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Yu X, Lin W, Wang D, Li Y, Sun Y. Identification and characteristic analysis of urban vegetation spectra under different dust deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21299-21312. [PMID: 36271067 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban atmospheric environmental problems have raised increasing attention in recent years. To confirm the impact of plant dust deposition capacity on urban atmosphere and spectral characteristics, this study carried out experiments in Xuhui District and Minhang District of Shanghai, and 4 common greening species were selected as research objects. In order to explore the changes in vegetation spectral characteristics, ASD FieldSpec 3 Spectrometer and 1/10000 electronic balance were used to measure the spectral data and dust data of samples. The results show as follows: (1) 380-680 nm and 750-1350 nm are the best spectral wavelengths to analyze the influence of dust deposition on spectrum. (2) The canopy reflectance spectra of tree species decrease with the increase of dust deposition, especially in the wavelength range of 750-1350 nm. (3) The first derivative and the second derivative are beneficial to observe the spectral changes and judge the position of the red edge. The red edge position of some tree species is easy to move under the interference of dust deposition. (4) Among the four tree species, the spectrum of Osmanthus fragrans is relatively undisturbed by dust deposition, and Osmanthus fragrans is a great tree species for urban greening. The research made a foundation for the future use of spectral information to estimate vegetation dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumiao Yu
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Wenpeng Lin
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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Urban agriculture in São Paulo: an analysis from the sociology of public action. Food Secur 2022; 14:1537-1552. [PMID: 35967265 PMCID: PMC9362428 DOI: 10.1007/s12571-022-01304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
How can one analyze the public actions of organizations and actors from different sectors? Studies using a policy analysis perspective have shed light on the role of the state in making and implementing urban agriculture (UA) policy. However, this perspective has limitations when it comes to explaining the interactions between the state, civil society, and the business organizations that support it. This article provides an analytical framework derived from the sociology of public action (SPA) to understand how multiple organizations support UA. We have applied the SPA framework to the city of São Paulo and our analysis indicates that civil society has mobilized significant meanings, ideas, and networks to reinforce the importance of UA. As a result, there has been a paradigm shift in terms of UA: it has gone from a state of invisibility within an institutional void to an improved state of policy planning. However, civil society organizations still lead the delivery of services for farmers with intermittent state support, which indicates that there has been a paradigm shift in UA policy planning, but not in policy implementation.
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3
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Paltseva AA, Cheng Z, McBride M, Deeb M, Egendorf SP, Groffman PM. Legacy Lead in Urban Garden Soils: Communicating Risk and Limiting Exposure. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.873542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure has long been recognized as a hazard to human health. Urban garden soils often contain elevated levels of Pb, mainly from legacy sources, which is a main barrier for urban gardening. The capacity of gardeners to access, understand, and act on scientific data related to soil contamination is also variable. This synthesis paper briefly summarizes the current scientific knowledge on soil Pb in urban gardens. Our objective is to produce clear recommendations about assessing actual risks and limiting exposure. First, we synthesize the nature and extent of soil contamination with Pb, and then describe how the bioavailability and risk of this contamination to humans is assessed. We then go on to potential exposure pathway through plants and remediation methods to improve soil health and reduce human exposure. We have developed best management practices for practitioners that include: (1) urban soil testing should be prioritized because of the high probability of Pb contamination, and urban gardening should not begin until thorough testing or remediation has been done; (2) documentation of land-use history should be required in all property transactions so that the potential for soil (and other) contamination can be clearly identified; (3) amendments cannot be relied upon as a treatment for contaminated soils to reduce risk to gardeners because they do not always make contaminants less harmful; (4) certain crops (such as fruiting vegetables) are much less susceptible to contamination than others and thus should be prioritized in urban gardens; (5) wherever feasible, raised beds filled with upcycled local mineral and organic materials are the preferred substrate for urban gardening. Further monitoring of potentially contaminated and remediated soils as well as effective communication with the public are necessary to ensure human safety.
