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Kesharwani SS, Louit G, Ibrahim F. The Use of Global Sensitivity Analysis to Assess the Oral Absorption of Weakly Basic Compounds: A Case Example of Dipyridamole. Pharm Res 2024; 41:877-890. [PMID: 38538971 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To utilize the global system analysis (GSA) in oral absorption modeling to gain a deeper understanding of system behavior, improve model accuracy, and make informed decisions during drug development. METHODS GSA was utilized to give insight into which drug substance (DS), drug product (DP), and/or physiological parameter would have an impact on peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of dipyridamole as a model weakly basic compound. GSA guided the design of in vitro experiments and oral absorption risk assessment using FormulatedProducts v2202.1.0. The solubility and precipitation profiles of dipyridamole in different bile salt concentrations were measured. The results were then used to build a mechanistic oral absorption model. RESULTS GSA warranted further investigation into the precipitation kinetics and its link to the levels of bile salt concentrations. Mechanistic modeling studies demonstrated that a precipitation-integrated modeling approach appropriately predicted the mean plasma profiles, Cmax, and AUC from the clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the value of GSA utilization in early development to guide in vitro experimentation and build more confidence in identifying the critical parameters for the mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth S Kesharwani
- US Early Development Biopharmacy, Synthetics Platform, Sanofi, 350 Water St, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Guillaume Louit
- Siemens K.K, DI SW Division, 1-6-1 Miyahara, Osaka, 532-0003, Japan
| | - Fady Ibrahim
- US Early Development Biopharmacy, Synthetics Platform, Sanofi, 350 Water St, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.
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Pockle R, Masareddy R, Bambulkar V, Desai R, Kiran S. Exploring magnesium myristate for its dual functionality as a binder and lubricant in the formulation of tablet. Ther Deliv 2024; 15:253-266. [PMID: 38420754 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To explore 'magnesium myristate' for its dual functionality as a lubricant and binder in the formulation of tablets. Methods: Using (DoE), tablet formulations using magnesium myristate and conventional excipients (magnesium stearate and PVP K30) were developed by wet granulation technique. The prepared granules and formulated tablets were evaluated for pre- and post-compression parameters, respectively. Results: Magnesium myristate exhibited excellent flow properties. The optimized formulations containing magnesium myristate exhibited increased hardness and in vitro drug release in comparison to conventional excipients. f2 similarity index for in vitro drug release showed no significant variations with optimized formulations and with the marketed formulations. Conclusion: Magnesium myristate shows a promising replacement for conventional excipients as both a lubricant and binder in tablet formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Pockle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi - 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajashree Masareddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi - 590010, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Sai Kiran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi - 590010, Karnataka, India
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Holzem FL, Petrig Schaffland J, Brandl M, Bauer-Brandl A, Stillhart C. Using molecularly dissolved drug concentrations in PBBMs improves the prediction of oral absorption from supersaturating formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 194:106703. [PMID: 38224722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Predicting the absorption of drugs from enabling formulations is still challenging due to the limited capabilities of standard physiologically based biopharmaceutics models (PBBMs) to capture complex absorption processes. Amongst others, it is often assumed that both, molecularly and apparently dissolved drug in the gastrointestinal lumen are prone to absorption. A recently introduced method for measuring concentrations of molecularly dissolved drug in a dynamic in vitro dissolution setup using microdialysis has opened new opportunities to test this hypothesis and refine mechanistic PBBM approaches. In the present study, we compared results of PBBMs that used either molecularly or apparently dissolved concentrations in the simulated gastrointestinal lumen as input parameters. The in vitro dissolution data from three supersaturating formulations of Posaconazole (PCZ) were used as model input. The modeling outcome was verified using PCZ concentration vs. time profiles measured in human intestinal aspirates and in the blood plasma. When using apparently dissolved drug concentrations (i.e., the sum of colloid-associated and molecularly dissolved drug) the simulated systemic plasma exposures were overpredicted, most pronouncedly with the ASD-based tablet. However, if the concentrations of molecularly dissolved drug were used as input values, the PBBM resulted in accurate prediction of systemic exposures for all three PCZ formulations. The present study impressively demonstrated the value of considering molecularly dissolved drug concentrations as input value for PBBMs of supersaturating drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Petrig Schaffland
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Lancheros Porras KD, Alves IA, Novoa DMA. PBPK Modeling as an Alternative Method of Interspecies Extrapolation that Reduces the Use of Animals: A Systematic Review. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:102-126. [PMID: 37031391 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230408201849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a computational approach that simulates the anatomical structure of the studied species and presents the organs and tissues as compartments interconnected by arterial and venous blood flows. AIM The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the published articles focused on the development of PBPK models for interspecies extrapolation in the disposition of drugs and health risk assessment, presenting to this modeling an alternative to reduce the use of animals. METHODS For this purpose, a systematic search was performed in PubMed using the following search terms: "PBPK" and "Interspecies extrapolation". The revision was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS In the analysis of the articles, it was found that rats and mice are the most commonly used animal models in the PBPK models; however, most of the physiological and physicochemical information used in the reviewed studies were obtained from previous publications. Additionally, most of the PBPK models were developed to extrapolate pharmacokinetic parameters to humans and the main application of the models was for toxicity testing. CONCLUSION PBPK modeling is an alternative that allows the integration of in vitro and in silico data as well as parameters reported in the literature to predict the pharmacokinetics of chemical substances, reducing in large quantity the use of animals that are required in traditional studies.
