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Masci M, Caproni R, Nevigato T. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Glyphosate in Cereals Together with a Discussion of Its Occurrence, Accumulation, Fate, Degradation, and Regulatory Status. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:38. [PMID: 38804332 PMCID: PMC11130892 DOI: 10.3390/mps7030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Union's recent decision to renew the authorization for the use of glyphosate until 15 December 2033 has stimulated scientific discussion all around the world regarding its toxicity or otherwise for humans. Glyphosate is a chemical of which millions of tons have been used in the last 50 years worldwide to dry out weeds in cultivated fields and greenhouses and on roadsides. Concern has been raised in many areas about its possible presence in the food chain and its consequent adverse effects on health. Both aspects that argue in favor of toxicity and those that instead may indicate limited toxicity of glyphosate are discussed here. The widespread debate that has been generated requires further investigations and field measurements to understand glyphosate's fate once dispersed in the environment and its concentration in the food chain. Hence, there is a need for validated analytical methods that are available to analysts in the field. In the present review, methods for the analytical determination of glyphosate and its main metabolite, AMPA, are discussed, with a specific focus on chromatographic techniques applied to cereal products. The experimental procedures are explained in detail, including the cleanup, derivatization, and instrumental conditions, to give the laboratories involved enough information to proceed with the implementation of this line of analysis. The prevalent chromatographic methods used are LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/SIM, and GC-MS/MS, but sufficient indications are also given to those laboratories that wish to use the better performing high-resolution MS or the simpler HPLC-FLD, HPLC-UV, GC-NPD, and GC-FPD techniques for screening purposes. The concentrations of glyphosate from the literature measured in wheat, corn, barley, rye, oats, soybean, and cereal-based foods are reported, together with its regulatory status in various parts of the world and its accumulation mechanism. As for its accumulation in cereals, the available data show that glyphosate tends to accumulate more in wholemeal flours than in refined ones, that its concentration in the product strictly depends on the treatment period (the closer it is to the time of harvesting, the higher the concentration), and that in cold climates, the herbicide tends to persist in the soil for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Masci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy (T.N.)
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Sun X, Zhang H, Huang X, Yang D, Wu C, Liu H, Zhang L. Associations of glyphosate exposure and serum sex steroid hormones among 6-19-year-old children and adolescents. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 275:116266. [PMID: 38564862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate, ranked as one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, has raised concerns about its potential disruptive effects on sex hormones. However, limited human evidence was available, especially for children and adolescents. The present study aimed to examine the associations between exposure to glyphosate and sex hormones among participants aged 6-19 years, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2013 and 2016. Children and adolescents who had available data on urinary glyphosate, serum sex steroid hormones, including testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and covariates were selected. Additionally, the ratio of TT to E2 (TT/E2) and the free androgen index (FAI), which was calculated using TT/SHBG, were also included as sex hormone indicators. Survey regression statistical modeling was used to examine the associations between urinary glyphosate concentration and sex hormone indicators by age and sex group. Among the 964 participants, 83.71% had been exposed to glyphosate (>lower limit of detection). The survey regression revealed a marginally negative association between urinary glyphosate and E2 in the overall population, while this association was more pronounced in adolescents with a significant trend. In further sex-stratified analyses among adolescents, a significant decrease in E2, FAI, and TT (p trend <0.05) was observed in female adolescents for the highest quartile of urinary glyphosate compared to the lowest quartile. However, no similar association was observed among male adolescents. Our findings suggest that exposure to glyphosate at the current level may decrease the levels of sex steroids in adolescents, particularly female adolescents. Considering the cross-sectional study design, further research is needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Sun
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuansha Wu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Liu J, Wang L, Li S, Lin Z, Yang G, Miao Z. Association of urine glyphosate levels with renal injury biomarkers in children living close to major vegetable-producing regions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168677. [PMID: 38007119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY)-based herbicides exposure contributes to renal dysfunction in experimental conditions, but the effects on humans are rarely reported. Biomonitoring is practically relevant for evaluating the association of urine GLY levels and renal damage in children living close to vegetable-cultivating regions. In this study, we collected the first-morning void urine samples of 239 healthy children (aged 3-12, 48.12 % boys) living near major vegetable-producing regions in March-May and August 2023 in Shandong Province, China. Urine levels of GLY and kidney injury-associated biomarkers were determined using ELISA kits to assess their correlation. GLY was detected in 92.05 % of urine samples (220 out of 239 participants) and the geometric concentration (GM) was 7.429 μg/L (range: 0.625 to 38.267 μg/L). Binary logistic regression and multivariate regression analysis revealed GLY detectability and levels positively correlated with home ventilation and self-producing vegetable intake of the subjects, as well as sampling periods. Moreover, a statistically significant concentration association with urine GLY was found for kidney injury-associated biomarkers (NGAL and KIM-1) (R2 = 0.923 and 0.855, respectively). Additionally, risk assessment revealed that the maximum value of probable daily intake was 0.150 mg/kg bw/day, accounting for 30.1 % of the established Acceptable Daily Intake of GLY. This study unveils a positive correlation between continuous GLY-based herbicide exposure and renal injury biomarkers of children. A large-scale epidemiological study is warranted for comprehensively assessing the effects of GLY-based herbicides on kidney function of the entire public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Liu
- College of Biological and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an City, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- The Second Children & Women's Healthcare of Ji'nan City, Laiwu City, China
| | - Song Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan City, China
| | - Zhenxian Lin
- College of Biological and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an City, China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- College of Biological and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an City, China
| | - Zengmin Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an City, China.
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Wei X, Pan Y, Zhang Z, Cui J, Yin R, Li H, Qin J, Li AJ, Qiu R. Biomonitoring of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid: Current insights and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132814. [PMID: 37890382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides globally, raising concerns about its potential impact on human health. Biomonitoring studies play a crucial role in assessing human exposure to glyphosate and providing valuable insights into its distribution and metabolism in the body. This review aims to summarize the current trends and future perspectives in biomonitoring of glyphosate and its major degradation product of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). A comprehensive literature search was conducted, focusing on studies published between January 2000 and December 2022. The findings demonstrated that glyphosate and AMPA have been reported in different human specimens with urine as the dominance. Sample pretreatment techniques of solid-phase and liquid-liquid extractions coupled with liquid/gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry have achieved matrix elimination and accurate analysis. We also examined and compared the exposure characteristics of these compounds among different regions and various populations, with significantly higher levels of glyphosate and AMPA observed in Asian populations and among occupational groups. The median urinary concentration of glyphosate in children was 0.54 ng/mL, which was relatively higher than those in women (0.28 ng/mL) and adults (0.12 ng/mL). It is worth noting that children may exhibit increased susceptibility to glyphosate exposure or have different exposure patterns compared to women and adults. A number of important perspectives were proposed in order to further facilitate the understanding of health effects of glyphosate and AMPA, which include, but are not limited to, method standardization, combined exposure assessment, attention for vulnerable populations, long-term exposure effects and risk communication and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanan Pan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingyi Cui
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Renli Yin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huashou Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junhao Qin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Adela Jing Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Šulc L, Figueiredo D, Huss A, Kalina J, Gregor P, Janoš T, Šenk P, Dalecká A, Andrýsková L, Kodeš V, Čupr P. Current-use pesticide exposure pathways in Czech adults and children from the CELSPAC-SPECIMEn cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108297. [PMID: 37939438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to characterise exposure to pyrethroids, organophosphates, and tebuconazole through multiple pathways in 110 parent-child pairs participating in the CELSPAC-SPECIMEn study. METHODS First, we estimated the daily intake (EDI) of pesticides based on measured urinary metabolites. Second, we compared EDI with estimated pesticide intake from food. We used multiple linear regression to identify the main predictors of urinary pesticide concentrations. We also assessed the relationship between urinary pesticide concentrations and organic and non-organic food consumption while controlling for a range of factors. Finally, we employed a model to estimate inhalation and dermal exposure due to spray drift and volatilization after assuming pesticide application in crop fields. RESULTS EDI was often higher in children in comparison to adults, especially in the winter season. A comparison of food intake estimates and EDI suggested diet as a critical pathway of tebuconazole exposure, less so in the case of organophosphates. Regression models showed that consumption per g of peaches/apricots was associated with an increase of 0.37% CI [0.23% to 0.51%] in urinary tebuconazole metabolite concentrations. Consumption of white bread was associated with an increase of 0.21% CI [0.08% to 0.35%], and consumption of organic strawberries was inversely associated (-61.52% CI [-79.34% to -28.32%]), with urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations. Inhalation and dermal exposure seemed to represent a relatively small contribution to pesticide exposure as compared to dietary intake. CONCLUSION In our study population, findings indicate diet plays a significant role in exposure to the analysed pesticides. We found an influence of potential exposure due to spray drift and volatilization among the subpopulation residing near presumably sprayed crop fields to be minimal in comparison. However, the lack of data indicating actual spraying occurred during the critical 24-hour period prior to urine sample collection could be a significant contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Šulc
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Figueiredo
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gregor
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janoš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šenk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dalecká
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Andrýsková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Kodeš
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Čupr
