1
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Tsume Y, Ashworth L, Bermejo Sanz M, Cicale V, Dressman J, Fushimi M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Haung PS, Jankovsky C, Liu X, Lu X, Matsui K, Patel S, Ruiz-Picazo A, Sun CC, Thakral N, Zöller L. Advancing the Harmonization of Biopredictive Methodologies through the Product Quality Research Institute (PQRI) Consortium: Biopredictive Dissolution of Dipyridamole Tablets. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:5315-5325. [PMID: 39311714 PMCID: PMC11468891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Biorelevant dissolution and its concept have been widely accepted and further developed to meaningfully predict the bioperformance of oral drug products. Biorelevant methodologies have been applied to design and optimize oral formulations, to facilitate formulation bridging, and to predict the outcome of bioperformance by coupling the results with modeling. Yet, those methodologies have often been independently customized to align with specific aspects of the oral drug products being developed. Therefore, the evolution of biorelevant dissolution methodologies has taken slightly diverse pathways rather than being standardized like compendial quality control (QC) methodologies. This manuscript presents an effort through the Product Quality Research Institute (PQRI, https://pqri.org) consortium entitled: the standardization of "in vivo predictive dissolution methodologies and in silico bioequivalent study working group" to find the key parameters for biorelevant dissolution, to identify the best practices, and to move toward standardization of biorelevant dissolution methodologies. This working group is composed of members from 10 pharmaceutical companies and academic institutes. The consortium project will be accomplished in five phases, whereby the first two phases have already been completed and published. In this paper, the next two phases are addressed by reporting the biorelevant dissolution profiles of dipyridamole, a weak base model drug, then incorporating the dissolution results into physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) to determine whether they would lead to bioequivalence (BE) or non-BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsume
- Merck
& Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lee Ashworth
- AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vincent Cicale
- Bristol-Myers
Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Translational Medicine Pharmacology, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | | | | | - Pin-Syuan Haung
- University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Corinne Jankovsky
- Boehringer
Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 05877, United States
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xujin Lu
- Bristol-Myers
Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Kazuki Matsui
- Sawai Pharmaceutical
Co. Ltd., Osaka 532-0003, Japan
- Ono Pharmaceutical
Co. Ltd., Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Naveen Thakral
- Schrodinger
Inc., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Laurin Zöller
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Translational Medicine Pharmacology, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
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2
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Dietrich S, Ceulemans J, Hermans E, Argyropoulos T, Goumas K, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. Understanding the Conditions Under Which Drugs are Transferred from the Stomach Through the Upper Small Intestine After a High-Calorie, High-Fat Meal. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1546-1554. [PMID: 38218315 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Information on the conditions under which drugs are transferred from the stomach through the upper small intestine after a high-calorie, high-fat meal is very limited. To simulate the drug presence after disintegration and arrival in the antral region, paracetamol solution and Sporanox® amorphous solid dispersion pellets at two dose levels were administered to the antrum of 8 healthy adults 30 min after administration of a high-calorie, high-fat meal on a crossover basis. The overall median buffer capacity of antral contents was estimated to be 18.0 and 24.0 mmol/ml/ΔpH when titrating with NaOH and HCl, respectively. The corresponding values for the contents of upper the small intestine were 14.0 and 16.8 mmol/ml/ΔpH, respectively. The drug transfer process from the antrum through the upper small intestine occurred with apparent first-order kinetics. The best estimate for the antral emptying half-life was 39min and 45min for paracetamol and itraconazole, respectively, the apparent volume of contents of the upper small intestine was more than double compared with previously reported values in the fasted state, the half-life of drug elimination from the upper small intestine was similar to recent estimates for highly permeable drugs in the fasted state, and the apparent volume of antral contents during the first couple of hours post drug administration was 303mL. Information collected in this study could increase the reliability of in silico and/or in vitro modelling approaches applied in clinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece; Pharmaceutical and Material Sciences, Pharmaceutical Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jens Ceulemans
- Pharmaceutical and Material Sciences, Pharmaceutical Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Eline Hermans
- Pharmaceutical and Material Sciences, Pharmaceutical Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Konstantinos Goumas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Red Cross Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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3
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Freerks L, Arien T, Mackie C, Inghelbrecht S, Klein S. A toolbox for mimicking gastrointestinal conditions in children: Design and evaluation of biorelevant dissolution media for mimicking paediatric gastric- and small intestinal conditions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 193:144-157. [PMID: 37852543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present work was to develop an in vitro toolbox to evaluate the oral administration of dosage forms to children of different age groups and under different administration conditions (fasted/fed). Based on current data on the gastrointestinal physiology of children, a set of new biorelevant media was designed to mimic the composition and physicochemical properties of resting gastric and resting small intestinal fluid in children of different age groups. In addition, guidelines were developed on how to generate fasted and fed state gastric and small intestinal fluids by combining these media with age-specific drinking volumes or portions of already established simulated paediatric breakfast meals, respectively. These fluids can simulate the conditions in the paediatric stomach and small intestine after administration of a dosage form in the fasting state or after a breakfast. The in vitro toolbox was evaluated using the example of pre-school children with a total of five paediatric medicines. Results from the corresponding set of in vitro studies highlight the importance of addressing patient-specific characteristics rather than downscaling existing adult in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Freerks
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tina Arien
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Claire Mackie
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Sandra Klein
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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4
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Cheong EJY, Chin SY, Ng ZW, Yap TJ, Cheong EZB, Wang Z, Chan ECY. Unraveling Complexities in the Absorption and Disposition Kinetics of Abiraterone via Iterative PBPK Model Development and Refinement. Clin Pharmacokinet 2023; 62:1243-1261. [PMID: 37405634 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Abiraterone is a first-in-class inhibitor of cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1), and its pharmacokinetic (PK) profile is susceptible to intrinsic and extrinsic variabilities. Potential associations between abiraterone concentrations and pharmacodynamic consequences in prostate cancer may demand further dosage optimization to balance therapeutic outcomes. Consequently, we aim to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for abiraterone via a middle-out approach to prospectively interrogate the untested, albeit clinically relevant, scenarios. METHODS To characterize in vivo hydrolysis of prodrug abiraterone acetate (AA) and supersaturation of abiraterone, in vitro aqueous solubility data, biorelevant measurements, and supersaturation and precipitation parameters were utilized for mechanistic absorption simulation. CYP3A4-mediated N-oxidation and sulfotransferase 2A1-catalyzed sulfation of abiraterone were subsequently quantified in human liver subcellular systems. Iterative PBPK model refinement involved evaluation of potential organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-mediated abiraterone uptake in transfected cells in the absence and presence of albumin. RESULTS The developed PBPK model recapitulated the duodenal concentration-time profile of both AA and abiraterone after simulated AA administration. Our findings established abiraterone as a substrate of hepatic OATP1B3 to recapitulate its unbound metabolic intrinsic clearance. Further consideration of a transporter-induced protein-binding shift established accurate translational scaling factors and extrapolated the sinusoidal uptake process. Subsequent simulations effectively predicted the PK of abiraterone upon single and multiple dosing. CONCLUSION Our systematic development of the abiraterone PBPK model has demonstrated its application for the prospective interrogation of the individual or combined influences of potential interindividual variabilities influencing the systemic exposure of abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Jing Yi Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Sheng Yuan Chin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zheng Wei Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ting Jian Yap
