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Cox A, Brown KC, Valentovic MA. The E-liquid flavoring vanillin alters energy and autophagic pathways in human proximal tubule (HK-2) epithelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 394:111003. [PMID: 38608998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The use of flavored e-liquids in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has become very popular in recent years, but effects of these products have not been well characterized outside the lung. In this study, acute exposure to the popular flavoring vanillin (VAN) was performed on human proximal tubule (HK-2) kidney cells. Cells were exposed to 0-1000 μM VAN for 24 or 48 h and cellular stress responses were determined. Mitochondrial viability using MTT assay showed a significant decrease between the control and 1000 μM group by 48 h. Seahorse XFp analysis showed significantly increased basal respiration, ATP production, and proton leak after 24 h exposure. By 48 h exposure, these parameters remained significantly increased in addition to non-mitochondrial respiration and maximal respiration. Glycolytic activity after 24 h exposure showed significant decreases in glycolysis, glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, and non-glycolytic acidification. The autophagy markers microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3B-I and LC3B-II) were probed via western blotting. The ratio of LC3B-II/LC3B-I was significantly increased after 24 h exposure to VAN, but by 48 h this ratio significantly decreased. The mitophagy marker PINK1 showed an increasing trend at 24 h, and its downstream target Parkin was significantly increased between the control and 750 μM group only. Finally, the oxidative stress marker 4-HNE was significantly decreased after 48 h exposure to VAN. These results indicate that acute exposure to VAN in the kidney HK-2 model can induce energy and autophagic changes within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Cox
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
| | - Kathleen C Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
| | - Monica A Valentovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA.
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2
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He X, Smith MR, Jarrell ZR, Thi Ly V, Liang Y, Lee CM, Orr M, Go YM, Jones DP. Metabolic alterations and mitochondrial dysfunction in human airway BEAS-2B cells exposed to vanadium pentoxide. Toxicology 2024; 504:153772. [PMID: 38479551 PMCID: PMC11060939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Vanadium pentoxide (V+5) is a hazardous material that has drawn considerable attention due to its wide use in industrial sectors and increased release into environment from human activities. It poses potential adverse effects on animals and human health, with pronounced impact on lung physiology and functions. In this study, we investigated the metabolic response of human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells to low-level V+5 exposure (0.01, 0.1, and 1 ppm) using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Exposure to V+5 caused extensive changes to cellular metabolism in BEAS-2B cells, including TCA cycle, glycolysis, fatty acids, amino acids, amino sugars, nucleotide sugar, sialic acid, vitamin D3, and drug metabolism, without causing cell death. Altered mitochondrial structure and function were observed with as low as 0.01 ppm (0.2 μM) V+5 exposure. In addition, decreased level of E-cadherin, the prototypical epithelial marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), was observed following V+5 treatment, supporting potential toxicity of V+5 at low levels. Taken together, the present study shows that V+5 has adverse effects on mitochondria and the metabolome which may result in EMT activation in the absence of cell death. Furthermore, results suggest that high-resolution metabolomics could serve as a powerful tool to investigate metal toxicity at levels which do not cause cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Decatur, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zachery R Jarrell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - ViLinh Thi Ly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Choon-Myung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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3
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Lenski M, Zarcone G, Maallem S, Garçon G, Lo-Guidice JM, Allorge D, Anthérieu S. Metabolomics Provides Novel Insights into the Potential Toxicity Associated with Heated Tobacco Products, Electronic Cigarettes, and Tobacco Cigarettes on Human Bronchial Epithelial BEAS-2B Cells. TOXICS 2024; 12:128. [PMID: 38393223 PMCID: PMC10893046 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Smoking is an established risk factor for various pathologies including lung cancer. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) have appeared on the market in recent years, but their safety or, conversely, their toxicity has not yet been demonstrated. This study aimed to compare the metabolome of human lung epithelial cells exposed to emissions of e-cigs, HTPs, or 3R4F cigarettes in order to highlight potential early markers of toxicity. BEAS-2B cells were cultured at the air-liquid interface and exposed to short-term emissions from e-cigs set up at low or medium power, HTPs, or 3R4F cigarettes. Untargeted metabolomic analyses were performed using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Compared to unexposed cells, both 3R4F cigarette and HTP emissions affected the profiles of exogenous compounds, one of which is carcinogenic, as well as those of endogenous metabolites from various pathways including oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism. However, these effects were observed at lower doses for cigarettes (2 and 4 puffs) than for HTPs (60 and 120 puffs). No difference was observed after e-cig exposure, regardless of the power conditions. These results suggest a lower acute toxicity of e-cig emissions compared to cigarettes and HTPs in BEAS-2B cells. The pathways deregulated by HTP emissions are also described to be altered in respiratory diseases, emphasizing that the toxicity of HTPs should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lenski
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (J.-M.L.-G.); (D.A.)