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Grau D, Grau N, Paroissin C, Gascuel Q, Di Cristofaro J. Underestimation of glyphosate intake by the methods currently used by regulatory agencies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:100626-100637. [PMID: 37639106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The acceptable daily intake (ADI) is an estimate of the amount of a substance in food or beverages that can be consumed daily over a lifetime without presenting an appreciable risk to health. To assess the risk of ingesting glyphosate, regulatory agencies compare glyphosate daily intake to ADI. Based on published data on urine glyphosate levels measured according to known quantities of ingested glyphosate, our objectives were to test the robustness of the mathematical model currently used to calculate glyphosate daily intake, and to propose alternative models based on urinary excretion kinetics. Our results support that the quantity of ingested glyphosate is systematically underestimated by the model currently used by regulatory agencies, whereas the other models evaluated showed better estimations, with differences according to gender. Our results also show a great variability between individuals, leading to some uncertainties notably with regards to the ADI, and further support that glyphosate excretion varies significantly among individuals who follow a similar dosing regimen. In conclusion, our study highlights the lack of reliability of assessment processes carried out by regulatory agencies for glyphosate in particular, and pesticides in general, and questions the relevance of such processes supposed to safeguard human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grau
- Association Campagne Glyphosate, Foix, France
| | - Nicole Grau
- Association Campagne Glyphosate, Foix, France
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Tagne-Fotso R, Zeghnoun A, Saoudi A, Balestier A, Pecheux M, Chaperon L, Oleko A, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, Vattier L, Bouchart V, Limon G, Le Gléau F, Denys S, Fillol C. Exposure of the general French population to herbicides, pyrethroids, organophosphates, organochlorines, and carbamate pesticides in 2014-2016: Results from the Esteban study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 254:114265. [PMID: 37748265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Esteban is a nationwide cross-sectional study conducted in France in 2014-2016, including 2503 adults aged 18-74 years old and 1104 children aged 6-17 years old, as part of the French Human Biomonitoring programme. The present paper describes the biological levels of five families of pesticides analysed on random sub-samples of 900 adults and 500 children for urine concentrations, and 759 adults and 255 children for serum concentrations, and the determinants of exposure. Organophosphates, carbamates and herbicides were measured in urine by UPLC-MS/MS; chlorophenols and pyrethroids were measured in urine by GC-MS/MS; specific organochlorines were measured in serum by GC-HRMS. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify the determinants of exposure using a generalized linear model. Pyrethroid metabolites were quantified in 99% of adults and children, with the exeption of F-PBA, which was quantified in 31% of adults and 27% of children, respectively. Carbamates and some specific organophosphates were barely or not quantified. DMTP was quantified in 82% of adults and 93% of children, and γ-HCH (lindane) was quantified in almost 50% of adults and children. Concentration levels of pesticide biomarkers were consistent with comparable international studies, except for β-HCH, DMTP, and the deltamethrin metabolite Br2CA, whose levels were sometimes higher in France. Household insecticide use and smoking were also associated with higher levels of pyrethroids. All pyrethroids concentration levels were below existing health-based HBM guidance values, HBM-GVsGenPop, except for 3-PBA, for which approximately 1% and 10% of children were above the lower and upper urine threshold values of 22 μg/L and 6.4 μg/L, respectively. Esteban provides a French nationwide description of 70 pesticide biomarkers for the first time in children. It also describes some pesticide biomarkers for the first time in adults, including glyphosate and AMPA. For the latter, urine concentration levels were overall higher in children than in adults. Our results highlight a possible beneficial impact of existing regulations on adult exposure to organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides between 2006 and 2016, as concentration levels decreased over this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Tagne-Fotso
- Santé Publique France, The National Public Health Agency, 12 Rue Du Val D'Osne, Saint-Maurice Cedex, 94415, France.
| | - Abdelkrim Zeghnoun
- Santé Publique France, The National Public Health Agency, 12 Rue Du Val D'Osne, Saint-Maurice Cedex, 94415, France
| | - Abdessattar Saoudi
- Santé Publique France, The National Public Health Agency, 12 Rue Du Val D'Osne, Saint-Maurice Cedex, 94415, France
| | - Anita Balestier
- Santé Publique France, The National Public Health Agency, 12 Rue Du Val D'Osne, Saint-Maurice Cedex, 94415, France
| | - Marie Pecheux
- Santé Publique France, The National Public Health Agency, 12 Rue Du Val D'Osne, Saint-Maurice Cedex, 94415, France
| | - Laura Chaperon
- Santé Publique France, The National Public Health Agency, 12 Rue Du Val D'Osne, Saint-Maurice Cedex, 94415, France
| | - Amivi Oleko
- Santé Publique France, The National Public Health Agency, 12 Rue Du Val D'Osne, Saint-Maurice Cedex, 94415, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sébastien Denys
- Santé Publique France, The National Public Health Agency, 12 Rue Du Val D'Osne, Saint-Maurice Cedex, 94415, France
| | - Clémence Fillol
- Santé Publique France, The National Public Health Agency, 12 Rue Du Val D'Osne, Saint-Maurice Cedex, 94415, France
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Muñoz JP, Silva-Pavez E, Carrillo-Beltrán D, Calaf GM. Occurrence and exposure assessment of glyphosate in the environment and its impact on human beings. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116201. [PMID: 37209985 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum and one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, which has led to its high environmental dissemination. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer stated that glyphosate was a probable human carcinogen. Since then, several studies have provided new data about the environmental exposure of glyphosate and its consequences on human health. Thus, the carcinogenic effects of glyphosate are still under debate. This work aimed to review glyphosate occurrence and exposure since 2015 up to date, considering studies associated with either environmental or occupational exposure and the epidemiological assessment of cancer risk in humans. These articles showed that herbicide residues were detectable in all spheres of the earth and studies on the population showed an increase in the concentration of glyphosate in biofluids, both in the general population and in the occupationally exposed population. However, the epidemiological studies under review provided limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of glyphosate, which was consistent with the International Agency for Research on Cancer classification as a probable carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Silva-Pavez
- Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de La Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Bellavista, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Carrillo-Beltrán
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
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Lucia RM, Liao X, Huang WL, Forman D, Kim A, Ziogas A, Norden-Krichmar TM, Goodman D, Alvarez A, Masunaka I, Pathak KV, McGilvrey M, Hegde AM, Pirrotte P, Park HL. Urinary glyphosate and AMPA levels in a cross-sectional study of postmenopausal women: Associations with organic eating behavior and dietary intake. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 252:114211. [PMID: 37393842 PMCID: PMC10503538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal and epidemiologic studies suggest that there may be adverse health effects from exposure to glyphosate, the most highly used pesticide in the world, and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Meanwhile, consumption of organic foods (presumably grown free of chemical pesticides) has increased in recent years. However, there have been limited biomonitoring studies assessing the levels of human glyphosate and AMPA exposure in the United States. We examined urinary levels of glyphosate and AMPA in the context of organic eating behavior in a cohort of healthy postmenopausal women residing in Southern California and evaluated associations with demographics, dietary intake, and other lifestyle factors. 338 women provided two first-morning urine samples and at least one paired 24-h dietary recall reporting the previous day's dietary intake. Urinary glyphosate and AMPA were measured using LC-MS/MS. Participants reported on demographic and lifestyle factors via questionnaires. Potential associations were examined between these factors and urinary glyphosate and AMPA concentrations. Glyphosate was detected in 89.9% of urine samples and AMPA in 67.2%. 37.9% of study participants reported often or always eating organic food, 30.2% sometimes, and 32.0% seldom or never. Frequency of organic food consumption was associated with several demographic and lifestyle factors. Frequent organic eaters had significantly lower urinary glyphosate and AMPA levels, but not after adjustment for covariates. Grain consumption was significantly associated with higher urinary glyphosate levels, even among women who reported often or always eating organic grains. Soy protein and alcohol consumption as well as high frequency of eating fast food were associated with higher urinary AMPA levels. In conclusion, in the largest study to date examining paired dietary recall data and measurements of first-void urinary glyphosate and AMPA, the vast majority of subjects sampled had detectable levels, and significant dietary sources in the American diet were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Lucia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiyue Liao
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Lin Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Forman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Deborah Goodman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Alvarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Irene Masunaka
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Khyatiben V Pathak
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marissa McGilvrey
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Apurva M Hegde
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hannah Lui Park
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Ubong D, Stewart L, Sepai O, Knudsen LE, Berman T, Reynders H, Van Campenhout K, Katsonouri A, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Ingelido AM, Castaño A, Pedraza-Díaz S, Eiríksdóttir ÁV, Thomsen C, Hartmann C, Gjorgjev D, De Felip E, Tolonen H, Santonen T, Klanova J, Norström K, Kononenko L, Silva MJ, Uhl M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Jõemaa M, Jajcaj M, Estokova M, Luijten M, Lebret E, von Goetz N, Holcer NJ, Probst-Hensch N, Cavaleiro R, Barouki R, Tarroja E, Balčienė RM, Strumylaite L, Latvala S, Namorado S, Szigeti T, Ingi Halldorsson T, Olafsdottir K, Wasowicz W. Application of human biomonitoring data to support policy development, raise awareness and environmental public health protection among countries within the HBM4EU project. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 251:114170. [PMID: 37207539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Most countries have acknowledged the importance of assessing and quantifying their population's internal exposure from chemicals in air, water, soil, food and other consumer products due to the potential health and economic impact. Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a valuable tool which can be used to quantify such exposures and effects. Results from HBM studies can also contribute to improving public health by providing evidence of individuals' internal chemical exposure as well as data to understand the burden of disease and associated costs thereby stimulating the development and implementation of evidence-based policy. To have a holistic view on HBM data utilisation, a multi-case research approach was used to explore the use of HBM data to support national chemical regulations, protect public health and raise awareness among countries participating in the HBM4EU project. The Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Initiative (https://www.hbm4eu.eu/) is a collaborative effort involving 30 countries, the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the European Commission (contracting authority) to harmonise procedures across Europe and advance research into the understanding of the health impacts of environmental chemical exposure. One of the aims of the project was to use HBM data to support evidence based chemical policy and make this information timely and directly available for policy makers and all partners. The main data source for this article was the narratives collected from 27 countries within the HBM4EU project. The countries (self-selection) were grouped into 3 categories in terms of HBM data usage either for public awareness, policy support or for the establishment HBM programme. Narratives were analysed/summarised using guidelines and templates that focused on ministries involved in or advocating for HBM; steps required to engage policy makers; barriers, drivers and opportunities in developing a HBM programme. The narratives reported the use of HBM data either for raising awareness or addressing environmental/public health issues and policy development. The ministries of Health and Environment were reported to be the most prominent entities advocating for HBM, the involvement of several authorities/institutions in the national hubs was also cited to create an avenue to interact, discuss and gain the attention of policy makers. Participating in European projects and the general population interest in HBM studies were seen as drivers and opportunities in developing HBM programmes. A key barrier that was cited by countries for establishing and sustaining national HBM programmes was funding which is mainly due to the high costs associated with the collection and chemical analysis of human samples. Although challenges and barriers still exist, most countries within Europe were already conversant with the benefits and opportunities of HBM. This article offers important insights into factors associated with the utilisation of HBM data for policy support and public awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dragan Gjorgjev
