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Xia Q, Shen J, Ding H, Liu S, Li F, Li F, Feng N. Intravenous nanocrystals: fabrication, solidification, in vivo fate, and applications for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1467-1488. [PMID: 37814582 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2268512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intravenous nanocrystals (INCs) have shown intrinsic advantages in antitumor applications, particularly their properties of high drug loading, low toxicity, and controllable size. Therefore, it has a very bright application prospect as a drug delivery system. AREAS COVERED The ideal formulation design principles, fabrication, solidification, in vivo fate of INCs, the applications in drug delivery system (DDS) and the novel applications are covered in this review. EXPERT OPINION It is vital to select a suitable formulation and fabrication method to produce a stable and sterile INCs. Besides, the type of stabilizers and physical characteristics can also influence the in vivo fate of INCs, which is worthy of further studying. Based on wide researches about applications of INCs in cancer, biomimetic INCs are concerned increasingly for its favorable compatibility. The output of these studies suggested that INCs-based drug delivery could be a novel strategy for addressing the delivery of the drug that faces solubility, bioavailability, and toxicity problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huining Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengqian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nianping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Pielenhofer J, Meiser SL, Gogoll K, Ciciliani AM, Denny M, Klak M, Lang BM, Staubach P, Grabbe S, Schild H, Radsak MP, Spahn-Langguth H, Langguth P. Quality by Design (QbD) Approach for a Nanoparticulate Imiquimod Formulation as an Investigational Medicinal Product. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020514. [PMID: 36839835 PMCID: PMC9965879 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present article exemplifies the application of the concept of quality by design (QbD) for the systematic development of a nanoparticulate imiquimod (IMQ) emulsion gel formulation as an investigational medicinal product (IMP) for evaluation in an academic phase-I/II clinical trial for the treatment of actinic keratosis (AK) against the comparator Aldara (EudraCT: 2015-002203-28). The design of the QbD elements of a quality target product profile (QTPP) enables the identification of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the drug product as the content of IMQ, the particle-size distribution, the pH, the rheological properties, the permeation rate and the chemical, physical and microbiological stability. Critical material attributes (CMAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) are identified by using a risk-based approach in an Ishikawa diagram and in a risk-estimation matrix. In this study, the identified CPPs of the wet media ball-milling process's milling time and milling speed are evaluated in a central composite design of experiments (DoEs) approach, revealing criticality for both factors for the resulting mean particle size, while only the milling time is significantly affecting the polydispersity. To achieve a mean particle size in the range of 300-400 nm with a minimal PdI, the optimal process conditions are found to be 650 rpm for 135 min. Validating the model reveals a good correlation between the predicted and observed values. Adequate control strategies were implemented for intermediate products as in-process controls (IPCs) and quality control (QC) tests of the identified CQAs. The IPC and QC data from 13 "IMI-Gel" batches manufactured in adherence to good manufacturing practice (GMP) reveal consistent quality with minimal batch-to-batch variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pielenhofer
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: or (J.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Sophie Luise Meiser
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Gogoll
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Ciciliani
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Denny
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Klak
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Berenice M. Lang
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Staubach
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus P. Radsak
- 3rd Department Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hilde Spahn-Langguth
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department for Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: or (J.P.); (P.L.)
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Predicting the Temperature Evolution during Nanomilling of Drug Suspensions via a Semi-Theoretical Lumped-Parameter Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122840. [PMID: 36559333 PMCID: PMC9788500 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although temperature can significantly affect the stability and degradation of drug nanosuspensions, temperature evolution during the production of drug nanoparticles via wet stirred media milling, also known as nanomilling, has not been studied extensively. This study aims to establish both descriptive and predictive capabilities of a semi-theoretical lumped parameter model (LPM) for temperature evolution. In the experiments, the mill was operated at various stirrer speeds, bead loadings, and bead sizes, while the temperature evolution at the mill outlet was recorded. The LPM was formulated and fitted to the experimental temperature profiles in the training runs, and its parameters, i.e., the apparent heat generation rate Qgen and the apparent overall heat transfer coefficient times surface area UA, were estimated. For the test runs, these parameters were predicted as a function of the process parameters via a power law (PL) model and machine learning (ML) model. The LPM augmented with the PL and ML models was used to predict the temperature evolution in the test runs. The LPM predictions were also compared with those of an enthalpy balance model (EBM) developed recently. The LPM had a fitting capability with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) lower than 0.9 °C, and a prediction capability, when augmented with the PL and ML models, with an RMSE lower than 4.1 and 2.1 °C, respectively. Overall, the LPM augmented with the PL model had both good descriptive and predictive capability, whereas the one with the ML model had a comparable predictive capability. Despite being simple, with two parameters and obviating the need for sophisticated numerical techniques for its solution, the semi-theoretical LPM generally predicts the temperature evolution similarly or slightly better than the EBM. Hence, this study has provided a validated, simple model for pharmaceutical engineers to simulate the temperature evolution during the nanomilling process, which will help to set proper process controls for thermally labile drugs.
