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Nakadera M, Endo W, Oi N, Yagita A, Tanaka R, Izuta T, Watanabe M. Differences of stomatal ozone uptake in leaves of mature trees and seedlings of Zelkova serrata. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119673. [PMID: 39067803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Ozone uptake through the stomata in tree leaves is an important process for improving air quality by urban trees. Stomatal conductance (gs) is a key determinant of stomatal ozone uptake. The parameterization of gs models for estimating stomatal ozone uptake of trees has mainly been carried out using gs data measured in seedling leaves although the leaf traits may differ between mature trees and seedlings. In the present study, we compared stomatal ozone uptake estimated by gs models parameterised with data from mature trees and seedlings of Zelkova serrata. We measured gs in leaves of mature trees and seedlings of Z. serrata using a leaf porometer for 3-4 growing seasons. The Jarvis-type gs model was parameterised with data from mature trees and seedlings, separately. The maximum gs, and the functions of the seedling gs estimation model regarding the response to air temperature, vapour pressure deficit and atmospheric ozone concentration were the factors inducing lower stomatal ozone uptake. In contrast, the function of the seedling gs estimation model regarding the response to irradiance resulted in a higher estimated stomatal ozone uptake. The estimated stomatal ozone uptake for one growing season (April-September) by the seedling gs estimation model was 27% lower than that by the mature tree gs estimation model. These results indicate that leaf gas exchange traits of Z. serrata were different between mature trees and seedlings, and that estimating ozone uptake in mature tree leaves using a model based on seedling gs measurements results in an underestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Nakadera
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Wataru Endo
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Nanoka Oi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ayano Yagita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryoji Tanaka
- United Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izuta
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Modelski C, Potnis N, Sanz-Saez A, Leisner CP. Physiological responses of pepper (Capsicum annum) to combined ozone and pathogen stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:1830-1843. [PMID: 38924220 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone [O3] is a secondary air pollutant formed from the photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds in the presence of nitrogen oxides, and it is one of the most damaging air pollutants to crops. O3 entry into the plant generates reactive oxygen species leading to cellular damage and oxidative stress, leading to decreased primary production and yield. Increased O3 exposure has also been shown to have secondary impacts on plants by altering the incidence and response to plant pathogens. We used the Capsicum annum (pepper)-Xanthomonas perforans pathosystem to investigate the impact of elevated O3 (eO3) on plants with and without exposure to Xanthomonas, using a disease-susceptible and disease-resistant pepper cultivar. Gas exchange measurements revealed decreases in diurnal photosynthetic rate (A') and stomatal conductance (g s ' ), and maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax) in the disease-resistant cultivar, but no decrease in the disease-susceptible cultivar in eO3, regardless of Xanthomonas presence. Maximum rates of carboxylation (Vc,max), midday A and gs rates at the middle canopy, and decreases in aboveground biomass were negatively affected by eO3 in both cultivars. We also observed a decrease in stomatal sluggishness as measured through the Ball-Berry-Woodrow model in all treatments in the disease-resistant cultivar. We hypothesize that the mechanism conferring disease resistance to Xanthomonas in pepper also renders the plant less tolerant to eO3 stress through changes in stomatal responsiveness. Findings from this study help expand our understanding of the trade-off of disease resistance with abiotic stresses imposed by future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Modelski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - Alvaro Sanz-Saez
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - Courtney P Leisner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 24061, Virginia, USA
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Li L, Li J, Wang X, Ullah S, Lin S. Reponses of morphological and biochemical traits of bamboo trees under elevated atmospheric O 3 enrichment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119069. [PMID: 38735376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Dwarf bamboo (Indocalamus decorus) is an O3-tolerant plant species. To identify the possible mechanism and response of leaf morphological, antioxidant, and anatomical characteristics to elevated atmospheric O3 (EO3) concentrations, we exposed three-year-old I. decorus seedlings to three O3 levels (low O3-LO: ambient air; medium O3-MO: Ambient air+70 ppb high O3-HO: Ambient air+140 ppb O3) over a growing season using open-top chambers. Leaf shape and stomatal characteristics, and leaf microscopic structure of I. decorus were examined. The results indicated that 1) the stomata O3 flux (Fst) of HO decreased more rapidly under EO3 as the exposure time increased. The foliar O3 injury of HO and MO occurred when AOT40 was 26.62 ppm h and 33.20 ppm h, respectively, 2) under EO3, leaf number, leaf mass per area, leaf area, and stomata length/width all decreased, while leaf thickness, stomatal density, width, and area increased compared to the control, 3) MDA and total soluble protein contents all showed significantly increase under HO (36.57% and 32.77%) and MO(31.91% and 19.52%) while proline contents only increased under HO(33.27%). 4) MO and HO increased bulliform cells numbers in the leaves by 6.28% and 23.01%, respectively. HO reduced the transverse area of bulliform cells by 13.73%, while MO treatments had no effect, and 5) the number of fusoid cells interspace, the transverse area of fusoid cells interspace, and mesophyll thickness of HO significantly increased by 11.16%, 28.58%, and 13.42%, respectively. In conclusion, I. decorus exhibits strong O3 tolerance characteristics, which stem from adaptions in the leaf's morphological, structural, antioxidant, and anatomical features. One critical attribute was the enlargement of the bulliform cell transverse area and the transverse area of fusoid cells interspace that drove this resistance to O3. Local bamboo species with high resistance to O3 pollution thus need to be promoted for sustained productivity and ecosystem services in areas with high O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
| | - Jinling Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China; Guangxi Eco-engineering Vocational and Technical College, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sami Ullah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences & Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, UK.