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ervin Zhi Bin Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ziteng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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5
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Reppas C, Kuentz M, Bauer-Brandl A, Carlert S, Dallmann A, Dietrich S, Dressman J, Ejskjaer L, Frechen S, Guidetti M, Holm R, Holzem FL, Karlsson Ε, Kostewicz E, Panbachi S, Paulus F, Senniksen MB, Stillhart C, Turner DB, Vertzoni M, Vrenken P, Zöller L, Griffin BT, O'Dwyer PJ. Leveraging the use of in vitro and computational methods to support the development of enabling oral drug products: An InPharma commentary. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106505. [PMID: 37343604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the strong tendency towards poorly soluble drugs in modern development pipelines, enabling drug formulations such as amorphous solid dispersions, cyclodextrins, co-crystals and lipid-based formulations are frequently applied to solubilize or generate supersaturation in gastrointestinal fluids, thus enhancing oral drug absorption. Although many innovative in vitro and in silico tools have been introduced in recent years to aid development of enabling formulations, significant knowledge gaps still exist with respect to how best to implement them. As a result, the development strategy for enabling formulations varies considerably within the industry and many elements of empiricism remain. The InPharma network aims to advance a mechanistic, animal-free approach to the assessment of drug developability. This commentary focuses current status and next steps that will be taken in InPharma to identify and fully utilize 'best practice' in vitro and in silico tools for use in physiologically based biopharmaceutic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | | | - André Dallmann
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Shirin Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lotte Ejskjaer
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sebastian Frechen
- Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Matteo Guidetti
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Solvias AG, Department for Solid-State Development, Römerpark 2, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Edmund Kostewicz
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shaida Panbachi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz CH 4132, Switzerland
| | - Felix Paulus
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Malte Bøgh Senniksen
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Vrenken
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece; Pharmacometrics/Modeling and Simulation, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Laurin Zöller
- AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden; Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Pastorin G, Benetti C, Wacker MG. From in vitro to in vivo: A comprehensive guide to IVIVC development for long-acting therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114906. [PMID: 37286087 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Camillo Benetti
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Kostantini C, Spilioti E, Bevernage J, Ceulemans J, Hansmann S, Hellemans K, Jede C, Kourentas A, Reggane M, Shah L, Wagner C, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. Screening for Differences in Early Exposure in the Fasted State with in Vitro Methodologies can be Challenging: Experience with the BioGIT System. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2240-2248. [PMID: 36918113 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The Biorelevant Gastrointestinal Transfer (BioGIT) system is a useful screening tool for assessing the impact of dose and/or formulation on early exposure after administration of immediate release or enabling drug products with a glass of water in the fasted state. The objective of this study was to investigate potential limitations. BioGIT experiments were performed with five low solubility active pharmaceutical ingredients with weakly alkaline characteristics: mebendazole (tablet and chewable tablet), Compound E (aqueous solutions, three doses), pazopanib-HCl (Votrient™ tablet, crushed Votrient™ tablet and aqueous suspension), Compound B-diHCl (hard gelatin capsule, three doses) and Compound C (hard gelatin capsule containing nanosized drug and hard gelatin capsule containing micronized drug). For all formulation or dose comparisons the ratio of mean BioGIT AUC0-50 min values was not predictive of the ratio of mean plasma AUC0-60 min values which became available after completion of BioGIT experiments. BioGIT experimental conditions have not been designed to simulate the gastrointestinal drug transfer process after administration of chewable tablets or aqueous solutions, therefore, BioGIT may not be useful for the assessment of intraluminal performance early after administration of such drug products. Also, based on this study, BioGIT may not be useful in investigating the impact of dose and/or formulation on early exposure when the dose is not administered with a glass of water to fasted healthy individuals or when BioGIT data are highly variable. Finally, the rapid dissolution of nanocrystals after administration of low solubility weak bases may require adjustment of the pH in the gastric compartment of BioGIT to slightly higher pH values. Limitations identified in this study for the BioGIT system may be also relevant to other in vitro systems proposed for similar evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kostantini
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Evanthia Spilioti
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | | | | | - Simone Hansmann
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Christian Jede
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexandros Kourentas
- Dissolution & Biopharmaceutics, Analytical Research and Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maude Reggane
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lipa Shah
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Fort Worth TX 76134, United States of America
| | - Christian Wagner
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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8
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Tsume Y, Ashworth L, Bermejo M, Cheng J, Cicale V, Dressman J, Fushimi M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Guo Y, Jankovsky C, Lu X, Matsui K, Patel S, Sanderson N, Sun CC, Thakral NK, Yamane M, Zöller L. Harmonizing Biopredictive Methodologies Through the Product Quality Research Institute (PQRI) Part I: Biopredictive Dissolution of Ibuprofen and Dipyridamole Tablets. AAPS J 2023; 25:45. [PMID: 37085637 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing in vivo performance to inform formulation selection and development decisions is an important aspect of drug development. Biopredictive dissolution methodologies for oral dosage forms have been developed to understand in vivo performance, assist in formulation development/optimization, and forecast the outcome of bioequivalence studies by combining them with simulation tools to predict plasma profiles in humans. However, unlike compendial dissolution methodologies, the various biopredictive methodologies have not yet been harmonized or standardized. This manuscript presents the initial phases of an effort to develop best practices and move toward standardization of the biopredictive methodologies through the Product Quality Research Institute (PQRI, https://pqri.org ) entitled "The standardization of in vitro predictive dissolution methodologies and in silico bioequivalence study Working Group." This Working Group (WG) is comprised of participants from 10 pharmaceutical companies and academic institutes. The project will be accomplished in a total of five phases including assessing the performance of dissolution protocols designed by the individual WG members, and then building "best practice" protocols based on the initial dissolution profiles. After refining the "best practice" protocols to produce equivalent dissolution profiles, those will be combined with physiologically based biopharmaceutics models (PBBM) to predict plasma profiles. In this manuscript, the first two of the five phases are reported, namely generating biopredictive dissolution profiles for ibuprofen and dipyridamole and using those dissolution profiles with PBBM to match the clinical plasma profiles. Key experimental parameters are identified, and this knowledge will be applied to build the "best practice" protocol in the next phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsume
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey, USA.