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Guner G, Seetharaman N, Elashri S, Mehaj M, Bilgili E. Analysis of heat generation during the production of drug nanosuspensions in a wet stirred media mill. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122020. [PMID: 35842083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although heat is generated during the wet stirred media milling of drug suspensions, leading to notable temperature rise, a comprehensive analysis of heat generation does not exist. Hence, we investigated the impact of stirrer speed, bead loading, and bead size at three levels on the evolution of suspension temperature at the mill outlet during the milling of fenofibrate. The particle sizes and viscosities of the milled suspensions and power were measured. Our results suggest that stirrer speed had the most significant impact on the temperature increase, followed by bead loading and bead size. Both the time when the temperature reached 22 °C and the temperature at 5 min of milling were strongly correlated with the power. Assessing the impacts of the process parameters on the temperature rise, cycle time, power, and median particle size holistically, an optimal milling process was identified: 3000 rpm with 50% loading of 200 or 400 µm beads. A power number correlation was established to calculate power at any milling condition which determines the heat generation rate. Overall, this study indicated the importance of developing a good understanding of heat generation during nanomilling for development of a robust milling process especially for thermally labile drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulenay Guner
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Natasha Seetharaman
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Sherif Elashri
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Mirsad Mehaj
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ecevit Bilgili
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States.
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Tian Y, Wang S, Yu Y, Sun W, Fan R, Shi J, Gu W, Wang Z, Zhang H, Zheng A. Review of nanosuspension formulation and process analysis in wet media milling using microhydrodynamic model and emerging characterization methods. Int J Pharm 2022; 623:121862. [PMID: 35671851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wet media milling is a popular technology used to prepare nanosuspensions. However, the theories and methods to guide the research on the formulation and process affecting wet media milling remain limited. The research on wet media milling follows a "black box" approach to a certain extent. This review focuses on exploring the formulation and process parameters factors in wet media milling. The formulation factors include the concentration, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, and structure of the drug and stabilizer, whereas the milling process parameters include the milling speed, milling time, and material, size, and filling volume of milling beads. Contrary to other reviews, this review attempts to quantify and visualize these factors by combining a microhydrodynamic model with emerging characterization methods to provide a scientific basis for the selection of nanosuspension formulations and process parameters, as opposed to the conventional trial-and-error approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tian
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yao Yu
- Pharmaceutical Experiment Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ranran Fan
- Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233003, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weinan Gu
- School of pharmacy, XuZhou Medical University, XuZhou 221004, China
| | - Zengming Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
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Parmar K, Oza K. Increase in Dissolution Rate of Zotepine via Nanomilling Process - Impact of Dried Nanocrystalline Suspensions on Bioavailability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 23:20. [PMID: 34907489 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zotepine is an atypical antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, its poor dissolution properties limit its therapeutic efficacy. In this investigation, a series of nanosuspension-containing zotepine were prepared employing media milling method with an aim to improve its dissolution properties and oral bioavailability. Briefly, Box-Behnken design was applied to investigate the influence of various independent variables such as X1- amount of stabilizer, X2- amount of milling agent, and X3- milling time on the performance of the formulation. Dissolution studies revealed enhancement of dissolution rate as compared to pure drug. Solid state characterization (DSC, PXRD, and SEM) studies demonstrated no polymorphic changes in drug after lyophilization of media-milled nanosuspension. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of lyophilized nanosuspension was carried out in rat and the results exhibited significant improvement in Cmax and AUC0-t, about 450.0 and 287.45%, respectively, suggesting amelioration in oral bioavailability by 2.87-fold higher as compared to pure drug. Accelerated stability studies of the optimized lyophilized formulation at 40°C and 75% RH suggested stability of the nanocrystals for at least a 6-month period. The obtained nanocrystals successfully showed dissolution enhancement and improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug, zotepine.
