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Zane P, Gieschen H, Kersten E, Mathias N, Ollier C, Johansson P, Van den Bergh A, Van Hemelryck S, Reichel A, Rotgeri A, Schäfer K, Müllertz A, Langguth P. In vivo models and decision trees for formulation development in early drug development: A review of current practices and recommendations for biopharmaceutical development. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:222-231. [PMID: 31233862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ability to predict new chemical entity performance using in vivo animal models has been under investigation for more than two decades. Pharmaceutical companies use their own strategies to make decisions on the most appropriate formulation starting early in development. In this paper the biopharmaceutical decision trees available in four EFPIA partners (Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Meyers Squibb and Janssen) were discussed by 7 companies of which 4 had no decision tree currently defined. The strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for improvement are discussed for each decision tree. Both pharmacokineticists and preformulation scientists at the drug discovery & development interface responsible for lead optimization and candidate selection contributed to an overall picture of how formulation decisions are progressed. A small data set containing compound information from the database designed for the IMI funded OrBiTo project is examined for interrelationships between measured physicochemical, dissolution and relative bioavailability parameters. In vivo behavior of the drug substance and its formulation in First in human (FIH) studies cannot always be well predicted from in vitro and/or in silico tools alone at the time of selection of a new chemical entity (NCE). Early identification of the risks, challenges and strategies to prepare for formulations that provide sufficient preclinical exposure in animal toxicology studies and in FIH clinical trials is needed and represents an essential part of the IMI funded OrBiTo project. This article offers a perspective on the use of in vivo models and biopharmaceutical decision trees in the development of new oral drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zane
- Sanofi U.S., 55 Corporate Drive, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, United States.
| | - H Gieschen
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstraße 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Kersten
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Early Formulation Development preD3, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - N Mathias
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Princeton, Lawrence Township, NJ 08648, United States
| | - C Ollier
- Sanofi Montpellier, Rue Blayac, Montpellier, France
| | - P Johansson
- AstraZeneca R&D, Sweden AstraZeneca R&D, Molndal, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Molndal, Sweden
| | - A Van den Bergh
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - S Van Hemelryck
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - A Reichel
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstraße 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Rotgeri
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstraße 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Schäfer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - A Müllertz
- Pharmaceutical Design and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100 Ø, Denmark
| | - P Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz D-55099, Germany
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Biorelevant intrinsic dissolution profiling in early drug development: Fundamental, methodological, and industrial aspects. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:101-114. [PMID: 30862481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) is the surface specific dissolution rate of a drug. In early drug development, this property (among other parameters) is measured in order to compare different polymorphs and salt forms, guide formulation decisions, and to provide a quality marker of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) during production. In this review, an update on different methods and small-scale techniques that have recently evolved for determination of IDR is provided. The importance of biorelevant media and the hydrodynamic conditions of dissolution are also discussed. Different preparation techniques for samples are presented with a focus on disc, particle- and crystal-based methods. A number of small-scale techniques are then described in detail, and their applicability domains are identified. Finally, an updated industrial perspective is provided about IDR's place in the early drug development process.