- Institute of Public Health, Republic of North Macedonia, Macedonia
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11
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Qi L, Li Y, Dong Y, Ma S, Li G. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal glyphosate based-herbicide induced reproductive toxicity through disturbing energy and nucleotide metabolism in mice testes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37087751 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide that has deleterious effects on animal reproduction. However, details regarding the systematic mechanisms of glyphosate-induced reproductive toxicity are limited. This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) on reproduction in mice exposed to 0 (control group), 50 (low-dose group), 250 (middle-dose group), and 500 (high-dose group) mg/kg/day GBH for 30 days. Toxicological parameters, metabolomics, and transcriptomics were performed to reveal GBH-induced reproductive toxicity. Our findings demonstrated that GBH exposure damaged mitochondrial pyknosis and the nuclear membrane of spermatogonia. GBH triggered a significant increase in sperm malformations in the high-dose group. Omics data showed that GBH impaired the Krebs cycle and respiratory chain, blocked pyruvate metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and influenced the pentose phosphate pathway and nucleotide synthesis and metabolism. Overall, the multi-omics results revealed systematic and comprehensive evidence of the adverse effects of GBH exposure, providing new insights into the reproductive toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yupeng Li
- Physical Examination Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanmei Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuli Ma
- Public Health Experimental Center, Public Health College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
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12
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Runkel AA, Stajnko A, Snoj Tratnik J, Mazej D, Horvat M, Přibylová P, Kosjek T. Exposure of children and adolescents from Northeastern Slovenia to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138096. [PMID: 36773682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are of high concern for the environment, wildlife, and human health due to their persistence and potential to cause adverse health effects. Despite political measures to restrict the production and distribution of PFAS and to limit the exposure of populations, PFAS can be measured at commonly high detection frequencies in human samples. Thus, this pilot study aimed to determine the serum concentrations of PFPA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFOS, PFHxA, PFDoDA, and PFBS in 113 girls and 112 boys (age 7-10 and 12-15) from Northeastern Slovenia - a rural area characterized by agricultural activities - and to identify potential sources of exposure using questionnaire data. PFAS were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry after phospholipid removal. 9 out of 12 analytes were detected at detection frequencies above 30%, with the highest geometric means (GM) being observed for PFOS (GM 1.9 ng/mL) > PFOA (GM 1.0 ng/mL) > PFHxS (GM 0.3 ng/mL) = PFNA (GM 0.3 ng/mL). We identified the participants' socio-economic status, age, sex, sampling region, public water supply, and the consumption of fish and seafood, cereals, and locally produced fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms as the predominant determinants of exposure. Furthermore, we compared our results with the serum and plasma concentrations reported for similar age groups in other studies and concluded that PFAS exposure in this highly agricultural area in Slovenia is notably low. This is the first study systematic HBM study of PFAS exposure in Slovenia, although it was conducted on a limited number of participants representative of rural and agricultural areas, it represents a good basis for upgrading the approach to a nationwide HBM study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta A Runkel
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Stajnko
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Mazej
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX (Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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13
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Eskenazi B, Gunier RB, Rauch S, Kogut K, Perito ER, Mendez X, Limbach C, Holland N, Bradman A, Harley KG, Mills PJ, Mora AM. Association of Lifetime Exposure to Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid (AMPA) with Liver Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome at Young Adulthood: Findings from the CHAMACOS Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:37001. [PMID: 36856429 PMCID: PMC9976611 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of liver disorders and metabolic syndrome has increased among youth. Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide worldwide, could contribute to the development of these conditions. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess whether lifetime exposure to glyphosate and its degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), is associated with elevated liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome among young adults. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study (n = 480 mother-child dyads) and a nested case-control study (n = 60 cases with elevated liver transaminases and 91 controls) using data from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS). We measured glyphosate and AMPA concentrations in urine samples collected during pregnancy and at child ages 5, 14, and 18 y from cases and controls. We calculated glyphosate residue concentrations: [glyphosate + ( 1.5 × AMPA ) ]. We estimated the amount of agricultural-use glyphosate applied within a 1 - km radius of every residence from pregnancy to age 5 y for the full cohort using California Pesticide Use Reporting data. We assessed liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome at 18 y of age. RESULTS Urinary AMPA at age 5 y was associated with elevated transaminases [relative risk (RR) per 2 - fold increase = 1.27 , 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.53] and metabolic syndrome (RR = 2.07 , 95% CI: 1.38, 3.11). Urinary AMPA and glyphosate residues at age 14 y were associated with metabolic syndrome [RR = 1.80 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.93) and RR = 1.88 (95% CI: 1.03, 3.42), respectively]. Overall, a 2-fold increase in urinary AMPA during childhood was associated with a 14% and a 55% increased risk of elevated liver transaminases and metabolic syndrome, respectively. Living near agricultural glyphosate applications during early childhood (birth to 5 y of age) was also associated with metabolic syndrome at age 18 y in the case-control group (RR = 1.53 , 95% CI: 1.16, 2.02). DISCUSSION Childhood exposure to glyphosate and AMPA may increase risk of liver and cardiometabolic disorders in early adulthood, which could lead to more serious diseases later in life. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11721.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Robert B. Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katherine Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Emily R. Perito
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xenia Mendez
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Kim G. Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Paul J. Mills
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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14
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Ward MH, Madrigal JM, Jones RR, Friesen MC, Falk RT, Koebel D, Metayer C. Glyphosate in house dust and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in California. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107777. [PMID: 36746112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residential use of pesticides has been associated with increased risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We evaluated determinants of glyphosate concentrations in house dust and estimated ALL risk in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS). METHODS The CCLS is a population-based case-control study of childhood leukemia in California. Among those < 8-years (no move since diagnosis/reference date), we collected dust (2001-2007) from the room where the child spent the most time while awake and measured > 40 pesticides. Three-to-eight years later, we collected a second sample from non-movers. We used Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry to measure glyphosate (µg/g dust) for 181 ALL cases and 225 controls and for 45 households with a second dust sample. We used multivariable Tobit regression to evaluate determinants of glyphosate concentrations. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for ALL and quartiles of the concentration (first samples) using unconditional logistic regression. We computed the within- and between-home variance and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS Glyphosate was frequently detected (cases: 98 %; controls: 99 %). Higher concentrations were associated with occupational pesticide exposure, nearby agricultural use, treatment for lawn weeds and bees/wasps, and sampling season. Increasing concentrations were not associated with ALL risk (adjusted ORQ4vsQ1 = 0.8, CI: 0.4-1.4). We observed similar null associations for boys and girls, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, and among those who resided in their home since birth (76 cases/117 controls) or age two (130 cases/176 controls). The ICC was 0.32 indicating high within-home temporal variability during the years of our study. CONCLUSIONS We observed higher concentrations in homes associated with expected predictors of exposure but no association with childhood ALL risk. Due to continuing use, potential exposure to young children is high. It will be important to evaluate risk in future studies with multiple dust measurements or biomarkers of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Jessica M Madrigal
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Melissa C Friesen
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Roni T Falk
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | - Catherine Metayer
- University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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15
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Ashley-Martin J, Huang R, MacPherson S, Brion O, Owen J, Gaudreau E, Bienvenu JF, Fisher M, Borghese MM, Bouchard MF, Lanphear B, Foster WG, Arbuckle TE. Urinary concentrations and determinants of glyphosate and glufosinate in pregnant Canadian participants in the MIREC study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114842. [PMID: 36410462 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate is the most widely applied herbicide in agriculture. Glufosinate is a broad spectrum herbicide used to manage glyphosate-resistant weeds. Despite the widespread use of these herbicides, biomonitoring data - which inform risk assessment and management - are sparse. OBJECTIVES To identify determinants of urinary concentrations of these herbicides and their metabolites in pregnancy. METHODS We measured urinary concentrations of glyphosate, glufosinate, and their primary metabolites aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid (3-MPPA) in a single spot urine specimen collected during the first trimester of pregnancy from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study. MIREC recruited about 2000 pregnant women from 10 Canadian cities between 2008 and 2011. We used UItra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with sensitive limits of detection to quantify analyte concentrations. We examined urinary concentrations according to maternal sociodemographics, sample collection characteristics, reported pesticide use, and consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and grain products. We used ANOVA models with specific gravity-standardized chemical concentrations as the dependent variable to determine associations with maternal and sample determinants. RESULTS Among women with biobanked urine samples (n = 1829-1854), 74% and 72% had detectable concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. In contrast, one and six percent of women had detectable concentrations of glufosinate and 3-MPPA, respectively. The specific gravity-standardized geometric mean (95% CI) concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA were 0.112 (0.099-0.127) μg/L and 0.159 (0.147-0.172) μg/L, respectively. We observed a dose-response relationship between consumption of whole grain bread and higher urinary glyphosate concentrations. Season of urine collection and self-reported pesticide use were not associated with increased concentrations of any analyte. CONCLUSIONS We detected glyphosate and AMPA in the majority of pregnant women from this predominantly urban Canadian cohort. Diet was a probable route of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Ashley-Martin
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Rong Huang
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Susan MacPherson
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Orly Brion
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - James Owen
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Eric Gaudreau
- INSPQ, Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Toxicologie, Quebec, QC, G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Jean-Francois Bienvenu
- INSPQ, Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Toxicologie, Quebec, QC, G1V 5B3, Canada.