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Influence of Soil Salinity on Selected Element Contents in Different Brassica Species. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061878. [PMID: 35335242 PMCID: PMC8953650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Climate changes in coastal regions cause increased soil salinity, a well-known type of environmental stress for a high number of agricultural crop species, including Brassicaceae, whose growth and development, and consequently the crop quality and yield, are affected by salinity stress. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of salt stress on micro- and macro-element homeostasis in different Brassica crops. Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), white cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata) and Chinese cabbage (B. rapa ssp. pekinensis) were grown hydroponically and treated with 200 mmol/L sodium chloride for 24 h to mimic short-term salt stress. The contents of Al, Ca, K, Mg, Na, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn were determined in the roots and leaves of the salt-treated plants and corresponding controls by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. While Al, Ca, K, Mg and Na were determined in the mg/g range, the contents of the other elements were found at the µg/g level. A statistical analysis of the obtained data showed that the applied salt treatment significantly influenced the single-element contents in different plant parts. The major elements Ca, K and Mg were mainly unaffected in the more-salt-tolerant kale and white cabbage under salinity stress, while K and Mg were significantly decreased in the more-sensitive Chinese cabbage. The levels of micro-elements were found to be species/variety specific. In general, potentially toxic elements were accumulated in the roots of salt-treated plants to a higher extent than in the corresponding controls.
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Kováts N, Hubai K, Diósi D, Hoffer A, Teke G. Foliar Uptake and Accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Diesel Emissions. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1977347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kováts
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Katalin Hubai
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Dorina Diósi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - András Hoffer
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd., Balatonfuzfo, Hungary
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Buscaroli E, Braschi I, Cirillo C, Fargue-Lelièvre A, Modarelli GC, Pennisi G, Righini I, Specht K, Orsini F. Reviewing chemical and biological risks in urban agriculture: A comprehensive framework for a food safety assessment of city region food systems. Food Control 2021; 126:108085. [PMID: 34345121 PMCID: PMC8080888 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention to urban agriculture (UA) has recently grown among practitioners, scientists, and the public, resulting in several initiatives worldwide. Despite the positive perception of modern UA and locally grown, fresh produce, the potential food safety risks connected to these practices may be underestimated, leading to regulatory gaps. Thus, there is a need for assessment tools to evaluate the food safety risks connected to specific UA initiatives, to assist practitioners in self-evaluation and control, and to provide policy makers and scholars a means to pursue and assess food safety in city regions, avoiding either a lack or an excess of regulation that could ultimately hinder the sector. To address this aim, this paper reviews the most recent and relevant literature on UA food safety assessments. Food safety indicators were identified first. Then, a food safety assessment framework for UA initiatives was developed. The framework uses business surveys and food analyses (if available) as a data source for calculating a food safety index for single UA businesses and the whole UA landscape of a given city region. The proposed framework was designed to allow its integration into the CRFS (City Region Food System) toolkit developed by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), RUAF foundation (Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security) and Wilfrid Laurier University. Connection of several biological and chemical food safety risks to UA techniques. Identifiable food safety risk factors for diverse UA practices. Framework for the assessment of food safety levels of UA initiatives. Development of a risk-based assessment that can be integrated into the FAO CRFS framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Buscaroli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - I Braschi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - G C Modarelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - G Pennisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - I Righini
- Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - K Specht
- ILS- Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development, Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Orsini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Egendorf SP, Spliethoff HM, Shayler HA, Russell-Anelli J, Cheng Z, Minsky AH, King T, McBride MB. Soil lead (Pb) and urban grown lettuce: Sources, processes, and implications for gardener best management practices. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 286:112211. [PMID: 33667819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban community gardeners employ a range of best practices that limit crop contamination by toxicants like lead (Pb). While Pb root uptake is generally low, the relative significance of various Pb deposition processes and the effectiveness of best practices in reducing these processes have not been sufficiently characterized. This study compared leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown in high Pb (1150 mg/kg) and low Pb (90 mg/kg) soils, under three different soil cover conditions: 1) bare soil, 2) mulch cover to limit splash, and 3) mulch cover under hoophouses to limit splash and air deposition, in a New York City (NYC) community garden and a rural site in Ithaca, New York (NY). The lettuces were further compared to greenhouse (Ithaca) and supermarket (NYC) samples. Atmospheric deposition was monitored by passive trap collection through funnel samplers. Results show that in low Pb soils, splash and atmospheric deposition accounted for 84 and 78% of lettuce Pb in NYC and Ithaca, respectively. In high Pb soils, splash and atmospheric deposition accounted for 88 and 93% of Pb on lettuces, with splash being the dominant mechanism. Soil covers were shown to be effective at significantly (p < 0.05) reducing lettuce Pb contamination, and mulching is strongly recommended as a best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Perl Egendorf
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA; The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 365 5th Ave, New York, 10016, USA; The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Environmental Sciences Initiative, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, 10031, USA.