| | | | | | - Joan Cheng
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Vincent Cicale
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany
- Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Yiwang Guo
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Corinne Jankovsky
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xujin Lu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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9
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Kostantini C, Spilioti E, Bevernage J, Ceulemans J, Hansmann S, Hellemans K, Jede C, Kourentas A, Reggane M, Shah L, Wagner C, Reppas C, Vertzoni M. Usefulness of the BioGIT system in screening for differences in early exposure in the fasted state on an a priori basis. Int J Pharm 2023; 634:122670. [PMID: 36736968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to confirm the usefulness of BioGIT data in the evaluation of the impact of dose and/or formulation on early exposure after oral administration of immediate release or enabling products of low solubility active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with a glass of water in the fasted state. BioGIT experiments were performed with four APIs: Compound Α (tablet, three dose levels), Compound E (capsule PiC1, capsule PiC2 and tablet), fenofibrate (Lipidil® capsule and Lipidil 145 ONE® tablet) and Compound F (HP-β-CD aqueous solution and tablet). Based on mean plasma AUC0-60min values which became available after completion of the BioGIT experiments, mean BioGIT AUC0-50min values were useful for the evaluation of the impact of dose and/or formulation on early exposure. The log-transformed ratios of mean BioGIT AUC0-50min values for two doses and/or two formulations estimated in this study and in a recent study for two diclofenac potassium products (Cataflam® tablet and Voltfast® sachet, same dose) vs. the corresponding log-transformed ratios of mean plasma AUC0-60min values (n = 7 pairs of ratios), were included in a previously established correlation between log-transformed ratios of mean BioGIT AUC0-50min values and log-transformed ratios of plasma AUC0-60min values (n = 9 pairs of ratios). The correlation between log-transformed plasma AUC0-60min ratios vs. log-transformed BioGIT AUC0-50min ratios was confirmed (n = 16 pairs of ratios, R = 0.90). Compared with the previously established correlation the statistical characteristics were improved. Based on this study, the BioGIT system could be useful as a screening tool for assessing the impact of dose and/or formulation differences on early exposure, after administration of immediate release or enabling drug products of low solubility APIs with a glass of water in the fasted state, on an a priori basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kostantini
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Evanthia Spilioti
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | | | | | - Simone Hansmann
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Christian Jede
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexandros Kourentas
- Dissolution & Biopharmaceutics, Analytical Research and Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maude Reggane
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lipa Shah
- Pharmaceutical Development, Technical Research and Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
| | - Christian Wagner
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck Healthcare KGaA, The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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10
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Moens F, Vandevijver G, De Blaiser A, Larsson A, Spreafico F, Augustijns P, Marzorati M. The Dynamic Intestinal Absorption Model (Diamod®), an in vitro tool to study the interconnected kinetics of gastrointestinal solubility, supersaturation, precipitation, and intestinal permeation processes of oral drugs. Int J Pharm X 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
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11
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Staniszewska M, Romański M, Dobosz J, Kołodziej B, Lipski U, Garbacz G, Danielak D. PhysioCell ®; - a Novel, Bio-relevant Dissolution Apparatus: Hydrodynamic Conditions and Factors Influencing the Dissolution Dynamics. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:65. [PMID: 36788168 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiologically relevant dissolution apparatuses simulate various aspects of gastrointestinal physiology and help to understand and predict the in vivo behavior of an oral dosage form. In this paper, we present and characterize for the first time a novel bio-relevant dissolution apparatus - PhysioCell®;. We evaluated the impact of several factors on the hydrodynamic conditions in the key vessel of the apparatus - the StressCell. We observed that the medium flow rate, but not the glass beads' size or amount, significantly influenced the dissolution rate. The relationship was disproportional: the increase in the flow rate from 4.6 to 9.0 mL/min reduced the dissolution time of 85% (T85) of the NaCl tablet by 46%, but from 134 to 300 mL/min decreased the T85 only by 24%. At the same time, the contractions of the StressCell's elastic walls promoted the content mixing and enhanced the dissolution rate of the paracetamol tablets: even very rare mixing contractions (1 per 10 min) decreased the T85 over twofold for the flow rate of 8 mL/min. In conclusion, the hydrodynamic conditions in the StressCell affect the dissolution of solid dosage forms and the understanding of these effects is crucial for modeling physiologically-based test conditions in the novel apparatus. Combinations of the unique PhysioCell®;features - adjustable medium flow, temperature control, controllable pH gradients and predefined mechanical agitation - can create a set of dissolution test scenarios for characterization of oral dosage forms and, in the future, making the in vitro-in vivo predictions. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Romański
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Justyna Dobosz
- Physiolution Polska, 74 Pilsudskiego St., 50-020, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Uladzimir Lipski
- Physiolution Polska, 74 Pilsudskiego St., 50-020, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Garbacz
- Physiolution Polska, 74 Pilsudskiego St., 50-020, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Danielak
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka St., 60-806, Poznan, Poland
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Han M, Xu J, Lin Y. Approaches of formulation bridging in support of orally administered drug product development. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Holzem FL, Weck A, Schaffland JP, Stillhart C, Klein S, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Biopredictive capability assessment of two dissolution/permeation assays, µFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™, using supersaturating formulations of Posaconazole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 176:106260. [PMID: 35842141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The majority of new drug entities exhibits poor water solubility and therefore enabling formulations are often needed to ensure sufficient in vivo bioavailability upon oral administration. Several in vitro tools have been proposed for biopredictive screening of such drug formulations to facilitate formulation development. Among these, combined dissolution/permeation (D/P) assays have gained increasing interest in recent years, since they are presumed to better predict the absorption behavior as compared to single-compartment dissolution assays. Moreover, especially for supersaturating formulations, it has been demonstrated that the presence of an absorption sink better mimics the intraluminal supersaturation performance. The present study aimed to investigate the biopredictive abilities of two in vitro D/P setups to predict intestinal supersaturation and systemic absorption of supersaturable systems. Experiments were performed with a µFLUX™ and PermeaLoop™ apparatus, respectively, which differ primarily in their volume-to-area ratios between donor compartment and membrane as well as in the type of biomimetic barrier. A two-stage dissolution protocol was adopted to mimic the transit from acidic stomach to more neutral intestinal fluids using biomimetic media. Three formulations of the weakly basic compound Posaconazole (PCZ), namely an acidified and a neutral suspension and an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) tablet, were tested. Under the present conditions, and for the specific set of formulations studied here, PermeaLoop™ showed a better biopredictive ability for intestinal supersaturation and systemic absorption for the three formulations than the µFLUX™ D/P setup. Interestingly, minor modifications of the two-stage D/P protocol in terms of medium transfer rates from simulated gastric fluid (SGF) to fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) had a substantial impact particularly on the permeation of the crystalline PCZ suspension ("acidified suspension"). The ASD tablet was less sensitive to gradual medium changes than the crystalline PCZ suspensions. The current study confirms the usefulness of D/P assays for formulation ranking of weakly basic compounds and supersaturating formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Lukas Holzem
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark; Pharmaceutical R&D, Formulation & Process Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Anika Weck
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Formulation & Process R&D 3, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Petrig Schaffland
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Stillhart
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Formulation & Process Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Klein
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald 17489, Germany
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark.
