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Guner G, Mehaj M, Seetharaman N, Elashri S, Yao HF, Clancy DJ, Bilgili E. Do Mixtures of Beads with Different Sizes Improve Wet Stirred Media Milling of Drug Suspensions? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2213. [PMID: 37765182 PMCID: PMC10535179 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of bead sizes and bead mixtures on breakage kinetics, the number of milling cycles applied to prevent overheating, and power consumption during the nanomilling of drug (griseofulvin) suspensions were investigated from both an experimental and theoretical perspective. Narrowly sized zirconia beads with nominal sizes of 100, 200, and 400 µm and their half-and-half binary mixtures were used at 3000 and 4000 rpm with two bead loadings of 0.35 and 0.50. Particle size evolution was measured during the 3 h milling experiments using laser diffraction. An nth-order breakage model was fitted to the experimental median particle size evolution, and various microhydrodynamic parameters were calculated. In general, the beads and their mixtures with smaller median sizes achieved faster breakage. While the microhydrodynamic model explained the impacts of process parameters, it was limited in describing bead mixtures. For additional test runs performed, the kinetics model augmented with a decision tree model using process parameters outperformed that augmented with an elastic-net regression model using the microhydrodynamic parameters. The evaluation of the process merit scores suggests that the use of bead mixtures did not lead to notable process improvement; 100 µm beads generally outperformed bead mixtures and coarser beads in terms of fast breakage, low power consumption and heat generation, and low intermittent milling cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulenay Guner
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Mirsad Mehaj
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Natasha Seetharaman
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Sherif Elashri
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Helen F Yao
- Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Donald J Clancy
- Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Ecevit Bilgili
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Xia Q, Shen J, Ding H, Liu S, Li F, Li F, Feng N. Intravenous nanocrystals: fabrication, solidification, in vivo fate, and applications for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1467-1488. [PMID: 37814582 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2268512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intravenous nanocrystals (INCs) have shown intrinsic advantages in antitumor applications, particularly their properties of high drug loading, low toxicity, and controllable size. Therefore, it has a very bright application prospect as a drug delivery system. AREAS COVERED The ideal formulation design principles, fabrication, solidification, in vivo fate of INCs, the applications in drug delivery system (DDS) and the novel applications are covered in this review. EXPERT OPINION It is vital to select a suitable formulation and fabrication method to produce a stable and sterile INCs. Besides, the type of stabilizers and physical characteristics can also influence the in vivo fate of INCs, which is worthy of further studying. Based on wide researches about applications of INCs in cancer, biomimetic INCs are concerned increasingly for its favorable compatibility. The output of these studies suggested that INCs-based drug delivery could be a novel strategy for addressing the delivery of the drug that faces solubility, bioavailability, and toxicity problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huining Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengqian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nianping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Marques SM, Kumar L. Factors affecting the preparation of nanocrystals: characterization, surface modifications and toxicity aspects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:871-894. [PMID: 37222381 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2218084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fabrication of well-defined nanocrystals in size and form is the focus of much investigation. In this work, we have critically reviewed several recent instances from the literature that shows how the production procedure affects the physicochemical properties of the nanocrystals. AREAS COVERED Scopus, MedLine, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-review articles published in the past few years using different key words. Authors chose relevant publications from their files for this review. This review focuses on the range of techniques available for producing nanocrystals. We draw attention to several recent instances demonstrating the impact of various process and formulation variables that affect the nanocrystals' physicochemical properties. Moreover, various developments in the characterization techniques explored for nanocrystals concerning their size, morphology, etc. have been discussed. Last but not least, recent applications, the effect of surface modifications, and the toxicological traits of nanocrystals have also been reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The selection of an appropriate production method for the formation of nanocrystals, together with a deep understanding of the relationship between the drug's physicochemical properties, unique features of the various formulation alternatives, and anticipated in-vivo performance, would significantly reduce the risk of failure during human clinical trials that are inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirleen Miriam Marques
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India
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Pielenhofer J, Meiser SL, Gogoll K, Ciciliani AM, Denny M, Klak M, Lang BM, Staubach P, Grabbe S, Schild H, Radsak MP, Spahn-Langguth H, Langguth P. Quality by Design (QbD) Approach for a Nanoparticulate Imiquimod Formulation as an Investigational Medicinal Product. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020514. [PMID: 36839835 PMCID: PMC9965879 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present article exemplifies the application of the concept of quality by design (QbD) for the systematic development of a nanoparticulate imiquimod (IMQ) emulsion gel formulation as an investigational medicinal product (IMP) for evaluation in an academic phase-I/II clinical trial for the treatment of actinic keratosis (AK) against the comparator Aldara (EudraCT: 2015-002203-28). The design of the QbD elements of a quality target product profile (QTPP) enables the identification of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the drug product as the content of IMQ, the particle-size distribution, the pH, the rheological properties, the permeation rate and the chemical, physical and microbiological stability. Critical material attributes (CMAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) are identified by using a risk-based approach in an Ishikawa diagram and in a risk-estimation matrix. In this study, the identified CPPs of the wet media ball-milling process's milling time and milling speed are evaluated in a central composite design of experiments (DoEs) approach, revealing criticality for both factors for the resulting mean particle size, while only the milling time is significantly affecting the polydispersity. To achieve a mean particle size in the range of 300-400 nm with a minimal PdI, the optimal process conditions are found to be 650 rpm for 135 min. Validating the model reveals a good correlation between the predicted and observed values. Adequate control strategies were implemented for intermediate products as in-process controls (IPCs) and quality control (QC) tests of the identified CQAs. The IPC and QC data from 13 "IMI-Gel" batches manufactured in adherence to good manufacturing practice (GMP) reveal consistent quality with minimal batch-to-batch variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pielenhofer
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: or (J.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Sophie Luise Meiser
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Gogoll
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Ciciliani
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Denny
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Klak
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Berenice M. Lang
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Staubach
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P. Radsak
- 3rd Department Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hilde Spahn-Langguth
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: or (J.P.); (P.L.)