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Jadhav H, Augustijns P, Tannergren C. Approaches to Account for Colon Absorption in Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling of Extended-Release Drug Products. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6272-6288. [PMID: 37902586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The rate and extent of colon absorption are important determinants of the in vivo performance of extended-release (ER) drug products. The ability to appropriately predict this at different stages of development using mechanistic physiologically based biopharmaceutic modeling (PBBM) is highly desirable. This investigation aimed to evaluate the prediction performance of three different approaches to account for colon absorption in predictions of the in vivo performance of ER drug product variants with different in vitro release profiles. This was done by mechanistic predictions of the absorption and plasma exposure of the ER drug products using GastroPlus and GI-Sim for five drugs with different degrees of colon absorption limitations in humans. Colon absorption was accounted for in the predictions using three different approaches: (1) by an a priori approach using the default colon models, (2) by fitting the colon absorption scaling factors to the observed plasma concentration-time profiles after direct administration to the colon in humans, or (3) from the ER drug product variant with the slowest in vitro release profile. The prediction performance was evaluated based on the percentage prediction error and the average absolute prediction error (AAPE). Two levels of acceptance criteria corresponding to highly accurate (AAPE ≤ 20%) and accurate (AAPE 20-50%) predictions were defined prior to the evaluation. For the a priori approach, the relative bioavailability (Frel), AUC0-t, and Cmax of the ER drug product variants for the low to medium colon absorption limitation risk drugs was accurately predicted with an AAPE range of 11-53 and 8-59% for GastroPlus and GI-Sim, respectively. However, the prediction performance was poor for the high colon absorption limitation risk drugs. Moreover, accounting for the human regional colon absorption data in the models did not improve the prediction performance. In contrast, using the colon absorption scaling factors derived from the slowest ER variant significantly improved the prediction performance regardless of colon absorption limitation, with a majority of the predictions meeting the high accuracy criteria. For the slowest ER approach, the AAPE ranges were 5-24 and 5-32% for GastroPlus and GI-Sim, respectively, excluding the low permeability drug. In conclusion, the a priori PBBM can be used during candidate selection and early product design to predict the in vivo performance of ER drug products for low to medium colon absorption limitation risk drugs with sufficient accuracy. The results also indicate a limited value in performing human regional absorption studies in which the drug is administered to the colon as a bolus to support PBBM development for ER drug products. Instead, by performing an early streamlined relative bioavailability study with the slowest relevant ER in vitro release profile, a highly accurate PBBM suitable for ER predictions for commercial and regulatory applications can be developed, except for permeability-limited drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Jadhav
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, ON2 Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christer Tannergren
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Kambayashi A. In Silico Modeling Approaches Coupled with In Vitro Characterization in Predicting In Vivo Performance of Drug Delivery System Formulations. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4344-4353. [PMID: 37523273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of the in vivo performance of dosage forms in humans is essential in developing not only conventional formulations but also drug delivery system (DDS) formulations. Although animal experiments are still useful for these formulations, in silico approaches have become increasingly important for DDS formulations with regard to species-specific differences in physiology that can affect the in vivo performance of dosage forms between animals and humans. Furthermore, it is also important to couple in vitro characterizations with in silico models to predict in vivo performance in humans precisely. In this review article, I summarized in vitro-in silico approaches to predicting the in vivo performance of oral DDS formulations (amorphous solid dispersions, lipid-based formulations, nanosized formulations, cyclodextrins-based formulations, sustained release products, enteric coat products, and orally disintegrating tablets) and parenteral DDS formulations (cyclodextrins-based formulations, liposomes, and inhaled formulations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kambayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Incorporated, 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072, Japan
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7
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Reppas C, Kuentz M, Bauer-Brandl A, Carlert S, Dallmann A, Dietrich S, Dressman J, Ejskjaer L, Frechen S, Guidetti M, Holm R, Holzem FL, Karlsson Ε, Kostewicz E, Panbachi S, Paulus F, Senniksen MB, Stillhart C, Turner DB, Vertzoni M, Vrenken P, Zöller L, Griffin BT, O'Dwyer PJ. Leveraging the use of in vitro and computational methods to support the development of enabling oral drug products: An InPharma commentary. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106505. [PMID: 37343604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the strong tendency towards poorly soluble drugs in modern development pipelines, enabling drug formulations such as amorphous solid dispersions, cyclodextrins, co-crystals and lipid-based formulations are frequently applied to solubilize or generate supersaturation in gastrointestinal fluids, thus enhancing oral drug absorption. Although many innovative in vitro and in silico tools have been introduced in recent years to aid development of enabling formulations, significant knowledge gaps still exist with respect to how best to implement them. As a result, the development strategy for enabling formulations varies considerably within the industry and many elements of empiricism remain. The InPharma network aims to advance a mechanistic, animal-free approach to the assessment of drug developability. This commentary focuses current status and next steps that will be taken in InPharma to identify and fully utilize 'best practice' in vitro and in silico tools for use in physiologically based biopharmaceutic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | | | - André Dallmann
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Shirin Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lotte Ejskjaer
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sebastian Frechen
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Matteo Guidetti
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Solvias AG, Department for Solid-State Development, Römerpark 2, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Edmund Kostewicz
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shaida Panbachi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Felix Paulus
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Malte Bøgh Senniksen
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Vrenken
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Laurin Zöller
- AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden; Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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8
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Golhar A, Pillai M, Dhakne P, Rajput N, Jadav T, Sengupta P. Progressive tools and critical strategies for development of best fit PBPK model aiming better in vitro-in vivo correlation. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123267. [PMID: 37488057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, conducting discriminative dissolution experiments employing physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) or physiologically based biopharmaceutical modeling (PBBM) is gaining significant importance in quantitatively predicting oral absorption of drugs. Mechanistic understanding of each process involved in drug absorption and its impact on the performance greatly facilitates designing a formulation with high confidence. Unfortunately, the biggest challenge scientists are facing in current days is the lack of standardized protocol for integrating dissolution experiment data during PBPK modeling. However, in vitro-in vivo drug release interrelation can be improved with the consideration and development of appropriate biorelevant dissolution media that closely mimic physiological conditions. Multiple reported dissolution models have described nature and functionality of different regions of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) to more accurately design discriminative dissolution media. Dissolution experiment data can be integrated either mechanistically or without a mechanism depending primarily on the formulation type, biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class and particle size of the drug substance. All such parameters are required to be considered for selecting the appropriate functions during PBPK modeling to produce a best fit model. The primary focus of this review is to critically discuss various progressive dissolution models and tools, existing challenges and approaches for establishing best fit PBPK model aiming better in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC). Strategies for proper selection of dissolution models as an input function in PBPK/PBBM modeling have also been critically discussed. Logical and scientific pathway for selection of different type of functions and integration events in the commercially available in silico software has been described through case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav Golhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Megha Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Dhakne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Niraj Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Tarang Jadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Dabke A, Ghosh S, Dabke P, Sawant K, Khopade A. Revisiting the in-vitro and in-vivo considerations for in-silico modelling of complex injectable drug products. J Control Release 2023; 360:185-211. [PMID: 37353161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Complex injectable drug products (CIDPs) have often been developed to modulate the pharmacokinetics along with efficacy for therapeutic agents used for remediation of chronic disorders. The effective development of CIDPs has exhibited complex kinetics associated with multiphasic drug release from the prepared formulations. Consequently, predictability of pharmacokinetic modelling for such CIDPs has been difficult and there is need for advanced complex computational models for the establishment of accurate prediction models for in-vitro-in-vivo correlation (IVIVC). The computational modelling aims at supplementing the existing knowledge with mathematical equations to develop formulation strategies for generation of predictable and discriminatory IVIVC. Such an approach would help in reduction of the burden of effect of hidden factors on preclinical to clinical translations. Computational tools like physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modelling have combined physicochemical and physiological properties along with IVIVC characteristics of clinically used formulations. Such techniques have helped in prediction and understanding of variability in pharmacodynamic parameters of potential generic products to clinically used formulations like Doxil®, Ambisome®, Abraxane® in healthy and diseased population using mathematical equations. The current review highlights the important formulation characteristics, in-vitro, preclinical in-vivo aspects which need to be considered while developing a stimulatory predictive PBPK model in establishment of an IVIVC and in-vitro-in-vivo relationship (IVIVR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dabke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India; Formulation Research & Development- Biopharmaceutics, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat 390012, India
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India
| | - Pallavi Dabke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India
| | - Krutika Sawant
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India.
| | - Ajay Khopade
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390001, India; Formulation Research & Development- Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, Gujarat 390012, India.
