Hepatoprotective role and antioxidant capacity of selenium on arsenic-induced liver injury in rats

Selenomethionine supplementation mitigates fluoride-induced liver apoptosis and inflammatory reactions by blocking Parkin-mediated mitophagy in mice

As an environmental pollutant, fluoride-induced liver damage is directly linked to mitochondrial alteration and oxidative stress. Selenium's antioxidant capacity has been shown to alleviate liver damage. Emerging research proves that E3 ubiquitin ligase Park2 (Parkin)-mediated mitophagy may be a therapeutic target for fluorosis. The current study explored the effect of diverse selenium sources on fluoride-caused liver injury and the role of Parkin-mediated mitophagy in this intervention process. Therefore, this study established a fluoride-different selenium sources co-intervention wild-type (WT) mouse model and a fluoride-optimum selenium sources co-intervention Parkin gene knockout (Parkin-/-) mouse model. Our results show that selenomethionine (SeMet) is the optimum selenium supplementation form for mice suffering from fluorosis when compared to sodium selenite and chitosan nano‑selenium because mice from the F-SeMet group showed more closely normal growth and development levels of liver function, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory ability. Explicitly, SeMet ameliorated liver inflammation and cell apoptosis in fluoride-toxic mice, accomplished through downregulating the mRNA and protein expression levels associated with mitochondrial fusion and fission, mitophagy, apoptosis, inflammatory signalling pathway of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), reducing the protein expression levels of PARKIN, PTEN-induced putative kinase1 (PINK1), SQSTM1/p62 (P62), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3 (CASPAS3), as well as restraining the content of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The Parkin-/- showed comparable positive effects to the SeMet in the liver of fluorosis mice. The structure of the mitochondria, mRNA, protein expression levels, and the content of proinflammatory factors in mice from the FParkin-/- and F + SeMetParkin-/- groups closely resembled those in the F + SeMetWT group. Overall, the above results indicated that SeMet could alleviate fluoride-triggered inflammation and apoptosis in mice liver via blocking Parkin-mediated mitophagy.

Nicorandil mitigates arsenic trioxide-induced lung injury via modulating vital signalling pathways SIRT1/PGC-1α/TFAM, JAK1/STAT3, and miRNA-132 expression

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Nicorandil, a selective opener of potassium channels, used to treat angina, has drawn attention for its potential in mitigating lung injury, positioning it as a promising therapeutic approach to treat drug-induced lung toxicity. This study aimed to explore the protective role of nicorandil in arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced lung injury and to elucidate the underlying mechanistic pathways.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

We assessed the effects of nicorandil (15 mg·kg-1, p.o.) in a rat model of pulmonary injury induced by ATO (5 mg·kg-1, i.p.). The assessment included oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory cytokine levels, and other biomarkers, including sirtuin-1, sirtuin-3, STAT3, TFAM, and JAK in lung tissue. Histological examination using H&E staining and molecular investigations using western blotting and PCR techniques were conducted.

KEY RESULTS

In our model of lung injury, treatment with nicorandil ameliorated pathological changes as seen with H&E staining, reduced tissue levels of toxicity markers, and exerted significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. On a molecular level, treatment with nicorandil down-regulated JAK, STAT3, PPARγ, Nrf2, VEGF, p53, and micro-RNA 132 while up-regulating Sirt1, 3, TFAM, AMPK, and ERR-α in lung tissue.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The results presented here show nicorandil as a significant agent in attenuating lung injury induced by ATO in a rodent model. Nonetheless, further clinical studies are warranted to strengthen these findings.

N-acetylcysteine attenuates sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in embryonic fibroblast cells

In recent years, the increase in environmental pollutants has been one of the most important factors threatening human and environmental health. Arsenic, a naturally occurring element found in soil, water, and air, easily enters the human body and leads to many metabolic disorders. In this study, we focused on the possible protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against sodium arsenite (As)-induced toxic effects on embryonic fibroblast cells. The effects of As and NAC treatment on cells were evaluated, including cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Embryonic fibroblast cells were exposed to As (ranging from 0.01 μM to 10 μM) and NAC (at a concentration of 2 mM) for 24 h. The assessment of cytotoxicity markers, such as cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), showed that As significantly reduced cell viability and increased LDH levels. Furthermore, we observed that As increased the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell, decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and triggered apoptosis in cells. Additionally, our research revealed that the administration of NAC mitigates the detrimental effects of As. The results showed that As exerted hazardous effects on embryonic fibroblast cells through the induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this context, our study provides evidence that NAC may have a protective effect against the toxicity of As in embryonic fibroblast cells.

Sustainable Release Selenium Laden with SiO2 Restoring Peripheral Nerve Injury via Modulating PI3K/AKT Pathway Signaling Pathway

Background

Inhibiting ROS overproduction is considered a very effective strategy for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries, and Se has a remarkable antioxidant effect; however, since the difference between the effective concentration of Se and the toxic dose is not large, we synthesized a nanomaterial that can release Se slowly so that it can be used more effectively.