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59037 Lille, France
| | - Gianni Zarcone
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (J.-M.L.-G.); (D.A.)
| | - Saïd Maallem
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (J.-M.L.-G.); (D.A.)
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (J.-M.L.-G.); (D.A.)
| | - Jean-Marc Lo-Guidice
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (J.-M.L.-G.); (D.A.)
| | - Delphine Allorge
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (J.-M.L.-G.); (D.A.)
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, F-59037 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Anthérieu
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.L.); (G.Z.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (J.-M.L.-G.); (D.A.)
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4
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Hofmann JJ, Poulos VC, Zhou J, Sharma M, Parraga G, McIntosh MJ. Review of quantitative and functional lung imaging evidence of vaping-related lung injury. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1285361. [PMID: 38327710 PMCID: PMC10847544 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1285361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pulmonary effects of e-cigarette use (or vaping) became a healthcare concern in 2019, following the rapid increase of e-cigarette-related or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) in young people, which resulted in the critical care admission of thousands of teenagers and young adults. Pulmonary functional imaging is well-positioned to provide information about the acute and chronic effects of vaping. We generated a systematic review to retrieve relevant imaging studies that describe the acute and chronic imaging findings that underly vaping-related lung structure-function abnormalities. Methods A systematic review was undertaken on June 13th, 2023 using PubMed to search for published manuscripts using the following criteria: [("Vaping" OR "e-cigarette" OR "EVALI") AND ("MRI" OR "CT" OR "Imaging")]. We included only studies involving human participants, vaping/e-cigarette use, and MRI, CT and/or PET. Results The search identified 445 manuscripts, of which 110 (668 unique participants) specifically mentioned MRI, PET or CT imaging in cases or retrospective case series of patients who vaped. This included 105 manuscripts specific to CT (626 participants), three manuscripts which mainly used MRI (23 participants), and two manuscripts which described PET findings (20 participants). Most studies were conducted in North America (n = 90), with the remaining studies conducted in Europe (n = 15), Asia (n = 4) and South America (n = 1). The vast majority of publications described case studies (n = 93) and a few described larger retrospective or prospective studies (n = 17). In e-cigarette users and patients with EVALI, key CT findings included ground-glass opacities, consolidations and subpleural sparing, MRI revealed abnormal ventilation, perfusion and ventilation/perfusion matching, while PET showed evidence of pulmonary inflammation. Discussion and conclusion Pulmonary structural and functional imaging abnormalities were common in patients with EVALI and in e-cigarette users with or without respiratory symptoms, which suggests that functional MRI may be helpful in the investigation of the pulmonary health effects associated with e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiahai Zhou
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Maksym Sharma
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, London, ON, Canada
| | - Grace Parraga
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Marrissa J. McIntosh
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, London, ON, Canada
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5
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He X, Jarrell ZR, Smith MR, Ly VT, Hu X, Sueblinvong V, Liang Y, Orr M, Go YM, Jones DP. Low-dose vanadium pentoxide perturbed lung metabolism associated with inflammation and fibrosis signaling in male animal and in vitro models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L215-L232. [PMID: 37310758 PMCID: PMC10396228 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00303.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is available as a dietary supplement and also is known to be toxic if inhaled, yet little information is available concerning the effects of vanadium on mammalian metabolism when concentrations found in food and water. Vanadium pentoxide (V+5) is representative of the most common dietary and environmental exposures, and prior research shows that low-dose V+5 exposure causes oxidative stress measured by glutathione oxidation and protein S-glutathionylation. We examined the metabolic impact of V+5 at relevant dietary and environmental doses (0.01, 0.1, and 1 ppm for 24 h) in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) and male C57BL/6J mice (0.02, 0.2, and 2 ppm in drinking water for 7 mo). Untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) showed that V+5 induced significant metabolic perturbations in both HLF cells and mouse lungs. We noted 30% of the significantly altered pathways