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Michael M Borghese
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Maryse F Bouchard
- University of Montreal, Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Simon Fraser, Faculty of Health Sciences, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Warren G Foster
- McMaster University, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health, Research Science Bureau, Health Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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16
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Berni I, Menouni A, Creta M, El Ghazi I, Duca RC, Godderis L, El Jaafari S. Exposure of children to glyphosate in Morocco: Urinary levels and predictors of exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114868. [PMID: 36417941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most frequently used organophosphorus plant protection products worldwide, and has recently been classified as probably carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research and Cancer (IARC). We aimed to evaluate the urinary levels of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in Moroccan children, to identify the main predictors and to perform a risk assessment. Data was collected during a cross sectional study of 48 children from an intensive agricultural area. Measurements included a questionnaire on life-style, socio-demographic and herbicide exposures. Urinary glyphosate and AMPA were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Overall, glyphosate and AMPA were detected in 73% and 75% of urine samples, respectively. The mean concentrations were 0.97 μg L-1 (2.06 μg/gcreatinine) for glyphosate and 0.79 μg L-1 (1.52 μg/gcreatinine) for AMPA. Children younger than 5 years had a higher AMPA and glyphosate urine concentration (mean = 2.24 μg L-1; estimation coefficient (EC) = 1.39; 95% CI: 0.54-2.24) (mean = 4.05 μg L-1; EC = 2.92; 95% CI: 1.68-4.15), respectively, than children aged 6-12. Children living near the pesticide spraying fields (<50 m) had 14.91 μg L-1 and 2.35 μg L-1 more glyphosate and AMPA, respectively, than children living in urban counties (95% CI: 8.14-20.91 for glyphosate and 95% CI: 0.55-4.14 for AMPA). AMPA concentration varied significantly with the source of drinking water, AMPA was higher among children that used water from open water sources (mean = 1.49 μg L-1; EC = 2.98; 95% CI/0.67-5.78) compared to those using water from closed water sources. There were also non-significant associations found, such as total household net income, current parental job description, and dietary intake. With the regard to the health risk assessment, estimated daily intake (EDIs), hazard quotient (HQs), and a hazard index (HI) were calculated. The GMs of EDI were 4.38 and 2.26 μg/kg of body weight BW/day for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. The HQs were calculated considering 0.5 mg/kg BW/day as an acceptable daily intake (ADI), which EFSA has established as a health-based reference value for both analytes. The value obtained were lower than 1, and therefore, low health risk due to glyphosate and AMPA was expected for the target population under the study. This study provides further evidence on factors associated with glyphosate exposure, especially in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Berni
- Cluster of Competency "Health and Environment", Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco.
| | - Aziza Menouni
- Cluster of Competency "Health and Environment", Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco; Environment and Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Creta
- Environment and Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim El Ghazi
- Cluster of Competency "Health and Environment", Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Radu-Corneliu Duca
- Environment and Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, National Health Laboratory (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Lode Godderis
- Environment and Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Samir El Jaafari
- Cluster of Competency "Health and Environment", Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
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17
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Richterová D, Govarts E, Fábelová L, Rausová K, Rodriguez Martin L, Gilles L, Remy S, Colles A, Rambaud L, Riou M, Gabriel C, Sarigiannis D, Pedraza-Diaz S, Ramos JJ, Kosjek T, Snoj Tratnik J, Lignell S, Gyllenhammar I, Thomsen C, Haug LS, Kolossa-Gehring M, Vogel N, Franken C, Vanlarebeke N, Bruckers L, Stewart L, Sepai O, Schoeters G, Uhl M, Castaño A, Esteban López M, Göen T, Palkovičová Murínová Ľ. PFAS levels and determinants of variability in exposure in European teenagers - Results from the HBM4EU aligned studies (2014-2021). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 247:114057. [PMID: 36327670 PMCID: PMC9758614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made fluorinated chemicals, widely used in various types of consumer products, resulting in their omnipresence in human populations. The aim of this study was to describe current PFAS levels in European teenagers and to investigate the determinants of serum/plasma concentrations in this specific age group. METHODS PFAS concentrations were determined in serum or plasma samples from 1957 teenagers (12-18 years) from 9 European countries as part of the HBM4EU aligned studies (2014-2021). Questionnaire data were post-harmonized by each study and quality checked centrally. Only PFAS with an overall quantification frequency of at least 60% (PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA) were included in the analyses. Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were analysed together with food consumption frequencies to identify determinants of PFAS exposure. The variables study, sex and the highest educational level of household were included as fixed factors in the multivariable linear regression models for all PFAS and each dietary variable was added to the fixed model one by one and for each PFAS separately. RESULTS The European exposure values for PFAS were reported as geometric means with 95% confidence intervals (CI): PFOS [2.13 μg/L (1.63-2.78)], PFOA ([0.97 μg/L (0.75-1.26)]), PFNA [0.30 μg/L (0.19-0.45)] and PFHxS [0.41 μg/L (0.33-0.52)]. The estimated geometric mean exposure levels were significantly higher in the North and West versus the South and East of Europe. Boys had significantly higher concentrations of the four PFAS compared to girls and significantly higher PFASs concentrations were found in teenagers from households with a higher education level. Consumption of seafood and fish at least 2 times per week was significantly associated with 21% (95% CI: 12-31%) increase in PFOS concentrations and 20% (95% CI: 10-31%) increase in PFNA concentrations as compared to less frequent consumption of seafood and fish. The same trend was observed for PFOA and PFHxS but not statistically significant. Consumption of eggs at least 2 times per week was associated with 11% (95% CI: 2-22%) and 14% (95% CI: 2-27%) increase in PFOS and PFNA concentrations, respectively, as compared to less frequent consumption of eggs. Significantly higher PFOS concentrations were observed for participants consuming offal (14% (95% CI: 3-26%)), the same trend was observed for the other PFAS but not statistically significant. Local food consumption at least 2 times per week was associated with 40% (95% CI: 19-64%) increase in PFOS levels as compared to those consuming local food less frequently. CONCLUSION This work provides information about current levels of PFAS in European teenagers and potential dietary sources of exposure to PFAS in European teenagers. These results can be of use for targeted monitoring of PFAS in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Richterová
- Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - E Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - L Fábelová
- Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - K Rausová
- Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L Rodriguez Martin
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - L Gilles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - S Remy
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - A Colles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - L Rambaud
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - M Riou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - C Gabriel
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Greece
| | - D Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Greece; Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Advanced Study, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Pedraza-Diaz
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Ramos
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - T Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J Snoj Tratnik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Lignell
- Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - C Thomsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - L S Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - N Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), GerES V-sub, Germany
| | - C Franken
- Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - L Bruckers
- BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - L Stewart
- Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - O Sepai
- Public Health England, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - G Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - M Uhl
- Umweltbundesamt, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Esteban López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - T Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ľ Palkovičová Murínová
- Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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18
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van der Schyff V, Kalina J, Govarts E, Gilles L, Schoeters G, Castaño A, Esteban-López M, Kohoutek J, Kukučka P, Covaci A, Koppen G, Andrýsková L, Piler P, Klánová J, Jensen TK, Rambaud L, Riou M, Lamoree M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Vogel N, Weber T, Göen T, Gabriel C, Sarigiannis DA, Sakhi AK, Haug LS, Murinova LP, Fabelova L, Tratnik JS, Mazej D, Melymuk L. Exposure to flame retardants in European children - Results from the HBM4EU aligned studies. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 247:114070. [PMID: 36442457 PMCID: PMC9758617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) have adverse human and environmental health effects. This study reports legacy and emerging FRs in children from nine European countries from the HBM4EU aligned studies. Studies from Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, France, Greece, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Norway conducted between 2014 and 2021 provided data on FRs in blood and urine from 2136 children. All samples were collected and analyzed in alignment with the HBM4EU protocols. Ten halogenated FRs were quantified in blood, and four organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) metabolites quantified in urine. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were infrequently detected (<16% of samples). BDE-47 was quantified in blood from Greece, France, and Norway, with France (0.36 ng/g lipid) having the highest concentrations. BDE-153 and -209 were detected in <40% of samples. Dechlorane Plus (DP) was quantified in blood from four countries, with notably high median concentrations of 16 ng/g lipid in Slovenian children. OPFR metabolites had a higher detection frequency than other halogenated FRs. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was quantified in 99% of samples across 8 countries at levels ∼5 times higher than other OPFR metabolites (highest median in Slovenia of 2.43 ng/g lipid). FR concentrations were associated with lifestyle factors such as cleaning frequency, employment status of the father of the household, and renovation status of the house, among others. The concentrations of BDE-47 in children from this study were similar to or lower than FRs found in adult matrices in previous studies, suggesting lower recent exposure and effectiveness of PBDE restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiři Kalina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Liese Gilles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban-López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jiři Kohoutek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Lenka Andrýsková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Piler
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Loic Rambaud
- Santé Publique France, French Public Health Agency (ANSP), Saint-Maurice, 94415, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Santé Publique France, French Public Health Agency (ANSP), Saint-Maurice, 94415, France
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Chemistry for Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- IPASUM - Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestrasse 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Catherine Gabriel
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece,Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Advanced Study, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza Della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lucia Fabelova
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, 833 03, Slovakia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic,Corresponding author.
