID: PMC7904541 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is associated with spinal microgliosis which plays a pivotal role in the development of neuropathic pain behavior. Several agents of primary afferent origin causing the microglial reaction have been identified, but the type(s) of primary afferents that release these mediators are still unclear. In this study, specific labeling of C-fiber spinal afferents by lectin histochemistry and selective chemodenervation by capsaicin were applied to identify the type(s) of primary afferents involved in the microglial response. Comparative quantitative morphometric evaluation of the microglial reaction in central projection territories of intact and injured peripheral nerves in the superficial (laminae I and II) and deep (laminae III and IV) spinal dorsal horn revealed a significant, about three-fold increase in microglial density after transection of the sciatic or the saphenous nerve. Prior perineural treatment of these nerves with capsaicin, resulting in a selective defunctionalization of C-fiber afferent fibers failed to affect spinal microgliosis. Similarly, peripheral nerve injury-induced increase in microglial density was unaffected in rats treated neonatally with capsaicin known to result in a near-total loss of C-fiber dorsal root fibers. Perineural treatment with capsaicin per se did not evoke a significant increase in microglial density. These observations indicate that injury-induced spinal microgliosis may be attributed to phenotypic changes in injured myelinated primary afferent neurons, whereas the contribution of C-fiber primary sensory neurons to this neuroimmune response is negligible. Spinal myelinated primary afferents may play a hitherto unrecognized role in regulation of neuroimmune and perisynaptic microenvironments of the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivett Dorina Szeredi
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Gábor Jancsó
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Oszlács
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Péter Sántha
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
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Tsymbalyuk O, Gerzanich V, Mumtaz A, Andhavarapu S, Ivanova S, Makar TK, Sansur CA, Keller A, Nakamura Y, Bryan J, Simard JM. SUR1, newly expressed in astrocytes, mediates neuropathic pain in a mouse model of peripheral nerve injury. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211006603. [PMID: 33788643 PMCID: PMC8020112 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211006603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is linked to neuroinflammation in the spinal cord marked by astrocyte activation and upregulation of interleukin 6 (IL-6), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), with inhibition of each individually being beneficial in pain models. METHODS Wild type (WT) mice and mice with global or pGfap-cre- or pGFAP-cre/ERT2-driven Abcc8/SUR1 deletion or global Trpm4 deletion underwent unilateral sciatic nerve cuffing. WT mice received prophylactic (starting on post-operative day [pod]-0) or therapeutic (starting on pod-21) administration of the SUR1 antagonist, glibenclamide (10 µg IP) daily. We measured mechanical and thermal sensitivity using von Frey filaments and an automated Hargreaves method. Spinal cord tissues were evaluated for SUR1-TRPM4, IL-6, CCL2 and CXCL1. RESULTS Sciatic nerve cuffing in WT mice resulted in pain behaviors (mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia) and newly upregulated SUR1-TRPM4 in dorsal horn astrocytes. Global and pGfap-cre-driven Abcc8 deletion and global Trpm4 deletion prevented development of pain behaviors. In mice with Abcc8 deletion regulated by pGFAP-cre/ERT2, after pain behaviors were established, delayed silencing of Abcc8 by tamoxifen resulted in gradual improvement over the next 14 days. After PNI, leakage of the blood-spinal barrier allowed entry of glibenclamide into the affected dorsal horn. Daily repeated administration of glibenclamide, both prophylactically and after allodynia was established, prevented or reduced allodynia. The salutary effects of glibenclamide on pain behaviors correlated with reduced expression of IL-6, CCL2 and CXCL1 by dorsal horn astrocytes. CONCLUSION SUR1-TRPM4 may represent a novel non-addicting target for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orest Tsymbalyuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaida Mumtaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanketh Andhavarapu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tapas K Makar
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System,
Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Charles A Sansur
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Asaf Keller
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yumiko Nakamura
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA,
USA
| | - Joseph Bryan
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA,
USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System,
Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Komorowska-Müller JA, Schmöle AC. CB2 Receptor in Microglia: The Guardian of Self-Control. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E19. [PMID: 33375006 PMCID: PMC7792761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are key to maintaining the homeostasis of the brain. These immune cells of the brain can be our biggest ally in fighting infections, but can worsen pathology or hinder recovery when uncontrolled. Thus, understanding how microglia contribute to neuroinflammatory processes and how their activity can be controlled is of great importance. It is known that activation of endocannabinoid system, and especially the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), decreases inflammation. Alongside its non-psychoactive effect, it makes the CB2R receptor a perfect target for treating diseases accompanied by neuroinflammation including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the exact mechanisms by which CB2R regulates microglial activity are not yet understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on the roles of microglial CB2R from in vitro and in vivo studies. We look into CB2R function under physiological and pathological conditions and focus on four different disease models representing chronic and acute inflammation. We highlight open questions and controversies and provide an update on the latest discoveries that were enabled by the development of novel technologies. Also, we discuss the recent findings on the role of microglia CB2R in cognition and its role in neuron-microglia communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Agnieszka Komorowska-Müller