| | - Henry M Spliethoff
- Center for Environmental Health, New York State Department of Health, Corning Tower Room 1743, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12237, USA
| | - Hannah A Shayler
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, 233 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jonathan Russell-Anelli
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, 233 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhongqi Cheng
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA; The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 365 5th Ave, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Anna Heming Minsky
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Thomas King
- New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, 6 Harriman Campus Road, Albany, NY, 11206, USA
| | - Murray B McBride
- Cornell University, School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, 233 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Medvedeva Y, Kucher A, Lipsa J, Hełdak M. Human Health Risk Assessment on the Consumption of Apples Growing in Urbanized Areas: Case of Kharkiv, Ukraine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041504. [PMID: 33562497 PMCID: PMC7916046 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the safety of consumption of plant products grown in Kharkiv, Ukraine. Kharkiv, as well as many other post-Soviet cities, is environmentally characterized by the widespread growing of edible plants—from industrial areas to school gardens—as well as the presence of a significant number of nature management conflicts, the location of heavy industry, the prevalence of obsolete environmentally unfriendly transport, etc. The article presents the results of the study of apple samples taken in different functional zones of Kharkiv city, Ukraine. The results of the study showed that the maximum levels of heavy metals were exceeded in apple samples from all sampling sites: Pb—from 11.47 to 38.86 times; Cd—from 1.76 to 5.68 times (of the norms of the FAO and EU). The most polluted were samples from the residential areas, which is partly due to significant land pollution from various types of waste. Levels of hazard index (HI) differ by age groups: from 24.37 to 70.11 HI (children group, 1–6 years); from 10.28 to 29.59 HI (children group, 7–16 years); from 0.88 to 2.53 HI (adult group, 18–65 years). Non-carcinogenic risks can be related to disorders of the immune system, blood, urinoexcretory, and nervous systems as well as problems in the functioning of liver and kidneys. The total carcinogenic risk of eating apples exceeds the permissible level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliia Medvedeva
- National Scientific Center «Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research Named after O. N. Sokolovsky», 4, Chaikovska Street, 61024 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Anatolii Kucher
- Department of Ecology and Neoecology, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody sq., 6, 61022 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Joanna Lipsa
- Institute of Spatial Management, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Grunwaldzka 55, 50-357 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Maria Hełdak
- Institute of Spatial Management, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Grunwaldzka 55, 50-357 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Affum AO, Osae SD, Kwaansa-Ansah EE, Miyittah MK. Quality assessment and potential health risk of heavy metals in leafy and non-leafy vegetables irrigated with groundwater and municipal-waste-dominated stream in the Western Region, Ghana. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05829. [PMID: 33426336 PMCID: PMC7785835 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetables cultivated in soil irrigated with untreated groundwater and municipal-waste-dominated (MWD) stream can elevate the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Fe, Zn, Hg, Cr, and Ni) in edible parts of the crop, affecting food safety and public health worldwide. This study assessed the quality, sources, and distribution of heavy metals in surface soils, MWD stream and groundwater, and edible tissues of leafy and non-leafy vegetables from a major urban farm in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis, Ghana. Human health risk due to exposure to the metals in frequently consumed vegetables were investigated. Indigenous leafy vegetables (Corchorus olitorious and Amaranthus spinosus), exotic leafy vegetables (Lactuca sativa, Brassica oleracea, and Brassica rapa), and non-leafy vegetables (Capsicum annum, Raphanus sativus, Daucus carota, and Allium cepa) were collected from the urban farm. The mean concentration of Cd, Hg, and Fe ranged from 0.008 - 0.027, 0.001-0.013, and 4.517-36.178 mg/kg fw in edible parts of non-leafy vegetables, respectively and 0.011-0.035, 0.002-0.011, and 3.617-13.695 mg/kg fw in exotic or indigenous leafy vegetables. The vegetables were less impacted with the metals if compared to similar vegetables produced from other urban farms, locally and in some countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Water resource on the farm were not suitable for vegetable crop irrigation since mean concentration