| | - Shuyan Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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Paoletti E, Hoshika Y, Arab L, Martini S, Cotrozzi L, Weber D, Ache P, Neri L, Baraldi R, Pellegrini E, Müller HM, Hedrich R, Alfarraj S, Rennenberg H. Date palm responses to a chronic, realistic ozone exposure in a FACE experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110868. [PMID: 33581095 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Date palms are highly economically important species in hot arid regions, which may suffer ozone (O3) pollution equivalently to heat and water stress. However, little is known about date palm sensitivity to O3. Therefore, to identify their resistance mechanisms against elevated O3, physiological parameters (leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf pigments) and biomass growth responses to realistic O3 exposure were tested in an isoprene-emitting date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Nabut Saif) by a Free-Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) facility with three levels of O3 (ambient [AA, 45 ppb as 24-h average], 1.5 x AA and 2 x AA). We found a reduction of photosynthesis only at 2 x AA although some foliar traits known as early indicators of O3 stress responded already at 1.5 x AA, such as increased dark respiration, reduced leaf pigment content, reduced maximum quantum yield of PSII, inactivation of the oxygen evolving complex of PSII and reduced performance index PITOT. As a result, O3 did not affect most of the growth parameters although significant declines of root biomass occurred only at 2 x AA. The major mechanism in date palm for reducing the severity of O3 impacts was a restriction of stomatal O3 uptake due to low stomatal conductance and O3-induced stomatal closure. In addition, an increased respiration in elevated O3 may indicate an enhanced capacity of catabolizing metabolites for detoxification and repair. Interestingly, date palm produced low amounts of monoterpenes, whose emission was stimulated in 2 x AA, although isoprene emission declined at both 1.5 and 2 x AA. Our results warrant more research on a biological significance of terpenoids in plant resistance against O3 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paoletti
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy.
| | - Leila Arab
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sofia Martini
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniel Weber
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110, Freiburg, Germany; Phytoprove Pflanzenanalytik, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Neri
- IBE-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Baraldi
- IBE-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Heike M Müller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082, Würzburg, Germany; King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110, Freiburg, Germany; Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, PR China
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Agathokleous E, Feng Z, Oksanen E, Sicard P, Wang Q, Saitanis CJ, Araminiene V, Blande JD, Hayes F, Calatayud V, Domingos M, Veresoglou SD, Peñuelas J, Wardle DA, De Marco A, Li Z, Harmens H, Yuan X, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Ozone affects plant, insect, and soil microbial communities: A threat to terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc1176. [PMID: 32851188 PMCID: PMC7423369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations induce adverse effects in plants. We reviewed how ozone affects (i) the composition and diversity of plant communities by affecting key physiological traits; (ii) foliar chemistry and the emission of volatiles, thereby affecting plant-plant competition, plant-insect interactions, and the composition of insect communities; and (iii) plant-soil-microbe interactions and the composition of soil communities by disrupting plant litterfall and altering root exudation, soil enzymatic activities, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. The community composition of soil microbes is consequently changed, and alpha diversity is often reduced. The effects depend on the environment and vary across space and time. We suggest that Atlantic islands in the Northern Hemisphere, the Mediterranean Basin, equatorial Africa, Ethiopia, the Indian coastline, the Himalayan region, southern Asia, and Japan have high endemic richness at high ozone risk by 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, POB 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Costas J. Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Girionys 53101 Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - James D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Felicity Hayes
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, PO Box 68041, 04045-972 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stavros D. Veresoglou
- Freie Universität Berlin-Institut für Biologie, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia E-08193, Spain
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome I-00123, Italy
| | - Zhengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Harry Harmens