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Guner G, Yilmaz D, Yao HF, Clancy DJ, Bilgili E. Predicting the Temperature Evolution during Nanomilling of Drug Suspensions via a Semi-Theoretical Lumped-Parameter Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14. [PMID: 36559333 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although temperature can significantly affect the stability and degradation of drug nanosuspensions, temperature evolution during the production of drug nanoparticles via wet stirred media milling, also known as nanomilling, has not been studied extensively. This study aims to establish both descriptive and predictive capabilities of a semi-theoretical lumped parameter model (LPM) for temperature evolution. In the experiments, the mill was operated at various stirrer speeds, bead loadings, and bead sizes, while the temperature evolution at the mill outlet was recorded. The LPM was formulated and fitted to the experimental temperature profiles in the training runs, and its parameters, i.e., the apparent heat generation rate Qgen and the apparent overall heat transfer coefficient times surface area UA, were estimated. For the test runs, these parameters were predicted as a function of the process parameters via a power law (PL) model and machine learning (ML) model. The LPM augmented with the PL and ML models was used to predict the temperature evolution in the test runs. The LPM predictions were also compared with those of an enthalpy balance model (EBM) developed recently. The LPM had a fitting capability with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) lower than 0.9 °C, and a prediction capability, when augmented with the PL and ML models, with an RMSE lower than 4.1 and 2.1 °C, respectively. Overall, the LPM augmented with the PL model had both good descriptive and predictive capability, whereas the one with the ML model had a comparable predictive capability. Despite being simple, with two parameters and obviating the need for sophisticated numerical techniques for its solution, the semi-theoretical LPM generally predicts the temperature evolution similarly or slightly better than the EBM. Hence, this study has provided a validated, simple model for pharmaceutical engineers to simulate the temperature evolution during the nanomilling process, which will help to set proper process controls for thermally labile drugs.
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Huang D, Gui J, Chen X, Yu R, Gong T, Zhang Z, Fu Y. Chondroitin Sulfate-Derived Paclitaxel Nanocrystal via π-π Stacking with Enhanced Stability and Tumor Targetability. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:51776-51789. [PMID: 36350778 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystals with high drug loading have become a viable strategy for solubilizing drugs with poor aqueous solubility. It remains challenging, however, to synthesize nanocrystals with sufficient stability and targeting potential. Here, we report a novel nanocrystal platform synthesized using paclitaxel (PTX) and Fmoc-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (Fmoc-AEEA)-conjugated chondroitin sulfate (CS) (CS-Fmoc) via π-π stacking to afford a stable formulation with CD44 targetability (PTX NC@CS-Fmoc). The PTX NC@CS-Fmoc exhibited rodlike shapes with an average hydrodynamic size of 173.6 ± 0.7 nm (PDI = 0.11 ± 0.04) and a drug loading of up to 31.3 ± 0.6%. Next, PTX NC@CS-Fmoc was subjected to lyophilization in the absence of cryoprotectants for long-term storage, and after redispersion, PTX NC@CS-Fmoc displayed an average hydrodynamic size of 205.3 ± 2.9 nm (PDI = 0.15 ± 0.01). In murine Panc02 cells, PTX NC@CS-Fmoc showed higher internalization efficiency than that of PTX nanocrystals without CS modification (PTX NC@F127) (P < 0.05) or that of CS-Fmoc micelles (P < 0.05). Moreover, PTX NC@CS-Fmoc appeared to accumulate in both lysosomes and Golgi apparatus, while CS-Fmoc micelles accumulated specifically in the Golgi apparatus. In the orthotopic Panc02 tumor-bearing mice model, PTX NC@CS-Fmoc showed higher tumor-specific accumulation than CS-Fmoc micelles, which also demonstrated comparable tumor growth inhibition as to Nab-PTX. Overall, the CS-Fmoc-derived nanocrystals represent a neat and viable formulation strategy for targeted chemotherapy with great potential for translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Jiajia Gui
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Ruilian Yu
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610072, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
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Guner G, Seetharaman N, Elashri S, Mehaj M, Bilgili E. Analysis of heat generation during the production of drug nanosuspensions in a wet stirred media mill. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122020. [PMID: 35842083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although heat is generated during the wet stirred media milling of drug suspensions, leading to notable temperature rise, a comprehensive analysis of heat generation does not exist. Hence, we investigated the impact of stirrer speed, bead loading, and bead size at three levels on the evolution of suspension temperature at the mill outlet during the milling of fenofibrate. The particle sizes and viscosities of the milled suspensions and power were measured. Our results suggest that stirrer speed had the most significant impact on the temperature increase, followed by bead loading and bead size. Both the time when the temperature reached 22 °C and the temperature at 5 min of milling were strongly correlated with the power. Assessing the impacts of the process parameters on the temperature rise, cycle time, power, and median particle size holistically, an optimal milling process was identified: 3000 rpm with 50% loading of 200 or 400 µm beads. A power number correlation was established to calculate power at any milling condition which determines the heat generation rate. Overall, this study indicated the importance of developing a good understanding of heat generation during nanomilling for development of a robust milling process especially for thermally labile drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulenay Guner
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Natasha Seetharaman
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Sherif Elashri
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Mirsad Mehaj
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ecevit Bilgili
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States.