in HLF cells, including pyrimidines and aminosugars, fatty acids, mitochondrial and redox pathways, showed similar dose-dependent patterns in mouse lung tissues. Alterations in lipid metabolism included leukotrienes and prostaglandins involved in inflammatory signaling, which have been associated with the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other disease processes. Elevated hydroxyproline levels and excessive collagen deposition were also present in lungs from V+5-treated mice. Taken together, these results show that oxidative stress from environmental V+5, ingested at low levels, could alter metabolism to contribute to common human lung diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used relevant dietary and environmental doses of Vanadium pentoxide (V+5) to examine its metabolic impact in vitro and in vivo. Using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), we found significant metabolic perturbations, with similar dose-dependent patterns observed in human lung fibroblasts and male mouse lungs. Alterations in lipid metabolism included inflammatory signaling, elevated hydroxyproline levels, and excessive collagen deposition were present in V+5-treated lungs. Our findings suggest that low levels of V+5 could trigger pulmonary fibrotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Zachery R Jarrell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - ViLinh Thi Ly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Viranuj Sueblinvong
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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6
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Li Z, Xia H, Sharp TE, LaPenna KB, Elrod JW, Casin KM, Liu K, Calvert JW, Chau VQ, Salloum FN, Xu S, Xian M, Nagahara N, Goodchild TT, Lefer DJ. Mitochondrial H 2S Regulates BCAA Catabolism in Heart Failure. Circ Res 2022; 131:222-235. [PMID: 35701874 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exerts mitochondria-specific actions that include the preservation of oxidative phosphorylation, biogenesis, and ATP synthesis, while inhibiting cell death. 3-MST (3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase) is a mitochondrial H2S-producing enzyme whose functions in the cardiovascular disease are not fully understood. In the current study, we investigated the effects of global 3-MST deficiency in the setting of pressure overload-induced heart failure. METHODS Human myocardial samples obtained from patients with heart failure undergoing cardiac surgeries were probed for 3-MST protein expression. 3-MST knockout mice and C57BL/6J wild-type mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction to induce pressure overload heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Cardiac structure and function, vascular reactivity, exercise performance, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis efficiency were assessed. In addition, untargeted metabolomics were utilized to identify key pathways altered by 3-MST deficiency. RESULTS Myocardial 3-MST was significantly reduced in patients with heart failure compared with nonfailing controls. 3-MST KO mice exhibited increased accumulation of branched-chain amino acids in the myocardium, which was associated with reduced mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis, exacerbated cardiac and vascular dysfunction, and worsened exercise performance following transverse aortic constriction. Restoring myocardial branched-chain amino acid catabolism with 3,6-dichlorobenzo1[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (BT2) and administration of a potent H2S donor JK-1 ameliorates the detrimental effects of 3-MST deficiency in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that 3-MST derived mitochondrial H2S may play a regulatory role in branched-chain amino acid catabolism and mediate critical cardiovascular protection in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (Z.L., H.X., T.E.S., K.B.L., T.T.G., D.J.L.)
| | - Huijing Xia
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (Z.L., H.X., T.E.S., K.B.L., T.T.G., D.J.L.)
| | - Thomas E Sharp
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (Z.L., H.X., T.E.S., K.B.L., T.T.G., D.J.L.)
| | - Kyle B LaPenna
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (Z.L., H.X., T.E.S., K.B.L., T.T.G., D.J.L.)
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.W.E.)
| | - Kevin M Casin
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (K.M.C., J.W.C.)
| | - Ken Liu
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (K.L.)
| | - John W Calvert
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (K.M.C., J.W.C.)
| | - Vinh Q Chau
- VCU Health Pauley Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (V.Q.C., F.N.S.)
| | - Fadi N Salloum
- VCU Health Pauley Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (V.Q.C., F.N.S.)
| | - Shi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI (S.X., M.X.)
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI (S.X., M.X.)
| | | | - Traci T Goodchild
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (Z.L., H.X., T.E.S., K.B.L., T.T.G., D.J.L.)
| | - David J Lefer
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (Z.L., H.X., T.E.S., K.B.L., T.T.G., D.J.L.)