| | - Martin Brandl
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
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Statelova M, Vertzoni M, Kourentas A. Simulation of Intraluminal Performance of Lipophilic Weak Bases in Fasted Healthy Adults Using DDDPlusTM. AAPS J 2022; 24:89. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00737-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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Tsakiridou G, O'Dwyer PJ, Margaritis A, Box KJ, Vertzoni M, Kalantzi L, Reppas C. On the usefulness of four in vitro methodologies in screening for product related differences in tacrolimus exposure after oral administration of amorphous solid dispersions with modified release characteristics in the fasted state. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Wilson CG, Aarons L, Augustijns P, Brouwers J, Darwich AS, De Waal T, Garbacz G, Hansmann S, Hoc D, Ivanova A, Koziolek M, Reppas C, Schick P, Vertzoni M, García-Horsman JA. Integration of advanced methods and models to study drug absorption and related processes: An UNGAP perspective. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 172:106100. [PMID: 34936937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This collection of contributions from the European Network on Understanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes (UNGAP) community assembly aims to provide information on some of the current and newer methods employed to study the behaviour of medicines. It is the product of interactions in the immediate pre-Covid period when UNGAP members were able to meet and set up workshops and to discuss progress across the disciplines. UNGAP activities are divided into work packages that cover special treatment populations, absorption processes in different regions of the gut, the development of advanced formulations and the integration of food and pharmaceutical scientists in the food-drug interface. This involves both new and established technical approaches in which we have attempted to define best practice and highlight areas where further research is needed. Over the last months we have been able to reflect on some of the key innovative approaches which we were tasked with mapping, including theoretical, in silico, in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo, preclinical and clinical approaches. This is the product of some of us in a snapshot of where UNGAP has travelled and what aspects of innovative technologies are important. It is not a comprehensive review of all methods used in research to study drug dissolution and absorption, but provides an ample panorama of current and advanced methods generally and potentially useful in this area. This collection starts from a consideration of advances in a priori approaches: an understanding of the molecular properties of the compound to predict biological characteristics relevant to absorption. The next four sections discuss a major activity in the UNGAP initiative, the pursuit of more representative conditions to study lumenal dissolution of drug formulations developed independently by academic teams. They are important because they illustrate examples of in vitro simulation systems that have begun to provide a useful understanding of formulation behaviour in the upper GI tract for industry. The Leuven team highlights the importance of the physiology of the digestive tract, as they describe the relevance of gastric and intestinal fluids on the behaviour of drugs along the tract. This provides the introduction to microdosing as an early tool to study drug disposition. Microdosing in oncology is starting to use gamma-emitting tracers, which provides a link through SPECT to the next section on nuclear medicine. The last two papers link the modelling approaches used by the pharmaceutical industry, in silico to Pop-PK linking to Darwich and Aarons, who provide discussion on pharmacometric modelling, completing the loop of molecule to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, U.K.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Formulation Sciences, Abbvie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Schick
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Germany
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O'Farrell C, Stamatopoulos K, Simmons M, Batchelor H. In vitro models to evaluate ingestible devices: Present status and current trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113924. [PMID: 34390774 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orally ingestible medical devices offer significant opportunity in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal conditions. Their development necessitates the use of models that simulate the gastrointestinal environment on both a macro and micro scale. An evolution in scientific technology has enabled a wide range of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models to be developed that replicate the gastrointestinal tract. This review describes the landscape of the existing range of in vitro tools that are available to characterize ingestible devices. Models are presented with details on their benefits and limitations with regards to the evaluation of ingestible devices and examples of their use in the evaluation of such devices is presented where available. The multitude of models available provides a suite of tools that can be used in the evaluation of ingestible devices that should be selected on the functionality of the device and the mechanism of its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor O'Farrell
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Konstantinos Stamatopoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Biopharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Development, PDS, MST, RD Platform Technology & Science, GSK, David Jack Centre, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Mark Simmons
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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O'Dwyer PJ, Box KJ, Imanidis G, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. On the usefulness of four in vitro methods in assessing the intraluminal performance of poorly soluble, ionisable compounds in the fasted state. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106034. [PMID: 34628003 PMCID: PMC8665220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A small-scale two-stage biphasic system, a small-scale two-stage dissolution-permeation system, the Erweka mini-paddle apparatus, and the BioGIT system were evaluated for their usefulness in assessing the intraluminal performance of two low solubility drugs in the fasted state, one with weakly acidic properties (tested in a salt form, diclofenac potassium) and one with weakly alkaline properties [ritonavir, tested as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation]. In all in vitro methods, an immediate-release tablet and a powder formulation of diclofenac potassium were both rapidly dissolved in Level II biorelevant media simulating the conditions in the upper small intestine. Physiologically based biopharmaceutics (PBB) modelling for the tablet formulation resulted in a successful simulation of the average plasma profile in adults, whereas for the powder formulation modelling indicated that gastric emptying and transport through the intestinal epithelium limit the absorption rates. Detailed information on the behaviour of the ritonavir ASD formulation under both simulated gastric and upper small intestinal conditions were crucial for understanding the luminal performance. PBB modelling showed that the dissolution and precipitation parameters, estimated from the Erweka mini-paddle apparatus data and the small-scale two-stage biphasic system data, respectively, were necessary to adequately simulate the average plasma profile after administration of the ritonavir ASD formulation. Simulation of the gastrointestinal transfer process from the stomach to the small intestine was necessary to evaluate the effects of hypochlorhydric conditions on the luminal performance of the ritonavir ASD formulation. Based on this study, the selection of the appropriate in vitro method for evaluating the intraluminal performance of ionisable lipophilic drugs depends on the characteristics of the drug substance. The results suggest that for (salts of) acidic drugs (e.g., diclofenac potassium) it is only an issue of availability and ease of operation of the apparatus. For weakly alkaline substances (e.g., ritonavir), the results indicate that the dynamic dissolution process needs to be simulated, with the type of requested information (e.g., dissolution parameters, precipitation parameters, luminal concentrations) being key for selecting the most appropriate method. Regardless of the ionisation characteristics, early in the drug development process the use of small-scale systems may be inevitable, due to the limited quantities of drug substance available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Imanidis
- University of Applied Sciences Northwest. Switzerland. School of Life Sciences, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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Rodriguez N, Grosso M, Galvez B, Calderon G, Lau L, Turner VA, Hidalgo IJ. Evaluation of the In-Vitro Dissolution Permeation Systems 1 (IDAS1) as a potential tool to monitor for unexpected changes in generic medicaments in poorly regulated markets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105791. [PMID: 33691154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Panama, like most Latin American countries, has insufficient regulatory safeguards to ensure the safety and efficacy of all pharmaceutical products in the market, a situation that results in a two-tier system, where affluent citizens can afford innovator products while poor citizens must consume 'generics' of uncertain quality. Given that one lot of each drug product is analyzed every five years during registration while commercial lots are not, and since most products are not bioequivalent but simply copies or similars, there is a concern that commercial and registration lots of these 'generics' may not be of the same quality. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of various in vitro quality control tests to detect difference among five amlodipine products available in the Panamanian market: four 'generics', made in various countries, and the innovator, made in Germany and used as reference listed drug in Panama (Pan-RLD). The innovator manufactured in the United States (US-RLD) was used to compare the two RLDs. The Content Uniformity test, 30-min Dissolution test and multiple-pH Dissolution Profiles did not show any difference among the products. However, the in vitro dissolution absorption system 1 (IDAS1) showed a statistically significant difference in the amount dissolved between Pan-RLD and three out of the four 'generics', and significantly lower permeated amount for all the 'generics' compared with Pan-RLD; only US-RLD was similar to Pan-RLD. Thus, IDAS1 showed promise as a potential tool that authorities in weakly regulated markets can use to monitor for possible lot-to-lot product changes, which can help improve the quality of pharmaceutical products available to their entire populations. The significance of the similarity between the innovators made in Germany and the United States and their difference from the 'generics' (manufactured in other countries) is not known but deserves investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Rodriguez