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10
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Denninger A, Becker T, Westedt U, Wagner KG. Advanced In Vivo Prediction by Introducing Biphasic Dissolution Data into PBPK Models. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1978. [PMID: 37514164 PMCID: PMC10386266 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling biorelevant in vitro dissolution with in silico physiological-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) tools represents a promising method to describe and predict the in vivo performance of drug candidates in formulation development including non-passive transport, prodrug activation, and first-pass metabolism. The objective of the present study was to assess the predictability of human pharmacokinetics by using biphasic dissolution results obtained with the previously established BiPHa+ assay and PBPK tools. For six commercial drug products, formulated by different enabling technologies, the respective organic partitioning profiles were processed with two PBPK in silico modeling tools, namely PK-Sim and GastroPlus®, similar to extended-release dissolution profiles. Thus, a mechanistic dissolution/precipitation model of the assessed drug products was not required. The developed elimination/distribution models were used to simulate the pharmacokinetics of the evaluated drug products and compared with available human data. In essence, an in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) was successfully developed. Organic partitioning profiles obtained from the BiPHa+ dissolution analysis enabled highly accurate predictions of the pharmacokinetic behavior of the investigated drug products. In addition, PBPK models of (pro-)drugs with pronounced first-pass metabolism enabled adjustment of the solely passive diffusion predicting organic partitioning profiles, and increased prediction accuracy further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Denninger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Corden Pharma GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Strasse, 68723 Plankstadt, Germany
| | - Tim Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Westedt
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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11
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Karnati P, Murthy A, Gundeti M, Ahmed T. Modelling Based Approaches to Support Generic Drug Regulatory Submissions-Practical Considerations and Case Studies. AAPS J 2023; 25:63. [PMID: 37353655 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Model informed drug development (MiDD) is useful to predict in vivo exposure of drugs during various stages of the drug development process. This approach employs a variety of quantitative tools to assess the risks during the drug development process. One important tool in the MiDD tool kit is the Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling (PBPK). This tool is extensively used to reduce the development cost and to accelerate the access of medicines to the patients. In this work, we provide an overview of PBPK modelling approaches in the generic drug development process, with a special emphasis on the bio-waiver applications. We describe herein approaches and common pitfalls while submitting model based justifications as a response to the regulatory deficiencies during the generic drug development process. With some in-house case studies, we have attempted to provide a clear path for PBPK model based justifications for bio-waivers. With this review, the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application of modelling and simulation tools for generic drug product development could be potentially reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwala Karnati
- Biopharmaceutics Department, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Biopharmaceutics Department, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj Gundeti
- Biopharmaceutics Department, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Department, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India.
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12
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Danielak D, Paszkowska J, Staniszewska M, Garbacz G, Terlecka A, Kubiak B, Romański M. Conjunction of semi-mechanistic in vitro-in vivo modeling and population pharmacokinetics as a tool for virtual bioequivalence analysis - a case study for a BCS class II drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 186:132-143. [PMID: 37015321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Virtual bioequivalence trial (VBE) simulations based on (semi)mechanistic in vitro-in vivo (IVIV) modeling have gained a huge interest in the pharmaceutical industry. Sophisticated commercially available software allows modeling variable drug fates in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Surprisingly, the between-subject and inter-occasion variability (IOV) of the distribution volumes and clearances are ignored or simplified, despite substantially contributing to varied plasma drug concentrations. The paper describes a novel approach for IVIV-based VBE by using population pharmacokinetics (popPK). The data from two bioequivalence trials with a poorly soluble BCS class II drug were analyzed retrospectively. In the first trial, the test drug product (biobatch 1) did not meet the bioequivalence criteria, but after a reformulation, the second trial succeeded (biobatch 2). The popPK model was developed in the Monolix software (Lixoft SAS, Simulation Plus) based on the originator's plasma concentrations. The modified Noyes-Whitney model was fitted to the results of discriminative biorelevant dissolution tests of the two biobatches and seven other reformulations. Then, the IVIV model was constructed by joining the popPK model with fixed drug disposition parameters, the drug dissolution model, and mechanistic approximation of the GIT transit. It was used to simulate the drug concentrations at different IOV levels of the primary pharmacokinetic parameters and perform the VBE. Estimated VBE success rates for both biobatches well reflected the outcomes of the bioequivalence trials. The predicted 90% confidence intervals for the area under the time-concentration curves were comparable with the observed values, and the 10% IOV allowed the closest approximation to the clinical results. Simulations confirmed that a significantly lower maximum drug concentration for biobatch 1 was responsible for the first clinical trial's failure. In conclusion, the proposed workflow might aid formulation screening in generic drug development.
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Pepin X, McAlpine V, Moir A, Mann J. Acalabrutinib Maleate Tablets: The Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Model behind the Drug Product Dissolution Specification. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2181-2193. [PMID: 36859819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Acalabrutinib maleate tablets correspond to an improved formulation compared to acalabrutinib capsules as they can be dosed with and without acid reducing agents and therefore benefit more cancer patients. The dissolution specification for the drug product was determined using all the information available on the drug safety, efficacy, and in vitro performance. In addition, a physiologically based biopharmaceutics model was developed for acalabrutinib maleate tablets on the back of a previously published model for acalabrutinib capsules to establish that the proposed drug product dissolution specification would ensure safe and effective products for all patients including those under acid reducing agent treatment. The model was built, validated, and used to predict the exposure of virtual batches where the dissolution was slower than that of the clinical target. A combination of exposure prediction and the use of a PK-PD model allowed it to be demonstrated that the proposed drug product dissolution specification was acceptable. This combination of models enabled a larger safe space than would have been granted by consideration of bioequivalence only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, SK10 2NA Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Vivien McAlpine
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SK10 2NA Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Moir
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SK10 2NA Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - James Mann
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SK10 2NA Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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Kollipara S, Bhattiprolu AK, Boddu R, Ahmed T, Chachad S. Best Practices for Integration of Dissolution Data into Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Models (PBBM): A Biopharmaceutics Modeling Scientist Perspective. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:59. [PMID: 36759492 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissolution is considered as a critical input into physiologically based biopharmaceutics models (PBBM) as it governs in vivo exposure. Despite many workshops, initiatives by academia, industry, and regulatory, wider practices are followed for dissolution data input into PBBM models. Due to variety of options available for dissolution data input into PBBM models, it is important to understand pros, cons, and best practices while using specific dissolution model. This present article attempts to summarize current understanding of various dissolution models and data inputs in PBBM software's and aims to discuss practical challenges and ways to overcome such scenarios. Different approaches to incorporate dissolution data for immediate, modified, and delayed release formulations are discussed in detail. Common challenges faced during fitting of z-factor are discussed along with novel approach of dissolution data incorporation using P-PSD model. Ways to incorporate dissolution data for MR formulations using Weibull and IVIVR approaches were portrayed with examples. Strategies to incorporate dissolution data for DR formulations was depicted along with practical aspects. Approaches to generate virtual dissolution profiles, using Weibull function, DDDPlus, and time scaling for defining dissolution safe space, and strategies to generate virtual dissolution profiles for justifying single and multiple dissolution specifications were discussed. Finally, novel ways to integrate dissolution data for complex products such as liposomes, data from complex dissolution systems, importance of precipitation, and bio-predictive ability of QC media for evaluation of CBA's impact were discussed. Overall, this article aims to provide an easy guide for biopharmaceutics modeling scientist to integrate dissolution data effectively into PBBM models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Adithya Karthik Bhattiprolu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Rajkumar Boddu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India.