Methods

Se@SiO2 NPs were synthesized using a mixture of Cu2-x Se nanocrystals, and the mechanism of action of Se@SiO2 NPs was initially explored by performing sequencing, immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting of cellular experiments. The mechanism of action of Se@SiO2 NPs was further determined by performing behavioral assays after animal experiments and by sampling the material for histological staining, immunofluorescence staining, and ELISA. The effects, mechanisms and biocompatibility of Se@SiO2 NPs for peripheral nerve regeneration were determined.

Results

Porous Se@SiO2 was successfully synthesized, had good particle properties, and could release Se slowly. CCK-8 experiments revealed that the optimal experimental doses were 100 μM H2O2 and 200 μg/mL Se@SiO2, and RNA-seq revealed that porous Se@SiO2 was associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the PI3K/AKT pathway. WB showed that porous Se@SiO2 could increase the expression of cell proliferation antigens (PCNA and S100) and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2), decrease the expression of proapoptotic proteins (Bax), and increase the expression of antioxidative stress proteins (Nrf2, HO-1, and SOD2). EdU cell proliferation and ROS fluorescence assays showed that porous Se@SiO2 promoted cell proliferation and reduced ROS levels. The therapeutic effect of LY294002 (a PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor) was decreased significantly and its effect was lost when it was added simultaneously with porous Se@SiO2. Animal experiments revealed that the regenerated nerve fiber density, myelin thickness, axon area, gastrocnemius muscle wet-to-weight ratio, myofiber area, sciatic nerve function index (SFI), CMAP, apoptotic cell ratio, and levels of antioxidative stress proteins and anti-inflammatory factors were increased following the administration of porous Se@SiO2. The levels of oxidative stress proteins and anti-inflammatory factors were significantly greater in the Se@SiO2 group than in the PNI group, and the effect of LY294002 was decreased significantly and was lost when it was added simultaneously with porous Se@SiO2.

Conclusion

Se@SiO2 NPs are promising, economical and effective Se-releasing nanomaterials that can effectively reduce ROS production, inhibit apoptosis and promote cell proliferation after nerve injury via the PI3K/AKT pathway, ultimately accelerating nerve regeneration. These findings could be used to design new, promising drugs for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.

Prosopis africana exerts neuroprotective activity against quaternary metal mixture-induced memory impairment mediated by oxido-inflammatory response via Nrf2 pathway

The beneficial effects of Prosopis africana (PA) on human health have been demonstrated; however, its protective effects against heavy metals (HM) are not yet understood. This study evaluated the potential neuroprotective effects of PA in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. To accomplish this, we divided 35 albino Sprague Dawley rats into five groups. Group I did not receive either heavy metal mixture (HMM) or PA. Group II received a HMM of PbCl2 (20 mg/kg), CdCl2 (1.61 mg/kg), HgCl2 (0.40 mg/kg), and NaAsO3 (10 mg/kg) orally for a period of two months. Groups III, IV, and V received HMM along with PA at doses of 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg, respectively. PA caused decreased levels of HM accumulation in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum and improved performance in the Barnes maze and rotarod tests. PA significantly reduced levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. PA increased concentrations of SOD, CAT, GSH, and Hmox-1 and decreased the activities of AChE and Nrf2. In addition, levels of MDA and NO decreased in groups III, IV, and V, along with an increase in the number of live neurons. In conclusion, PA demonstrates a complex neuroprotective effect with the potential to alleviate various aspects of HM-induced neurotoxicity.

Protective role of selenium and selenium-nanoparticles against multiple stresses in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Pollution and climate change pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems, with adverse impacts on aquatic animals, including fish. Climate change increases the toxicity of metal in aquatic ecosystems. To understand the severity of metal pollution and climate change, an experiment was conducted to delineate the mitigation potential of selenium (Se) and selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) against lead (Pb) and high temperature stress in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. For the experiment, five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were prepared, varying in selenium supplementation as Se at 0, 1, and 2 mg kg-1 diet, and Se-NPs at 1 and 2 mg kg-1 diet. The fish in stressor groups were exposed to Pb (1/20th of LC50 concentration, 4 ppm) and high temperature (34 °C) throughout the experiment. The results demonstrated that dietary supplementation of Se at 1 and 2 mg kg-1 diet, as well as Se-NPs at 1 mg kg-1 diet, significantly reduced (p < 0.01) the levels of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in both liver and muscle tissues. Additionally, the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in both gill and liver tissues were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) with the inclusion of Se and Se-NPs in the diets. Furthermore, the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in gill and liver tissues, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in liver and muscle tissues, and acid phosphatase in liver tissue were remarkably reduced (p < 0.01) due to the supplementation of Se and Se-NPs. Moreover, dietary supplementation of Se and Se-NPs significantly enhanced (p < 0.01) the activity of pyruvate kinase, glucokinase, hexokinase, alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, protease, amylase, lipase, and RNA/DNA ratio in the fish. Histopathological examination of gill and liver tissues also indicated that Se and Se-NPs protected against structural damage caused by lead and high-temperature stress. Moreover, the study examined the bioaccumulation of selenium and lead in muscle, water, and diets. The aim of the study revealed that Se and Se-NPs effectively protected the fish from lead toxicity and high-temperature stress, while also improving the function of cellular metabolic enzymes in P. hypophthalmus.