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19
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Andersen HR, Rambaud L, Riou M, Buekers J, Remy S, Berman T, Govarts E. Exposure Levels of Pyrethroids, Chlorpyrifos and Glyphosate in EU-An Overview of Human Biomonitoring Studies Published since 2000. TOXICS 2022; 10:789. [PMID: 36548622 PMCID: PMC9788618 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Currently used pesticides are rapidly metabolised and excreted, primarily in urine, and urinary concentrations of pesticides/metabolites are therefore useful biomarkers for the integrated exposure from all sources. Pyrethroid insecticides, the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, and the herbicide glyphosate, were among the prioritised substances in the HBM4EU project and comparable human biomonitoring (HBM)-data were obtained from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies. The aim of this review was to supplement these data by presenting additional HBM studies of the priority pesticides across the HBM4EU partner countries published since 2000. We identified relevant studies (44 for pyrethroids, 23 for chlorpyrifos, 24 for glyphosate) by literature search using PubMed and Web of Science. Most studies were from the Western and Southern part of the EU and data were lacking from more than half of the HBM4EU-partner countries. Many studies were regional with relatively small sample size and few studies address residential and occupational exposure. Variation in urine sampling, analytical methods, and reporting of the HBM-data hampered the comparability of the results across studies. Despite these shortcomings, a widespread exposure to these substances in the general EU population with marked geographical differences was indicated. The findings emphasise the need for harmonisation of methods and reporting in future studies as initiated during HBM4EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Raun Andersen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Santé Publique France, Environmental and Occupational Health Division, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Santé Publique France, Environmental and Occupational Health Division, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Jurgen Buekers
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Tamar Berman
- Israel Ministry of Health (MOH-IL), Jerusalem 9446724, Israel
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
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20
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Bai G, Jiang X, Qin J, Zou Y, Zhang W, Teng T, Shi B, Sun H. Perinatal exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides impairs progeny health and placental angiogenesis by disturbing mitochondrial function. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107579. [PMID: 36265358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely used pesticide worldwide and can provoke placental injury. However, whether and how GBHs damage angiogenesis in the placenta is not yet known. This work evaluated the safety of glyphosate on pregnant sows based on the limit level by governments and investigated the effects and mechanism of Low-GBHs (20 mg/kg) and High-GBHs (100 mg/kg) exposure on placental angiogenesis. Results showed that gestational exposure to GBHs decreased placental vessel density and cell multiplication by interfering with the expression of VEGFA, PLGF, VEGFr2 and Hand2 (indicators of angiogenesis), which may be in relation to oxidative stress-induced disorders of mitochondrial fission and fusion as well as the impaired function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Additionally, GBHs destroyed barrier function and nutrient transport in the placenta, and was accompanied by jejunum oxidative stress in newborn piglets. However, GBHs exposure had no significant differences on sow reproductive performance. As a natural antioxidant, betaine treatment protected placenta and newborn piglets against GBHs-induced damage. In conclusion, GBHs impaired placental angiogenesis and function and further damaged the health of postnatal progeny, these effects may be linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Betaine treatment following glyphosate exposure provided modest relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jianwei Qin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yingbin Zou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Teng Teng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Haoyang Sun
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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21
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Tkalec Ž, Codling G, Tratnik JS, Mazej D, Klánová J, Horvat M, Kosjek T. Suspect and non-targeted screening-based human biomonitoring identified 74 biomarkers of exposure in urine of Slovenian children. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120091. [PMID: 36064054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to organic contaminants is widespread. Many of these contaminants show adverse health effects on human population. Human biomonitoring (HBM) follows the levels and the distribution of biomarkers of exposure (BoE), but it is usually done in a targeted manner. Suspect and non-targeted screening (SS/NTS) tend to find BoE in an agnostic way, without preselection of compounds, and include finding evidence of exposure to predicted, unpredicted known and unknown chemicals. This study describes the application of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based SS/NTS workflow for revealing organic contaminants in urine of a cohort of 200 children from Slovenia, aged 6-9 years. The children originated from two regions, urban and rural, and the latter were sampled in two time periods, summer and winter. We tentatively identified 74 BoE at the confidence levels of 2 and 3. These BoE belong to several classes of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers and plastic related products, volatile organic compounds, nicotine, caffeine and pesticides. The risk of three pesticides, atrazine, amitraz and diazinon is of particular concern since their use was limited in the EU. Among BoE we tentatively identified compounds that have not yet been monitored in HBM schemes and demonstrate limited exposure data, such as bisphenol G, polyethylene glycols and their ethers. Furthermore, 7 compounds with unknown use and sources of exposure were tentatively identified, either indicating the entry of new chemicals into the market, or their metabolites and transformation products. Interestingly, several BoE showed location and time dependency. Globally, this study presents high-throughput approach to SS/NTS for HBM. The results shed a light on the exposure of Slovenian children and raise questions on potential adverse health effects of such mixtures on this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Tkalec
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Garry Codling
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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22
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Cigala RM, De Stefano C, Irto A, Lanzafame P, Papanikolaou G, Crea F. Environmental behaviour of a pesticide metabolite, the AMPA. Sequestration of Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Cu 2+, Zn 2+ and Al 3. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135535. [PMID: 35792217 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chelating and sequestering ability of a glyphosate metabolite, the aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) towards bi- and trivalent metal cations, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Al3+, were investigated in aqueous solutions of NaCl, in an ionic strength range of 0.1 ≤ I/mol dm-3 ≤ 1.0 and at constant temperature of T = 298.15 ± 0.15 K. The investigations on the acid-base properties and complexing ability were performed, by means of potentiometry, in conditions of different cM:cAMPA molar ratios and pH values. The formation of insoluble species was experimentally observed in the Mn+/AMPA2- systems, and the solid phases were characterized by means of X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and InfraRed Attenuated Total Reflection spectroscopy (IR-ATR). The dependence on ionic strength of the stability constants of the Mn+/AMPA2- complexes species, determined at different ionic strengths, was modelled by the Debye-Hückel type equation. The sequestering ability of AMPA toward the investigated metal cations was evaluated by pL0.5 parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Maria Cigala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Concetta De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Irto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Lanzafame
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Georgia Papanikolaou
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Crea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31-98166 Messina, Italy
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23
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Buekers J, Remy S, Bessems J, Govarts E, Rambaud L, Riou M, Halldorsson TI, Ólafsdóttir K, Probst-Hensch N, Ammann P, Weber T, Kolossa-Gehring M, Esteban-López M, Castaño A, Andersen HR, Schoeters G. Glyphosate and AMPA in Human Urine of HBM4EU-Aligned Studies: Part B Adults. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100552. [PMID: 36287833 PMCID: PMC9612135 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Within HBM4EU, human biomonitoring (HBM) studies measuring glyphosate (Gly) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in urine samples from the general adult population were aligned and quality-controlled/assured. Data from four studies (ESB Germany (2015-2020); Swiss HBM4EU study (2020); DIET-HBM Iceland (2019-2020); ESTEBAN France (2014-2016)) were included representing Northern and Western Europe. Overall, median values were below the reported quantification limits (LOQs) (0.05-0.1 µg/L). The 95th percentiles (P95) ranged between 0.24 and 0.37 µg/L urine for Gly and between 0.21 and 0.38 µg/L for AMPA. Lower values were observed in adults compared to children. Indications exist for autonomous sources of AMPA in the environment. As for children, reversed dosimetry calculations based on HBM data in adults did not lead to exceedances of the ADI (proposed acceptable daily intake of EFSA for Gly 0.1 mg/kg bw/day based on histopathological findings in the salivary gland of rats) indicating no human health risks in the studied populations at the moment. However, the controversy on carcinogenicity, potential endocrine effects and the absence of a group ADI for Gly and AMPA induce uncertainty to the risk assessment. Exposure determinant analysis showed few significant associations. More data on specific subgroups, such as those occupationally exposed or living close to agricultural fields or with certain consumption patterns (vegetarian, vegan, organic food, high cereal consumer), are needed to evaluate major exposure sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Buekers