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama; School of Pharmacy, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama
| | - Manuel Grosso
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama; Medipan, S.A., Buena Vista, Colón, Rep. Panama
| | - Blanca Galvez
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama; Medipan, S.A., Buena Vista, Colón, Rep. Panama
| | - Ginna Calderon
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lily Lau
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama
| | - Vilma A Turner
- Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama; School of Pharmacy, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ismael J Hidalgo
- Absorption Systems Panama, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama City, Panama; Current address: Departamento de Farmacia y Drogas, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama; Absorption Systems, L.P., Exton, PA; To Whom correspondence should be addressed
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20
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Segregur D, Barker R, Mann J, Moir A, Karlsson EM, Turner DB, Arora S, Dressman J. Evaluating the impact of acid-reducing agents on drug absorption using biorelevant in vitro tools and PBPK modeling - case example dipyridamole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 160:105750. [PMID: 33581261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and in silico methods have become an essential tool in assessing metabolic drug-drug interactions (DDI) and avoiding reduced efficacy and increased side-effects. Another important type of DDI is the impact of acid-reducing agent (ARA) co-therapy on drug pharmacokinetics due to changes in gastric pH, especially for poorly soluble weakly basic drugs. METHODS One-stage, two-stage and transfer dissolution experiments with dipyridamole tablets using novel biorelevant media representing the ARA effect were conducted and the results were coupled with a PBPK model. Clinical pharmacokinetic data were compared with the simulations from the PBPK model and with output from TIM-1 experiments, an evolved in vitro system which aims to simulate the physiology in the upper GI tract. RESULTS Two-stage and transfer experiments confirmed that these in vitro set-ups tend to overestimate the extent of dipyridamole precipitation occurring in the intestines in vivo. Consequently, data from one-stage dissolution testing under elevated gastric pH conditions were used as an input for PBPK modeling of the ARA/dipyridamole interaction. Using media representing the ARA effect in conjunction with the PBPK model, the ARA effect observed in vivo was successfully bracketed. As an alternative, the TIM-1 system with gastric pH values adjusted to simulate ARA pre-treatment can be used to forecast the ARA effect on dipyridamole pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSION Drug-drug interactions of dipyridamole with ARA were simulated well with a combination of dissolution experiments using biorelevant media representing the gastric environment after an ARA treatment together with the PBPK model. Adjustment of the TIM-1 model to reflect ARA-related changes in gastric pH was also successful in forecasting the interaction. Further testing of both approaches for predicting ARA-related DDIs using a wider range of drugs should be conducted to verify their utility for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Segregur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, J. W. Goethe University, 9 Max von Laue St., 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard Barker
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - James Mann
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Moir
- New Modalities & Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Eva M Karlsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David B Turner
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sumit Arora
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, J. W. Goethe University, 9 Max von Laue St., 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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21
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Impact of gastrointestinal tract variability on oral drug absorption and pharmacokinetics: An UNGAP review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 162:105812. [PMID: 33753215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of oral drugs is frequently plagued by significant variability with potentially serious therapeutic consequences. The source of variability can be traced back to interindividual variability in physiology, differences in special populations (age- and disease-dependent), drug and formulation properties, or food-drug interactions. Clinical evidence for the impact of some of these factors on drug pharmacokinetic variability is mounting: e.g. gastric pH and emptying time, small intestinal fluid properties, differences in pediatrics and the elderly, and surgical changes in gastrointestinal anatomy. However, the link of colonic factors variability (transit time, fluid composition, microbiome), sex differences (male vs. female) and gut-related diseases (chronic constipation, anorexia and cachexia) to drug absorption variability has not been firmly established yet. At the same time, a way to decrease oral drug pharmacokinetic variability is provided by the pharmaceutical industry: clinical evidence suggests that formulation approaches employed during drug development can decrease the variability in oral exposure. This review outlines the main drivers of oral drug exposure variability and potential approaches to overcome them, while highlighting existing knowledge gaps and guiding future studies in this area.
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Hens B, Augustijns P, Lennernäs H, McAllister M, Abrahamsson B. Leveraging Oral Drug Development to a Next Level: Impact of the IMI-Funded OrBiTo Project on Patient Healthcare. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:480706. [PMID: 33748152 PMCID: PMC7973356 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.480706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the behavior of drug formulations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential when working in the field of oral drug development in a pharmaceutical company. For orally administered drug products, various GI processes, including disintegration of the drug formulation, drugrelease, dissolution, precipitation, degradation, dosage form transit and permeation, dictate absorption into the systemic circulation. These processes are not always fully captured in predictive in vitro and in silico tools, as commonly applied in the pre-clinical stage of formulation drug development. A collaborative initiative focused on the science of oral biopharmaceutics was established in 2012 between academic institutions and industrial companies to innovate, optimize and validate these in vitro and in silico biopharmaceutical tools. From that perspective, the predictive power of these models can be revised and, if necessary, optimized to improve the accuracy toward predictions of the in vivo performance of orally administered drug products in patients. The IMI/EFPIA-funded "Oral Bioavailability Tools (OrBiTo)" project aimed to improve our fundamental understanding of the GI absorption process. The gathered information was integrated into the development of new (or already existing) laboratory tests and computer-based methods in order to deliver more accurate predictions of drug product behavior in a real-life setting. These methods were validated with the use of industrial data. Crucially, the ultimate goal of the project was to set up a scientific framework (i.e., decision trees) to guide the use of these new tools in drug development. The project aimed to facilitate and accelerate the formulation development process and to significantly reduce the need for animal experiments in this area as well as for human clinical studies in the future. With respect to the positive outcome for patients, high-quality oral medicines will be developed where the required dose is well-calculated and consistently provides an optimal clinical effect. In a first step, this manuscript summarizes the setup of the project and how data were collected across the different work packages. In a second step, case studies of how this project contributed to improved knowledge of oral drug delivery which can be used to develop improved products for patients will be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Hens
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Drug Product Design, Pfizer, Sandwich, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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O'Dwyer PJ, Box KJ, Dressman J, Griffin BT, Henze LJ, Litou C, Pentafragka C, Statelova M, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. Oral biopharmaceutics tools: recent progress from partnership through the Pharmaceutical Education and Research with Regulatory Links collaboration. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:437-446. [PMID: 33793836 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarise key contributions of the Pharmaceutical Education and Research with Regulatory Links (PEARRL) project (2016-2020) to the optimisation of existing and the development of new biopharmaceutics tools for evaluating the in vivo performance of oral drug products during the development of new drugs and at the regulatory level. KEY FINDINGS Optimised biopharmaceutics tools: Based on new clinical data, the composition of biorelevant media for simulating the fed state conditions in the stomach was simplified. Strategies on how to incorporate biorelevant in vitro data of bio-enabling drug products into physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling were proposed. Novel in vitro biopharmaceutics tools: Small-scale two-stage biphasic dissolution and dissolution-permeation setups were developed to facilitate understanding of the supersaturation effects and precipitation risks of orally administered drugs. A porcine fasted state simulated intestinal fluid was developed to improve predictions and interpretation of preclinical results using in vitro dissolution studies. Based on new clinical data, recommendations on the design of in vitro methodologies for evaluating the GI drug transfer process in the fed state were suggested. The optimized design of in vivo studies for investigating food effects: A food effect study protocol in the pig model was established which successfully predicted the food-dependent bioavailability of two model compounds. The effect of simulated infant fed state conditions in healthy adults on the oral absorption of model drugs was evaluated versus the fasted state and the fed state conditions, as defined by regulatory agencies for adults. Using PBPK modelling, the extrapolated fasted and infant fed conditions data appeared to be more useful to describe early drug exposure in infants, while extrapolation of data collected under fed state conditions, as defined by regulators for adults, failed to capture in vivo infant drug absorption. SUMMARY Substantial progress has been made in developing an advanced suite of biopharmaceutics tools for streamlining drug formulation screening and supporting regulatory applications. These advances in biopharmaceutics were achieved through networking opportunities and research collaborations provided under the H2020 funded PEARRL project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Laura J Henze