Selenium and zinc supplementation mitigates metals-(loids) mixture- mediated cardiopulmonary toxicity via attenuation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic mechanisms in female Sprague Dawley rats

This study evaluated the cardiopulmonary protective effects of essential elements (Zn and Se) against heavy metals mixture (HMM) exposure. Twenty five female Sprague Dawley albino rats, divided in to five groups: controls were orally treated only with distilled water; next, group 2 was exposed to HMM with the following concentrations: 20 mg/kg of Pb body weight, 0.40 mg/kg of Hg, 0.56 mg/kg of Mn, and 35 mg/kg of Al. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were exposed to HMM and co-treated with zinc chloride (ZnCl2; 0.80 mg/kg), sodium selenite (Na2SeO3;1.50 mg/kg) and both zinc chloride and sodium selenite, respectively. The experiment lasted for 60 days. Afterwards animals were sacrificed, and we conduced biochemical and histopathological examination of the heart and lungs. HMM only exposed animals had an increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), increased IL-6 and TNF-α, attenuated SOD, GPx, CAT and GSH and caspase 3 in the heart and lungs. HMM affected NF-kB and Nrf2 in the heart muscle with histomorphological alterations. Zn and Se attenuated adverse effects of HMM exposure. Essential element supplementation ameliorated heavy metal cardiopulmonary intoxication in rats.

Nanotechnology in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections

The development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), along with the relative reduction in the production of new antimicrobials, significantly limits the therapeutic options in infectious diseases. Thus, novel treatments, especially in the current era, where AMR is increasing, are urgently needed. There are several ongoing studies on non-classical therapies for infectious diseases, such as bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, and nanotechnology, among others. Nanomaterials involve materials on the nanoscale that could be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases. This review provides an overview of the applications of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases from a clinician's perspective, with a focus on pathogens with AMR. Applications of nanomaterials in diagnosis, by taking advantage of their electrochemical, optic, magnetic, and fluorescent properties, are described. Moreover, the potential of metallic or organic nanoparticles (NPs) in the treatment of infections is also addressed. Finally, the potential use of NPs in the development of safe and efficient vaccines is also reviewed. Further studies are needed to prove the safety and efficacy of NPs that would facilitate their approval by regulatory authorities for clinical use.

Selenium and zinc alleviate hepatotoxicity induced by heavy metal mixture (cadmium, mercury, lead and arsenic) via attenuation of inflammo-oxidant pathways

Heavy metals (HM) are believed to be injurious to humans. Man is exposed to them on daily basis unknowingly, with no acceptable protocol to manage its deleterious effects. These metals occur as mixture of chemicals with varying concentrations in our atmosphere. There are growing calls for the use of essential metals in mitigating the injurious effects induced by heavy metals exposure to man; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of essential metals (Zinc and Selenium) in a mixture of heavy metal toxicity. In this study, except for negative controls, all other groups were treated with lead (PbCl2 , 20 mg kg-1 ); cadmium (CdCl2 , 1.61 mg kg-1 ); mercury (HgCl2 , 0.40 mg kg-1 ), and arsenic (NaAsO3, 10 mg kg-1 ) that were formed in distilled water. Pb, Cd, As, and Hg were administered as mixtures to 35, 6 weeks old rats weighing between 80 to 100 g for 60 days. Group I served as normal control without treatment, group II positive control received HM mixture, while groups III to V received HMM with Zn, Se, and Zn + Se respectively. Animal and liver weights, HM accumulation in the liver, food intake (FI), water intake (WI), liver function test, malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory/transcription factor/apoptosis markers were checked. Also, antioxidant enzymes, and histological studies were carried out. Metal mixture accumulated in the liver and caused toxicities which were ameliorated by Zn and Se administration. HM caused significant decrease in FI, WI and distorted the level of liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory markers, antioxidants and architecture of the liver. Co administration with Zn or Se or both reversed the distortions. This study lays credence to the evolving research on the public health implications of low dose metal mixtures and the possible ameliorative properties of Zn and Se.