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Vardaka E, Andreas O, Nikolakakis I, Kachrimanis K. Development of agomelatine nanocomposite formulations by wet media milling. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 166:105979. [PMID: 34425232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystal formulations of the BCS class II agomelatine, were developed by wet media milling. The most suitable stabilizer was identified and effects of process and formulation variables on the nanocrystal size and ζ-potential were evaluated employing a Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimized nanosuspensions were dried and subsequently evaluated for redispersibility and physicochemical properties. Computational simulation of solid state properties was applied to rationalize crystal fracture. It was found that low viscosity hydroxypropylcellulose with sodium dodecyl sulfate is the most suitable stabilizer. Stabilizer concentration exerts a statistically significant effect on particle size, which depends on the mill's rotation speed. The milling process induces a polymorphic transition to form II, which could affect size reduction kinetics. The solidified nanosuspensions' redispersibility is deteriorating progressively with storage time, with only minor differences between drying methods, retaining enhanced dissolution rate. Crystal lattice simulations suggest high mechanical anisotropy of form I crystals, which could be an additional reason for fast particle size reduction prior to the polymorphic transformation. Wet media milling, combined with a suitable drying method, can be an efficient technique for the production of stable nanocrystals of agomelatine. Particle informatics methods can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for agomelatine's nanocomminution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Vardaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ouranidis Andreas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis Nikolakakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Mitrović JR, Divović-Matović B, Knutson DE, Đoković JB, Kremenović A, Dobričić VD, Randjelović DV, Pantelić I, Cook JM, Savić MM, Savić SD. Overcoming the Low Oral Bioavailability of Deuterated Pyrazoloquinolinone Ligand DK-I-60-3 by Nanonization: A Knowledge-Based Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081188. [PMID: 34452149 PMCID: PMC8400889 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor water solubility of new chemical entities is considered as one of the main obstacles in drug development, as it usually leads to low bioavailability after administration. To overcome these problems, the selection of the appropriate formulation technology needs to be based on the physicochemical properties of the drug and introduced in the early stages of drug research. One example of the new potential drug substance with poor solubility is DK-I-60-3, deuterated pyrazoloquinolinone, designed for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. In this research, based on preformulation studies, nanocrystal technology was chosen to improve the oral bioavailability of DK-I-60-3. Nanocrystal dispersions stabilized by sodium lauryl sulfate and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared by modified wet media milling technique, with the selection of appropriate process and formulation parameters. The nanoparticles characterization included particle size and zeta potential measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, dissolution and solubility study, and in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments. Developed formulations had small uniform particle sizes and were stable for three months. Nanonization caused decreased crystallite size and induced crystal defects formation, as well as a DK-I-60-3 solubility increase. Furthermore, after oral administration of the developed formulations in rats, two to three-fold bioavailability enhancement was observed in plasma and investigated organs, including the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena R. Mitrović
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.R.M.); (J.B.Đ.); (I.P.)
| | - Branka Divović-Matović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.D.-M.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Daniel E. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (D.E.K.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Jelena B. Đoković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.R.M.); (J.B.Đ.); (I.P.)
| | - Aleksandar Kremenović
- Laboratory of Crystallography, Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade, Đušina 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir D. Dobričić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Danijela V. Randjelović
- Department of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Pantelić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.R.M.); (J.B.Đ.); (I.P.)
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210N. Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (D.E.K.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Miroslav M. Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (B.D.-M.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Snežana D. Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.R.M.); (J.B.Đ.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Use of Bead Mixtures as a Novel Process Optimization Approach to Nanomilling of Drug Suspensions. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1279-1296. [PMID: 34169438 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of cross-linked polystyrene (CPS)-yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) bead mixtures as a novel optimization approach for fast, effective production of drug nanosuspensions during wet stirred media milling (WSMM). METHODS Aqueous suspensions of 10% fenofibrate (FNB, drug), 7.5% HPC-L, and 0.05% SDS were wet-milled at 3000-4000 rpm and 35%-50% volumetric loading of CPS:YSZ bead mixtures (CPS:YSZ 0:1-1:0 v:v). Laser diffraction, SEM, viscometry, DSC, and XRPD were used for characterization. An nth-order model described the breakage kinetics, while a microhydrodynamic model allowed us to gain insights into the impact of bead materials. RESULTS CPS beads achieved the lowest specific power consumption, whereas YSZ beads led to the fastest breakage. Breakage followed second-order kinetics. Optimum conditions were identified as 3000 rpm and 50% loading of 0.5:0.5 v/v CPS:YSZ mixture from energy-cycle time-heat dissipation perspectives. The microhydrodynamic model suggests that YSZ beads experienced more energetic/forceful collisions with smaller contact area as compared with CPS beads owing to the higher density-elastic modulus of the former. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the feasibility of CPS-YSZ bead mixtures and rationalized its optimal use in WSMM through their modulation of breakage kinetics, energy utilization, and heat dissipation.