| | - Siddharth Chachad
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd, Bachupally, Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyderabad, 500 090, Telangana, India
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Zhou D, Chen B, Sharma S, Tang W, Pepin X. Physiologically Based Absorption Modelling to Explore the Formulation and Gastric pH Changes on the Pharmacokinetics of Acalabrutinib. Pharm Res 2023; 40:375-386. [PMID: 35478298 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acalabrutinib, a selective Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a biopharmaceutics classification system class II drug. The aim of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to mechanistically describe absorption of immediate release capsule formulation of acalabrutinib in humans. Integration of in vitro biorelevant measurements, dissolution studies and in silico modelling provided clinically relevant inputs for the mechanistic absorption PBPK model. The batch specific dissolution data were integrated in two ways, by fitting a diffusion layer model scalar to the drug product dissolution with integration of drug substance laser diffraction particle size data, or by fitting a product particle size distribution to the dissolution data. The latter method proved more robust and biopredictive. In both cases, the drug surface solubility was well predicted by the Simcyp simulator. The model using the product particle size distribution (P-PSD) for each clinical batch adequately captured the PK profiles of acalabrutinib and its active metabolite. Average fold errors were 0.89 for both Cmax and AUC, suggesting good agreement between predicted and observed PK values. The model also accurately predicted pH-dependent drug-drug interactions between omeprazole and acalabrutinib, which was similar across all clinical formulations. The model predicted acalabrutinib geometric mean AUC ratios (with omeprazole vs acalabrutinib alone) were 0.51 and 0.68 for 2 batches of formulations, which are close to observed values of 0.43 and 0.51~0.63, respectively. The mechanistic absorption PBPK model could be potentially used for future applications such as optimizing formulations or predicting the PK for different batches of the drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diansong Zhou
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, Massachusett, 02451, USA.
| | - Buyun Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shringi Sharma
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Clinical Pharmacology & Quantitative Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Xavier Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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16
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Pepin XJH, Hammarberg M, Mattinson A, Moir A. Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Model for Selumetinib Food Effect Investigation and Capsule Dissolution Safe Space - Part I: Adults. Pharm Res 2023; 40:387-403. [PMID: 36002614 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A physiologically based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM) was developed to mechanistically investigate the effect of formulation and food on selumetinib pharmacokinetics. METHODS Selumetinib is presented as a hydrogen sulfate salt, and in vitro and in vivo data were used to verify the precipitation rate to apply to simulations. Dissolution profiles observed for capsules and granules were used to derive product-particle size distributions for model input. The PBBM incorporated gut efflux and first-pass gut metabolism, based on intravenous and oral pharmacokinetic data, alongside in vitro data for the main enzyme isoform and P-glycoprotein efflux. The PBBM was validated across eight clinical scenarios. RESULTS The quality-control dissolution method for selumetinib capsules was found to be clinically relevant through PBBM validation. A safe space for capsule dissolution was established using a virtual batch. The effect of food (low fat vs high fat) on capsules and granules was elucidated by the PBBM. For capsules, a lower amount was dissolved in the fed state due to a pH increase in the stomach followed by higher precipitation in the small intestine. First-pass gut extraction is higher for capsules in the fed state due to drug dilution in the stomach chyme and reduced concentration in the lumen. The enteric-coated granules dissolve more slowly than capsules after stomach emptying, attenuating the difference in first-pass gut extraction between prandial states. CONCLUSIONS The PBBM was instrumental in understanding and explaining the different behaviors of the selumetinib formulations. The model can be used to predict the impact of food in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier J H Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Maria Hammarberg
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Alexandra Mattinson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Andrea Moir
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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17
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Zhang F, Wu X, Wu K, Yu M, Liu B, Wang H. Predicting the Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Drugs across BCS Classes 1-4 by Virtual Bioequivalence Model. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:395-408. [PMID: 36469444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of solubility and permeability on the pharmacokinetic prediction performance of orally administered drugs using avirtual bioequivalence (VBE) model, a total of 23 orally administered drugs covering Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) classes 1-4 were selected. A VBE model (i.e., a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model integrated with dissolution data) based on a B2O simulator was applied for pharmacokinetic (PK) prediction in a virtual population. Parameter sensitivity analysis was used for input parameter selection. The predictive performances of PK parameters (i.e., AUC0-t, Cmax, and Tmax), PK profiles, and bioequivalence (BE) results were evaluated using the twofold error, average fold error (AFE), absolute average fold error (AAFE), and BE reassessment metrics. All models successfully simulated the mean PK profiles, with AAFE < 2 and AFE ranging from 0.58 to 1.66. As for the PK parameters, except for the time of peak concentration, Tmax, of isosorbide mononitrate, other simulated PK parameters were all within a twofold error. The simulated PK behaviors were comparable to the observed ones, both for test (T) and reference (R) products, and the simulated T/R arithmetic mean ratios were all within 0.88-1.16 of the observed values. These four evaluation metrics were distributed equally among BCS class 1-4 drugs. The VBE model showed powerful performance to predict the PK behavior of orally administered drugs with various combinations of solubility and permeability, irrespective of the BCS category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Xiaofei Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Keheng Wu
- Yinghan Pharmaceutical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai201100, China
| | - Mengyang Yu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430205, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
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18
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Mittapelly N, Polak S. Modelling and Simulation Approaches to Support Formulation Optimization, Clinical Development and Regulatory Assessment of the Topically Applied Formulations- Nimesulide Solution Gel Case Study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 178:140-149. [PMID: 35985454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to show how mechanistic modelling can be used to characterize the skin absorption of Nimesulide (NIM) in both in vitro systems and in vivo subjects. A basic PBPK model for oral absorption to characterize the systemic disposition of NIM and MPML MechDermATM models for in vitro permeation and in vivo, topical absorption was developed and verified using published data. The developed models utilize drug physicochemical properties, formulation attributes and physiology information either collected from literature and/or from Simcyp databases (systems' data). Following the verification of the PBPK models virtual bioequivalence (VBE) trials were performed both at systemic and local exposure levels (dermis concentrations) to compare these formulations. A parameter sensitivity analysis was conducted to understand the impact of vehicle-related attributes on IVPT (in vitro permeation test) data. The vehicle-stratum corneum lipids partition coefficient in the formulation layer (Kpsc_lip:vehicle) was identified to be an appropriate parameter to take into account the differences in dermal absorption of marketed preparations based on the qualitative composition. Thus, this parameter was optimized for each marketed product based on the published in vitro data. After verification of the IVPT model, IVIVE was performed to assess the predictability of the model for studying the in vivo pharmacokinetics of NIM. The VBE analysis concluded that these formulations are bioequivalent at the level of systemic and local dermis exposure. To summarize, the study shows the use of modelling and simulation (M&S) tools to better understand the behaviour of formulations and their interaction with human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Mittapelly
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Sebastian Polak