Selenium and zinc protect against heavy metal mixture-induced, olfactory bulb and hippocampal damage by augmenting antioxidant capacity and activation of Nrf2-Hmox-1 signaling in male rats

PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY

Heavy metals and metalloids have been implicated in neurodenerative diseases. Present study has evaluated the potential protective effects of Se and Zn on heavy metals and metalloids mixture-induced (Cd, Pb, Hg and As) toxicity in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb in male rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Five groups of Wistar rats were randomly divided in to: controls, toxic metals mixture (TMM) exposed rats (PbCl2, 20 mg·kg-1; CdCl2, 1.61 mg·kg-1; HgCl2, 0.40 mg·kg-1 and NaAsO3, 10 mg·kg-1)), TMM + Zn, TMM + Se and TMM-+Zn + Se groups and were orally treated for 60 days.

RESULTS

We found that in hippocampus and olfactory bulb, TMM generated increased lipid peroxidation and diminished antioxidant capacity. These adverse effects induced by TMM were alleviated by Zn and Se co-treatment; moreover, essential trace elements (Zn and Se) decreased activity of acetylcholinesterase, reduced Cd, Pb, Hg and As bioaccumulation in hippocampus and olfactory bulb and decreased levels of TNF-α in the hippocampus. TMM treated rats had lower levels of Hmox-1 (hippocampus), higher levels of Nrf2 (olfactory bulb and hippocampus) and NF-kB (olfactory bulb). TMM treated rats showed significantly highest time in locating the escape hole. Histopathological examination revealed hypertrophied granule cells in OB of TMM exposed rats.

CONCLUSION

Zn and Se supplementation can reverse quaternary mixture-induced (Cd, Pb, Hg and As) toxicity in hippocampus and OB in male albino rats.

Selenium and zinc alleviate quaternary metal mixture -induced neurotoxicity in rats by inhibiting oxidative damage and modulating the expressions of NF-kB and Nrf2/Hmox-1 pathway

Background

This study evaluated the potential protective effects of Zn and Se in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, two fundamentally important brain regions, in albino rats that were exposed to heavy metals mixture (Al, Pb, Hg and Mn).

Methods

Animals were divided into five groups of seven animals per group with following patterns of exposure, controls group 1 were orally treated with deionized water for 60 days; group 2 was exposed to heavy metal mixture (HMM) with following concentrations (20 mg·kg^-1 of Pb body weight; 0.40 mg·kg^-1 of Hg; 0.56 mg·kg^-1 of Mn; and 35 mg·kg^-1; of Al), while groups 3,4 and 5 were exposed to HMM and orally co-treated with zinc chloride (ZnCl₂; 0.80 mg/kg), sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃;1.50 mg/kg) and zinc chloride plus sodium selenite (ZnCl_0.2 + Na₂SeO₃) respectively.

Results

Exposure to HMM depressed cellular antioxidant apparatus, induced generation of lipid peroxidation markers (Malondialdehyde and NO), downregulated expression of transcription factors (Nrf2, and NF-kB) and upregulated Caspase 3 levels. HMM potentiated acetylcholinesterase activity and induced moderate histopathological alterations. Nevertheless, Zn, Se and in particular Zn + Se had recovering effects on all mentioned hazardous effects produced by HMM exposure in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum.

Conclusions

Selenium and zinc exert neuroprotection via Nrf2/NF-kB signaling pathways against quaternary heavy metal mixture-induced impairments in albino Sprague Dawley rats.

Co-exposure to lead, mercury, and cadmium induces neurobehavioral impairments in mice by interfering with dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in the striatum

Humans are exposed to lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) through various routes, including drinking water, and such exposure can lead to a range of toxicological effects. However, few studies have investigated the toxic effects of exposure to mixtures of metals, particularly in relation to neurotoxicity. In this study, 7-week-old male mice were exposed to Pb, Hg, and Cd individually or in combination through their drinking water for 28 days. The mice exposed to the metal mixture exhibited significantly reduced motor coordination and impaired learning and memory abilities compared to the control group and each of the single metal exposure groups, indicating a higher level of neurotoxicity of the metal mixture. The dopamine content in the striatum was significantly lower in the metal mixture exposure group than in the single metal exposure groups and the control group. Furthermore, compared to the control group, the metal mixture exposure group showed a significantly lower expression level of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and significantly higher expression levels of dopamine transporter (DAT), tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), and serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT). Notably, there were no significant differences in SERT expression between the single metal exposure groups and the control group, but SERT expression was significantly higher in the metal mixture exposure group than in the single metal and control groups. These findings suggest that the key proteins involved in the synthesis and reuptake of dopamine (TH and DAT, respectively), as well as in the synthesis and reuptake of serotonin (TPH1 and SERT, respectively), play crucial roles in the neurotoxic effects associated with exposure to metal mixtures. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that simultaneous exposure to different metals can impact key enzymes involved in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission processes, leading to disruptions in dopamine and serotonin homeostasis and consequently a range of detrimental neurobehavioral effects.