- Unit Health, VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Unit Health, VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jos Bessems
- Unit Health, VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- Unit Health, VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, 94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, 94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | | | | | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Department of Public Health, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Priska Ammann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Department of Public Health, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Marta Esteban-López
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helle Raun Andersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Unit Health, VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Makris KC, Efthymiou N, Konstantinou C, Anastasi E, Schoeters G, Kolossa-Gehring M, Katsonouri A. Oxidative stress of glyphosate, AMPA and metabolites of pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos pesticides among primary school children in Cyprus. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113316. [PMID: 35439459 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to various pesticides, such as pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos, has been previously associated with adverse effects on children's health. Scientific evidence on the human toxicity of glyphosate (GLY) and its primary metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is limited, particularly for children. This study aimed to i) assess the exposure determinants of the studied pesticides measured in children in Cyprus, and ii) determine the association between the urinary pesticides and the biomarkers of DNA and lipid oxidative damage. METHODS A children's health study was set up in Cyprus (ORGANIKO study) by aligning it with the methodology and tools used in the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU). Urinary GLY and AMPA, pyrethroid metabolites and the chlorpyrifos metabolite TCPy were measured in 177 children aged 10-11 years old, using mass spectrometry. Oxidative stress was assessed with 8-iso-prostaglandin F2a (8-iso-PGF2α) as a marker of lipid damage and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a DNA oxidative damage marker, both measured with immunoassays. Questionnaires about demographic characteristics, pesticide usage, and dietary habits were filled out by the parents. Μultivariable regression models examined associations between pesticides and biomarkers of effect using two creatinine adjustments (cr1: adding it as covariate and cr2: biomarkers of exposure and effect were creatinine-adjusted). RESULTS Parental educational level was a significant predictor of urinary pyrethroids but not for GLY/AMPA. Median [interquartile range, IQR] values for GLY and AMPA were 0.05). Similar significant associations with 8-OHdG were shown for a pyrethroid metabolite (3-PBA) and the chlorpyrifos metabolite (TCPy). No associations were observed between the aforementioned pesticides and 8-iso-PGF2α (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first children's health dataset demonstrating the association between AMPA and DNA oxidative damage, globally. More data is needed to replicate the observed trends in other children's populations around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Nikolaos Efthymiou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Corina Konstantinou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Elena Anastasi
- Cyprus State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Greet Schoeters
- The Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) and the University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Higher proportion of agricultural land use around the residence is associated with higher urinary concentrations of AMPA, a glyphosate metabolite. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 246:114039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Buekers J, Remy S, Bessems J, Govarts E, Rambaud L, Riou M, Tratnik JS, Stajnko A, Katsonouri A, Makris KC, De Decker A, Morrens B, Vogel N, Kolossa-Gehring M, Esteban-López M, Castaño A, Andersen HR, Schoeters G. Glyphosate and AMPA in Human Urine of HBM4EU Aligned Studies: Part A Children. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080470. [PMID: 36006149 PMCID: PMC9415901 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Few data are available on the exposure of children to glyphosate (Gly) in Europe. Within HBM4EU, new HBM exposure data were collected from aligned studies at five sampling sites distributed over Europe (studies: SLO CRP (SI); ORGANIKO (CY); GerES V-sub (DE); 3XG (BE); ESTEBAN (FR)). Median Gly concentrations in urine were below or around the detection limit (0.1 µg/L). The 95th percentiles ranged between 0.18 and 1.03 µg Gly/L. The ratio of AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid; main metabolite of Gly) to Gly at molar basis was on average 2.2 and the ratio decreased with higher Gly concentrations, suggesting that other sources of AMPA, independent of metabolism of Gly to AMPA in the monitored participants, may concurrently operate. Using reverse dosimetry and HBM exposure data from five European countries (east, west and south Europe) combined with the proposed ADI (acceptable daily intake) of EFSA for Gly of 0.1 mg/kg bw/day (based on histopathological findings in the salivary gland of rats) indicated no human health risks for Gly in the studied populations at the moment. However, the absence of a group ADI for Gly+AMPA and ongoing discussions on e.g., endocrine disrupting effects cast some uncertainty in relation to the current single substance ADI for Gly. The carcinogenic effects of Gly are still debated in the scientific community. These outcomes would influence the risk conclusions presented here. Finally, regression analyses did not find clear associations between urinary exposure biomarkers and analyzed potential exposure determinants. More information from questionnaires targeting exposure-related behavior just before the sampling is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Buekers
- Unit Health, VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Unit Health, VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jos Bessems
- Unit Health, VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eva Govarts
- Unit Health, VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Loïc Rambaud
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, 94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, 94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Stajnko
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Konstantinos C. Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | | | - Bert Morrens
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Marta Esteban-López
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Argelia Castaño
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, National Centre for Environmental Health, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helle Raun Andersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Unit Health, VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Harmonization of Human Biomonitoring Studies in Europe: Characteristics of the HBM4EU-Aligned Studies Participants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116787. [PMID: 35682369 PMCID: PMC9180444 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring has become a pivotal tool for supporting chemicals’ policies. It provides information on real-life human exposures and is increasingly used to prioritize chemicals of health concern and to evaluate the success of chemical policies. Europe has launched the ambitious REACH program in 2007 to improve the protection of human health and the environment. In October 2020 the EU commission published its new chemicals strategy for sustainability towards a toxic-free environment. The European Parliament called upon the commission to collect human biomonitoring data to support chemical’s risk assessment and risk management. This manuscript describes the organization of the first HBM4EU-aligned studies that obtain comparable human biomonitoring (HBM) data of European citizens to monitor their internal exposure to environmental chemicals. The HBM4EU-aligned studies build on existing HBM capacity in Europe by aligning national or regional HBM studies. The HBM4EU-aligned studies focus on three age groups: children, teenagers, and adults. The participants are recruited between 2014 and 2021 in 11 to 12 primary sampling units that are geographically distributed across Europe. Urine samples are collected in all age groups, and blood samples are collected in children and teenagers. Auxiliary information on socio-demographics, lifestyle, health status, environment, and diet is collected using questionnaires. In total, biological samples from 3137 children aged 6–12 years are collected for the analysis of biomarkers for phthalates, HEXAMOLL® DINCH, and flame retardants. Samples from 2950 teenagers aged 12–18 years are collected for the analysis of biomarkers for phthalates, Hexamoll® DINCH, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), and samples from 3522 adults aged 20–39 years are collected for the analysis of cadmium, bisphenols, and metabolites of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The children’s group consists of 50.4% boys and 49.5% girls, of which 44.1% live in cities, 29.0% live in towns/suburbs, and 26.8% live in rural areas. The teenagers’ group includes 50.6% girls and 49.4% boys, with 37.7% of residents in cities, 31.2% in towns/suburbs, and 30.2% in rural areas. The adult group consists of 52.6% women and 47.4% men, 71.9% live in cities, 14.2% in towns/suburbs, and only 13.4% live in rural areas. The study population approaches the characteristics of the general European population based on age-matched EUROSTAT EU-28, 2017 data; however, individuals who obtained no to lower educational level (ISCED 0–2) are underrepresented. The data on internal human exposure to priority chemicals from this unique cohort will provide a baseline for Europe’s strategy towards a non-toxic environment and challenges and recommendations to improve the sampling frame for future EU-wide HBM surveys are discussed.