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Morris AM, Leonard SS, Fowles JR, Boots TE, Mnatsakanova A, Attfield KR. Effects of E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals on Human Macrophages and Bronchial Epithelial Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11107. [PMID: 34769627 PMCID: PMC8583527 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
E-cigarettes utilize a wide range of flavoring chemicals with respiratory health effects that are not well understood. In this study, we used pulmonary-associated cell lines to assess the in vitro cytotoxic effects of 30 flavoring chemicals. Human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and both naïve and activated macrophages (THP-1) were treated with 10, 100, and 1000 µM of flavoring chemicals and analyzed for changes in viability, cell membrane damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammatory cytokine release. Viability was unaffected for all chemicals at the 10 and 100 µM concentrations. At 1000 µM, the greatest reductions in viability were seen with decanal, hexanal, nonanal, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, vanillin, alpha-pinene, and limonene. High amounts of ROS were elicited by vanillin, ethyl maltol, and the diketones (2,3-pentanedione, 2,3-heptanedione, and 2,3-hexanedione) from both cell lines. Naïve THP-1 cells produced significantly elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α when exposed to ethyl maltol and hexanal. Activated THP-1 cells released increased IL-1β and TNF-α when exposed to ethyl maltol, but many flavoring chemicals had an apparent suppressive effect on inflammatory cytokines released by activated macrophages, some with varying degrees of accompanying cytotoxicity. The diketones, L-carvone, and linalool suppressed cytokine release in the absence of cytotoxicity. These findings provide insight into lung cell cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine release in response to flavorings commonly used in e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Morris
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (A.M.M.); (S.S.L.); (T.E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Stephen S. Leonard
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (A.M.M.); (S.S.L.); (T.E.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jefferson R. Fowles
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA;
| | - Theresa E. Boots
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (A.M.M.); (S.S.L.); (T.E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Mnatsakanova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; (A.M.M.); (S.S.L.); (T.E.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Kathleen R. Attfield
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA;
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8
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Chung MK, Smith MR, Lin Y, Walker DI, Jones D, Patel CJ, Kong SW. Plasma metabolomics of autism spectrum disorder and influence of shared components in proband families. EXPOSOME 2021; 1:osab004. [PMID: 35028569 PMCID: PMC8739333 DOI: 10.1093/exposome/osab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been increasing in the United States in the past decades. The exact mechanisms remain enigmatic, and diagnosis of the disease still relies primarily on assessment of behavior. We first used a case-control design (75 idiopathic cases and 29 controls, enrolled at Boston Children's Hospital from 2007-2012) to identify plasma biomarkers of ASD through a metabolome-wide association study approach. Then we leveraged a family-based design (31 families) to investigate the influence of shared genetic and environmental components on the autism-associated features. Using untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics platforms, we detected 19 184 features. Of these, 191 were associated with ASD (false discovery rate < 0.05). We putatively annotated 30 features that had an odds ratio (OR) between <0.01 and 5.84. An identified endogenous metabolite, O-phosphotyrosine, was associated with an extremely low autism odds (OR 0.17; 95% confidence interval 0.06-0.39). We also found that glutathione metabolism was associated with ASD (P = 0.048). Correlations of the significant features between proband and parents were low (median = 0.09). Of the 30 annotated features, the median correlations within families (proband-parents) were -0.15 and 0.24 for the endogenous and exogenous metabolites, respectively. We hypothesize that, without feature identification, family-based correlation analysis of autism-associated features can be an alternative way to assist the prioritization of potentially diagnostic features. A panel of ASD diagnostic metabolic markers with high specificity could be derived upon further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Kei Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yufei Lin
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dean Jones
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chirag J Patel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Electronic cigarettes: Modern instruments for toxic lung delivery and posing risk for the development of chronic disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 137:106039. [PMID: 34242684 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the emergence of electronic cigarette, or vaping product use associated lung injury (EVALI) in 2019 in the US, regulation of e-cigarettes has become globally tighter and the collective evidence of the detrimental effects of vaping has grown. The danger of cellular distress and altered homeostasis is heavily associated with the modifiable nature of electronic cigarette devices. An array of harmful chemicals and elevated concentrations of metals have been detected in e-cigarette aerosols which have been linked to various pathogeneses. Vaping is linked to increased inflammation, altered lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction whilst also increasing microbial susceptibility whilst the long-term damage is yet to be observed. The scientific evidence is mounting and highlighting that, along with traditional tobacco cigarette smoking, electronic cigarette vaping is not a safe practice.
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Jarrell ZR, Smith MR, He X, Orr M, Jones DP, Go YM. Firsthand and Secondhand Exposure Levels of Maltol-Flavored Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Vapors Disrupt Amino Acid Metabolism. Toxicol Sci 2021; 182:70-81. [PMID: 34009373 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use has become a popular, generally regarded as safe, alternative to tobacco use. The e-liquids used for ENDS vapor generation commonly contain flavoring agents, such as maltol, which have been subjected to little investigation of their effects on lung health from ENDS usage. In the present study, we examined the impacts of firsthand (3.9 mM) and secondhand (3.9 µM) exposure levels to maltol-flavored ENDS vapors on lung metabolism. Human lung bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to ENDS vapors using a robotic system for controlled generation and delivery of exposures, and the effects on metabolism were evaluated using high-resolution metabolomics. The results show that maltol in e-liquids impacts lung airway epithelial cell metabolism at both firsthand and secondhand exposure levels. The effects of maltol were most notably seen in amino acid metabolism while oxidative stress was observed with exposure to all ENDS vapors including e-liquids alone and maltol-contained e-liquids. Many effects of firsthand exposure were also observed with secondhand exposure, suggesting need for systematic investigation of both firsthand and secondhand effects of flavored ENDS vapors on lung metabolism and risk of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Jarrell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Matthew Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xiaojia He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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