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Ozone Amplifies Water Loss from Mature Trees in the Short Term But Decreases It in the Long Term. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We measured whole-tree transpiration of mature Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies trees exposed to ambient and twice-ambient O3 regimes (1xO3 and 2xO3 free-air fumigation). After eight years, mean daily total transpiration did not vary with the O3 regime over the 31 days of our study, even though individual daily values increased with increasing daily O3 peaks in both species. Although the environmental parameters were similar at 1xO3 and 2xO3, the main factors affecting daily transpiration were vapour pressure deficit in 2xO3 spruce and O3 peaks in beech. For a mechanistic explanation, we measured O3-induced sluggish stomatal responses to variable light (sunflecks) by means of leaf-level gas exchange measurements only in the species where O3 was a significant factor for transpiration, i.e., beech. Stomata were always slower in closing than in opening. The 2xO3 stomata were slower in opening and mostly in closing than 1xO3 stomata, so that O3 uptake and water loss were amplified before a steady state was reached. Such delay in the stomatal reaction suggests caution when assessing stomatal conductance under O3 pollution, because recording gas exchange at the time photosynthesis reached an equilibrium resulted in a significant overestimation of stomatal conductance when stomata were closing (ab. 90% at 1xO3 and 250% at 2xO3). Sun and shade leaves showed similar sluggish responses, thus suggesting that sluggishness may occur within the entire crown. The fact that total transpiration was similar at 1xO3 and 2xO3, however, suggests that the higher water loss due to stomatal sluggishness was offset by lower steady-state stomatal conductance at 2xO3. In conclusion, O3 exposure amplified short-term water loss from mature beech trees by slowing stomatal dynamics, while decreased long-term water loss because of lower steady-state stomatal conductance. Over the short term of this experiment, the two responses offset each other and no effect on total transpiration was observed.
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Masutomi Y, Kinose Y, Takimoto T, Yonekura T, Oue H, Kobayashi K. Ozone changes the linear relationship between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and decreases water use efficiency in rice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:1009-1016. [PMID: 30577095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is an important air pollutant that affects growth, transpiration, and water use efficiency (WUE) in plants. Integrated models of photosynthesis (An) and stomatal conductance (Gs) (An-Gs) are useful tools to consistently assess the impacts of ozone on plant growth, transpiration, and WUE. However, there is no information on how to incorporate the influence of ozone into An-Gs integrated models for crops. We focused on the Ball-Woodrow-Berry (BWB) relationship, which is a key equation in An-Gs integrated models, and aimed to address the following questions: (i) how does ozone change the BWB relationship for crops?; (ii) are there any difference in the changes in the BWB relationship among cultivars?, and (iii) how do the changes in the BWB relationship increase or decrease WUE for crops? We grew four rice cultivars in a field under ambient or Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) of ozone in China and measured An and Gs using a portable photosynthesis analyzer. We simulated WUE in individual leaves during the ripening period under different BWB relationships. The results showed that ozone significantly changed the BWB relationship only for the most sensitive cultivar, which showed an increase in the intercept of the BWB relationship under FACE conditions. These results imply that changes in the BWB relationship are related to the ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. Simulations of an An-Gs integrated model showed that increases in the intercept of the BWB relationship from 0.01 to 0.1 mol(H2O) m-2 s-1 indicated decreases in WUE by 22%. Since a reduction in WUE indicates increases in water demand per unit of crop growth, air pollution from ozone could be a critical issue in regions where agricultural water is limited, such as in rainfed paddy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshiyuki Kinose
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroki Oue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Japan
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Agathokleous E, Saitanis CJ, Burkey KO, Ntatsi G, Vougeleka V, Mashaheet AM, Pallides A. Application and further characterization of the snap bean S156/R123 ozone biomonitoring system in relation to ambient air temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1046-1055. [PMID: 27993470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased mixing ratios of ground-level ozone (O3) threaten individual plants, plant communities and ecosystems. In this sense, O3 biomonitoring is of great interest. The O3-sensitive S156 and the O3-tolerant R123 genotypes of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have been proposed as a potential tool for active biomonitoring of ambient O3. In the present study, an O3 biomonitoring was conducted, with the S156/R123 tool, along with a monitoring of O3 and other environmental conditions in an urban area in Athens, Greece, during the growing seasons of 2012 and 2013. Plant yield was evaluated to assess the effectiveness of AOT40 in interpreting O3-induced phytotoxicity. Across the two genotypes, an approximately two times lower total number of pods - and consequently lower bulk mass of seeds - was found in 2012 than in 2013, although there was no significant difference in the final AOT40 between the two years. No significant differences were observed in the stomatal density or conductance between the two genotypes, whereas it was estimated that, in both genotypes, the abaxial leaf surface contributes 2.7 fold to O3 intake in comparison to the adaxial one. By testing the role of ambient air temperature in outdoor plant environment chambers (OPECs), it was found that increased temperature limits mature pod formation and complicates interpretation of O3 impacts in terms of S156/R123 yields ratios. This is the first study providing evidence for a hormetic response of plants to ambient air temperature. This study also points out the complexity of using yield as a measure of O3 impact across different environments with the snap bean system, whereas visible foliar injury is more consistently related to O3 effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8689, Japan.