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Huang Q, Huang Q, Wang Y, Lu X. Development of wet media milled purple sweet potato particle-stabilized pickering emulsions: The synergistic role of bioactives, starch and cellulose. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Santos JAV, Baptista JA, Santos IC, Maria TMR, Canotilho J, Castro RAE, Eusébio MES. Pharmaceutical nanococrystal synthesis: a novel grinding approach. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00407g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanococrystals – a new green in situ surfactant-assisted mechanochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inês C. Santos
- CQC, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - João Canotilho
- CQC, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo A. E. Castro
- CQC, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
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Peppersack C, Kwade A, Breitung-Faes S. Selective particle size analysis in binary submicron particle mixtures using density dependent differential sedimentation. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tian J, Qiao F, Hou Y, Tian B, Yang J. Exploring space-energy matching via quantum-molecular mechanics modeling and breakage dynamics-energy dissipation via microhydrodynamic modeling to improve the screening efficiency of nanosuspension prepared by wet media milling. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1643-1657. [PMID: 34382869 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1967928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The preparation of nanosuspensions by wet media milling is a promising technique that increases the bioavailability of insoluble drugs. The nanosuspension is thermodynamically unstable, where its stability might be influenced by the interaction energy between the stabilizers and the drugs after milling at a specific collision energy. However, it is difficult to screen the stabilizers and the parameters of milling accurately and quickly by using traditional analysis methods. Quantum-molecular mechanics and microhydrodynamic modeling can be applied to improve screening efficiency.Areas covered: Quantum-molecular mechanics model, which includes molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and data on binding energy, provides insights into screening stabilizers based on their molecular behavior at the atomic level. The microhydrodynamic model explores the mechanical processes and energy dissipation in nanomilling, and even combines information on the mechanical modulus and an energy vector diagram for the milling parameters screening of drug crystals.Expert opinion: These modeling methods improve screening efficiency and support screening theories based on thermodynamics and physical dynamics. However, how to reasonably combine different modeling methods with their theoretical characteristics and further multidimensional and cross-scale simulations of nanosuspension formation remain challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P R China
| | - Fangxia Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P R China
| | - Yanhui Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P R China
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shanxi University of Science and Technology, Weiyang University Park, Xi'an, P R China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, P R China
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Witika B, Aucamp M, Mweetwa L, Makoni P. Application of Fundamental Techniques for Physicochemical Characterizations to Understand Post-Formulation Performance of Pharmaceutical Nanocrystalline Materials. Crystals 2021; 11:310. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline materials (NCM, i.e., crystalline nanoparticles) have become an important class of materials with great potential for applications ranging from drug delivery and electronics to optics. Drug nanocrystals (NC) and nano co-crystals (NCC) are examples of NCM with fascinating physicochemical properties and have attracted significant attention in drug delivery. NCM are categorized by advantageous properties, such as high drug-loading efficiency, good long-term physical stability, steady and predictable drug release, and long systemic circulation time. These properties make them excellent formulations for the efficient delivery of a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). In this review, we summarize the recent advances in drug NCM-based therapy options. Currently, there are three main methods to synthesize drug NCM, including top-down, bottom-up, and combination methods. The fundamental characterization methods of drug NCM are elaborated. Furthermore, the applications of these characterizations and their implications on the post-formulation performance of NCM are introduced.
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Hassan Shah SM, Mukarram Shah SM, Khan S, Ullah F, Ali Shah SW, Ghias M, Shahid M, Smyth HDC, Hussain Z, Sohail M, Elhissi A, Isreb M. Efficient design to fabricate smart Lumefantrine nanocrystals using DENA® particle engineering technology: Characterisation, in vitro and in vivo antimalarial evaluation and assessment of acute and sub-acute toxicity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tanaka H, Ochii Y, Moroto Y, Ibaraki T, Ogawara KI. Development of Novel Bead Milling Technology with Less Metal Contamination by pH Optimization of the Suspension Medium. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:81-85. [PMID: 33390524 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To develop novel contamination-less bead milling technology without impairing grinding efficiency, we investigated the effect of the formulation properties on the grinding efficiency and the metal contamination generated during the grinding process. Among the various formulations tested, the combination of polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium dodecyl sulfate was found to be suitable for efficiently pulverizing phenytoin. However, this stabilization system included a relatively strong acid, which raised the concern of possible corrosion of the zirconia beads. An evaluation of the process clearly demonstrated that acidic pH promoted bead dissolution, suggesting that this could be suppressed by controlling the pH of the suspension. Among the various pH values tested, the metal contamination generated during the grinding process could be significantly reduced in the optimized pH range without significant differences in the particle size of the phenytoin suspension after pulverization. In addition, the contamination reduction by pH optimization in the presence of physical contact among the beads was approximately 10-times larger than that without bead contact, suggesting that pH optimization could suppress not only bead dissolution but also the wear caused by bead collisions during the grinding process. These findings show that pH optimization is a simple but effective approach to reducing metal contamination during the grinding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tanaka
- Formulation R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yuya Ochii
- Formulation R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
| | - Yasushi Moroto
- Formulation R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd
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Abstract
Lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (AZT) are antiretroviral agents used to manage HIV/AIDS infection. A wet media milling top-down approach was used to develop and produce nano co-crystals of 3TC and AZT. Micro co-crystals were prepared by solvent evaporation and subsequently milled in the presence of two surfactants, viz., sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate 1000 (TPGS 1000). Optimisation was undertaken using design of experiments (DoE) and response surface methodology (RSM) to establish and identify parameters that may affect the manufacturing of nano co-crystals. The impact of SLS and TPGS 1000 concentration, milling time, and number of units of milling medium on the manufacturing of nano co-crystals, was investigated. The critical quality attributes (CQA) monitored were particle size (PS), Zeta potential (ZP), and polydispersity index (PDI). Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy, and cytotoxicity assays were used for additional characterization of the optimised nano co-crystal. The mean PS, PDI, and ZP of the optimised top-down nanocrystal were 271.0 ± 92.0 nm, 0.467 ± 0.073, and −41.9 ± 3.94 mV, respectively. In conclusion, a simple, inexpensive, rapid, and precise method of nano co-crystal manufacturing was developed, validated, and optimised using DoE and RSM, and the final product exhibited the target CQA.