- Institute for Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior, University of Bonn, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne-Caroline Schmöle
- Institute for Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
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Wilkerson JL, Alberti LB, Kerwin AA, Ledent CA, Thakur GA, Makriyannis A, Milligan ED. Peripheral versus central mechanisms of the cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist AM1710 in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01850. [PMID: 32977358 PMCID: PMC7749576 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The CB2 R agonist AM1710, examined in animal models of peripheral neuropathy, is effective in controlling aberrant light touch sensitivity, referred to as mechanical allodynia. However, nonspecific binding of AM1710 to CB1 R, either peripherally or centrally, could be partially responsible for the analgesic effects of AM1710. Thus, we sought to determine in mice whether spinal (intrathecal; i.t.) or peripheral AM1710 administration could lead to anti-allodynia by reducing the protein expression of spinal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) proinflammatory cytokines and elevating the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the absence of CB1 R. Macrophage cell cultures were examined to characterize AM1710-mediated suppression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Either i.p. or i.t. AM1710 reversed CCI-induced mechanical allodynia to sham levels in CB1 R (-/-), (+/-), (+/+) mice. CCI-induced neuropathy decreased IL-10 immunoreactivity (IR) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, with i.t. AM1710 restoring basal IL-10 IR. CCI-induced elevations in proinflammatory cytokine IR were decreased within the spinal cord only after i.t. AM1710 in all mouse genotypes. Meanwhile, within DRG tissue from neuropathic mice, proinflammatory cytokines were decreased following either i.p. or i.t. AM1710. Analysis of cultured supernatants revealed AM1710 decreased TNF-alpha protein. We conclude that CB1 R is dispensable for either peripheral or central anti-allodynic actions of AM1710 in neuropathic mice. Cannabinoid CB2 R agonists produce heightened spinal IL-10 which may be clinically relevant to successfully treat neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren B Alberti
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Audra A Kerwin
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Ma SB, Xian H, Wu WB, Ma SY, Liu YK, Liang YT, Guo H, Kang JJ, Liu YY, Zhang H, Wu SX, Luo C, Xie RG. CCL2 facilitates spinal synaptic transmission and pain via interaction with presynaptic CCR2 in spinal nociceptor terminals. Mol Brain 2020; 13:161. [PMID: 33228784 PMCID: PMC7685578 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that CCL2 may cause chronic pain, but the exact mechanism of central sensitization is unclear. In this article, we further explore the presynaptic role of CCL2. Behavioral experiments show that intervertebral foramen injection CCR2 antagonists into dorsal root ganglion (DRG) can inhibit the inflammatory pain caused by CCL2 in spinal cord. We raised the question of the role of presynaptic CCR2 in the spinal dorsal horn. Subsequent electron microscopy experiments showed that CCR2 was expressed in the presynaptic CGRP terminal in the spinal dorsal horn. CCL2 can enhance presynaptic calcium signal. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that CCL2 can enhance NMDAR-eEPSCs through presynaptic effects, and further application of glutamate sensor method proved that CCL2 can act on presynaptic CCR2 to increase the release of presynaptic glutamate. In conclusion, we suggest that CCL2 can directly act on the CCR2 on presynaptic terminals of sensory neurons in the spinal dorsal horn, leading to an increase in the release of presynaptic glutamate and participate in the formation of central sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Bin Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hang Xian
- Department of Neurobiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- The Fourth Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shuo-Yao Ma
- The Sixth Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu-Ke Liu
- The Second Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu-Tong Liang
- The Second Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Pain and Related Diseases Research Laboratory, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jun-Jun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Health Statistics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ceng Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Rou-Gang Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Popiolek-Barczyk K, Ciechanowska A, Ciapała K, Pawlik K, Oggioni M, Mercurio D, De Simoni MG, Mika J. The CCL2/CCL7/CCL12/CCR2 pathway is substantially and persistently upregulated in mice after traumatic brain injury, and CCL2 modulates the complement system in microglia. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 54:101671. [PMID: 33160071 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in the global population. Disturbed inflammatory processes after TBI exacerbate secondary brain injury and contribute to unfavorable outcomes. Multiple inflammatory events that accompany brain trauma, such as glial activation, chemokine release, or the initiation of the complement system cascade, have been identified as potential targets for TBI treatment. However, the participation of chemokines in the complement activation remains unknown. Our studies sought to determine the changes in the expression of the molecules involved in the CCL2/CCL7/CCL12/CCR2 pathway in the injured brain and the effect of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 (10, 100, and 500 ng/mL) on the classic and lectin complement pathways and inflammatory factors in microglial cell cultures. Brain injury in mice was modeled by controlled cortical impact (CCI). Our findings indicate a time-dependent