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos, Athens, Greece.
| | - Kent O Burkey
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Georgia Ntatsi
- Lab. of Vegetable Production, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos, Athens, Greece.
| | - Vasiliki Vougeleka
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos, Athens, Greece
| | - Alsayed M Mashaheet
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | - Andreas Pallides
- Plant Improvement Section, Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus.
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9
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Morani A, Nowak D, Hirabayashi S, Guidolotti G, Medori M, Muzzini V, Fares S, Mugnozza GS, Calfapietra C. Comparing i-Tree modeled ozone deposition with field measurements in a periurban Mediterranean forest. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:202-209. [PMID: 25247877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozone flux estimates from the i-Tree model were compared with ozone flux measurements using the Eddy Covariance technique in a periurban Mediterranean forest near Rome (Castelporziano). For the first time i-Tree model outputs were compared with field measurements in relation to dry deposition estimates. Results showed generally a good agreement between predicted and measured ozone fluxes (least sum square=5.6 e(-4)) especially when cumulative values over the whole measurement campaign are considered. However at daily and hourly time-step some overestimations were observed in estimated values especially in hot dry periods. The use of different m values in the Ball-Berry formula in the different periods, produced the best fit between predicted and measured ozone fluxes. This suggests that a variable value for the coefficient m accounting for water availability may be appropriate to improve model estimates for Mediterranean and drought prone regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morani
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - D Nowak
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, USA
| | - S Hirabayashi
- The Davey Institute, The Davey Tree Expert Company, USA
| | - G Guidolotti
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - M Medori
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - V Muzzini
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - S Fares
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura (CRA), Research Center for the Soil-Plant System (RPS), Rome, Italy
| | - G Scarascia Mugnozza
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura (CRA), Research Center for the Soil-Plant System (RPS), Rome, Italy
| | - C Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy; Global Change Research Centre, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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10
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Kinose Y, Azuchi F, Uehara Y, Kanomata T, Kobayashi A, Yamaguchi M, Izuta T. Modeling of stomatal conductance to estimate stomatal ozone uptake by Fagus crenata, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica var. crispula and Betula platyphylla. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 194:235-245. [PMID: 25150506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To construct stomatal conductance models and estimate stomatal O3 uptake for Fagus crenata, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica var. crispula and Betula platyphylla, stomatal conductance (gs) was measured in seedlings of the four tree species. Better estimates of gs were made by incorporating the acute effects of O3 on gs into the models and the models could explain 34-52% of the variability in gs. Although the O3 concentration was relatively high in spring from April to May, COU of F. crenata, Q. serrata and Q. mongolica var. crispula were relatively low and the ratios of COU in spring to total COU in one year were 16.8% in all tree species because of low gs limited mainly by leaf pre-maturation and/or low temperature. The COU of B. platyphylla were relatively high mainly because of rapid leaf maturation and lower optimal temperature for stomatal opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kinose
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Fumika Azuchi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yui Uehara
- The Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kanomata
- The Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kobayashi
- The Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- The Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izuta
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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11
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Azuchi F, Kinose Y, Matsumura T, Kanomata T, Uehara Y, Kobayashi A, Yamaguchi M, Izuta T. Modeling stomatal conductance and ozone uptake of Fagus crenata grown under different nitrogen loads. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:481-487. [PMID: 24134917 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A multiplicative stomatal conductance model was constructed to estimate stomatal O3 uptake of Fagus crenata exposed to O3 under different N loads to the soil. Our stomatal conductance model included environmental functions such as the stomatal responses of F. crenata to diurnal changes, chronic O3 stress (AOT0), acute O3 stress (O3 concentration), and nitrogen load to soil. The model could explain 62% of the variability in stomatal conductance. We suggest therefore that stomatal closure induced by O3 and N load-induced soil acidification must be taken into account in developing a stomatal conductance model for estimating stomatal O3 uptake for future risk assessment of O3 impact on Japanese forest tree species such as F. crenata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Azuchi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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12