of E. coli (200 cfu/mL), Hg (0.009 mg/L), and Cd (0.019 mg/L) in the MWD stream and 80 % of the groundwater sources exceeded the safe limits recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Geo-accumulation index for each metal in soil was ≤0, however, enrichment factor indicated a high anthropic enriched soil for Cr and Ni. Principal component analysis-multiple linear regression of the metals in soil identified mixed household waste/fertilizer, fertilizer, and crustal material as main sources for the heavy metal load in soil for which geogenic sources accounted for 74.3 %. Preferentially, Cd and Hg accumulated in Amaranthus spinosus, Daucus carota, and Corchorus olitorious. The estimated daily intake of each metal in the vegetables were below local and international daily dietary intake levels. At the 95th percentile concentration of each metal, target hazard quotient and the hazard index was <1 for adult male or female who consume the vegetables. Finally, appropriate agri-horticultural practices must be enforced to mitigate Cd, Ni, Cr, and Hg accumulation in the soil-vegetable system since the metals have profound adverse effect on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrews Obeng Affum
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Shiloh Dede Osae
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Michael K. Miyittah
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Balram D, Lian KY, Sebastian N. A novel soft sensor based warning system for hazardous ground-level ozone using advanced damped least squares neural network. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111168. [PMID: 32846299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of hazardous air pollutants in the urban environment for maintaining public safety is a significant concern to mankind. In this paper, we have developed an efficient air quality warning system based on a low-cost and robust ground-level ozone soft sensor. The soft sensor was developed based on a novel technique of damped least squares neural network (DLSNN) with greedy backward elimination (GBE) for the estimation of hazardous ground-level ozone. Only three meteorological factors were used as input variables in the estimation of ground-level ozone and we have used weighted k-nearest neighbors (WkNN) classifier with fast response for development of air quality warning system. We have chosen the urban areas of Taiwan for this study and have analyzed seasonal variations in the ground-level ozone concentration of various cities in Taiwan as part of this work. Moreover, descriptive statistics and linear dependence of ozone concentration based on Spearman correlation coefficient, Kendall's tau coefficient, and Pearson coefficient are calculated. The proposed DLSNN/GBE method exhibited excellent performance resulting in very low mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and high coefficient of determination (R2) compared to other traditional approaches in ozone concentration estimation. We have achieved a good fit in the determination of ozone concentration from meteorological features of atmosphere. Moreover, the excellent performance of proposed urban air quality warning system was evident from the good F1-score value of 0.952 achieved by the WkNN classifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Balram
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Zhongxiao East Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuang-Yow Lian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Zhongxiao East Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Neethu Sebastian
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Zhongxiao East Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
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Egendorf SP, Groffman P, Moore G, Cheng Z. The limits of lead (Pb) phytoextraction and possibilities of phytostabilization in contaminated soil: a critical review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 22:916-930. [PMID: 32677841 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1774501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review article focuses on lead (Pb), one of the most ubiquitous and harmful toxicants found in soil. Our objective is to address misconceptions regarding the ability of plants to uptake Pb through their roots and translocate it to above-ground tissues, and their ability to act as hyperaccumulators and thereby phytoextract Pb. In accordance with a number of cited definitions, we suggest that species capable of Pb phytoextraction can be rated with the following three criteria: (1) root uptake above a nominal threshold of 1,000 mg Pb/kg, (2) bioconcentration factor (BCF or shoot/soil concentration) >1, and (3) translocation factor (TF or shoot/root concentration) > 1. We review the literature in the updated USDA Phytoremediation Database and conclude that without amendments: no plant has met all three criteria; no plant has been confirmed as a Pb hyperaccumulator. Our analysis suggests that Pb phytoextraction is not a viable remediation option. Pb phytostabilization, however, may be an effective remediation tool in a variety of settings. Planting some of the many species capable of tolerating soil Pb exposure and sequestering it in or around the root zone will limit Pb movement into other ecosystems, prevent resuspended dusts, and mitigate Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Perl Egendorf