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da Igreja P, Erve A, Thommes M. Melt milling as manufacturing method for solid crystalline suspensions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:245-253. [PMID: 33253891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Production of submicron particles (0.1-1 μm) has been identified by the pharmaceutical industry as a key technology to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, nanosuspensions derived from commonly applied wet milling suffer from long-term stability issues, making further downstream processing necessary. In previous works, the formulation as a long-term stable solid crystalline suspension (SCS) was introduced, for which the crystalline drug is ground in a (molten) hydrophilic carrier matrix. The model formulation of the antimycotic Griseofulvin and the sugar alcohol Xylitol was reused for comparative purposes. Due to process limitations regarding the degree of comminution, the present work demonstrates the application of fine grinding in the framework of SCS manufacturing. A custom-built mill with annular gap geometry successfully yielded particles in the targeted submicron range. A process optimization study lead to improved energy utilization during grinding, which reduced the necessary grinding time and, thereby, the thermal exposition of the drug. Investigation of solid-state properties of the SCS, via differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray powder diffraction, showed no alteration even for extended grinding times. In dissolution experiments, the melt-milled SCS outperformed its predecessors, although mostly agglomerates were found by SEM imaging in the solidified product. In conclusion, melt milling is a valuable tool to overcome low aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip da Igreja
- INVITE GmbH, Chempark Building W32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Annika Erve
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Thommes
- Laboratory of Solids Process Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Bilgili E, Guner G. Mechanistic Modeling of Wet Stirred Media Milling for Production of Drug Nanosuspensions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 22:2. [PMID: 33222036 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug nanocrystals have been used for a wide range of drug delivery platforms in the pharmaceutical industry, especially for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. Wet stirred media milling (WSMM) is the most widely used process for producing dense, stable suspensions of drug nanoparticles, also referred to as nanosuspensions. Despite a plethora of review papers on the production and applications of drug nanosuspensions, modeling of WSMM has not been thoroughly covered in any review paper before. The aim of this review paper is to briefly expose the pharmaceutical scientists and engineers to various modeling approaches, mostly mechanistic, including computational fluid dynamics (CFD), discrete element method (DEM), population balance modeling (PBM), coupled methods, the stress intensity-number model (SI-SN model), and the microhydrodynamic (MHD) model with a main focus on the MHD model for studying the WSMM process. A total of 71 studies, 30 on drugs and 41 on other materials, were reviewed. Analysis of the pharmaceutics literature reveals that WSMM modeling is largely based on empirical, statistically based modeling approaches, and mechanistic modeling could help pharmaceutical engineers develop a fundamental process understanding. After a review of the salient features and various pros-cons of each modeling approach, recent advances in microhydrodynamic modeling and process insights gained therefrom were highlighted. The SI-SN and MHD models were analyzed and critiqued objectively. Finally, the review points out potential research directions such as more mechanistic and accurate CFD-DEM-PBM simulations and the coupling of the MHD-PBM models with the CFD.
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Parker N, Rahman M, Bilgili E. Impact of media material and process parameters on breakage kinetics–energy consumption during wet media milling of drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:52-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Paredes AJ, Camacho NM, Schofs L, Dib A, Zarazaga MDP, Litterio N, Allemandi DA, Sánchez Bruni S, Lanusse C, Palma SD. Ricobendazole nanocrystals obtained by media milling and spray drying: Pharmacokinetic comparison with the micronized form of the drug. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119501. [PMID: 32512225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helminthic infections are produced by different types of worms and affect millions of people worldwide. Benzimidazole compounds such as ricobendazole (RBZ) are widely used to treat helminthiasis. However, their low aqueous solubility leads to poor gastrointestinal dissolution, absorption and potential lack of efficacy. The formulation of nanocrystals (NCs) have become the strategy of preference for hydrophobic drugs. In this work, we prepared RBZ NCs (RBZ-NCs) by an optimized combination of bead milling and spray-drying. Following the physicochemical characterization, a comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation of RBZ-NCs was performed in dogs using as controls a micronized powdered form of RBZ (mRBZ) and a physical mixture of drug and stabilizer 1:1 (PM). The particle size of the redispersed RBZ-NCs was 181.30 ± 5.93 nm, whereas DSC, PXRD and FTIR analyses demonstrated that the active ingredient RBZ remained physicochemically unchanged after the manufacture process. RBZ-NCs exhibited improved in vitro biopharmaceutical behaviour when compared to mRBZ. Consequently, the pharmacokinetic trial demonstrated a significant increase in the drug oral absorption, with an AUC0-∞ 1.9-fold higher in comparison to that obtained in animals treated with mRBZ. This novel formulation holds substantial potential for the development of new/alternative treatments for helminth infections both in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000XHUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nahuel M Camacho
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000XHUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laureano Schofs
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Campus Universitario, Los Ombúes y Reforma Universitaria, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Alicia Dib
- Departamento de Clínicas y Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Alberto Lasplaces 1620, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Del Pilar Zarazaga
- IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Av. Armada Argentina, 3554, CP X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Litterio
- IRNASUS CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Av. Armada Argentina, 3554, CP X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Allemandi
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000XHUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sergio Sánchez Bruni
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Campus Universitario, Los Ombúes y Reforma Universitaria, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Fac. Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Campus Universitario, Los Ombúes y Reforma Universitaria, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Santiago D Palma
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000XHUA Córdoba, Argentina.