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Chara Litou
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Pentafragka
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Marina Statelova
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
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Development and evaluation of a biorelevant medium simulating porcine gastrointestinal fluids. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:116-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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The effect of reduced gastric acid secretion on the gastrointestinal disposition of a ritonavir amorphous solid dispersion in fasted healthy volunteers: an in vivo - in vitro investigation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Six years of progress in the oral biopharmaceutics area – A summary from the IMI OrBiTo project. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:236-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Preparation, Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro and In Vivo Activity Against Heligmosomoides polygyrus of Novel Oral Formulations of Albendazole and Mebendazole. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1819-1826. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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28
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Pentafragka C, Vertzoni M, Symillides M, Goumas K, Reppas C. Disposition of two highly permeable drugs in the upper gastrointestinal lumen of healthy adults after a standard high-calorie, high-fat meal. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 149:105351. [PMID: 32311455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify the presence of two model highly permeable drugs, paracetamol and danazol, in the upper gastrointestinal lumen under conditions simulating the situation after disintegration of immediate release dosage forms administered in bioavailability/bioequivalence studies in the fed state. To understand the drug transfer process from the antral contents through the upper small intestine based on luminal drug data. METHODS 8 healthy male adult volunteers participated in a randomized, single dose, two-phase, crossover study. After evaluating the impact of homogenization on meal's viscosity and particle size, the meal, containing phenol red as non-absorbable marker, was administered to the antrum via the gastric lumen of a naso-gastro-intestinal tube. The drugs were administered in solution form (Phase I) and in suspension form (Phase II) with a glass of tap water to the antrum of the stomach, 30 min after the initiation of meal administration. Samples were aspirated from the antrum and the upper small intestine up to 4 hours post drug administration. RESULTS Apparent concentrations in the aqueous contents of the antrum were higher than apparent concentrations in the micellar contents of the upper small intestine for paracetamol; the opposite was observed for danazol. Based on total drug amount per volume data in contents of the upper gastrointestinal lumen, the transfer of paracetamol (aqueous solution or suspension) and danazol (aqueous suspension) through the upper small intestine could be described as an apparent first-order process. Transfer of a long-chain triglyceride solution of danazol was highly variable. CONCLUSIONS Concentrations in the aqueous/micellar phase of luminal contents and values of parameters controlling the transfer from bulk gastric contents through the upper small intestine after a high-calorie, high-fat meal, were reported for the first time for highly permeable drugs. Data are expected to enhance the development of biorelevant in vitro and physiologically based biopharmaceutics modelling methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pentafragka
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Mira Symillides
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Goumas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Red Cross Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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The biorelevant simulation of gastric emptying and its impact on model drug dissolution and absorption kinetics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Silchenko S, Nessah N, Li J, Li LB, Huang Y, Owen AJ, Hidalgo IJ. In vitro dissolution absorption system (IDAS2): Use for the prediction of food viscosity effects on drug dissolution and absorption from oral solid dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 143:105164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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The mechanism of solifenacin release from a pH-responsive ion-complex oral suspension in the fasted upper gastrointestinal lumen. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105107. [PMID: 31669386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of solifenacin release from a pH-responsive ion-complex oral resinate suspension under conditions simulating the environment in the upper gastrointestinal lumen. A secondary objective was to propose an appropriate in vitro methodology for evaluating the quality of orally administered solifenacin suspensions. The mechanism of solifenacin release from polacrilin potassium resin (Amberlite® IRP88) was investigated using biorelevant media and compendial setups (USP Apparatus 2 and USP Apparatus 4) and using newer, recently validated in vitro methodologies [biorelevant gastrointestinal transfer (BioGIT) system]. We evaluated the impact of particle size and concentration of the resin; thickener concentration (carbomer homopolymer, type B); and the impact of pH, cationic strength, agitation intensity and level of simulation of contents in the upper gastrointestinal lumen. Data suggested that solifenacin release from the resinate was determined by the resin particle size, the medium pH, cationic strength (when the conditions in the upper small intestine are simulated) and the level of simulation of contents in the upper small intestine. The interaction of solifenacin with taurocholic acid/lecithin aggregates was significant, but unlikely to affect the degree of solifenacin absorption, as a BCS Class I compound. Under acidic conditions, solifenacin was dissociated and released from the pH-responsive resin rapidly. Under conditions simulating the contents of the upper small intestine, solifenacin was replaced by cations from the testing media and diffused through the resin matrix. All three in vitro systems with or without a pH gradient are useful in distinguishing solifenacin release characteristics from resinate suspensions with different particle sizes. Because of this drug release mechanism, USP Apparatus 2 with fixed pH media demonstrated equivalent or slightly higher discriminative sensitivity than the other setups and appears to be appropriate for product quality control.
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Comparison of induction methods for supersaturation: pH shift versus solvent shift. Int J Pharm 2020; 573:118862. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Successful oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs both depends on the intraluminal behavior of drugs and of appropriate advanced drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104967. [PMID: 31252052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs continue to be a problematic, yet important class of pharmaceutical compounds for treatment of a wide range of diseases. Their prevalence in discovery is still high, and their development is usually limited by our lack of a complete understanding of how the complex chemical, physiological and biochemical processes that occur between administration and absorption individually and together impact on bioavailability. This review defines the challenge presented by these drugs, outlines contemporary strategies to solve this challenge, and consequent in silico and in vitro evaluation of the delivery technologies for poorly water-soluble drugs. The next steps and unmet needs are proposed to present a roadmap for future studies for the field to consider enabling progress in delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds.
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34
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Impact of regional differences along the gastrointestinal tract of healthy adults on oral drug absorption: An UNGAP review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:153-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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Application of an automated small-scale in vitro transfer model to predict in vivo precipitation inhibition. Int J Pharm 2019; 565:458-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Mavroudis PD, Kosmidis K, Macheras P. On the unphysical hypotheses in pharmacokinetics and oral drug absorption: Time to utilize instantaneous rate coefficients instead of rate constants. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 130:137-146. [PMID: 30690188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to explore the unphysical assumptions associated with i) the homogeneity of the well mixed compartments of pharmacokinetics and ii) the diffusion limited model of drug dissolution. To this end, we i) tested the homogeneity hypothesis using Monte Carlo simulations for a reaction and a diffusional process that take place in Euclidean and fractal media, ii) re-considered the flip-flop kinetics assuming that the absorption rate for a one-compartment model is governed by an instantaneous rate coefficient instead of a rate constant, and, iii) re-considered the extent of drug absorption as a function of dose using an in vivo reaction limited model of drug dissolution with integer and non-integer stoichiometry values. We found that drug diffusional processes and reactions are slowed down in heterogeneous media and the environmental heterogeneity leads to increased fluctuations of the measurable quantities. Highly variable experimental literature data with measurements in intrathecal space and gastrointestinal fluids were explained accordingly. Next, by applying power law and Weibull input functions to a one-compartment model of disposition we show that the shape of concentration-time curves is highly dependent on the time exponent of the input functions. Realistic examples based on PK data of three compounds known to exhibit flip-flop kinetics are analyzed. The need to use time dependent coefficients instead of rate constants in PBPK modeling and virtual bioequivalence is underlined. Finally, the shape of the fraction absorbed as a function of dose plots, using an in vivo reaction limited model of drug dissolution were found to be dependent on the stoichiometry value and the solubility of drug. Ascending and descending limbs were observed for the higher stoichiometries (2.0 and 1.5) with the low solubility drug. In contrast, for the more soluble drug, a continuous increase of fraction absorbed as a function of dose is observed when the higher stoichiometries are used (2.0 and 1.5). For both drugs, the fraction absorbed for the lower values of stoichiometry (0.7 and 1.0) exhibit a non-dependency on dose profile. Our results give an insight into the complex picture of in vivo drug dissolution since diffusion-limited and reaction-limited processes seem to operate under in vivo conditions concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panteleimon D Mavroudis