- Earth and Enivornmental Sciences, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
- Environmental Sciences Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Peter Groffman
- Environmental Sciences Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Gerry Moore
- Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Zhongqi Cheng
- Earth and Enivornmental Sciences, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Potential of Technosols Created with Urban By-Products for Rooftop Edible Production. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093210. [PMID: 32380727 PMCID: PMC7246555 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Urban agriculture is sprouting throughout the world nowadays. New forms of urban agriculture are observed such as rooftop farming. In the case of low-tech rooftop farming projects, based on recycled urban waste, one of the key issues is the type of substrate used, as it determines the functions and ecosystem services delivered by the green roof. Using a five year experimental trial, we quantified the food production potential of Technosols created only with urban wastes (green waste compost, crushed wood, spent mushroom), as well as the soil fertility and the potential contamination of food products. Regarding food production, our cropping system showed promising results across the five years, in relation with the high fertility of the Technosols. This fertility was maintained, as well as the nutrients stocks after five cropping years. Most of the edible crops had trace metals contents below existing norms for toxic trace metals with nevertheless a concern regarding certain some trace metals such as Zn and Cu. There was no trace metal accumulation in the Technosols over time except for Zn. This study confirmed that constructing Technosols only from urban wastes is a suitable and efficient solution to design rooftops for edible production.
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Natasha, Dumat C, Shahid M, Khalid S, Murtaza B. Lead Pollution and Human Exposure: Forewarned is Forearmed, and the Question Now Becomes How to Respond to the Threat! RADIONUCLIDES AND HEAVY METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21638-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Amato-Lourenco LF, Ranieri GR, de Oliveira Souza VC, Junior FB, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T. Edible weeds: Are urban environments fit for foraging? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:133967. [PMID: 31505339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Foraging wild-growing edible plants (WEPs) is a re-emerging practice with increasing popularity worldwide, including in urban areas. However, in cities, this practice raises questions about the safety of foraging these plants for human consumption, due to the potential exposure of plants to higher levels of pollutants. In this study, the concentration of 12 elements (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Rb, Cd, Ba and Pb) in three different WEPs (Amaranthus spp., Plantago tomentosa and Taraxacum officinale) were determined according to different traffic categories in the municipality of São Paulo. Additionally, plants were sampled within the inner areas of three municipal parks in the same study region. Different gradients of elemental concentrations were obtained according to the traffic categories. Freeways presented higher concentrations of several elements than local roads or parks. For the WEPs collected along freeways and some plants along arterial roads, the concentrations of Pb exceeded safety levels for human consumption. Our data suggest that foraging in large urban centres should be performed preferentially in low-traffic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Fernando Amato-Lourenco
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Study Group on Urban Agriculture of the Institute of Advanced Studies (IEA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Reis Ranieri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Study Group on Urban Agriculture of the Institute of Advanced Studies (IEA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Barbosa Junior
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Advanced Studies (IEA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Study Group on Urban Agriculture of the Institute of Advanced Studies (IEA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Vasconcelos Neto MCD, Silva TBC, Araújo VED, Souza SVCD. Lead contamination in food consumed and produced in Brazil: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108671. [PMID: 31732043 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review (SR) evaluated evidence of lead (Pb) levels in foods consumed or produced in Brazil. Seventy-seven publications were included in this review, corresponding to a total of 8466 food samples that were grouped into 12 food categories with similar characteristics (infant food; sugar; beverages; meat and meat products; nuts, cocoa and products; fruits and fruit products; grains, cereals and products; milk and milk products; eggs; oil and fat spreads; vegetables and vegetable products and other foods). The random model was used to establish levels of Pb in food categories. We used the software R® to perform the meta-analysis. The overall occurrence of Pb was estimated at 0.0541 mg/kg, and ranged from 0.0004 mg/kg to 0.4842 mg/kg. The SR and meta-analysis presented relevant results about Pb contamination on foods, despite the high heterogeneity. They were understood as a viable strategy to answer questions regarding prevalence of Pb which is necessary for the risk assessment of Pb intake in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Cabral de Vasconcelos Neto
- Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Health Public Laboratory of Minas Gerais State, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30.5010-010, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science (ALM), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, 31270-010 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thales Brendon Castano Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Medicines and Pharmaceutical Assistance, Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vânia Eloísa de Araújo
- Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30531-901, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medicines and Pharmaceutical Assistance, Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Scheilla Vitorino Carvalho de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, Department of Food Science (ALM), Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus da UFMG, Pampulha, 31270-010 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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16
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Noh K, Thi LT, Jeong BR. Particulate matter in the cultivation area may contaminate leafy vegetables with heavy metals above safe levels in Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25762-25774. [PMID: 31267404 PMCID: PMC6717186 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Among air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) has been identified as a major cause of environmental pollutants due to the advancement of industrial development and the generation of smaller particles. Particulate matter, in particular, is defined only by the size of particles and thus is not enough to study its composition yet. However, edible crops grown in contaminated atmospheres can be contaminated with heavy metals contained in particulate matter in the atmosphere, which can seriously damage food safety. In this study, we investigated the influence of the accumulation of particulate matter on leafy vegetables cultivated at areas with different levels of PM in atmosphere. Four districts of Gyeongsangnam-do were chosen to conduct this experiment: outdoor spaces of three respectively located in industrial, near-highway, and rural areas were considered, and research plant growth chambers at Gyeongsang National University were used as the control. After 3 weeks of cultivation in those conditions, the results showed that Pb in milligrams per kilogram of fresh weight (FW) was 0.383 in Chrysanthemum coronarium and 0.427 in Spinacia oleracea that were grown near the highway, which exceeded the 0.3 mg kg-1 FW standard set by the Republic of Korea, EU, and CODEX. However, when those vegetables were sufficiently washed with tap water, it was confirmed that the heavy metal content fell into the safety standard range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungdeok Noh
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Republic of Korea
- Civilian Headquarter for Solution of Particulate Matter Pollution, Seoul, 06764 Republic of Korea
| | - Luc The Thi
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Republic of Korea
- Civilian Headquarter for Solution of Particulate Matter Pollution, Seoul, 06764 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828 Republic of Korea
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17
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Xu H, Wang W, Wang H, Sun Y, Zhong Z, Wang S. Differences in quantity and composition of leaf particulate matter and morphological structures in three evergreen trees and their association in Harbin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1772-1790. [PMID: 31299507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban trees have been assumed to effectively clean air particulate matter (PM), while the inter-species differences are not yet well defined, especially the PM chemical composition. In this study, PM from leaf surface and wax layer of 3 evergreen tree species (Juniper: Juniperus rigida; Black pine: Pinus tabuliformis var. mukdeais; Spruce: Picea koraiensis) were used for finding differences in PM adsorption and its compositional traits (characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrum and Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry). Possible improvement in PM removal was also evaluated by a detail whole city tree census and different scenarios of species adjustment data. We found that: 1) the amount of PM on juniper leaves was 5.73 g m-2, 2-2.5-fold higher than black pine and spruce (p < 0.05). Of them, 38.73%, 38.22%, and 23.11% were in the wax layer. 