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Uemoto Y, Kondo K, Niwa T. Cryo-milling with spherical crystalline cellulose beads: A contamination-free and safety conscious technology. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 143:105175. [PMID: 31809908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline cellulose is a common inactive pharmaceutical additive. If this material can also be used to construct beads for the wet milling of pharmaceutical compounds, it could possibly address issues related to wear and contamination associated with zirconia and polyethylene beads. In this study, the model drug phenytoin was milled with spherical crystalline cellulose (SCC) in liquid nitrogen. The particle size of the milled product was found to be comparable to that obtained using zirconia beads, verifying the feasibility of using SCC beads for this purpose. Using a design of experiment approach, the bead amount, agitation speed, and milling time were all determined to have a significant effect on the milled particle size, giving a D50 value as low as 0.3 μm. No breakage of the SCC beads was observed during the milling process in durability tests under conditions that will degrade spherical D-mannitol beads, showing that this material exhibits sufficient durability. In addition, the variation in elastic modulus between beads was minimal. Because SCC is commercially available and easy to handle, the present wet milling technique is considered to have potential applications to the manufacture of pharmaceuticals on an industrial scale, as it shows sufficient milling capability and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Uemoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University,150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Keita Kondo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University,150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Niwa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University,150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
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21
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22
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Fujii H, Watano S. Development of Universal Formulation with Superior Re-dispersion Using Nanocrystal Approach with Simultaneous Identification of API Physicochemical Properties. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1050-1060. [PMID: 31582625 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Universal nanocrystal formulation which can be applied to water-insoluble compounds was proposed and the criteria of its physicochemical properties as an active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) were investigated. Nanocrystal suspension was prepared by a wet-beads milling method. An acceptable Critical Quality Attributes (CQA) of nanocrystal suspension was defined by Z-average less than 500 nm and Polydispersity index (PDI) less than 0.3. Screening studies of dispersing and wetting agents were conducted using three model compounds in different pKa, melting points, etc., to find universal nanocrystal formulation. The effect of four structurally different polymer species (hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydoroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) and their different grades or five different surfactants (docusate sodium (DOSS), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), polysolbate80 (PS80), and polyoxyethylene castor oil (CO-35)) were studied on the re-dispersion stability. It was found that the combination of 4% (w/v) HPC-SSL and 0.2% (w/v) DOSS was the most robust nanocrystal formulation owing to Z-average less than 200 nm and good re-dispersion stability without aggregates at pH 1.2 and pH 6.8. API physicochemical properties were also identified using ten water-insoluble compounds. Consequently, it was found that solubility (water, pH 1.2 and pH 6.8), molecular weight, hydrogen bonding acceptor and the ratio of log D7.4 to C Log P were critical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Fujii
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Satoru Watano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
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23
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Uemoto Y, Kondo K, Niwa T. Cryo-milling using a spherical sugar: Contamination-free media milling technology. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 136:104934. [PMID: 31125681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Milling beads experience wear upon repeated use. And milling beads made of material that is safe when ingested have not yet been developed. The present report describes the development and characteristics of spherical d-mannitol (SDM) beads, which would be safe when ingested. The model drug phenytoin was dispersed in liquid nitrogen along with SDM and the materials were agitated at high speed. The effects of the amount of beads, agitation speed, and milling time on phenytoin particle size, yield, and bead fractures were investigated using a central composite experimental design. The diameter of milled phenytoin particles decreased significantly as the amount of SDM beads and agitation speed increased. In contrast, no difference was found in the diameter with milling time. Although the fractured SDM ratio increased slightly at higher agitation speeds, the SDM was not broken and was durable enough for milling. This milling technique was applicable not only to phenytoin but also to other drug substances. Bead durability and applicability indicated that SDM can be used as wet milling beads that are considered safe for use if ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Uemoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Keita Kondo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Niwa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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24
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Hagedorn M, Liebich L, Bögershausen A, Massing U, Hoffmann S, Mende S, Rischer M. Rapid development of API nano-formulations from screening to production combining dual centrifugation and wet agitator bead milling. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:187-198. [PMID: 31063837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Various wet ball nanomilling-screening tools for poorly soluble APIs are available which differ in their milling principle, batch size and number of samples. Here, the transferability of results from screening (small to medium-scale) to pharmaceutical production (largescale) was investigated. Wet ball milling in a dual centrifuge (DC) (10-100 mg API, 40 samples in parallel) was used to identify stable nanoformulations. In addition different sized agitator bead mills were used for scale-up to industrial scales. DC-and small-scale agitator milling (AM) resulted in small and virtually identical API-particles. Additionally, similar API-particles were obtained using two different sized agitator bead mills (batch size 1.5 and 30 kg) and applying comparable specific grinding energies (SGE). The SGE used in the trials represents the grinding limit for this API-suspension. Using lower SGEs, AM results in larger API-particles. All used milling tools had no influence on the APIs crystal structure and wear of grinding media (Zr/Y) is low. The study confirmed the importance to choose the right formulation and process parameters, which positively affect grinding efficacy, particle size distribution and wear contamination. The excellent comparability of results obtained from DC-milling and AM significantly reduces the duration for successful and predictable formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hagedorn
- Losan Pharma GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 13, 79395 Neuenburg am Rhein, Germany; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Hermann-Herder-Straße 9, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
| | - Lena Liebich
- Losan Pharma GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 13, 79395 Neuenburg am Rhein, Germany.
| | | | - Ulrich Massing
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Hermann-Herder-Straße 9, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany; Andreas Hettich GmbH & Co KG, Engesserstr. 4a, 79108 Freiburg Germany.
| | - Sven Hoffmann
- NETZSCH Vakumix GmbH, Zeppelinstrasse 1, 28844 Weyhe-Dreye, Germany.
| | - Stefan Mende
- NETZSCH-Feinmahltechnik GmbH, Sedanstraße 70, 95100 Selb, Germany.
| | - Matthias Rischer
- Losan Pharma GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 13, 79395 Neuenburg am Rhein, Germany.