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK; Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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In Vitro–In Vivo Relationship in Mini-Scale—Enabling Formulations of Corallopyronin A. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081657. [PMID: 36015283 PMCID: PMC9414514 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo studies in mice provide a valuable model to test novel active pharmaceutical ingredients due to their low material need and the fact that mice are frequently used as a species for early efficacy models. However, preclinical in vitro evaluations of formulation principles in mice are still lacking. The development of novel in vitro and in silico models supported the preclinical formulation evaluation for the anti-infective corallopyronin A (CorA). To this end, CorA and solubility-enhanced amorphous solid dispersion formulations, comprising povidone or copovidone, were evaluated regarding biorelevant solubilities and dissolution in mouse-specific media. As an acidic compound, CorA and CorA-ASD formulations showed decreased solubilities in mice when compared with human-specific media. In biorelevant biphasic dissolution experiments CorA-povidone showed a three-fold higher fraction partitioned into the organic phase of the biphasic dissolution, when compared with CorA-copovidone. Bioavailabilities determined by pharmacokinetic studies in BALB/c mice correlated with the biphasic dissolution prediction and resulted in a Level C in vitro–in vivo correlation. In vitro cell experiments excluded intestinal efflux by P-glycoprotein or breast cancer resistance protein. By incorporating in vitro results into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, the plasma concentrations of CorA-ASD formulations were predicted and identified dissolution as the limiting factor for bioavailability.
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20
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Medeiros JJS, Costa TM, Carmo MP, Nascimento DD, Lauro ENC, Oliveira CA, Duque MD, Prado LD. Efficient drug development of oseltamivir capsules based on process control, bioequivalence and PBPK modeling. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:146-157. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2102647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana J. S. Medeiros
- Coordenação de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Costa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana P. Carmo
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diogo D. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Validação Analítica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo N. C. Lauro
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Camila A. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Validação Analítica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo D. Duque
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Livia D. Prado
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Validação Analítica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Farmacos, Farmanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Model of the CYP3A4 Substrate Felodipine for Drug-Drug Interaction Modeling. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071474. [PMID: 35890369 PMCID: PMC9322514 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The antihypertensive felodipine is a calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine type, and its pharmacodynamic effect directly correlates with its plasma concentration. As a sensitive substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 with high first-pass metabolism, felodipine shows low oral bioavailability and is susceptible to drug–drug interactions (DDIs) with CYP3A4 perpetrators. This study aimed to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) parent–metabolite model of felodipine and its metabolite dehydrofelodipine for DDI predictions. The model was developed in PK-Sim® and MoBi® using 49 clinical studies (94 plasma concentration–time profiles in total) that investigated different doses (1–40 mg) of the intravenous and oral administration of felodipine. The final model describes the metabolism of felodipine to dehydrofelodipine by CYP3A4, sufficiently capturing the first-pass metabolism and the subsequent metabolism of dehydrofelodipine by CYP3A4. Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate PD models were included, using an Emax function to describe the felodipine concentration–effect relationship. The model was tested in DDI predictions with itraconazole, erythromycin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin as CYP3A4 perpetrators, with all predicted DDI AUClast and Cmax ratios within two-fold of the observed values. The model will be freely available in the Open Systems Pharmacology model repository and can be applied in DDI predictions as a CYP3A4 victim drug.
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22
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Xu J, Zhang L, Shao X. Applications of bio-predictive dissolution tools for the development of solid oral dosage forms: Current industry experience. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:79-97. [PMID: 35786119 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2098315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Development and optimization of orally administered drug products often require bio-predictive tools to help with informing formulation and manufacturing decisions. Reliable bio-predictive dissolution toolkits not only allow rational development of target formulations without having to conduct excessive in vivo studies but also help in detecting critical material attributes (CMAs), critical formulation variables (CFVs), or critical process parameters (CPPs) that could impact a drug's in vivo performance. To provide early insights for scientists on the development of a bio-predictive method for drug product development, this review summarizes current phase-appropriate bio-predictive dissolution approaches applicable to address typical concerns on solubility-limited absorption, food effect, achlorhydria, development of extended-release formulation, clinically relevant specification, and biowaiver. The selection of an in vitro method which can capture the key rate-limiting step(s) of the in vivo dissolution and/or absorption is considered to have a better chance to produce a meaningful in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) or in vitro-in vivo relationship (IVIVR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Inc., 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United State
| | - Limin Zhang
- Analytical Strategy and Operations, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co., One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United State
| | - Xi Shao
- Analytical R&D, Development Science, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States
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23
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Anand O, Pepin XJH, Kolhatkar V, Seo P. The Use of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Analyses-in Biopharmaceutics Applications -Regulatory and Industry Perspectives. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1681-1700. [PMID: 35585448 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to support the drug product quality attributes, also known as physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) is an evolving field and the interest in using PBBM is increasing. The US-FDA has emphasized on the use of patient centric quality standards and clinically relevant drug product specifications over the years. Establishing an in vitro in vivo link is an important step towards achieving the goal of patient centric quality standard. Such a link can aid in constructing a bioequivalence safe space and establishing clinically relevant drug product specifications. PBBM is an important tool to construct a safe space which can be used during the drug product development and lifecycle management. There are several advantages of using the PBBM approach, though there are also a few challenges, both with in vitro methods and in vivo understanding of drug absorption and disposition, that preclude using this approach and therefore further improvements are needed. In this review we have provided an overview of experience gained so far and the current perspective from regulatory and industry point of view. Collaboration between scientists from regulatory, industry and academic fields can further help to advance this field and deliver on promises that PBBM can offer towards establishing patient centric quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Anand
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | - Xavier J H Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Vidula Kolhatkar
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Seo
- Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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24
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Developing Clinically Relevant Dissolution Specifications (CRDSs) for Oral Drug Products: Virtual Webinar Series. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051010. [PMID: 35631595 PMCID: PMC9148161 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A webinar series that was organised by the Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences Biopharmaceutics focus group in 2021 focused on the challenges of developing clinically relevant dissolution specifications (CRDSs) for oral drug products. Industrial scientists, together with regulatory and academic scientists, came together through a series of six webinars, to discuss progress in the field, emerging trends, and areas for continued collaboration and harmonisation. Each webinar also hosted a Q&A session where participants could discuss the shared topic and information. Although it was clear from the presentations and Q&A sessions that we continue to make progress in the field of CRDSs and the utility/success of PBBM, there is also a need to continue the momentum and dialogue between the industry and regulators. Five key areas were identified which require further discussion and harmonisation.