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Yamaguchi M, Hoshino D, Inada H, Akhtar N, Sumioka C, Takeda K, Izuta T. Evaluation of the effects of ozone on yield of Japanese rice (Oryza sativa L.) based on stomatal ozone uptake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:472-80. [PMID: 24125940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the negative impact of ozone (O3) on Japanese crop plant yield based on cumulative stomatal O3 flux, a Japanese rice cultivar, Koshihikari, was exposed to O3 in O3-exposure chambers. Stomatal diffusive conductance to water vapour were measured during the experimental period. We parameterized and improved a stomatal diffusive conductance model by considering seasonal changes in stomatal diffusive conductance, as well as the acute effects of O3 on this variable. Our adjusted model accounted for 64% of the variation within the data set. Based on the results of linear regression analyses of the relationship between relative yield and cumulative O3 uptake, the negative impact of O3 on the yield of Koshihikari can be evaluated using cumulative O3 uptake with a threshold of 10 nmol O3 m(-2) projected leaf area s(-1) and an integration period of -300 to 100 °C days from anthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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13
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14
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Wagg S, Mills G, Hayes F, Wilkinson S, Davies WJ. Stomata are less responsive to environmental stimuli in high background ozone in Dactylis glomerata and Ranunculus acris. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 175:82-91. [PMID: 23354156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two mesotrophic grassland species, Ranunculus acris and Dactylis glomerata were exposed to a range of ozone treatments (16.2-89.5 ppb 24 h mean) and two watering regimes under naturally fluctuating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and temperature. Stomatal conductance was measured throughout the experiments, and the combined data set (>1000 measurements) was analysed for effects of low and high ozone on responses to environmental stimuli. We show that when D. glomerata and R. acris were grown in 72.6-89.5 ppb ozone the stomata consistently lose the ability to respond, or have reduced response, to naturally fluctuating environmental conditions in comparison to their response in low ozone. The maximum stomatal conductance (g(max)) was also significantly higher in the high ozone treatment for D. glomerata. We discuss the hypotheses for the reduced sensitivity of stomatal closure to a changing environment and the associated implications for ozone flux modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Wagg
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
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15
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Bytnerowicz A, Fenn M, McNulty S, Yuan F, Pourmokhtarian A, Driscoll C, Meixner T. Interactive Effects of Air Pollution and Climate Change on Forest Ecosystems in the United States. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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16
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Uddling J, Matyssek R, Pettersson JBC, Wieser G. To what extent do molecular collisions arising from water vapour efflux impede stomatal O3 influx? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 170:39-42. [PMID: 22763329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pre-requisite for reliable O(3) risk assessment for plants is determination of stomatal O(3) uptake. One unaddressed uncertainty in this context relates to transpiration-induced molecular collisions impeding stomatal O(3) influx. This study quantifies, through physical modelling, the error made when estimating stomatal O(3) flux without accounting for molecular collisions arising from transpiratory mass flow of gas out of the leaf. The analysis demonstrates that the error increases with increasing leaf-to-air water vapour mole fraction difference (Δw), being zero in water vapour saturated air and 4.2% overestimation at Δw of 0.05. Overestimation is approximately twice as large in empirical studies quantifying stomatal O(3) flux from measured leaf or canopy water flux, if neglecting both water vapour-dry air collisions (causing overestimation of leaf conductance) and collisions involving O(3). Correction for transpiration-induced molecular collisions is thus relevant for both empirical research and for large-scale modelling of stomatal O(3) flux across strong spatial Δw gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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17