Arsenic-induced toxicity and the ameliorative role of antioxidants and natural compounds

Arsenic (As) poisoning has proven to be a major threat worldwide because of its toxic effects on the human body. As toxicity through drinking water is a global health concern. The toxicity of As is known to affect the liver, kidney, lungs, muscles, cardiovascular system, and nervous system and can even induce diabetes. Further As can cause skin lesions leading to notable diseases in the skin like Bowen's disease. Chronic exposure to As has caused many tragedies in Eastern, and several Southeast Asian and Latin American countries. Long-term exposure to As makes it an immediate threat that should be dealt with as a priority, and one of the ways to handle it may be with the use of antioxidants. In this review, we have discussed the natural and anthropogenic sources of As, its metabolism, pathophysiology, and mechanism of toxicity. Besides, we have also discussed some of the synthetic chelators and the ameliorative role of antioxidants and natural compounds in reducing As toxicity.

Essential Trace Elements Prevent the Impairment in the Retention Memory, Cerebral Cortex, and Cerebellum Damage in Male Rats Exposed to Quaternary Metal Mixture by Up-regulation, of Heme Oxygynase-1 and Down-regulation of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor 2-NOs Signaling Pathways

In the present study, we examined adverse effects of metals and metalloids in the Cerebral cortex (CC) and Cerebellum (CE). Group 1 comprised from the controls while other four groups of male Wistar rats were treated with following pattern: Group II (Heavy Metal Mixture HMM only: PbCl₂, 20 mg·kg^-1; CdCl₂, 1.61 mg·kg^-1; HgCl₂, 0.40 mg·kg^-1, and NaAsO₃,10 mg·kg^-1), Groups III (HMM + ZnCl₂); Group IV (HMM + Na₂SeO₃) and Group V (HMM + ZnCl₂ + Na₂SeO₃) for 60 days per os. HMM promoted oxidative stress in the CC and CE of treated rats compared to controls; moreover, exposure to HMM led to increased activity of the AChE and pro-inflammatory cytokines; also, HMM promoted accumulation of caspase 3 and other transcriptional factors such as Nrf2 and decreased levels of Hmox-1. Essential metals reduced increased bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd, As and Hg in CC and CE caused by HMM exposure. Also, all mentioned adverse effects were diminished by essential metals treatment (Se and Zn). HMM exposed rats had considerably less escape dormancy than controls. Histopathological analysis revealed moderate cell loss at the intermediate (Purkinje cell) and granular layer. Zinc and selenium supplementations could reverse adverse effects of heavy metals at various cellular levels in neurons.

Evaluation of the Possible Protective Role of Nobiletin against Arsenic-Induced Liver Damage in Male Albino Rats

Arsenic (As) is a toxic contaminant present in organic and inorganic forms in the environment. Nobiletin (NOB) is a polymethoxy flavone that has recently gained substantial consideration due to its curative impacts. The present experiment was conducted to assess the hepatoprotective efficiency of NOB on As-generated hepatotoxicity. Twenty-four adult rats were equally distributed into four groups and designated as control, As (50 mg/kg)-treated, As + NOB (50 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively), and NOB (25 mg/kg)-treated groups. After 30 days, experimental animals were decapitated, then blood and tissue samples were collected for further analysis. The group treated with As showed a significant decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GSR), and total antioxidant status (TAS), and a substantial increase in the accumulation of As in liver tissues, levels of total oxidant status (TOS), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Significant increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were observed in As-treated rats. Moreover, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-6, and cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 activity, as well as the levels of pro-apoptotic markers (Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9) were increased on exposure to As. In contrast, the anti-apoptotic marker (Bcl-2) level was significantly decreased. As administration showed a significant disturbance in hepatic tissue histology. However, cotreatment of NOB with As considerably increased the antioxidant enzyme activity, with a noteworthy reduction in the deposition of As in hepatic tissues, TBARS, and H₂O₂ levels. NOB-administrated rats showed considerable recovery in terms of inflammation, apoptosis, and histological damage. Hence, NOB can be considered a useful curative compound due to its medicinal properties against As-prompted hepatotoxicity.

Optimal combination of arsenic trioxide and copper ions to prevent autoimmunity in a murine HOCl-induced model of systemic sclerosis

Introduction

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare chronic autoimmune disease characterized by diffuse fibrosis of the skin and internal organs and vascular abnormalities. The etiology and physiopathology are complex due to the heterogeneity of its overall clinical presentation. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been proven to be effective against SSc, sclerodermatous Graft-versus-Host Disease, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease or systemic lupus erythematosus animal models and has demonstrated promising effects in human clinical trials. Its efficacy was shown to be related at least in part to the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and the selective deletion of activated immune cells and fibroblasts. However, ATO can induce some adverse effects that must be considered, especially when used for the treatment of a chronic disease.

Methods

We evaluate here, in vitro and in a mouse model of SSc, the improved efficacy of ATO when associated with a Fenton-like divalent cation, namely copper chloride (CuCl₂), also known to trigger the production of ROS.