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25
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Funahashi I, Kondo K, Ito Y, Yamada M, Niwa T. Novel contamination-free wet milling technique using ice beads for poorly water-soluble compounds. Int J Pharm 2019; 563:413-425. [PMID: 30953764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish a contamination-free milling method using ice beads instead of conventional hard beads such as metal or ceramics. Ice beads, which melt after the milling process to form water, would solve the contamination issue attributed to bead breakage or abrasion. The technique/method for preparing spherical ice beads of mono-dispersed size ranging from 150 to 3000 μm was newly developed. An oscillation beads milling apparatus was used for pulverization. In the initial stages of ice beads milling, the process is dry, but as time passes, the surface of the ice beads begins to melt, resulting in a transition to wet beads milling. It was found that ice beads are an effective milling media for beads milling, and that milling efficiency is strongly affected by the temperature of the coolant, with the peak efficiency occurring when the temperature was set to -2 °C and ice beads around 1500 μm in diameter were used. The spray-dried powder obtained from suspension after ice beads milling had dissolution improvement equivalent to that obtained after zirconia beads milling, resulting from its spontaneous rapid dispersion into nanosuspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Funahashi
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Keita Kondo
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Yu Ito
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Mina Yamada
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Niwa
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
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26
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Mohammad IS, Hu H, Yin L, He W. Drug nanocrystals: Fabrication methods and promising therapeutic applications. Int J Pharm 2019; 562:187-202. [PMID: 30851386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The drug nanocrystals (NCs) with unique physicochemical properties are now considered as a promising drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs. So far >20 formulations of NCs have been approved in the market. In this review, we summarized recent advances of NCs with emphasis on their therapeutic applications based on administration route and disease states. At the end, we present a brief description of the future perspectives of NCs and their potential role as a promising drug delivery system. As a strategy for solubilization and bioavailability enhancement, the NCs have gained significant success. Besides this, the function of NCs is still far from developed. The emerging NC-based drug delivery approach would widen the applications of NCs in drug delivery and bio-medical field. Their in vitro and in vivo fate is extremely unclear; and the development of hybrid NCs with environment-sensitive fluorophores may assist to extend the scope of bio-imaging and provide better insight to their intracellular uptake kinetics, in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Shair Mohammad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lifang Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai 200443, PR China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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Patel PJ, Gajera BY, Dave RH. A quality-by-design study to develop Nifedipine nanosuspension: examining the relative impact of formulation variables, wet media milling process parameters and excipient variability on drug product quality attributes. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1942-1952. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1503296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja J. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Rutesh H. Dave
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Wang Y, Yang P, Zhao X, Gao D, Sun N, Tian Z, Ma T, Yang Z. Multifunctional Cargo-Free Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2963. [PMID: 30274177 PMCID: PMC6213727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers encapsulating multiple chemotherapeutics are a promising strategy to achieve combinational chemotherapy for cancer therapy; however, they generally use exotic new carriers without therapeutic effect, which usually suffer from carrier-related toxicity issues, as well as having to pass extensive clinical trials to be drug excipients before any clinical applications. Cargo-free nanomedicines, which are fabricated by drugs themselves without new excipients and possess nanoscale characteristics to realize favorable pharmacokinetics and intracellular delivery, have been rapidly developed and drawn much attention to cancer treatment. Herein, we discuss recent advances of cargo-free nanomedicines for cancer treatment. After a brief introduction to the major types of carrier-free nanomedicine, some representative applications of these cargo-free nanomedicines are discussed, including combination therapy, immunotherapy, as well as self-monitoring of drug release. More importantly, this review draws a brief conclusion and discusses the future challenges of cargo-free nanomedicines from our perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Pengfei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Di Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Na Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zhongmin Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Tianyou Ma
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Environment and Diseases-Related Gene of Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Zhe Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Oktay AN, Karakucuk A, Ilbasmis-tamer S, Celebi N. Dermal flurbiprofen nanosuspensions: Optimization with design of experiment approach and in vitro evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:254-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kim HI, Park SY, Park SJ, Lee J, Cho KH, Jee JP, Kim HC, Maeng HJ, Jang DJ. Development and Evaluation of a Reconstitutable Dry Suspension to Improve the Dissolution and Oral Absorption of Poorly Water-Soluble Celecoxib. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10030140. [PMID: 30158472 PMCID: PMC6161273 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at developing and evaluating reconstitutable dry suspension (RDS) improved for dissolution rate, oral absorption, and convenience of use of poorly water-soluble celecoxib (CXB). Micro-sized CXB particle was used to manufacture nanosuspension by using bead milling and then RDS was made by spray-drying the nanosuspension with effective resuspension agent, dextrin. The redispersibility, morphology, particle size, crystallinity, stability, dissolution, and pharmacokinetic profile of the RDS were evaluated. RDS was effectively reconstituted into nanoparticles in 775.8 ± 11.6 nm. It was confirmed that CXB particles are reduced into needle-shape ones in size after the bead-milling process, and the description of CXB was the same in the reconstituted suspension. Through the CXB crystallinity study using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and XRD analysis, it was identified that CXB has the CXB active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)’s original crystallinity after the bead milling and spray-drying process. In vitro dissolution of RDS was higher than that of CXB powder (93% versus 28% dissolution at 30 min). Furthermore, RDS formulation resulted in 5.7 and 6.3-fold higher area under the curve (AUC∞) and peak concentration (Cmax) of CXB compared to after oral administration of CXB powder in rats. Collectively, our results suggest that the RDS may be a potential oral dosage formulation for CXB to improve its bioavailability and patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Sang Yeob Park
- Samyang Biopharmaceuticals Corporation, Seongnam 13488, Korea.
| | - Seok Ju Park
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea.
| | - Jewon Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Jun-Pil Jee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
| | - Hee-Cheol Kim
- Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Dong-Jin Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
- Institute of Digital Anti-Aging Healthcare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea.