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Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Inada N, Koike T. Ozone-induced stomatal sluggishness develops progressively in Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 166:152-156. [PMID: 22504428 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of ozone and leaf senescence on steady-state stomatal conductance and stomatal response to light variation. Measurements were carried out in a free-air ozone exposure experiment on a representative deciduous broadleaved tree species in Japan (Fagus crenata). Both steady-state and dynamic stomatal response to light variation varied intrinsically with season due to leaf senescence. Ozone induced the decrease in steady-state leaf gas exchange and the sluggish stomatal closure progressively. These findings suggest that ozone reduces the ability of plants to adapt to a fluctuating light environment under natural conditions, and therefore impairs plant growth and ability to control water loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Silvicluture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8689, Japan
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18
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Hoshika Y, Omasa K, Paoletti E. Whole-tree water use efficiency is decreased by ambient ozone and not affected by O3-induced stomatal sluggishness. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39270. [PMID: 22723982 PMCID: PMC3377656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steady-state and dynamic gas exchange responses to ozone visible injury were investigated in an ozone-sensitive poplar clone under field conditions. The results were translated into whole tree water loss and carbon assimilation by comparing trees exposed to ambient ozone and trees treated with the ozone-protectant ethylenediurea (EDU). Steady-state stomatal conductance and photosynthesis linearly decreased with increasing ozone visible injury. Dynamic responses simulated by severing of a leaf revealed that stomatal sluggishness increased until a threshold of 5% injury and was then fairly constant. Sluggishness resulted from longer time to respond to the closing signal and slower rate of closing. Changes in photosynthesis were driven by the dynamics of stomata. Whole-tree carbon assimilation and water loss were lower in trees exposed to ambient O(3) than in trees protected by EDU, both under steady-state and dynamic conditions. Although stomatal sluggishness is expected to increase water loss, lower stomatal conductance and premature leaf shedding of injured leaves aggravated O(3) effects on whole tree carbon gain, while compensating for water loss. On average, WUE of trees exposed to ambient ozone was 2-4% lower than that of EDU-protected control trees in September and 6-8% lower in October.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Omasa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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19
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Wagg S, Mills G, Hayes F, Wilkinson S, Cooper D, Davies WJ. Reduced soil water availability did not protect two competing grassland species from the negative effects of increasing background ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 165:91-99. [PMID: 22420992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two common (semi-) natural temperate grassland species, Dactylis glomerata and Ranunculus acris, were grown in competition and exposed to two watering regimes: well-watered (WW, 20-40% v/v) and reduced-watered (RW, 7.5-20% v/v) in combination with eight ozone treatments ranging from pre-industrial to predicted 2100 background levels. For both species there was a significant increase in leaf damage with increasing background ozone concentration. RW had no protective effect against increasing levels of ozone-induced senescence/injury. In high ozone, based on measurements of stomatal conductance, we propose that ozone influx into the leaves was not prevented in the RW treatment, in D. glomerata because stomata were a) more widely open than those in less polluted plants and b) were less responsive to drought. Total seasonal above ground biomass was not significantly altered by increased ozone; however, ozone significantly reduced root biomass in both species to differing amounts depending on watering regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Wagg
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
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20
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Sicard P, Dalstein-Richier L, Vas N. Annual and seasonal trends of ambient ozone concentration and its impact on forest vegetation in Mercantour National Park (South-eastern France) over the 2000-2008 period. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:351-362. [PMID: 21074915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the South-Eastern French Mediterranean region, high ozone concentrations were measured since many years and specific symptoms like chlorotic mottles were detected on Arolla pines. We presented results for the 2000-2008 period concerning the trend analysis for ambient ozone concentrations and related forest damages, with the Mann and seasonal Kendall tests. Ozone precursor's emissions from Europe have been reduced over the last 20 years. Decreases in annual averages, median, 25th and 98th percentiles and maxima values were found. The seasonal trend analysis for the high-lying stations showed a decreasing trend for the warm season, when main ozone production is the photochemistry, and an increase for the cold period, caused by a reduced ozone titration. Statistics on Arolla Pine reveal strong correlations between mottling intensity and the high ozone concentrations. Finally, decreases for the ozone concentrations, and associated statistics, AOT40 values and for the mottling intensity on conifers needles were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-ST, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France.