Results

In preliminary experiments in vitro, ATO 1 µM + CuCl₂ 0.5 µM increased ROS production and increased apoptosis of NIH 3T3 murine fibroblasts compared to 1 µM ATO alone. In vivo, in the HOCl-induced mouse model of SSc, co-treatment with ATO 2.5 μg/g + CuCl₂ 0.5 μg/g significantly alleviated clinical signs such as the thickening of the skin (p<0.01) and cutaneous fibrosis, in a manner equivalent to treatment with ATO 5 µg/g. Our results provide evidence that co-treatment with ATO 2.5 μg/g + CuCl₂ 0.5 μg/g decreases the number of B cells and the activation of CD4⁺ T lymphocytes. The co-treatment substantially blocks the NRF2 signaling pathway, increases H2O2 production and results in the improvement of the health status of mice with experimental SSc.

Conclusion

In conclusion, copper combined with ATO treatment halved the concentration of ATO needed to obtain the same effect as a high dose of ATO alone for the treatment of SSc mice. The strategy of using lower doses of drugs with different mechanisms of action in combination has many potential advantages, the first being to lessen the potential side effects induced by ATO, a drug with side effects quickly increased with dosage.

Zn and Se abrogate heavy metal mixture induced ovarian and thyroid oxido-inflammatory effects mediated by activation of NRF2-HMOX-1 in female albino rats

The thyroid is vital for the proper functioning of the female reproductive system since it regulates the metabolism and development of ovary. This is an evaluation of the essential trace elements ETE on the heavy metals mixture HMM mediated oxido-inflammatory effects in the ovary and thyroid of female albino rats. Eight groups (5 female rats /group) were treated as follows for 60 days: Group 1: Deionized water only; Group 2: (Pb, Hg, Mn and Al); Group 3: HMM + ZnCl2, 0.80 mg/kg; Group 4: HMM + Na2SeO3, 1.50 mg/kg; Group 5: HMM + ZnCl2, 0.80 mg/kg and Na2SeO3, 1.50 mg/kg combined. On day 60 animals were euthanized, ovary and thyroid were harvested and used for, MDA, NO, antioxidants, TNF-α, IL-6, HMOX-1, Caspase-3, NF-KB, NRF2, HM and histopathology. There was significant bioaccumulation of Pb, Al, Hg and MN; elevated IL-6 and TNF-α, MDA and NO, caspase-3 and NRF2, NFKB and HMOX-1 with significant decrease in antioxidants in the HMM only group in comparison to the control. Co-treatment with ETE reversed most of these effects. ETE may ameliorate HMM -induced ovarian and thyrotoxicity in female albino rats by blunting oxido-inflammatory activities.

Thymoquinone supplementation mitigates arsenic-induced cytotoxic and genotoxic alterations in rat liver

Arsenic, a widespread environmental toxin, produces multiple organ toxicity, including hepatotoxicity. Thymoquinone (TQ) is known to restore liver functions in several hepatic injury models. This study aims to assess the mitigative potential of TQ against sodium arsenate (NaAs)-induced cytotoxic and genotoxic alterations in the liver. Rats were randomly distributed to control, NaAs, TQ, and NaAs+TQ groups. NaAs+TQ and TQ group of rats were pre-treated with TQ (1.5 mg/kg bwt, orally) for 14 days, and the treatment was further continued for 30 days, with and without NaAs treatment (5 mg/kg bwt, orally), respectively. The deleterious histological alterations in the liver of arsenic intoxicated animals were accompanied by an upsurge in the activities of serum ALT and AST, the diagnostic indicators of liver injury. NaAs caused pronounced alterations in the activities of membrane marker and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and the enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of hepatic antioxidant defense. Significant hepatocyte DNA damage and hepatic arsenic accumulation were also observed in arsenic-exposed rats. TQ supplementation alleviated these adverse alterations and improved the overall hepatic metabolic and antioxidant status in NaAs-administered rats. Prevention of oxidative injury could be the key mechanism of TQ-elicited protective effects. TQ may have an excellent scope as a dietary supplement in the management of arsenic-induced hepatic pathophysiology.

Single and joint effects of cadmium and selenium on bioaccumulation, oxidative stress and metabolomic responses in the clam Scrobicularia plana

Selenium (Se) is a vital trace element for many living organisms inclusive of aquatic species. Although the antagonistic action of this element against other pollutants has been previously described for mammals and birds, limited information on the join effects in bivalves is available. To this end, bivalves of the species Scrobicularia plana were exposed to Se and Cd individually and jointly. Digestive glands were analysed to determine dose-dependent effects, the potential influence of Se on Cd bioaccumulationas well as the possible recover of the oxidative stress and metabolic alterations induced by Cd. Selenium co-exposure decreased the accumulation of Cd at low concentrations. Cd exposure significantly altered the metabolome of clams such as aminoacyltRNA biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid and amino acid metabolism, while Se co-exposure ameliorated several altered metabolites such asLysoPC (14:0), LysoPE (20:4), LysoPE (22:6), PE (14:0/18:0), PE (20:3/18:4) andpropionyl-l-carnitine.Additionally, Se seems to be able to regulate the redox status of the digestive gland of clams preventing the induction of oxidativedamage in this organ. This study shows the potential Se antagonism against Cd toxicity in S. plana and the importance to study join effects of pollutants to understand the mechanism underlined the effects.