2) Compared with the explicit interspecies differences in PM quantity, more complex interspecies difference showed different patterns for different compositional traits. In general, leaf surface PM had higher O, Si, Al, Fe, N, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Cd, while the wax PM had higher C and Na contents (p < 0.05). 3) Association ordination found that the smaller leaf size, lower leaf water content, higher leaf area per unit mass, higher wax content, and larger stomatal openness aligned with the more PM adsorption by leaf, together with the higher amounts of CO stretching, O, Si, Al, N, heavy metals of Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Cd in PM. 4) Compared with the other 2 species, increase of juniper percentage in urban forests is more effective for maximizing PM removal from air, accompanying more heavy metal removal but less crystalized minerals in PM. Our findings highlight that proper species configuration in urban afforestation could maximize the air PM removal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Xu
- Key Lab of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Lab of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Huimei Wang
- Key Lab of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufeng Sun
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhong
- Key Lab of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shurui Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
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18
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Rai PK, Lee SS, Zhang M, Tsang YF, Kim KH. Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 125:365-385. [PMID: 30743144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 694] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Food security is a high-priority issue for sustainable global development both quantitatively and qualitatively. In recent decades, adverse effects of unexpected contaminants on crop quality have threatened both food security and human health. Heavy metals and metalloids (e.g., Hg, As, Pb, Cd, and Cr) can disturb human metabolomics, contributing to morbidity and even mortality. Therefore, this review focuses on and describes heavy metal contamination in soil-food crop subsystems with respect to human health risks. It also explores the possible geographical pathways of heavy metals in such subsystems. In-depth discussion is further offered on physiological/molecular translocation mechanisms involved in the uptake of metallic contaminants inside food crops. Finally, management strategies are proposed to regain sustainability in soil-food subsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Rai
- Department of Environmental Science, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, India
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Kardel F, Wuyts K, De Wael K, Samson R. Biomonitoring of atmospheric particulate pollution via chemical composition and magnetic properties of roadside tree leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25994-26004. [PMID: 29968213 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a main atmospheric pollution which threats human health and well-being. In this research, we chemically and magnetically analysed roadside tree leaves, collected from three tree species in two main roads (from two different cities) and a reference area, for 28 elements and the saturation isothermal remanent magnetisation. Comparison of unwashed and washed leaves revealed that deposited particles on the leaf surface contain various elements including Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, Ti, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Rb, V, Zn and Zr. Moreover, there was no significant difference between washed/unwashed leaves in Cl, K, P, S, As, Cd, Cs, Pb, Sn and Sr concentrations, which indicates tree leaves may not be a suitable biomonitor for these elements. Our results showed that site and tree species are important factors which affect atmospheric elements deposition. Among the three considered tree species, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana showed the highest potential for atmospheric particle accumulation. The PCA results revealed that Al, Fe, Ti, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Rb, Si, V, Zn and Zr indicated emissions from road traffic activities and soil dust; Ca, Mg and Na from sea salts and Mn and Sb from industrial activity. The biplot results showed that the site effect was much stronger than the species effect for all elements and saturation isothermal remanent magnetisation (SIRM) values. Moreover, elements from traffic, industrial activity and soil dust are significantly correlated with leaf SIRM indicating that leaf SIRM can be a suitable bioindicator of exposure to traffic-derived particles and soil dust, and not from sea salts. It is concluded that chemical composition and SIRM of urban tree leaves can serve as a good indicator of atmospheric PM pollution in Iran and anywhere else where the studied trees grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kardel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran, P.O. Box: 416, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Lab of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES research group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Lab of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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20