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Aburub A, Chen Y, Chung J, Gao P, Good D, Hansmann S, Hawley M, Heimbach T, Hingle M, Kesisoglou F, Li R, Rose J, Tisaert C. An IQ Consortium Perspective on Connecting Dissolution Methods to In Vivo Performance: Analysis of an Industrial Database and Case Studies to Propose a Workflow. AAPS J 2022; 24:49. [PMID: 35348922 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00699-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of bioperformance to inform formulation selection and development decisions is an important aspect of drug development. There is high demand in the pharmaceutical industry to develop an efficient and streamlined approach for better understanding and predicting drug product performance to support acceleration of clinical timelines. This manuscript presents an effort from the IQ Formulation Bioperformance Prediction Working Group composed of members from 12 pharmaceutical companies under the IQ Consortium to develop a database around the topic of formulation bioperformance prediction and report findings from the database analysis. Six case studies described in the manuscript demonstrate how bioperformance models were used to predict in vivo performance and to provide guidance addressing questions encountered during oral solid dosage form development. The case studies also described findings of a correlation between in vitro dissolution and in vivo performance and how dissolution data can be incorporated into physiologically based biopharmaceutical modeling. Finally, a workflow for how in vitro dissolution data can be utilized to predict clinical bioperformance of oral solid dosage forms is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuan Chen
- Genentech, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Chung
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Ping Gao
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Good
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, USA.,Novartis, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Martin Hingle
- Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Park Road, Hertfordshire, UK.,Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Rong Li
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - John Rose
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Wilson CG, Aarons L, Augustijns P, Brouwers J, Darwich AS, De Waal T, Garbacz G, Hansmann S, Hoc D, Ivanova A, Koziolek M, Reppas C, Schick P, Vertzoni M, García-Horsman JA. Integration of advanced methods and models to study drug absorption and related processes: An UNGAP perspective. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 172:106100. [PMID: 34936937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This collection of contributions from the European Network on Understanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes (UNGAP) community assembly aims to provide information on some of the current and newer methods employed to study the behaviour of medicines. It is the product of interactions in the immediate pre-Covid period when UNGAP members were able to meet and set up workshops and to discuss progress across the disciplines. UNGAP activities are divided into work packages that cover special treatment populations, absorption processes in different regions of the gut, the development of advanced formulations and the integration of food and pharmaceutical scientists in the food-drug interface. This involves both new and established technical approaches in which we have attempted to define best practice and highlight areas where further research is needed. Over the last months we have been able to reflect on some of the key innovative approaches which we were tasked with mapping, including theoretical, in silico, in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo, preclinical and clinical approaches. This is the product of some of us in a snapshot of where UNGAP has travelled and what aspects of innovative technologies are important. It is not a comprehensive review of all methods used in research to study drug dissolution and absorption, but provides an ample panorama of current and advanced methods generally and potentially useful in this area. This collection starts from a consideration of advances in a priori approaches: an understanding of the molecular properties of the compound to predict biological characteristics relevant to absorption. The next four sections discuss a major activity in the UNGAP initiative, the pursuit of more representative conditions to study lumenal dissolution of drug formulations developed independently by academic teams. They are important because they illustrate examples of in vitro simulation systems that have begun to provide a useful understanding of formulation behaviour in the upper GI tract for industry. The Leuven team highlights the importance of the physiology of the digestive tract, as they describe the relevance of gastric and intestinal fluids on the behaviour of drugs along the tract. This provides the introduction to microdosing as an early tool to study drug disposition. Microdosing in oncology is starting to use gamma-emitting tracers, which provides a link through SPECT to the next section on nuclear medicine. The last two papers link the modelling approaches used by the pharmaceutical industry, in silico to Pop-PK linking to Darwich and Aarons, who provide discussion on pharmacometric modelling, completing the loop of molecule to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, U.K.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Formulation Sciences, Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Schick
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany
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Predicting Pharmacokinetics of Multisource Acyclovir Oral Products Through Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:262-273. [PMID: 34678271 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly variable disposition after oral ingestion of acyclovir has been reported, although little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. Different studies using the same reference product (Zovirax ®) showed that Cmax and AUC were respectively 44 and 35% lower in Saudi Arabians than Europeans, consistent with higher frequencies of reduced-activity polymorphs of the organic cation transporter (OCT1) in Europeans. In this study, the contribution of physiology (i.e., OCT1 activity) to the oral disposition of acyclovir immediate release (IR) tablets was hypothesized to be greater than dissolution. The potential role of OCT1 was studied in a validated physiologically-based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM), while dissolution of two Chilean generics (with demonstrated bioequivalence) and the reference product was assessed in vitro. The PBBM suggested that OCT1 activity could partially explain population-related pharmacokinetic differences. Further, dissolution of generics was slower than the regulatory criterion for BCS III IR products. Remarkably, virtual bioequivalence (incorporating in vitro dissolution into the PBBM) correctly and robustly predicted the bioequivalence of these products, showcasing its value in support of failed BCS biowaivers. These findings suggest that very-rapid dissolution for acyclovir IR products may not be critical for BCS biowaiver. They also endorse the relevance of cross-over designs in bioequivalence trials.