Selenium Supplementation Protects Against Arsenic-Trioxide-Induced Cardiotoxicity Via Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Through Increasing NAD+ Pool

Arsenic is an environmental contaminant, and accumulating evidence has indicated that exposure to arsenic can cause various diseases, especially cardiotoxicity. Selenium (Se) exerts a vital role in the regulation of multiple physiological activities. Recently, several studies highlighted that Se treatment can effectively antagonize the toxic effects induced by arsenic. However, the exact underlying effect and mechanism of Se on Arsenic-induced cardiotoxicity has not been explored. In the current study, the arsenic trioxide (ATO)-triggered heart damage mice model was used to explore whether Se exerts protective roles in ATO-related cardiotoxicity and its potential mechanism. Our data showed that Se treatment significantly alleviated ATO-mediated cardiotoxicity evidenced by increased weight, decreased myocardial damage markers, and improved heart functions in mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Se remarkably inhibited ATO-mediated oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in heart tissues. Mechanistically, we showed that Se upregulated the levels of NAD⁺ in cardiomyocytes of the mice challenged by ATO, and this effect involved in the activation of the NAD⁺ biosynthesis through the salvage pathway. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that Se protected against ATO-mediated cardiotoxicity by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects via increasing the NAD⁺ pool in mice.

Nephroprotective Efficacy of Selenium and Zinc Against Potassium Dichromate-Induced Renal Toxicity in Pregnant Wistar Albino Rats

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) compounds are potent toxicants commonly used in numerous industries. Thus, potential toxic effects and health hazards are of high relevance. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are known for their antioxidant and chemoprotective properties. However, little is known about their protective effects against CrVI-induced renal damage during pregnancy. In this context, the present study aimed to investigate the protective efficacy of these two essential elements against potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats. Female rats were divided into control and four treated groups of six each receiving subcutaneously on the 3rd day of pregnancy, K₂Cr₂O₇ (10 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg, s.c. single dose), ZnCl₂ (20 mg/kg, s.c. single dose) or both of them simultaneously. The nephrotoxic effects were monitored by the evaluation of plasma renal parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage, and renal Cr content. The obtained results showed that K₂Cr₂O₇ disturbed renal biochemical markers, induced oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation in kidney tissues, and altered renal histoarchitecture. The co-administration of Se and/or ZnCl₂ has exhibited pronounced chelative, antioxidant, and genoprotective effects against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced renal damage and attenuated partially the histopathological alterations. These results suggest that Se and Zn can be used as efficient nephroprotective agents against K₂Cr₂O₇-induced toxicity in pregnant Wistar Albino rats.

Mannose-Anchored Nano-Selenium Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers of Etravirine for Delivery to HIV Reservoirs

The present investigation aims to develop and explore mannosylated lipid-based carriers to deliver an anti-HIV drug, Etravirine (TMC) and Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), to the HIV reservoirs via the mannose receptor. The successful mannosylation was evaluated by the change in zeta potential and lectin binding assay using fluorescence microscopy. Electron microscopy and scattering studies were employed to study the structure and surface of the nanocarrier system. The presence of selenium at the core-shell of the nanocarrier system was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Further, the in vitro anti-HIV1 efficacy was assessed using HIV1 infected TZM-bl cells followed by in vivo biodistribution studies to evaluate distribution to various reservoirs of HIV. The results exhibited higher effectiveness and a significant increase in the therapeutic index as against the plain drug. The confocal microscopy and flow cytometry studies exhibited the efficient uptake of the coumarin-6 tagged respective formulations. The protective effect of nano selenium toward oxidative stress was evaluated in rats, demonstrating the potential of the lipidic nanoparticle-containing selenium in mitigating oxidative stress in all the major organs. The in vivo biodistribution assessment in rats showed a 12.44, 8.05 and 9.83-fold improvement in the brain, ovary, and lymph node biodistribution, respectively as compared with plain TMC. Delivery of such a combination via mannosylated nanostructured lipid carriers could be an efficient approach for delivering drugs to reservoirs of HIV while simultaneously reducing the oxidative stress induced by such long-term therapies by co-loading Nano-Selenium.