upregulation of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 at the mRNA and protein levels within the cortex, striatum, and/or thalamus beginning 24 h after the trauma. The analysis of the expression of the receptor of the tested chemokines, CCR2, revealed its substantial upregulation within the injured brain areas mainly on the mRNA level. Using primary cortical microglial cell cultures, we observed a substantial increase in the expression of CCL2, CCL7, and CCL12 after 24 h of LPS (100 ng/mL) treatment. CCL2 stimulation of microglia increased the level of IL-1β mRNA but did not influence the expression of IL-18, IL-6, and IL-10. Moreover, CCL2 significantly increased the expression of Iba1, a marker of microglia activation. CCL2 and CCL12 upregulated the expression of C1qa but did not influence the expression of C1ra and C1s1 (classical pathway); moreover, CCL2 increased ficolin A expression and reduced collectin 11 expression (lectin pathway). Additionally, we observed the downregulation of pentraxin 3, a modulator of the complement cascade, after CCL2 and CCL12 treatment. We did not detect the expression of ficolin B, Mbl1, and Mbl2 in microglial cells. Our data identify CCL2 as a modulator of the classical and lectin complement pathways suggesting that CCL2 may be a promising target for pharmacological intervention after brain injury. Moreover, our study provides evidence that CCL2 and two other CCR2 ligands may play a role in the development of changes in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Popiolek-Barczyk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mika
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Str, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
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Zhong Y, Hu Z, Wu J, Dai F, Lee F, Xu Y. STAU1 selectively regulates the expression of inflammatory and immune response genes and alternative splicing of the nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1863-1874. [PMID: 33000283 PMCID: PMC7551455 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Double‑stranded RNA‑binding protein Staufen homolog 1 (STAU1) is a highly conserved multifunctional double‑stranded RNA‑binding protein, and is a key factor in neuronal differentiation. RNA sequencing was used to analyze the overall transcriptional levels of the upregulated cells by STAU1 and control cells, and select alternative splicing (AS). It was determined that the high expression of STAU1 led to changes in the expression levels of a variety of inflammatory and immune response genes, including IFIT2, IFIT3, OASL, and CCL2. Furthermore, STAU1 was revealed to exert a significant regulatory effect on the AS of genes related to the 'nerve growth factor receptor signaling pathway'. This is of significant importance for neuronal survival, differentiation, growth, post‑damage repair, and regeneration. In conclusion, overexpression of STAU1 was associated with immune response and regulated AS of pathways related to neuronal growth and repair. In the present study, the whole transcriptome of STAU1 expression was first analyzed, which laid a foundation for further understanding the key functions of STAU1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhong
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Zhengchao Hu
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Jingcui Wu
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Fan Dai
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430065, P.R. China
| | - Feng Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of TCM, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
| | - Yangping Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of TCM, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P.R. China
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Local Sympathectomy Promotes Anti-inflammatory Responses and Relief of Paclitaxel-induced Mechanical and Cold Allodynia in Mice. Anesthesiology 2020; 132:1540-1553. [PMID: 32404819 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients undergoing cancer treatment often experience chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain at their extremities, for which there is no U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug. The authors hypothesized that local sympathetic blockade, which is used in the clinic to treat various pain conditions, can also be effective to treat chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. METHODS A local sympathectomy (i.e., cutting the ipsilateral gray rami entering the spinal nerves near the L3 and L4 dorsal root ganglia) was performed in mice receiving intraperitoneal injections every other day of the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel. Sympathectomy effects were then assessed in chemotherapy-induced pain-like behaviors (i.e., mechanical and cold allodynia) and neuroimmune and electrophysiologic responses. RESULTS Local microsympathectomy produced a fast recovery from mechanical allodynia (mean ± SD: sympathectomy vs. sham at day 5, 1.07 ± 0.34 g vs. 0.51 ± 0.17g, n = 5, P = 0.030 in male mice, and 1.08 ± 0.28 g vs. 0.62 ± 0.16 g, n = 5, P = 0.036 in female mice) and prevented the development of cold allodynia in both male and female mice after paclitaxel. Mechanistically, microsympathectomy induced transcriptional increases in dorsal root ganglia of macrophage markers and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as the transforming growth factor-β. Accordingly, depletion of monocytes/macrophages and blockade of transforming growth factor-β signaling reversed the relief of mechanical allodynia by microsympathectomy. In particular, exogenous transforming growth factor-β was sufficient to relieve mechanical allodynia after paclitaxel (transforming growth factor-β 100 ng/site vs. vehicle at 3 h, 1.21 ± 0.34g vs. 0.53 ± 0.14 g, n = 5, P = 0.001 in male mice), and transforming growth factor-β signaling regulated neuronal activity in dorsal root ganglia. CONCLUSIONS Local sympathetic nerves control the progression of immune responses in dorsal root ganglia and pain-like behaviors in mice after paclitaxel, raising the possibility that clinical strategies already in use for local sympathetic blockade may also offer an effective treatment for patients experiencing chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain.
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