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B. Shekhawat P, B. Pokharkar V. Understanding peroral absorption: regulatory aspects and contemporary approaches to tackling solubility and permeability hurdles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:260-280. [PMID: 28540164 PMCID: PMC5430883 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral drug absorption is a process influenced by the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the drug and its inter-relationship with the gastrointestinal tract. Drug solubility, dissolution and permeability across intestinal barrier are the key parameters controlling absorption. This review provides an overview of the factors that affect drug absorption and the classification of a drug on the basis of solubility and permeability. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) was introduced in early 90׳s and is a regulatory tool used to predict bioavailability problems associated with a new entity, thereby helping in the development of a drug product. Strategies to combat solubility and permeability issues are also discussed.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AP, absorption potential
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AZT, azidothymidine
- BA/BE, bioavailability/bioequivalence
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BCS
- BCS, biopharmaceutical classification system
- BDDS, biopharmaceutical drug disposition system
- BSP, bromosulfophthalein
- CD, cyclodextrin
- CDER, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research
- CNT, Na+-dependent concentrative transporter
- CNT, concentrative nucleoside transporter
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- D:S, dose:solubility
- E217G, estradiol 17β-glucuronide
- EMEA, European Medicines Agency
- ENT, equilibrative nucleoside transporter
- FATP, fatty acid transporter protein
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FIP, International Pharmaceutical Federation
- FaSSIF, fasted state simulated intestinal fluid
- Factors affecting absorption
- FeSSIF, fed state simulated intestinal fluid
- Formulation strategies
- GIS, gastrointestinal simulator
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- GITA, gastrointestinal transit and absorption
- GLUT, sodium-independent facilitated diffusion transporter
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HIV, human immunodeficiency disease
- HPC-SL, LBDDS, lipid based drug delivery system
- HUGO, Human Genome Organization
- ICH, International Council of Harmonization
- IDR, intrinsic dissolution rate
- IR, immediate release
- ISBT, sodium dependent bile salt transporter
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporter
- MPP, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
- MRP, multidrug resistance associated protein
- NLC, nanostructured lipid carrier
- NME, new molecular entity
- NTCP, sodium-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide
- OAT, organic anion transporter
- OATP, organic anion transporting polypeptide
- OCT, organic cationic transporter
- OCTN, organic cationic/carnitine transporter
- OMM, ordered mesoporous material
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PAH, p-aminohippurate
- PAMPA, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PEPT, peptide transporter
- PGA, polyglycolic acid
- PLA, poly(lactic acid)
- PLGA, poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycoside
- PMAT, plasma membrane monoamine transport
- PSA, polar surface area
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Papp, apparent permeability
- Peff, effective permeability
- Permeability
- Psi, porous silicon
- RFC, reduced folate transporter
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- SGLT, sodium dependent secondary active transporter
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluid
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLCO, solute carrier organic anion
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SMVT, sodium dependent multivitamin transporter
- SPIP, single pass intestinal perfusion
- SUPAC, scale-up and post approval changes
- SVCT, sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter
- Solubility
- TEOS, tetraethylortho silicate
- UWL, unstirred water layer
- VDAD, volume to dissolve applied dose
- WHO, World Health Organization
- pMMA, polymethyl methacrylate
- vit. E TPGS, vitamin E tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate
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Predicting biopharmaceutical performance of oral drug candidates – Extending the volume to dissolve applied dose concept. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 102:191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Reichel A, Lienau P. Pharmacokinetics in Drug Discovery: An Exposure-Centred Approach to Optimising and Predicting Drug Efficacy and Safety. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 232:235-260. [PMID: 26330260 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of pharmacokinetics (PK) in drug discovery is to support the optimisation of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of lead compounds with the ultimate goal to attain a clinical candidate which achieves a concentration-time profile in the body that is adequate for the desired efficacy and safety profile. A thorough characterisation of the lead compounds aiming at the identification of the inherent PK liabilities also includes an early generation of PK/PD relationships linking in vitro potency and target exposure/engagement with expression of pharmacological activity (mode-of-action) and efficacy in animal studies. The chapter describes an exposure-centred approach to lead generation, lead optimisation and candidate selection and profiling that focuses on a stepwise generation of an understanding between PK/exposure and PD/efficacy relationships by capturing target exposure or surrogates thereof and cellular mode-of-action readouts in vivo. Once robust PK/PD relationship in animal PD models has been constructed, it is translated to anticipate the pharmacologically active plasma concentrations in patients and the human therapeutic dose and dosing schedule which is also based on the prediction of the PK behaviour in human as described herein. The chapter outlines how the level of confidence in the predictions increases with the level of understanding of both the PK and the PK/PD of the new chemical entities (NCE) in relation to the disease hypothesis and the ability to propose safe and efficacious doses and dosing schedules in responsive patient populations. A sound identification of potential drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK)-related development risks allows proposing of an effective de-risking strategy for the progression of the project that is able to reduce uncertainties and to increase the probability of success during preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reichel
- Research Pharmacokinetics, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Philip Lienau
- Research Pharmacokinetics, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma, Berlin, Germany.