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Nomura H, Hamada R, Wada K, Saito I, Nishihara N, Kitahara Y, Watanabe S, Nakane K, Nagata C, Kondo T, Kamijima M, Ueyama J. Temporal trend and cross-sectional characterization of urinary concentrations of glyphosate in Japanese children from 2006 to 2015. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 242:113963. [PMID: 35364446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past two decades, domestic shipments of glyphosate (Gly), in the form of an ionic salt, have been increasing steadily in Japan. This increase has raising concerns about the effects of chemical exposure on children. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified Gly as a "probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A)" in 2015. The purpose of the current study was to analyze Gly in urine samples of Japanese children to determine temporal changes, seasonal changes, and gender differences. METHOD First-morning urine samples were obtained from 50 Japanese children (4-6-year-old) in October of 2006, 2011, and 2015 (total = 150) to investigate the temporal trends in urinary Gly concentrations. Additionally, first-morning urine samples were collected from 3-year-old children in August-September of 2012 (summer; n = 42) and in February of 2013 (winter; n = 42) to investigate the seasonal and gender differences, and the correlations between urinary Gly concentrations and insecticide exposure biomarkers. Urine samples were analyzed to measure for Gly using a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Detectable Gly concentrations were found in 41% of the 234 children. The 75th percentile and maximum concentrations of urinary Gly were 0.20 and 1.33 μg/L, respectively. The urinary Gly concentration in 2015 was significantly higher than in 2006, suggesting that the Gly exposure levels have been increasing. No seasonal or gender-specific differences in urinary Gly concentrations were observed, and no correlation with insecticide exposure biomarkers was found. CONCLUSION This study revealed that Gly exposure trends show an increase between 2006 and 2015, and that season and gender were not the exposure-determining factors. Overall, urinary concentrations of Gly were comparable with studies from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nomura
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Risa Hamada
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Keiko Wada
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Nanami Nishihara
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yugo Kitahara
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nakane
- Okazaki City Public Health Center, 2-1-1 Wakamiya-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8545, Japan
| | - Chisato Nagata
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kondo
- Division of Interactive Medical and Healthcare Systems, Field of Healthcare Informatics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun Ueyama
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Field of Omics Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, 461-8673, Japan.
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29
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Schoeters G, Verheyen VJ, Colles A, Remy S, Martin LR, Govarts E, Nelen V, Den Hond E, De Decker A, Franken C, Loots I, Coertjens D, Morrens B, Bastiaensen M, Gys C, Malarvannan G, Covaci A, Nawrot T, De Henauw S, Bellemans M, Leermakers M, Van Larebeke N, Baeyens W, Jacobs G, Voorspoels S, Nielsen F, Bruckers L. Internal exposure of Flemish teenagers to environmental pollutants: Results of the Flemish Environment and Health Study 2016-2020 (FLEHS IV). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 242:113972. [PMID: 35453051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS) collects information on internal exposure to a broad range of environmental chemicals in the general population in Flanders, the Northern region of Belgium. The aim is to establish biomonitoring exposure distributions for the general population in support of public health and environmental policy, environmental risk assessment and risk management decisions. In 2017-2018, urine and blood samples were collected from 428 teenagers by a stratified clustered two stage randomized design. Samples were analyzed for a broad range of biomarkers related to exposure to chlorinated and newer pesticides, brominated and organophosphate flame retardants (BFR/OPFR), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), bisphenols, phthalates and alternative plasticizers, per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene, metals and trace elements. The geometric mean levels and percentiles of the distribution were estimated for each biomarker, for the whole study population and following stratification for sex, the household educational attainment and the residence area's urbanicity. Geometric means of biomarkers of lead, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), PCBs, PAHs, regulated phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) were lower than in the previous FLEHS cycles. Most biomarker levels were below health-based guidance values (HB-GVs). However, HB-GVs of urinary arsenic, blood lead, blood cadmium, sum of serum perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoro-1-hexanesulfonate (PFHxS) and the urinary pyrethroid metabolite (3-PBA) were exceeded in respectively 25%, 12%, 39.5%, 10% and 22% of the teenagers. These results suggest that the levels of exposure in the Flemish population to some environmental chemicals might be of concern. At the same time, we noticed that biomarkers for BPA substitutes, metabolites of OPFRs, an expanded list of PFAS, glyphosate and its metabolite could be measured in substantial proportions of participants. Interpretation of these levels in a health-risk context remains uncertain as HB-GVs are lacking. Household educational attainment and residential urbanicity were significant exposure determinants for many biomarkers and could influence specific biomarker levels up to 70% as shown by multiple regression analysis. The research consortium also took care of the broader external communication of results with participants, policy makers, professional groups and civil society organizations. Our study demonstrated that teenagers are exposed to a wide range of chemicals, it demonstrates the success of public policies to reduce exposure but also points to concern and further priorities and needs for follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - V J Verheyen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - A Colles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - S Remy
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - L Rodriguez Martin
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - E Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - V Nelen
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - E Den Hond
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A De Decker
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Franken
- Provincial Institute of Hygiene, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - I Loots
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D Coertjens
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - B Morrens
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - C Gys
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - G Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - A Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - T Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - S De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Bellemans
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Leermakers
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Van Larebeke
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Baeyens
- Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Jacobs
- VITO GOAL, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - S Voorspoels
- VITO GOAL, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - F Nielsen
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - L Bruckers
- BioStat, Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
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Dereumeaux C, Mercier F, Soulard P, Hulin M, Oleko A, Pecheux M, Fillol C, Denys S, Quenel P. Identification of pesticides exposure biomarkers for residents living close to vineyards in France. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107013. [PMID: 34890902 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring can be relevant for assessing pesticides exposure of residents living close to vineyards (LCTV). However, because xenobiotics are generally present at low levels in human biological matrices and the sources of pesticide exposure are multiple, several challenges need to be overcome to reliably assess exposure in residents LCTV. This includes particularly identifying the most appropriate exposure biomarkers, the biological matrices in which they should be measured, and analytical methods that are sufficiently sensitive and specific to quantify them. The aim of the present study was to develop a tiered approach to identify relevant biomarkers and matrices for assessing pesticide exposure in residents LCTV. We used samples from a biobank for 121 adults and children included in a national prevalence study conducted between 2014 and 2016 who lived near or far from vineyards. We analyzed five priority pesticides (folpet, mancozeb, tebuconazole, glyphosate, and copper) and their metabolites in urine and hair samples. We identified relevant biomarkers according to three criteria related to: i) the detection frequency of those pesticides and metabolites in urine and hair, ii) the difference in concentrations depending on residence proximity to vineyards and, iii) the influence of other environmental and occupational exposure sources on pesticide levels. This tiered approach helped us to identify three relevant metabolites (two metabolites of folpet and one of tebuconazole) that were quantified in urine, tended to be higher in residents LCTV than in controls, and were not significantly influenced by occupational, dietary, or household sources of pesticide exposure. Our approach also helped us to identify the most appropriate measurement strategies (biological matrices, analytical methods) to assess pesticide exposure in residents LCTV. The approach developed here was a prerequisite step for guiding a large-scale epidemiological study aimed at comprehensively measuring pesticides exposures in French residents LCTV with a view to developing appropriate prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Dereumeaux
- Direction of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France.