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Pepin X, Goetschy M, Abrahmsén-Alami S. Mechanistic Models for USP2 Dissolution Apparatus, Including Fluid Hydrodynamics and Sedimentation. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:185-196. [PMID: 34666045 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug product dissolution is a key input to Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Models (PBBM) to be able to predict in vivo dissolution. The integration of product dissolution in PBBMs for immediate release drug products should be mechanistic, i.e. allow to capture the main determinants of the in vitro dissolution experiment, and extract product batch specific parameter(s). This work focussed on the Product Particle Size Distribution (P-PSD), which was previously shown to integrate the effect of dose, volume, solubility (pH), size and concentration of micelles in the calculation of a batch specific input to PBBMs, and proposed new hydrodynamic (HD) models, which integrate the effect of USP2 apparatus paddle rotation speed and medium viscosity on dissolution. In addition, new models are also proposed to estimate the quantitative impact of formulation and drug sedimentation or "coning" on dissolution. Model "HDC-1" predicts coning in the presence of formulation insoluble excipients and "HDC-2" predicts the sedimentation of the drug substance only. These models were parameterized and validated on 166 dissolution experiments and 18 different drugs. The validation showed that the HD model average fold errors (AFE) for dissolution rate prediction of immediate release formulations, is comprised between 0.85 and 1.15, and the absolute average fold errors (AAFE) are comprised between 1.08 and 1.28, which shows satisfactory predictive power. For experiments where coning was suspected, the HDC-1 model improved the precision of the prediction (defined as ratio of "AAFE-1"values) by 2.46 fold compared to HD model. The calculation of a P-PSD integrating the impact of USP2 paddle rotation, medium viscosity and coning, will improve the PBBM predictions, since these parameters could have an influence on in vitro dissolution, and could open the way to better prediction of the effect of prandial state on human exposure, by developing new in silico tools which could integrate variation of velocity profiles due to the chyme viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK.
| | - Matéo Goetschy
- During manuscript preparation: European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials. University of Strasbourg (ECPM-Strasbourg), Strasbourg, France
| | - Susanna Abrahmsén-Alami
- Innovation Sciences & External Liaisons, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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O'Dwyer PJ, Box KJ, Imanidis G, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. On the usefulness of four in vitro methods in assessing the intraluminal performance of poorly soluble, ionisable compounds in the fasted state. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106034. [PMID: 34628003 PMCID: PMC8665220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A small-scale two-stage biphasic system, a small-scale two-stage dissolution-permeation system, the Erweka mini-paddle apparatus, and the BioGIT system were evaluated for their usefulness in assessing the intraluminal performance of two low solubility drugs in the fasted state, one with weakly acidic properties (tested in a salt form, diclofenac potassium) and one with weakly alkaline properties [ritonavir, tested as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation]. In all in vitro methods, an immediate-release tablet and a powder formulation of diclofenac potassium were both rapidly dissolved in Level II biorelevant media simulating the conditions in the upper small intestine. Physiologically based biopharmaceutics (PBB) modelling for the tablet formulation resulted in a successful simulation of the average plasma profile in adults, whereas for the powder formulation modelling indicated that gastric emptying and transport through the intestinal epithelium limit the absorption rates. Detailed information on the behaviour of the ritonavir ASD formulation under both simulated gastric and upper small intestinal conditions were crucial for understanding the luminal performance. PBB modelling showed that the dissolution and precipitation parameters, estimated from the Erweka mini-paddle apparatus data and the small-scale two-stage biphasic system data, respectively, were necessary to adequately simulate the average plasma profile after administration of the ritonavir ASD formulation. Simulation of the gastrointestinal transfer process from the stomach to the small intestine was necessary to evaluate the effects of hypochlorhydric conditions on the luminal performance of the ritonavir ASD formulation. Based on this study, the selection of the appropriate in vitro method for evaluating the intraluminal performance of ionisable lipophilic drugs depends on the characteristics of the drug substance. The results suggest that for (salts of) acidic drugs (e.g., diclofenac potassium) it is only an issue of availability and ease of operation of the apparatus. For weakly alkaline substances (e.g., ritonavir), the results indicate that the dynamic dissolution process needs to be simulated, with the type of requested information (e.g., dissolution parameters, precipitation parameters, luminal concentrations) being key for selecting the most appropriate method. Regardless of the ionisation characteristics, early in the drug development process the use of small-scale systems may be inevitable, due to the limited quantities of drug substance available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Imanidis
- University of Applied Sciences Northwest. Switzerland. School of Life Sciences, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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Heimbach T, Kesisoglou F, Novakovic J, Tistaert C, Mueller-Zsigmondy M, Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Mitra A, Suarez-Sharp S. Establishing the Bioequivalence Safe Space for Immediate-Release Oral Dosage Forms using Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM): Case Studies. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3896-3906. [PMID: 34551349 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For oral drug products, in vitro dissolution is the most used surrogate of in vivo dissolution and absorption. In the context of drug product quality, safe space is defined as the boundaries of in vitro dissolution, and relevant quality attributes, within which drug product variants are expected to be bioequivalent to each other. It would be highly desirable if the safe space could be established via a direct link between available in vitro data and in vivo pharmacokinetics. In response to the challenges with establishing in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVC) with traditional modeling approaches, physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) has been gaining increased attention. In this manuscript we report five case studies on using PBBM to establish a safe space for BCS Class 2 and 4 across different companies, including applications in an industrial setting for both internal decision making or regulatory applications. The case studies provide an opportunity to reflect on practical vs. ideal datasets for safe space development, the methodologies for incorporating dissolution data in the model and the criteria used for model validation and application. PBBM and safe space, still represent an evolving field and more examples are needed to drive development of best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho Heimbach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., RY80B-1403, 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway 07065, NJ, USA
| | - Filippos Kesisoglou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., RY80B-1403, 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway 07065, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integration Product Development Organization (IPDO), Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyberadad 500090, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integration Product Development Organization (IPDO), Medchal Malkajgiri District, Hyberadad 500090, Telangana, India
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research and Development, Springhouse, PA, USA
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Thakore SD, Sirvi A, Joshi VC, Panigrahi SS, Manna A, Singh R, Sangamwar AT, Bansal AK. Biorelevant dissolution testing and physiologically based absorption modeling to predict in vivo performance of supersaturating drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120958. [PMID: 34332060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS) enhance the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs by achieving a supersaturated state in the gastrointestinal tract. The maintenance of a supersaturated state is decided by the complex interplay among inherent properties of drug, excipients and physiological conditions of gastrointestinal tract. The biopharmaceutical advantage through SDDS can be mechanistically investigated by coupling biopredictive dissolution testing with physiologically based absorption modeling (PBAM). However, the development of biopredictive dissolution methods possess challenges due to concurrent dissolution, supersaturation, precipitation, and possible redissolution of precipitates during gastrointestinal transit of SDDS. In this comprehensive review, our effort is to critically assess the current state-of-knowledge and provide future directions for PBAM of SDDS. The review outlines various methods used to retrieve physiologically relevant values for input parameters like solubility, dissolution, precipitation, lipid-digestion and permeability of SDDS. SDDS-specific parameterization includes solubility values corresponding to apparent physical form, dissolution in physiologically relevant volumes with biorelevant media, and transfer experiments to incorporate precipitation kinetics. Interestingly, the lack of experimental permeability values and modification of absorption flux through SDDS possess the additional challenge for its PBAM. Supersaturation triggered permeability modifications are reported to fit the observed plasma concentration-time profile. Hence, the experimental insights on good fitting with modified permeability can be potential area of future research for the development of in vitro methods to reliably predict oral absorption of SDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth D Thakore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Arvind Sirvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Vikram C Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanjali S Panigrahi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Arijita Manna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ridhima Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India.