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21
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Darbah JNT, Jones WS, Burton AJ, Nagy J, Kubiske ME. Acute O3 damage on first year coppice sprouts of aspen and maple sprouts in an open-air experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2436-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Uddling J, Hogg AJ, Teclaw RM, Carroll MA, Ellsworth DS. Stomatal uptake of O3 in aspen and aspen-birch forests under free-air CO2 and O3 enrichment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:2023-2031. [PMID: 20089338 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may alleviate the toxicological impacts of concurrently rising tropospheric ozone (O3) during the present century if higher CO2 is accompanied by lower stomatal conductance (gs), as assumed by many models. We investigated how elevated concentrations of CO2 and O3, alone and in combination, affected the accumulated stomatal flux of O3 (AFst) by canopies and sun leaves in closed aspen and aspen-birch forests in the free-air CO2-O3 enrichment experiment near Rhinelander, Wisconsin. Stomatal conductance for O3 was derived from sap flux data and AFst was estimated either neglecting or accounting for the potential influence of non-stomatal leaf surface O3 deposition. Leaf-level AFst (AFst(l)) was not reduced by elevated CO2. Instead, there was a significant CO2 x O(3) interaction on AFst(l), as a consequence of lower values of gs in control plots and the combination treatment than in the two single-gas treatments. In addition, aspen leaves had higher AFst(l) than birch leaves, and estimates of AFst(l) were not very sensitive to non-stomatal leaf surface O3 deposition. Our results suggest that model projections of large CO2-induced reductions in gs alleviating the adverse effect of rising tropospheric O3 may not be reasonable for northern hardwood forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Uddling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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23
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Fares S, Oksanen E, Lännenpää M, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Loreto F. Volatile emissions and phenolic compound concentrations along a vertical profile of Populus nigra leaves exposed to realistic ozone concentrations. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 104:61-74. [PMID: 20407831 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to increasing levels of tropospheric ozone concentrations. This pollutant penetrates in leaves through stomata and quickly reacts inside leaves, thus making plants valuable ozone sinks, but at the same time triggers oxidation processes which lead to leaf injuries. To counteract these negative effects, plants produce an array of antioxidants which react with ozone and reactive molecules which ozone generates in the leaf tissues. In this study, we measured the effect of an ozone concentration which is likely to be attained in many areas of the world in the near future (80 ppb) on leaves of the vertical profile of the widespread agroforestry species Populus nigra. Changes in (1) physiological parameters (photosynthesis and stomatal conductance), (2) ozone uptake, (3) emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs, i.e. isoprene, methanol and other oxygenated compounds), (4) concentration of antioxidant surface compounds, and (5) concentration of phenolic compounds were assessed. The aim was to assess whether the defensive pathways leading to isoprenoids and phenolics formation were induced when a moderate and chronic increment of ozone is not able to damage photosynthesis. No visual injuries and minor changes in physiology and ozone uptake were observed. The emission of isoprene and oxygenated six-carbon (C6) volatiles were inhibited by ozone, whereas methanol emission was increased, especially in developing leaves. We interpret these results as suggesting an ontogenetic shift in ozone-treated leaves, leading to a slower development and a faster senescence. Most surface and phenolic compounds showed a declining trend in concentration from the youngest to the fully expanded leaves. Ozone reduced the concentrations of chlorogenic acid derivatives at the leaf surface, whereas in total leaf extracts a metabolic shift towards few phenolics with higher antioxidant capacity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Fares
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale (IBAF), Rome, Italy.
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24
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Cieslik S, Omasa K, Paoletti E. Why and how terrestrial plants exchange gases with air. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2009; 11 Suppl 1:24-34. [PMID: 19778365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work is intended as a review of gas exchange processes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial vegetation, which have been known for more than two centuries since the discovery of photosynthesis. The physical and biological mechanisms of exchange of carbon dioxide, water vapour, volatile organic compounds emitted by plants and air pollutants taken up by them, is critically reviewed. The role of stomatal physiology is emphasised, as it controls most of these processes. The techniques used for measurement of gas exchange fluxes between the atmosphere and vegetation are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cieslik
- Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
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25
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Fagnano M, Maggio A, Fumagalli I. Crops' responses to ozone in Mediterranean environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1438-1444. [PMID: 18977570 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean environment, and most of the Italian peninsula, presents some peculiarities in terms of crop response to O(3) since most physiological mechanisms activated upon O(3) exposure, such as stomatal closure, often overlap and interact with those that underlie plant adaptation to drought and hyperosmotic stress, which are typical of these environments. OTC and EDU experiments have demonstrated that O(3) causes strong yield losses when crops are grown without water limitations. However, exposure to water or saline stress significantly reduced O(3) effects on crop yield. In this review, we present the methodological approaches that have been used to study plant-ozone interactions in Italy as well as biochemical, physiological and agronomic responses for representative cropping systems of the Mediterranean climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Fagnano
- DIAAT, Naples University Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
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26
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Cieslik S. Ozone fluxes over various plant ecosystems in Italy: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1487-1496. [PMID: 19027210 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among air pollutants, ozone is the most important stressor to vegetation, which undergoes damage and biomass reduction after penetration of ozone molecules into the leaf tissues through the stomata. Stomatal ozone fluxes are considered the governing factor needed to assess risk to plant health due to ozone. Although this parameter may be calculated by modeling, direct measurements are scarce. Moreover, southern European situations, especially regarding Italy, require special attention due to the decoupling between ozone concentrations and fluxes. This work reviews ozone flux measurements made during the last 15 years through Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cieslik
- Joint Research Centre, I-21027 Ispra, Italy.