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Nakach M, Authelin JR, Perrin MA, Lakkireddy HR. Comparison of high pressure homogenization and stirred bead milling for the production of nano-crystalline suspensions. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Peltonen L. Design Space and QbD Approach for Production of Drug Nanocrystals by Wet Media Milling Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E104. [PMID: 30044395 PMCID: PMC6161287 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug nanocrystals are nanosized solid drug particles, the most important application of which is the improvement of solubility properties of poorly soluble drug materials. Drug nanocrystals can be produced by many different techniques, but the mostly used are different kinds of media milling techniques; in milling, particle size of bulk sized drug material is decreased, with the aid of milling beads, to nanometer scale. Utilization of Quality by Design, QbD, approach in nanomilling improves the process-understanding of the system, and recently, the number of studies using the QbD approach in nanomilling has increased. In the QbD approach, the quality is built into the products and processes throughout the whole production chain. Definition of Critical Quality Attributes, CQAs, determines the targeted final product properties. CQAs are confirmed by setting Critical Process Parameters, CPPs, which include both process parameters but also input variables, like stabilizer amount or the solid state form of the drug. Finally, Design Space determines the limits in which CPPs should be in order to reach CQAs. This review discusses the milling process and process variables, CPPs, their impact on product properties, CQAs and challenges of the QbD approach in nanomilling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Peltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Peltonen L, Hirvonen J. Drug nanocrystals - Versatile option for formulation of poorly soluble materials. Int J Pharm 2017; 537:73-83. [PMID: 29262301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poor solubility of drug compounds is a great issue in drug industry today and decreasing particle size is one efficient and simple way to overcome this challenge. Drug nanocrystals are solid nanosized drug particles, which are covered by a stabilizer layer. In nanoscale many physical properties, like compound solubility, are different from the solubility of bulk material, and due to this drug nanocrystals can reach supersaturation as compared to thermodynamic solubility. The most important effect of the smaller particle size is that dissolution rate is highly enhanced mainly due to the increased surface area. In this review the most important properties of nanocrystalline drug compounds are presented, with multiple examples of the development and characterization of nanocrystalline drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Peltonen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Finland.
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00014, Finland.
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Zhang L, Li Y, Abed M, Davé RN. Incorporation of surface-modified dry micronized poorly water-soluble drug powders into polymer strip films. Int J Pharm 2017; 535:462-472. [PMID: 29170115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has established polymer strip films as a robust platform for delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs via slurry casting, in particular using stable drug nanosuspensions. Here, a simpler, robust method to directly incorporate dry micronized poorly water-soluble drug, fenofibrate (FNB), is introduced. As a major novelty, simultaneous surface modification using hydrophilic silica along with micronization was done using fluid energy mill (FEM) in order to reduce FNB hydrophobicity and powder agglomeration. It is hypothesized that silica coating promotes easy, uniform dispersion of micronized and coated FNB (MC-FNB) during direct mixing with aqueous hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC-E15LV) and glycerin solutions. Uniform dispersion leads to improved film critical quality attributes (CQAs) such as appearance, drug content uniformity and drug dissolution. The impact of polymer solution viscosity (low and high), mixer type (low versus high shear), and FNB surface modification on film CQAs were also assessed. Films with as-received FNB (AR-FNB) and micronized uncoated FNB (MU-FNB) were prepared as control. When MC-FNB powders were used, films exhibited improved appearance (thickness uniformity, visible lumps/agglomerates), better drug content uniformity (expressed as relative standard deviation), fast and immediate drug release, and enhanced mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation percentage), regardless of the polymer solution viscosity or mixer type. These results compare favorably with those reported using nanosuspensions of FNB, establishing the feasibility of directly incorporating surface modified-micronized poorly water-soluble drug powders in film manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yidong Li
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Manal Abed
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rajesh N Davé
- New Jersey Center for Engineered Particulates, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Miao X, Yang W, Feng T, Lin J, Huang P. Drug nanocrystals for cancer therapy. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017; 10:e1499. [PMID: 29044971 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug nanocrystals (NCs) with fascinating physicochemical properties have attracted great attention in drug delivery. High drug-loading efficiency, great structural stability, steady dissolution, and long circulation time are a few examples of these properties, which makes drug NCs an excellent formulation for efficient cancer therapy. In the last two decades, there are a lot of hydrophobic or lipophilic drugs, such as paclitaxel (PTX), camptothecin (CPT), thymectacin, busulfan, cyclosporin A, 2-devinyl-2-(1-hexyloxyethyl) pyropheophorbide (HPPH), and so on, which have been formulated into drug NCs for cancer therapy. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in drug NCs-based cancer treatment. So far, there are main three methods to synthesize drug NCs, including top-down, bottom-up, and combination methods. The characterization methods of drug NCs were also elaborated. Furthermore, the applications and mechanisms of drug NCs were introduced by their administration routes. At the end, we gave a brief conclusion and discussed the future perspectives of drug NCs in cancer therapy. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Miao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wuwei Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Niwa T, Yoshida M, Hayashi N, Kondo K. One step preparation of spherical drug particles by contamination-free dry milling technique with corn starch beads. Int J Pharm 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Flach F, Breitung-faes S, Kwade A. Grinding media wear induced agglomeration of electrosteric stabilized particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017; 522:140-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Li M, Alvarez P, Bilgili E. A microhydrodynamic rationale for selection of bead size in preparation of drug nanosuspensions via wet stirred media milling. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:178-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Flach F, Konnerth C, Peppersack C, Schmidt J, Damm C, Breitung-Faes S, Peukert W, Kwade A. Impact of formulation and operating parameters on particle size and grinding media wear in wet media milling of organic compounds – A case study for pyrene. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Tuomela A, Saarinen J, Strachan CJ, Hirvonen J, Peltonen L. Production, applications and in vivo fate of drug nanocrystals. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Steiner D, Finke JH, Breitung-Faes S, Kwade A. Breakage, temperature dependency and contamination of Lactose during ball milling in ethanol. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Li M, Azad M, Davé R, Bilgili E. Nanomilling of Drugs for Bioavailability Enhancement: A Holistic Formulation-Process Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2016; 8:E17. [PMID: 27213434 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation of drug nanoparticles via wet media milling (nanomilling) is a very versatile drug delivery platform and is suitable for oral, injectable, inhalable, and buccal applications. Wet media milling followed by various drying processes has become a well-established and proven formulation approach especially for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. It has several advantages such as organic solvent-free processing, tunable and relatively high drug loading, and applicability to a multitude of poorly water-soluble drugs. Although the physical stability of the wet-milled suspensions (nanosuspensions) has attracted a lot of attention, fundamental understanding of the process has been lacking until recently. The objective of this review paper is to present fundamental insights from available published literature while summarizing the recent advances and highlighting the gap areas that have not received adequate attention. First, stabilization by conventionally used polymers/surfactants and novel stabilizers is reviewed. Then, a fundamental understanding of the process parameters, with a focus on wet stirred media milling, is revealed based on microhydrodynamic models. This review is expected to bring a holistic formulation-process perspective to the nanomilling process and pave the way for robust process development scale-up. Finally, challenges are indicated with a view to shedding light on future opportunities.