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Bilgili E, Guner G. Mechanistic Modeling of Wet Stirred Media Milling for Production of Drug Nanosuspensions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 22:2. [PMID: 33222036 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug nanocrystals have been used for a wide range of drug delivery platforms in the pharmaceutical industry, especially for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. Wet stirred media milling (WSMM) is the most widely used process for producing dense, stable suspensions of drug nanoparticles, also referred to as nanosuspensions. Despite a plethora of review papers on the production and applications of drug nanosuspensions, modeling of WSMM has not been thoroughly covered in any review paper before. The aim of this review paper is to briefly expose the pharmaceutical scientists and engineers to various modeling approaches, mostly mechanistic, including computational fluid dynamics (CFD), discrete element method (DEM), population balance modeling (PBM), coupled methods, the stress intensity-number model (SI-SN model), and the microhydrodynamic (MHD) model with a main focus on the MHD model for studying the WSMM process. A total of 71 studies, 30 on drugs and 41 on other materials, were reviewed. Analysis of the pharmaceutics literature reveals that WSMM modeling is largely based on empirical, statistically based modeling approaches, and mechanistic modeling could help pharmaceutical engineers develop a fundamental process understanding. After a review of the salient features and various pros-cons of each modeling approach, recent advances in microhydrodynamic modeling and process insights gained therefrom were highlighted. The SI-SN and MHD models were analyzed and critiqued objectively. Finally, the review points out potential research directions such as more mechanistic and accurate CFD-DEM-PBM simulations and the coupling of the MHD-PBM models with the CFD.
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Fu T, Gu X, Liu Q, Peng X, Yang J. Study on the stabilization mechanisms of wet-milled cepharanthine nanosuspensions using systematical characterization. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:200-208. [PMID: 31933388 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1716370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Stability issues are inevitable problems that are encountered in nanosuspension (NS) technology developments and in the industrial application of pharmaceuticals. This study aims to assess the stability of wet-milled cepharanthine NSs and elucidate the stabilization mechanisms of different stabilizers.Methods: The aggregation state was examined via scanning electron microscopy, laser diffraction, and rheometry. The zeta potential, stabilizer adsorption, surface tension, and drug-stabilizer interactions were employed to elucidate the stabilization mechanisms.Results: The results suggest that croscarmellose sodium (CCS), D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), or polyvinyl pyrrolidone VA64 (PVP VA64) alone was able to prevent nanoparticle aggregation for at least 30 days. Attempts to evaluate the stability mechanisms of different stabilization systems revealed that CCS improved the steric-kinetic stabilization of the NSs, attributed to its high viscosity, swelling capacity, and physical barrier effects. In contrast, the excellent physical stability of TPGS systems was mainly due to the reduced surface tension and higher crystallinity. PVP VA64 can adsorb onto the surfaces of nanoparticles and stabilize the NS via steric forces.Conclusion: This study demonstrated the complex effects of CCS, TPGS, and PVP VA64 on cepharanthine NS stability and presented an approach for the rational design of stable NSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiangshuai Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaodong Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Lestari MLAD, Müller RH, Möschwitzer JP. The Scalability of Wet Ball Milling for The Production of Nanosuspensions. Pharm Nanotechnol 2019; 7:147-161. [PMID: 30931866 DOI: 10.2174/2211738507666190401142530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miniaturization of nanosuspensions preparation is a necessity in order to enable proper formulation screening before nanosizing can be performed on a large scale. Ideally, the information generated at small scale is predictive for large scale production. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to investigate the scalability when producing nanosuspensions starting from a 10 g scale of nanosuspension using low energy wet ball milling up to production scales of 120 g nanosuspension and 2 kg nanosuspension by using a standard high energy wet ball milling operated in batch mode or recirculation mode, respectively. METHODS Two different active pharmaceutical ingredients, i.e. curcumin and hesperetin, have been used in this study. The investigated factors include the milling time, milling speed, and the type of mill. RESULTS Comparable particle sizes of about 151 nm to 190 nm were obtained for both active pharmaceutical ingredients at the same milling time and milling speed when the drugs were processed at 10 g using low energy wet ball milling or 120 g using high energy wet ball milling in batch mode, respectively. However, an adjustment of the milling speed was needed for the 2 kg scale produced using high energy wet ball milling in recirculation mode to obtain particle sizes comparable to the small scale process. CONCLUSION These results confirm in general, the scalability of wet ball milling as well as the suitability of small scale processing in order to correctly identify the most suitable formulations