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kosmas Kosmidis
- Division of Theoretical Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Pharma Informatics Unit, Research Center ATHENA, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Pharma Informatics Unit, Research Center ATHENA, Athens, Greece; Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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37
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Butler J, Hens B, Vertzoni M, Brouwers J, Berben P, Dressman J, Andreas CJ, Schaefer KJ, Mann J, McAllister M, Jamei M, Kostewicz E, Kesisoglou F, Langguth P, Minekus M, Müllertz A, Schilderink R, Koziolek M, Jedamzik P, Weitschies W, Reppas C, Augustijns P. In vitro models for the prediction of in vivo performance of oral dosage forms: Recent progress from partnership through the IMI OrBiTo collaboration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:70-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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38
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Jede C, Wagner C, Kubas H, Weber C, Weigandt M, Koziolek M, Weitschies W. Automated small-scale in vitro transfer model as screening tool for the prediction of in vivo-dissolution and precipitation of poorly solubles. Int J Pharm 2019; 556:150-158. [PMID: 30553006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Precipitation testing, especially for weakly basic APIs, represents a key parameter in drug substance characterization during early development stages, where the amount of API available is limited. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to develop an automated small-scale in vitro transfer model to characterize the supersaturation and precipitation behavior of two poorly water-soluble drugs. Following automation and scale-down of the standard transfer model, the developed small-scale model was used to assess the impact of gastrointestinal variability, i.e. gastric pH, gastric emptying, and gastrointestinal fluid volumes, on supersaturation and precipitation of two weakly basic model compounds, ketoconazole and a new chemical entity from the research laboratories of Merck KGaA, MSC-A. The experiments revealed that variations in gastrointestinal parameters affected the in vitro behavior of ketoconazole, but not of MSC-A. Elevated gastric pH, as it can result from co-medication with acid-reducing drugs, resulted in lower degrees of supersaturation for both substances. This result is in agreement with the observation that the oral bioavailability of ketoconazole is lowered when proton pump inhibitors are co-administered. The small-scale transfer model presented herein represents a valuable in vitro tool to assess the risk of drug precipitation, additionally covering a broad range of gastrointestinal parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jede
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Holger Kubas
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Project and Dossier Leadership, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Weigandt
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 3, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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Integration of Precipitation Kinetics From an In Vitro, Multicompartment Transfer System and Mechanistic Oral Absorption Modeling for Pharmacokinetic Prediction of Weakly Basic Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:574-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Bermejo M, Paixão P, Hens B, Tsume Y, Koenigsknecht MJ, Baker JR, Hasler WL, Lionberger R, Fan J, Dickens J, Shedden K, Wen B, Wysocki J, Löbenberg R, Lee A, Frances A, Amidon GE, Yu A, Salehi N, Talattof A, Benninghoff G, Sun D, Kuminek G, Cavanagh KL, Rodríguez-Hornedo N, Amidon GL. Linking the Gastrointestinal Behavior of Ibuprofen with the Systemic Exposure between and within Humans-Part 1: Fasted State Conditions. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5454-5467. [PMID: 30372084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this project was to explore and to statistically evaluate the responsible gastrointestinal (GI) factors that are significant factors in explaining the systemic exposure of ibuprofen, between and within human subjects. In a previous study, we determined the solution and total concentrations of ibuprofen as a function of time in aspirated GI fluids, after oral administration of an 800 mg IR tablet (reference standard) of ibuprofen to 20 healthy volunteers in fasted state conditions. In addition, we determined luminal pH and motility pressure recordings that were simultaneously monitored along the GI tract. Blood samples were taken to determine ibuprofen plasma levels. In this work, an in-depth statistical and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to explain which underlying GI variables are determining the systemic concentrations of ibuprofen between (inter-) and within (intra-) subjects. In addition, the obtained plasma profiles were deconvoluted to link the fraction absorbed with the fraction dissolved. Multiple linear regressions were performed to explain and quantitatively express the impact of underlying GI physiology on systemic exposure of the drug (in terms of plasma Cmax/AUC and plasma Tmax). The exploratory analysis of the correlation between plasma Cmax/AUC and the time to the first phase III contractions postdose (TMMC-III) explains ∼40% of the variability in plasma Cmax for all fasted state subjects. We have experimentally shown that the in vivo intestinal dissolution of ibuprofen is dependent upon physiological variables like, in this case, pH and postdose phase III contractions. For the first time, this work presents a thorough statistical analysis explaining how the GI behavior of an ionized drug can explain the systemic exposure of the drug based on the individual profiles of participating subjects. This creates a scientifically based and rational framework that emphasizes the importance of including pH and motility in a predictive in vivo dissolution methodology to forecast the in vivo performance of a drug product. Moreover, as no extensive first-pass metabolism is considered for ibuprofen, this study demonstrates how intraluminal drug behavior is reflecting the systemic exposure of a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marival Bermejo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States.,Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section , Miguel Hernandez University , San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante , Spain
| | - Paulo Paixão
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Gama Pinto , 1649-003 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Mark J Koenigsknecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | | | | | - Robert Lionberger
- Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland 20993 , United States
| | - Jianghong Fan
- Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland 20993 , United States
| | | | | | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Jeffrey Wysocki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Allen Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Ann Frances
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Gregory E Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Alex Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Niloufar Salehi
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems and Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2136 , United States
| | - Arjang Talattof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Gail Benninghoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Gislaine Kuminek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Katie L Cavanagh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Naír Rodríguez-Hornedo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
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Kesisoglou F, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. Physiologically Based Absorption Modeling of Salts of Weak Bases Based on Data in Hypochlorhydric and Achlorhydric Biorelevant Media. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2851-2858. [PMID: 29872977 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based absorption modeling has been attracting increased attention to study the interactions of weakly basic drug compounds with acid-reducing agents like proton-pump inhibitors and H2 blockers. Recently, standardized gastric and intestinal biorelevant media to simulate the achlorhydric and hypochlorhydric stomach were proposed and solubility and dissolution data for two model compounds were generated. In the current manuscript, for the first time, we report the utility of these recently proposed biorelevant media as input into physiologically based absorption modeling. Where needed, data collected with the biorelevant gastrointestinal transfer (BioGIT) system were used for informing the simulations in regard to the precipitation kinetics. Using two model compounds, a HCl salt and a semi-fumarate co-crystal which as expected dissolve to a greater extent in these media (and in gastric and intestinal human aspirates) compared to what the pH-solubility profile of the free form would suggest, we demonstrate successful description of the plasma concentration profiles and correctly predicted the lack of significant interaction after administration with pantoprazole or famotidine, respectively. Thus, the data reported in this manuscript represent an initial step towards defining biorelevant input for such simulations on interactions with acid-reducing agents.
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Pentafragka C, Symillides M, McAllister M, Dressman J, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. The impact of food intake on the luminal environment and performance of oral drug products with a view to in vitro and in silico simulations: a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:557-580. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Using the type of meal and dosing conditions suggested by regulatory agencies as a basis, this review has two specific objectives: first, to summarize our understanding on the impact of food intake on luminal environment and drug product performance and second, to summarize the usefulness and limitations of available in vitro and in silico methodologies for the evaluation of drug product performance after food intake.
Key findings
Characterization of the luminal environment and studies evaluating product performance in the lumen, under conditions suggested by regulatory agencies for simulating the fed state, are limited. Various in vitro methodologies have been proposed for evaluating drug product performance in the fed state, but systematic validation is lacking. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling approaches require the use of in vitro biorelevant data and, to date, have been used primarily for investigating the mechanisms via which an already observed food effect is mediated.