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27
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Calfapietra C, Fares S, Loreto F. Volatile organic compounds from Italian vegetation and their interaction with ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1478-86. [PMID: 19019511 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from vegetation (particularly isoprenoids) represent an important source of atmospheric hydrocarbons almost double the anthropogenic source. When biogenic VOC mix with NO(x) in the presence of UV radiation, ozone (O(3)) is formed. In Italy, optimal conditions for O(3) formation in terms of VOC/NO(x) ratios and abundance of UV radiation occur for long periods of the year. Moreover, Italian vegetation includes several species that are strong and evergreen isoprenoid emitters, and high temperatures for part of the year further stimulate these temperature-dependent emissions. We review emission of isoprenoids from Italian vegetation, current knowledge on the impact of rising O(3) levels on isoprenoid emission, and evidence showing that isoprenoids can increase both the O(3) flux to the plant and protection against oxidative stress because of their antioxidant functions. This trait not only influences plant tolerance to O(3) but also may substantially alter the flux of O(3) between atmosphere and biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Calfapietra
- CNR-Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Via Salaria Km. 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy.
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28
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Ozone risk for crops and pastures in present and future climates. Naturwissenschaften 2008; 96:173-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-008-0468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Heath RL. Modification of the biochemical pathways of plants induced by ozone: what are the varied routes to change? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 155:453-463. [PMID: 18456378 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
When plants are observed under a low dose of ozone, some physiological and metabolic shifts occur. Barring extreme injury such as tissue damage or stomata closure, most of these disruptive changes are likely to have been initiated at the level of gene expression. The belief is oxidative products formed in ozone exposed leaves, e.g. hydrogen peroxide, are responsible for much of the biochemical adjustments. The first line of defense is a range of antioxidants, such as ascorbate and glutathione, but if this defense is overwhelmed, subsequent actions occur, similar to systemic acquired resistance or general wounding. Yet there are seemingly unrelated metabolic responses which are also triggered, such as early senescence. We discuss here the current understanding of gene control and signal transduction/control in order to increase our comprehension of how ozone alters the basic metabolism of plants and how plants counteract or cope with ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Heath
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Then C, Löw M, Matyssek R, Wieser G. Deriving ozone dose-response of photosynthesis in adult forest trees from branch-level cuvette gas exchange assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 153:526-528. [PMID: 18440679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Branch-level gas exchange provided the basis for assessing ozone flux in order to derive the dose-response relationship between cumulative O3 uptake (COU) and carbon gain in the upper sun crown of adult Fagus sylvatica. Fluxes of ozone, CO2 and water vapour were monitored simultaneously by climatized branch cuvettes. The cuvettes allowed branch exposure to an ambient or twice-ambient O3 regime, while tree crowns were exposed to the same O3 regimes (twice-ambient generated by a free-air canopy O3 exposure system). COU levels higher than 20mmolm(-2) led to a pronounced decline in carbon gain under elevated O3. The limiting COU range is consistent with findings on neighbouring branches exposed to twice-ambient O3 through free-air fumigation. The cuvette approach allows to estimate O3 flux at peripheral crown positions, where boundary layers are low, yielding a meso-scale within-crown resolution of photosynthetic foliage sensitivity under whole-tree free-air O3 fumigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Then
- Unit of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests, Rennweg 1, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Grulke NE, Minnich RA, Paine TD, Seybold SJ, Chavez DJ, Fenn ME, Riggan PJ, Dunn A. Chapter 17 Air Pollution Increases Forest Susceptibility to Wildfires: A Case Study in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California. WILDLAND FIRES AND AIR POLLUTION 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(08)00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Paoletti E, Manning WJ. Toward a biologically significant and usable standard for ozone that will also protect plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 150:85-95. [PMID: 17659818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozone remains an important phytotoxic air pollutant and is also recognized as a significant greenhouse gas. In North America, Europe, and Asia, incidence of high concentrations is decreasing, but background levels are steadily rising. There is a need to develop a biologically significant and usable standard for ozone. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of concentration-based, exposure-based and threshold-based indices, such as SUM60 and AOT40, and examine the O(3) flux concept. We also present major challenges to the development of an air quality standard for ozone that has both biological significance and practicality in usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paoletti
- IPP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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