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Prediction of pH dependent absorption using in vitro, in silico, and in vivo rat models: Early liability assessment during lead optimization. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 76:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Khadra I, Zhou Z, Dunn C, Wilson CG, Halbert G. Statistical investigation of simulated intestinal fluid composition on the equilibrium solubility of biopharmaceutics classification system class II drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 67:65-75. [PMID: 25444845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A drug's solubility and dissolution behaviour within the gastrointestinal tract is a key property for successful administration by the oral route and one of the key factors in the biopharmaceutics classification system. This property can be determined by investigating drug solubility in human intestinal fluid (HIF) but this is difficult to obtain and highly variable, which has led to the development of multiple simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) recipes. Using a statistical design of experiment (DoE) technique this paper has investigated the effects and interactions on equilibrium drug solubility of seven typical SIF components (sodium taurocholate, lecithin, sodium phosphate, sodium chloride, pH, pancreatin and sodium oleate) within concentration ranges relevant to human intestinal fluid values. A range of poorly soluble drugs with acidic (naproxen, indomethacin, phenytoin, and piroxicam), basic (aprepitant, carvedilol, zafirlukast, tadalafil) or neutral (fenofibrate, griseofulvin, felodipine and probucol) properties have been investigated. The equilibrium solubility results determined are comparable with literature studies of the drugs in either HIF or SIF indicating that the DoE is operating in the correct space. With the exception of pancreatin, all of the factors individually had a statistically significant influence on equilibrium solubility with variations in magnitude of effect between the acidic and basic or neutral compounds and drug specific interactions were evident. Interestingly for the neutral compounds pH was the factor with the second largest solubility effect. Around one third of all the possible factor combinations showed a significant influence on equilibrium solubility with variations in interaction significance and magnitude of effect between the acidic and basic or neutral compounds. The least number of significant media component interactions were noted for the acidic compounds with three and the greatest for the neutral compounds at seven, with again drug specific effects evident. This indicates that a drug's equilibrium solubility in SIF is influenced depending upon drug type by between eight to fourteen individual or combinations of media components with some of these drug specific. This illustrates the complex nature of these fluids and provides for individual drugs a visualisation of the possible solubility envelope within the gastrointestinal tract, which may be of importance for modelling in vivo behaviour. In addition the results indicate that the design of experiment approach can be employed to provide greater detail of drug solubility behaviour, possible drug specific interactions and influence of variations in gastrointestinal media components due to disease. The approach is also feasible and amenable to adaptation for high throughput screening of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
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Bergström CA, Holm R, Jørgensen SA, Andersson SB, Artursson P, Beato S, Borde A, Box K, Brewster M, Dressman J, Feng KI, Halbert G, Kostewicz E, McAllister M, Muenster U, Thinnes J, Taylor R, Mullertz A. Early pharmaceutical profiling to predict oral drug absorption: Current status and unmet needs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:173-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Sjögren E, Abrahamsson B, Augustijns P, Becker D, Bolger MB, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Flanagan T, Harwood M, Heinen C, Holm R, Juretschke HP, Kubbinga M, Lindahl A, Lukacova V, Münster U, Neuhoff S, Nguyen MA, Peer AV, Reppas C, Hodjegan AR, Tannergren C, Weitschies W, Wilson C, Zane P, Lennernäs H, Langguth P. In vivo methods for drug absorption – Comparative physiologies, model selection, correlations with in vitro methods (IVIVC), and applications for formulation/API/excipient characterization including food effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:99-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ayad MH. Rational formulation strategy from drug discovery profiling to human proof of concept. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:877-84. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.898714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
In recent years, CO2-based technologies have gained considerable interest in the pharmaceutical industry for their potential applications in drug formulation and drug delivery. The exploitation of peculiar properties of gases under supercritical conditions has been studied in the last 20 years with mixed results. Promising drug-delivery technologies, based on supercritical CO2, have mostly failed when facing challenges of industrial scaleability and economical viability. Nevertheless, a ‘second generation‘ of processes, based on CO2 around and below critical point has been developed, possibly offering technology-based solutions to some of the current issues of pharmaceutical development. In this review, we highlight the most recent advancements in this field, with a particular focus on the potential of CO2-based technologies in addressing critical issues in oral delivery, and briefly discuss the future perspectives of dense CO2-assisted processes as enabling technologies in drug delivery.
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