Summary
Better understanding of the impact of changes induced by the meal administration conditions suggested by regulatory agencies on the luminal fate of the drug product is needed. Relevant information will be useful for optimizing the in vitro test methods and increasing the usefulness of PBPK modelling methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pentafragka
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mira Symillides
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Hens B, Sinko PD, Job N, Dean M, Al-Gousous J, Salehi N, Ziff RM, Tsume Y, Bermejo M, Paixão P, Brasseur JG, Yu A, Talattof A, Benninghoff G, Langguth P, Lennernäs H, Hasler WL, Marciani L, Dickens J, Shedden K, Sun D, Amidon GE, Amidon GL. Formulation predictive dissolution (fPD) testing to advance oral drug product development: An introduction to the US FDA funded '21st Century BA/BE' project. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:120-127. [PMID: 29944899 PMCID: PMC8845961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, formulation predictive dissolution (fPD) testing has gained increasing attention. Another mindset is pushed forward where scientists in our field are more confident to explore the in vivo behavior of an oral drug product by performing predictive in vitro dissolution studies. Similarly, there is an increasing interest in the application of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) frameworks and high-performance computing platforms to study the local processes underlying absorption within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In that way, CFD and computing platforms both can inform future PBPK-based in silico frameworks and determine the GI-motility-driven hydrodynamic impacts that should be incorporated into in vitro dissolution methods for in vivo relevance. Current compendial dissolution methods are not always reliable to predict the in vivo behavior, especially not for biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class 2/4 compounds suffering from a low aqueous solubility. Developing a predictive dissolution test will be more reliable, cost-effective and less time-consuming as long as the predictive power of the test is sufficiently strong. There is a need to develop a biorelevant, predictive dissolution method that can be applied by pharmaceutical drug companies to facilitate marketing access for generic and novel drug products. In 2014, Prof. Gordon L. Amidon and his team initiated a far-ranging research program designed to integrate (1) in vivo studies in humans in order to further improve the understanding of the intraluminal processing of oral dosage forms and dissolved drug along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, (2) advancement of in vitro methodologies that incorporates higher levels of in vivo relevance and (3) computational experiments to study the local processes underlying dissolution, transport and absorption within the intestines performed with a new unique CFD based framework. Of particular importance is revealing the physiological variables determining the variability in in vivo dissolution and GI absorption from person to person in order to address (potential) in vivo BE failures. This paper provides an introduction to this multidisciplinary project, informs the reader about current achievements and outlines future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrick D Sinko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Nicholas Job
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Meagan Dean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Jozef Al-Gousous
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Niloufar Salehi
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
| | - Robert M Ziff
- Center for the Study of Complex Systems and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; Department Engineering Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Paulo Paixão
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - James G Brasseur
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Alex Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Arjang Talattof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Gail Benninghoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz D-55099, Germany
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - William L Hasler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Luca Marciani
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Dickens
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kerby Shedden
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Gregory E Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA.
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Introduction to the OrBiTo decision tree to select the most appropriate in vitro methodology for release testing of solid oral dosage forms during development. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 130:207-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Friedel HD, Brown CK, Barker AR, Buhse LF, Keitel S, Kraemer J, Morris JM, Reppas C, Sperry DC, Sakai-Kato K, Stickelmeyer MP, Shah VP. FIP Guidelines for Dissolution Testing of Solid Oral Products. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2995-3002. [PMID: 30148985 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution testing is an important physiochemical test for the development of solid oral dosage forms, tablets, and capsules. As a quality control test, the dissolution test is used for assessment of drug product quality and is specified for batch release and regulatory stability studies. In vitro dissolution test results can often be correlated with the biopharmaceutical behavior of a product.This article provides a summary of views from major global agencies (Europe, Japan, United States), pharmacopoeias, academia, and industry. Based on available guidance and literature, this article summarizes highlights for development and validation of a suitable dissolution method, setting appropriate specifications, in vitro-in vivo comparison, and how to obtain a biowaiver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia K Brown
- Eli Lilly and Company, Product Research and Development, and Global Quality Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Amy R Barker
- Eli Lilly and Company, Product Research and Development, and Global Quality Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | - Lucinda F Buhse
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration/CDER/OPQ, White Oak, Maryland 10903
| | | | | | | | - Christos Reppas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Greece
| | - David C Sperry
- Eli Lilly and Company, Product Research and Development, and Global Quality Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
| | | | | | - Vinod P Shah
- Pharmaceutical Consultant, North Potomac, Maryland 20878
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Kaur N, Narang A, Bansal AK. Use of biorelevant dissolution and PBPK modeling to predict oral drug absorption. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:222-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hamed R, Kamal A. Concentration Profiles of Carvedilol: A Comparison Between In Vitro Transfer Model and Dissolution Testing. J Pharm Innov 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-018-9337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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48
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O'Dwyer PJ, Litou C, Box KJ, Dressman JB, Kostewicz ES, Kuentz M, Reppas C. In vitro methods to assess drug precipitation in the fasted small intestine – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:536-556. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Drug precipitation in vivo poses a significant challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. During the drug development process, the impact of drug supersaturation or precipitation on the in vivo behaviour of drug products is evaluated with in vitro techniques. This review focuses on the small and full scale in vitro methods to assess drug precipitation in the fasted small intestine.
Key findings
Many methods have been developed in an attempt to evaluate drug precipitation in the fasted state, with varying degrees of complexity and scale. In early stages of drug development, when drug quantities are typically limited, small-scale tests facilitate an early evaluation of the potential precipitation risk in vivo and allow rapid screening of prototype formulations. At later stages of formulation development, full-scale methods are necessary to predict the behaviour of formulations at clinically relevant doses. Multicompartment models allow the evaluation of drug precipitation after transfer from stomach to the upper small intestine. Optimisation of available biopharmaceutics tools for evaluating precipitation in the fasted small intestine is crucial for accelerating the development of novel breakthrough medicines and reducing the development costs.
Summary
Despite the progress from compendial quality control dissolution methods, further work is required to validate the usefulness of proposed setups and to increase their biorelevance, particularly in simulating the absorption of drug along the intestinal lumen. Coupling results from in vitro testing with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling holds significant promise and requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J O'Dwyer
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Chara Litou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Edmund S Kostewicz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
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Kourentas A, Vertzoni M, Barmpatsalou V, Augustijns P, Beato S, Butler J, Holm R, Ouwerkerk N, Rosenberg J, Tajiri T, Tannergren C, Symillides M, Reppas C. The BioGIT System: a Valuable In Vitro Tool to Assess the Impact of Dose and Formulation on Early Exposure to Low Solubility Drugs After Oral Administration. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:71. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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50
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Fiolka T, Dressman J. Development, current applications and future roles of biorelevant two-stage in vitro testing in drug development. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:335-348. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Various types of two stage in vitro testing have been used in a number of experimental settings. In addition to its application in quality control and for regulatory purposes, two-stage in vitro testing has also been shown to be a valuable technique to evaluate the supersaturation and precipitation behavior of poorly soluble drugs during drug development.
Key findings
The so-called ‘transfer model’, which is an example of two-stage testing, has provided valuable information about the in vivo performance of poorly soluble, weakly basic drugs by simulating the gastrointestinal drug transit from the stomach into the small intestine with a peristaltic pump. The evolution of the transfer model has resulted in various modifications of the experimental model set-up. Concomitantly, various research groups have developed simplified approaches to two-stage testing to investigate the supersaturation and precipitation behavior of weakly basic drugs without the necessity of using a transfer pump.
Summary
Given the diversity among the various two-stage test methods available today, a more harmonized approach needs to be taken to optimize the use of two stage testing at different stages of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Fiolka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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