| | - Fabien Mercier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pauline Soulard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marion Hulin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Amivi Oleko
- Direction of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Marie Pecheux
- Direction of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Clémence Fillol
- Direction of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Denys
- Direction of Environmental and Occupational Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Quenel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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31
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Lesseur C, Pathak KV, Pirrotte P, Martinez MN, Ferguson KK, Barrett ES, Nguyen RHN, Sathyanarayana S, Mandrioli D, Swan SH, Chen J. Urinary glyphosate concentration in pregnant women in relation to length of gestation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111811. [PMID: 34339697 PMCID: PMC8616796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) is increasing rapidly worldwide. Most existing studies on health effects of glyphosate have focused on occupational settings and cancer outcomes and few have examined this common exposure in relation to the health of pregnant women and newborns in the general population. We investigated associations between prenatal glyphosate exposure and length of gestation in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES), a multi-center US pregnancy cohort. Glyphosate and its primary degradation product [aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)] were measured in urine samples collected during the second trimester from 163 pregnant women: 69 preterm births (<37 weeks) and 94 term births, the latter randomly selected as a subset of TIDES term births. We examined the relationship between exposure and length of gestation using multivariable logistic regression models (dichotomous outcome; term versus preterm) and with weighted time-to-event Cox proportional hazards models (gestational age in days). We conducted these analyses in the overall sample and secondarily, restricted to women with spontaneous deliveries (n = 90). Glyphosate and AMPA were detected in most urine samples (>94 %). A shortened gestational length was associated with maternal glyphosate (hazard ratio (HR): 1.31, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.00-1.71) and AMPA (HR: 1.32, 95%CI: 1.00-1.73) only among spontaneous deliveries using adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. In binary analysis, glyphosate and AMPA were not associated with preterm birth risk (<37 weeks). Our results indicate widespread exposure to glyphosate in the general population which may impact reproductive health by shortening length of gestation. Given the increasing exposure to GBHs and the public health burden of preterm delivery, larger confirmatory studies are needed, especially in vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Lesseur
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Heath, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khyatiben V Pathak
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa N Martinez
- Collaborative Center for Translational Mass Spectrometry, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ruby H N Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), Ramazzini Institute (RI), Via Saliceto, 3, 40010, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Heath, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Heath, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Pérez-Mayán L, Castro G, Ramil M, Cela R, Rodríguez I. Approaches to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assessment of glyphosate residues in wine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1445-1455. [PMID: 34820706 PMCID: PMC8724176 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The performance of two different analytical methodologies to investigate the presence of glyphosate (GLY) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in wine samples was evaluated. Transformation of compounds in their fluorene-9-methyloxycarbonyl derivatives permitted their separation under reversed-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination. Although the wine matrix severely impaired the efficiency of GLY derivatization, this drawback was solved using a molecularly imprinted sorbent for the previous, selective extraction of GLY and AMPA from wine. Alternatively, the use of a strong anionic exchange, polyvinyl alcohol-based LC column, turned to be the most effective alternative for direct determination of both compounds in diluted wine samples. The chromatographic behavior of this column and the magnitude of matrix effects observed during analysis of diluted wine samples were significantly affected by the composition of the mobile phase. Under final working conditions, this column permitted the separation of AMPA and the fungicide fosetyl (which shows common transitions in tandem MS/MS methods), it improved significantly the sample throughput versus extraction-derivatization-purification method, and it allowed the use of solvent-based calibration standards. Both analytical procedures provided similar limits of quantification (LOQs) for GLY (0.5-1.0 ng mL-1), while the multistep method was 8 times more sensitive to AMPA than the direct procedure. GLY residues stayed above method LOQs in 70% of the processed wines; however, concentrations measured in 95% of positive samples remained 100 times below the maximum residue limit (MRL) set for GLY in vinification grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pérez-Mayán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - G Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - M Ramil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences. Research Institute On Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
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Lemke N, Murawski A, Schmied-Tobies MIH, Rucic E, Hoppe HW, Conrad A, Kolossa-Gehring M. Glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in urine of children and adolescents in Germany - Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey 2014-2017 (GerES V). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106769. [PMID: 34274860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, glyphosate has become the most used herbicide of the world. The general population is ubiquitously exposed to glyphosate. Its long-term toxicity, carcinogenic potential and other health effects are controversially discussed. Even though the possible health impacts of glyphosate are of global concern, no population-wide monitoring of glyphosate was done yet. This study presents the worldwide first population-representative data on glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) for children and adolescents. 2144 first-morning void urine samples of 3-17-year-old children and adolescents living in Germany were analysed for concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA in the German Environmental Survey for Children and Adolescents 2014-2017 (GerESV). In 52 % of the samples (46 % for AMPA) the urinary glyphosate concentrations were above the limit of quantification of 0.1 µg/L. The geometric mean concentrations were 0.107 µg/L (0.090 µg/gcreatinine) for glyphosate and 0.100 µg/L (0.085 µg/gcreatinine) for AMPA. No clear association between exposure to glyphosate or AMPA and vegetarian diet or consumption of cereals, pulses, or vegetables could be identified. The low quantification rate and the 95th percentiles for glyphosate and AMPA of around 0.5 µg/L demonstrate an overall low exposure of the young population in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lemke
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Aline Murawski
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Rucic
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - André Conrad
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Berlin/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
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Human Biomonitoring of Environmental and Occupational Exposures by GC-MS and Gas Sensor Systems: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910236. [PMID: 34639537 PMCID: PMC8508139 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals and contaminants coming from multiple external sources enter the human body, determining a potential risk for human health. Human biomonitoring (HBM), measuring the concentrations of biomarkers in human specimens, has become an emerging approach for assessing population-wide exposure to hazardous chemicals and health risk through large-scale studies in many countries. However, systematic mapping of HBM studies, including their characteristics, targeted hazardous pollutants, analytical techniques, and sample population (general population and occupationally exposed workers), has not been done so far. We conducted a systematic review of the literature related to airborne hazardous pollutants in biofluids to answer the following questions: Which main chemicals have been included in the literature, which bodily fluids have been used, and what are the main findings? Following PRISMA protocol, we summarized the publications published up to 4 February 2021 of studies based on two methods: gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and electronic noses (e-noses). We screened 2606 records and 117 publications were included in the analysis, the most based on GC/MS analysis. The selected HBM studies include measurements of biomarkers in different bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, breast milk, and human semen as well as exhaled air. The papers cover numerous airborne hazardous pollutants that we grouped in chemical classes; a lot of hazardous and noxious compounds, mainly persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have been detected in biological fluids at alarming levels. The scenario that emerged from this survey demonstrates the importance of HBM in human exposure to hazardous pollutants and the need to use it as valid tool in health surveillance. This systematic review represents a starting point for researchers who focus on the world of pollutant biomonitoring in the human body and gives them important insights into how to improve the methods based on GC/MS. Moreover, it makes a first overview of the use of gas sensor array and e-noses in HBM studies.
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Milesi MM, Lorenz V, Durando M, Rossetti MF, Varayoud J. Glyphosate Herbicide: Reproductive Outcomes and Multigenerational Effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:672532. [PMID: 34305812 PMCID: PMC8293380 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.672532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate base herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely applied pesticides in the world and are mainly used in association with GBH-tolerant crop varieties. Indiscriminate and negligent use of GBHs has promoted the emergence of glyphosate resistant weeds, and consequently the rise in the use of these herbicides. Glyphosate, the active ingredient of all GBHs, is combined with other chemicals known as co-formulants that enhance the herbicide action. Nowadays, the safety of glyphosate and its formulations remain to be a controversial issue, as evidence is not conclusive whether the adverse effects are caused by GBH or glyphosate, and little is known about the contribution of co-formulants to the toxicity of herbicides. Currently, alarmingly increased levels of glyphosate have been detected in different environmental matrixes and in foodstuff, becoming an issue of social concern. Some in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that glyphosate and its formulations exhibit estrogen-like properties, and growing evidence has indicated they may disrupt normal endocrine function, with adverse consequences for reproductive health. Moreover, multigenerational effects have been reported and epigenetic mechanisms have been proved to be involved in the alterations induced by the herbicide. In this review, we provide an overview of: i) the routes and levels of human exposure to GBHs, ii) the potential estrogenic effects of glyphosate and GBHs in cell culture and animal models, iii) their long-term effects on female fertility and mechanisms of action, and iv) the consequences on health of successive generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Milesi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Virginia Lorenz
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Milena Durando
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Rossetti
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
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Ferreira C, Duarte SC, Costa E, Pereira AMPT, Silva LJG, Almeida A, Lino C, Pena A. Urine biomonitoring of glyphosate in children: Exposure and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111294. [PMID: 33971124 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of glyphosate has been increasing over the years, making it one of the most consumed herbicides in the world. Although children are considered a vulnerable population, only four previous published studies determined glyphosate in the urine of non-occupationally exposed children. The paucity of epidemiological data and biomonitoring surveys are considered major gaps, that hinder the implementation of science driven policies in the protection of public health. The aim of the present study was to determine glyphosate in the urine of 41 Portuguese children (2-13 years old) and identify potential determinants of exposure. Glyphosate was detected in 95.1% of the samples (1.77 ± 0.86 μg/L), up to a maximum value of 4.35 μg/L. Glyphosate concentrations were higher in the urine of children aged 7-9 years, living near agricultural areas (<1 km), with a higher percentage of consumption of home-produced foods, and whose parents applied herbicides in the backyard. Risk assessment revealed an exposure representing 1-5.58% of the established Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of glyphosate (0.5 mg/kg bw/day). The results should be further analyzed considering the age of the participants, for which no adjusted ADI exists. This was the first published report of glyphosate exposure in the urine of Portuguese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Ferreira
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sofia C Duarte
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama (CIVG)/ Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário de Lordemão, 3020-210, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Costa
- Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama (CIVG)/ Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário de Lordemão, 3020-210, Coimbra, Portugal; Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care Laboratory, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Experimental Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; IMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - André M P T Pereira
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Liliana J G Silva
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Anabela Almeida
- Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama (CIVG)/ Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário de Lordemão, 3020-210, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Celeste Lino
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Angelina Pena
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Vera-Herrera L, Sadutto D, Picó Y. Non-Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Experimental Approaches and Analytical Techniques (from 2019). Molecules 2021; 26:3688. [PMID: 34208757 PMCID: PMC8235395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide residues are a threat to the health of the global population, not only to farmers, applicators, and other pesticide professionals. Humans are exposed through various routes such as food, skin, and inhalation. This study summarizes the different methods to assess and/or estimate human exposure to pesticide residues of the global population. METHODS A systematic search was carried out on Scopus and web of science databases of studies on human exposure to pesticide residues since 2019. RESULTS The methods to estimate human health risk can be categorized as direct (determining the exposure through specific biomarkers in human matrices) or indirect (determining the levels in the environment and food and estimating the occurrence). The role that analytical techniques play was analyzed. In both cases, the application of generic solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up, followed by liquid or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, is decisive. Advances within the analytical techniques have played an unquestionable role. CONCLUSIONS All these studies have contributed to an important advance in the knowledge of analytical techniques for the detection of pesticide levels and the subsequent assessment of nonoccupational human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Moncada-Naquera Road km 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (L.V.-H.); (D.S.)
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