for large scale production using high energy milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L A D Lestari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics & NutriCosmetics, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer H Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics & NutriCosmetics, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan P Möschwitzer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics & NutriCosmetics, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany.,Advance Pharma GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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Bartos C, Ambrus R, Katona G, Sovány T, Gáspár R, Márki Á, Ducza E, Ivanov A, Tömösi F, Janáky T, Szabó-Révész P. Transformation of Meloxicam Containing Nanosuspension into Surfactant-Free Solid Compositions to Increase the Product Stability and Drug Bioavailability for Rapid Analgesia. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:4007-4020. [PMID: 31819372 PMCID: PMC6886534 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s220876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this work was to study the influence of solidification of meloxicam (Mel) containing nanosuspension (nanoMel) on the physical stability and drug bioavailability of the products. The nanoMel sample had poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a protective polymer, but no surfactant as a further stabilizing agent because the final aim was to produce surfactant-free solid phase products as well. Methods The solidified samples produced by fluidization and lyophilization (fluidMel, lyoMel) were examined for particle size, crystallinity, and in vitro release of Mel compared to similar parameters of nanoMel. The products were subjected to an animal experiment using per oral administration to verify their bioavailability. Results Mel containing (1%) nanoMel sample was produced by wet milling process using an optimized amount of PVA (0.5%) which resulted in 130 nm as mean particle size and a significant reduction in the degree of crystallinity (13.43%) of Mel. The fluidization technique using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as carrier resulted in a quick conversion and no significant change in the critical product parameters. The process of lyophilization required a longer operation time, which resulted in the amorphization of the crystalline carrier (trehalose) and the recrystallization of Mel increased its particle size and crystallinity. The fluidMel and lyoMel samples had nearly five-fold higher relative bioavailability than nanoMel application by oral administration. The correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the fixed Mel nanoparticles on the surface of solid carriers (MCC, trehalose) in both the artificial gastric juice and the stomach of the animals rapidly reached saturation concentration leading to faster dissolution and rapid absorption. Conclusion The solidification of the nanosuspension not only increased the stability of the Mel nanoparticles but also allowed the preparation of surfactant-free compositions with excellent bioavailability which may be an important consideration for certain groups of patients to achieve rapid analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Bartos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Katona
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Sovány
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Gáspár
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Árpád Márki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Ducza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Ivanov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Tömösi
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Janáky
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Piroska Szabó-Révész
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Mill, material, and process parameters – A mechanistic model for the set-up of wet-stirred media milling processes. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Peltonen L. Design Space and QbD Approach for Production of Drug Nanocrystals by Wet Media Milling Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E104. [PMID: 30044395 PMCID: PMC6161287 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug nanocrystals are nanosized solid drug particles, the most important application of which is the improvement of solubility properties of poorly soluble drug materials. Drug nanocrystals can be produced by many different techniques, but the mostly used are different kinds of media milling techniques; in milling, particle size of bulk sized drug material is decreased, with the aid of milling beads, to nanometer scale. Utilization of Quality by Design, QbD, approach in nanomilling improves the process-understanding of the system, and recently, the number of studies using the QbD approach in nanomilling has increased. In the QbD approach, the quality is built into the products and processes throughout the whole production chain. Definition of Critical Quality Attributes, CQAs, determines the targeted final product properties. CQAs are confirmed by setting Critical Process Parameters, CPPs, which include both process parameters but also input variables, like stabilizer amount or the solid state form of the drug. Finally, Design Space determines the limits in which CPPs should be in order to reach CQAs. This review discusses the milling process and process variables, CPPs, their impact on product properties, CQAs and challenges of the QbD approach in nanomilling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Peltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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