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Rizwan M, Ali S, Adrees M, Ibrahim M, Tsang DCW, Zia-Ur-Rehman M, Zahir ZA, Rinklebe J, Tack FMG, Ok YS. A critical review on effects, tolerance mechanisms and management of cadmium in vegetables. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:90-105. [PMID: 28494365 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in vegetables is an important environmental issue that threatens human health globally. Understanding the response of vegetables to Cd stress and applying management strategies may help to reduce the Cd uptake by vegetables. The aim of the present review is to summarize the knowledge concerning the uptake and toxic effects of Cd in vegetables and the different management strategies to combat Cd stress in vegetables. Leafy vegetables grown in Cd contaminated soils potentially accumulate higher concentrations of Cd, posing a threat to food commodities. The Cd toxicity decreases seed germination, growth, biomass and quality of vegetables. This reduces the photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and alteration in mineral nutrition. Toxicity of Cd toxicity also interferes with vegetable biochemistry causing oxidative stress and resulting in decreased antioxidant enzyme activities. Several management options have been employed for the reduction of Cd uptake and toxicity in vegetables. The exogenous application of plant growth regulators, proper mineral nutrition, and the use of organic and inorganic amendments might be useful for reducing Cd toxicity in vegetables. The use of low Cd accumulating vegetable cultivars in conjunction with insolubilizing amendments and proper agricultural practices might be a useful technique for reducing Cd exposure in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adrees
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Muhammad Zia-Ur-Rehman
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Zahir Ahmad Zahir
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwnagjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
| | - Filip M G Tack
- Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute (OJERI), Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Amato-Lourenco LF, Lobo DJA, Guimarães ET, Moreira TCL, Carvalho-Oliveira R, Saiki M, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T. Biomonitoring of genotoxic effects and elemental accumulation derived from air pollution in community urban gardens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:1438-1444. [PMID: 27720253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urban gardening is a growing global phenomenon with a positive impact on society. Despite several associated benefits, growing vegetables in urban gardens that are localized in highly polluted areas poses questions about the safety of the produced food. Therefore, the identification of risk factors that result in possible deleterious effects to human health is important for realizing all of the benefits to society. We evaluated the use of two biomonitoring methods in ten urban gardens of Sao Paulo city and one control site: the micronuclei frequencies for early tetrads of Tradescantia pallida (Rose) Hunt. cv. "Purpurea" Boom (hereafter, Trad-MCN) as a short-term indicator of genotoxic response and tree barks to quantify the accumulation of traffic-related chemical elements as a long-term biomarker of air pollution in urban gardens. Mature plants of Tradescantia pallida were exposed in each garden, and their inflorescences were sampled over three months. A random set of 300 early tetrads in 13 to 21 slides per garden were evaluated for micronuclei frequencies. Elemental concentrations in 428 tree barks samples from 107 different trees in the areas surrounding urban gardens were quantified using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The frequency of Trad-MCN has a significant correlation with traffic variables and chemical elements related to road dust and tailpipe emissions deposited in tree barks. Negative associations between Trad-MCN and both the distance through traffic and the presence of vertical obstacles were observed in the community gardens. The Mn/Zn concentrations in tree barks were associated with increased Trad-MCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Fernando Amato-Lourenco
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Study Group on Urban Agriculture, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo (IEA), Brazil.
| | - Debora Jã A Lobo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane T Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mitiko Saiki
- Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN-CNEN/SP - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Study Group on Urban Agriculture, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo (IEA), Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo - Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Study Group on Urban Agriculture, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo (IEA), Brazil
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