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Li M, Zhang L, Davé RN, Bilgili E. An Intensified Vibratory Milling Process for Enhancing the Breakage Kinetics during the Preparation of Drug Nanosuspensions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:389-99. [PMID: 26182907 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a drug-sparing approach in early development, vibratory milling has been used for the preparation of nanosuspensions of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim of this study was to intensify this process through a systematic increase in vibration intensity and bead loading with the optimal bead size for faster production. Griseofulvin, a poorly water-soluble drug, was wet-milled using yttrium-stabilized zirconia beads with sizes ranging from 50 to 1500 μm at low power density (0.87 W/g). Then, this process was intensified with the optimal bead size by sequentially increasing vibration intensity and bead loading. Additional experiments with several bead sizes were performed at high power density (16 W/g), and the results were compared to those from wet stirred media milling. Laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and dissolution tests were used for characterization. Results for the low power density indicated 800 μm as the optimal bead size which led to a median size of 545 nm with more than 10% of the drug particles greater than 1.8 μm albeit the fastest breakage. An increase in either vibration intensity or bead loading resulted in faster breakage. The most intensified process led to 90% of the particles being smaller than 300 nm. At the high power intensity, 400 μm beads were optimal, which enhanced griseofulvin dissolution significantly and signified the importance of bead size in view of the power density. Only the optimally intensified vibratory milling led to a comparable nanosuspension to that prepared by the stirred media milling.
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Sawant KK, Patel MH, Patel K. Cefdinir nanosuspension for improved oral bioavailability by media milling technique: formulation, characterization and in vitro-in vivo evaluations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:758-68. [PMID: 26548349 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1104344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cefdinir (Cef) is an orally active Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class IV drug with incomplete absorption and low bioavailability (16-21%). The aim of this investigation was to develop nanosuspensions (NS) of Cef to improve its oral bioavailability. Cef NS were prepared by the media milling technique using zirconium oxide beads as the milling media. Cef NS were characterized by particle size, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X-Ray Diffraction pattern and evaluated for saturation solubility, in vitro release studies, ex vivo permeability studies and in vivo bioavailability studies. The particle size and zeta potential were found to be 224.2 ± 2.7 nm and -15.7 ± 1.9 mV, respectively. Saturation solubility of NS was found to be 1985.3 ± 10.2 µg/ml which was 5.64 times higher than pure drug (352.2 ± 6.5 µg/ml). The DSC thermograms and XRD patterns indicated that there was no interaction between drug and excipients and that the crystallinity of Cef remained unchanged after media milling process. Results of in vitro release studies and ex vivo permeation studies showed improved drug release of 88.2 1 ± 2.90 and 83.11 ± 2.14%, respectively, from NS after 24 h as compared to drug release of 54.09 ± 2.54 and 48.2 1 ± 1.27%, respectively, from the marketed suspension (Adcef). In vivo studies in rats demonstrated a 3-fold increase in oral bioavailability from the NS in comparison to marketed suspension. The results of this investigation conclusively show that the developed nanosuspension of Cef exhibited improved solubility, dissolution and permeation which led to a significant enhancement in its oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutika K Sawant
- a Pharmacy Department, The M S University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
| | - Mitali H Patel
- a Pharmacy Department, The M S University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
| | - Krishna Patel
- a Pharmacy Department, The M S University of Baroda , Vadodara , Gujarat , India
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Li M, Yaragudi N, Afolabi A, Dave R, Bilgili E. Sub-100nm drug particle suspensions prepared via wet milling with low bead contamination through novel process intensification. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Bartos C, Ambrus R, Sipos P, Budai-Szűcs M, Csányi E, Gáspár R, Márki Á, Seres AB, Sztojkov-Ivanov A, Horváth T, Szabó-Révész P. Study of sodium hyaluronate-based intranasal formulations containing micro- or nanosized meloxicam particles. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:198-207. [PMID: 26142244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on the micro- and nanonization of meloxicam (MEL) with the aim of developing pre-dispersions as intermediates for the design of intranasal formulations. As a new approach, combined wet milling technology was developed in order to reduce the particle size of the MEL. Different milling times resulted in micro- or nanosized MEL in the pre-dispersions with polyvinyl alcohol as stabilizer agent, which were directly used for preparing intranasal liquid formulations with the addition of sodium hyaluronate as mucoadhesive agent. Reduction of the MEL particle size into the nano range led to increased saturation solubility and dissolution velocities, and increased adhesiveness to surfaces as compared with microsized MEL particles. A linear correlation was demonstrated between the specific surface area of MEL and the AUC. The in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the longer residence time and the uniform distribution of nano MEL spray throughout an artificial membrane and the nasal mucosa resulted in better diffusion and a higher AUC. Nanosized MEL may be suggested for the development of an innovative dosage form with a different dose of the drug, as a possible administration route for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Bartos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Richter Gedeon Nyrt., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Csányi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Gáspár
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Márki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adrienn B Seres
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Sztojkov-Ivanov
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Horváth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Bitterlich A, Laabs C, Krautstrunk I, Dengler M, Juhnke M, Grandeury A, Bunjes H, Kwade A. Process parameter dependent growth phenomena of naproxen nanosuspension manufactured by wet media milling. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 92:171-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Merisko-liversidge E. Nanosizing: “End-to-End” Formulation Strategy for Poorly Water-Soluble Molecules. Discovering and Developing Molecules with Optimal Drug-Like Properties 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1399-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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50
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Bitterlich A, Laabs C, Busmann E, Grandeury A, Juhnke M, Bunjes H, Kwade A. Challenges in Nanogrinding of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Chem Eng Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201300697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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