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In Silico Modeling and Simulation to Guide Bioequivalence Testing for Oral Drugs in a Virtual Population. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1373-1385. [PMID: 34191255 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3) shows great advantages in facilitating drug development. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model is one of the powerful computational approaches of MID3, and the emerging field of virtual bioequivalence is well recognized to be the future of the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Based on the translational link between in vitro, in silico, and in vivo, virtual bioequivalence study can evaluate the similarity and potential difference of pharmacokinetic and clinical performance between test and reference formulations. With the aid of virtual bioequivalence study, the pivotal information of clinical trials can be provided to streamline the development for both new and generic drugs. However, a regulatory framework of virtual bioequivalence study has not reached its full maturity. Therefore, this article aims to present an overview of the current status of bioequivalence study, identify the framework of virtual bioequivalence studies for oral drugs, and also discuss the future opportunities of virtual bioequivalence in supporting the waiver and optimization of in vivo clinical trials.
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Mudie DM, Stewart AM, Rosales JA, Biswas N, Adam MS, Smith A, Craig CD, Morgen MM, Vodak DT. Amorphous Solid Dispersion Tablets Overcome Acalabrutinib pH Effect in Dogs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040557. [PMID: 33921109 PMCID: PMC8071435 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calquence® (crystalline acalabrutinib), a commercially marketed tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), exhibits significantly reduced oral exposure when taken with acid-reducing agents (ARAs) due to the low solubility of the weakly basic drug at elevated gastric pH. These drug-drug interactions (DDIs) negatively impact patient treatment and quality of life due to the strict dosing regimens required. In this study, reduced plasma drug exposure at high gastric pH was overcome using a spray-dried amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) comprising 50% acalabrutinib and 50% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS, H grade) formulated as an immediate-release (IR) tablet. ASD tablets achieved similar area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) at low and high gastric pH and outperformed Calquence capsules 2.4-fold at high gastric pH in beagle dogs. In vitro multicompartment dissolution testing conducted a priori to the in vivo study successfully predicted the improved formulation performance. In addition, ASD tablets were 60% smaller than Calquence capsules and demonstrated good laboratory-scale manufacturability, physical stability, and chemical stability. ASD dosage forms are attractive for improving patient compliance and the efficacy of acalabrutinib and other weakly basic drugs that have pH-dependent absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M. Mudie
- Global Research & Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA; (A.M.S.); (J.A.R.); (N.B.); (M.S.A.); (A.S.); (C.D.C.); (M.M.M.); (D.T.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aaron M. Stewart
- Global Research & Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA; (A.M.S.); (J.A.R.); (N.B.); (M.S.A.); (A.S.); (C.D.C.); (M.M.M.); (D.T.V.)
| | - Jesus A. Rosales
- Global Research & Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA; (A.M.S.); (J.A.R.); (N.B.); (M.S.A.); (A.S.); (C.D.C.); (M.M.M.); (D.T.V.)
- Pharmaceutics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nishant Biswas
- Global Research & Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA; (A.M.S.); (J.A.R.); (N.B.); (M.S.A.); (A.S.); (C.D.C.); (M.M.M.); (D.T.V.)
| | - Molly S. Adam
- Global Research & Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA; (A.M.S.); (J.A.R.); (N.B.); (M.S.A.); (A.S.); (C.D.C.); (M.M.M.); (D.T.V.)
| | - Adam Smith
- Global Research & Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA; (A.M.S.); (J.A.R.); (N.B.); (M.S.A.); (A.S.); (C.D.C.); (M.M.M.); (D.T.V.)
| | - Christopher D. Craig
- Global Research & Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA; (A.M.S.); (J.A.R.); (N.B.); (M.S.A.); (A.S.); (C.D.C.); (M.M.M.); (D.T.V.)
| | - Michael M. Morgen
- Global Research & Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA; (A.M.S.); (J.A.R.); (N.B.); (M.S.A.); (A.S.); (C.D.C.); (M.M.M.); (D.T.V.)
| | - David T. Vodak
- Global Research & Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA; (A.M.S.); (J.A.R.); (N.B.); (M.S.A.); (A.S.); (C.D.C.); (M.M.M.); (D.T.V.)
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On Absorption Modeling and Food Effect Prediction of Rivaroxaban, a BCS II Drug Orally Administered as an Immediate-Release Tablet. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020283. [PMID: 33672439 PMCID: PMC7923293 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work evaluates the food effect on the absorption of rivaroxaban (Riva), a BCS II drug, from the orally administered commercial immediate-release tablet (Xarelto IR) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) and conventional in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) models. The bioavailability of Riva upon oral administration of Xarelto IR tablet is reported to exhibit a positive food effect. The PBPK model for Riva was developed and verified using the previously reported in vivo data for oral solution (5 and 10 mg) and Xarelto IR tablet (5 and 10 mg dose strength). Once the PBPK model was established, the in vivo performance of the tablet formulation with the higher dose strength (Xarelto IR tablet 20 mg in fasted and fed state) was predicted using the experimentally obtained data of in vitro permeability, biorelevant solubility and in vitro dynamic dissolution data using United States Pharmacopeia (USP) IV flow-through cell apparatus. In addition, the mathematical IVIVC model was developed using the in vitro dissolution and in vivo profile of 20 mg strength Xarelto IR tablet in fasted condition. Using the developed IVIVC model, the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the Xarelto IR tablet in fed condition was predicted and compared with the PK parameters obtained via the PBPK model. A virtual in vivo PK study was designed using a single-dose, 3-treatment cross-over trial in 50 subjects to predict the PK profile of the Xarelto® IR tablet in the fed state. Overall, the results obtained from the IVIVC model were found to be comparable with those from the PBPK model. The outcome from both models pointed to the positive food effect on the in vivo profile of the Riva. The developed models thus can be effectively extended to establish bioequivalence for the marketed and novel complex formulations of Riva such as amorphous solid dispersions.
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Six years of progress in the oral biopharmaceutics area – A summary from the IMI OrBiTo project. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:236-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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