Natural Dietary Compounds in the Treatment of Arsenic Toxicity

Chronic exposure to arsenic (As) compounds leads to its accumulation in the body, with skin lesions and cancer being the most typical outcomes. Treating As-induced diseases continues to be challenging as there is no specific, safe, and efficacious therapeutic management. Therapeutic and preventive measures available to combat As toxicity refer to chelation therapy, antioxidant therapy, and the intake of natural dietary compounds. Although chelation therapy is the most commonly used method for detoxifying As, it has several side effects resulting in various toxicities such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and other adverse consequences. Drugs of plant origin and natural dietary compounds show efficient and progressive relief from As-mediated toxicity without any particular side effects. These natural compounds have also been found to aid the elimination of As from the body and, therefore, can be more effective than conventional therapeutic agents in ameliorating As toxicity. This review provides an overview of the recently updated knowledge on treating As poisoning through natural dietary compounds. This updated information may serve as a basis for defining novel prophylactic and therapeutic formulations.

Selenium Nanoparticles Improved Intestinal Health Through Modulation of the NLRP3 Signaling Pathway

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) play important roles in promoting animal health, however, their impact on intestinal health remains elusive. This study was intended to evaluate the effects of different doses of SeNPs on the intestinal health, especially the development of goblet cells in the broiler jejunum. A total of 480 1-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 6 replications of 16 chicks each. Birds were fed with low selenium corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, or 0.4 mg/kg of SeNPs. On d 21, dietary supplementation of SeNPs effectively reduced the mortality of broilers. The villus height and the villus height/crypt depth ratio of the jejunum showed significant quadratic effects with the increasing concentration of SeNPs (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1), ZO-2, claudin-3, and claudin-5 in the jejunum decreased linearly with the increasing dose of SeNPs (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-18, and the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the jejunum decreased linearly with the increase of SeNPs concentration (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the number of goblet cells in the jejunum was significantly increased by adding 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg SeNPs(P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA expression of Mucin2 (Muc2) showed a significant quadratic relationship that increased after adding 0.1 mg/kg SeNPs (P < 0.05). Dietary SeNPs also linearly reduced the expression of v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-myc) (P < 0.05). The mean density of TUNEL positive cells in the 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg SeNPs groups were lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Similarly, the mRNA expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1), toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in the jejunum decreased linearly with the increase of SeNPs concentration (P < 0.05). Results show that supplementation with 0.2 mg/kg SeNPs may decrease intestinal oxidative stress and inflammation by modifying the activation of NLRP3 signaling pathway, which can effectively promote intestinal goblet cells of 21-day-old broilers.

Hepatoprotective effect of Physalis divaricata in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity: In vitro, in silico and in vivo analysis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Physalis divaricata D. Don. is an erect weed of family Solanaceae. The root extract of this plant is used by the indigenous communities of Sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India for the treatment of liver disorders.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate hepatoprotective potential of P. divaricata in paracetamol (PCM) induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The dried roots of P. divaricata were subjected to extraction using different solvents. The chloroform extract, methanol extract and bioactive aqueous fraction of methanol extract were evaluated for hepatoprotective effect. After initial in vitro screening, all extracts were screened for hepatoprotective potential in PCM (3 g/kg p.o) induced hepatotoxicity. Following PCM administration, extracts were administered orally for 7 days in increasing dose concentrations. All the animals were euthanized on eighth day, serum and liver tissues were collected and subjected to various biochemical and histopathological analysis. Aqueous fraction of methanol extract was further analyzed using LC- MS analysis.

RESULTS

Methanol extract and its bioactive aqueous fraction exhibited significant and better in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activity as compared to chloroform extract. PCM treatment caused hepatotoxicity as assessed by altered levels of various hepatic biomarkers (increase in the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, TBARS, and AOPPs as well as decrease in GSH and TrxR levels) along with histopathological changes (portal to portal bridging, necrosis, and inflammation). Methanolic extract (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg) and its aqueous fraction treatment (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly restored elevated hepatic biomarkers, oxidative stress, and protected normal hepato-architecture. LC-MS analysis of aqueous fraction showed presence of rutin and kaempferol. In silico analysis further showed the capability of rutin to make complex with TNF-α and block its interaction with the target site.

CONCLUSION

Aqueous fraction showed maximum hepatoprotective potential as conceived through in vitro and in vivo studies. Presence of rutin may explain hepatoprotective potential of P. divaricata.

Oxidative Stress, Genomic Integrity, and Liver Diseases

Excess reactive oxygen species production and free radical formation can lead to oxidative stress that can damage cells, tissues, and organs. Cellular oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between ROS production and antioxidants. This imbalance can lead to malfunction or structure modification of major cellular molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNAs. During oxidative stress conditions, DNA and protein structure modifications can lead to various diseases. Various antioxidant-specific gene expression and signal transduction pathways are activated during oxidative stress to maintain homeostasis and to protect organs from oxidative injury and damage. The liver is more vulnerable to oxidative conditions than other organs. Antioxidants, antioxidant-specific enzymes, and the regulation of the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) genes can act against chronic oxidative stress in the liver. ARE-mediated genes can act as the target site for averting/preventing liver diseases caused by oxidative stress. Identification of these ARE genes as markers will enable the early detection of liver diseases caused by oxidative conditions and help develop new therapeutic interventions. This literature review is focused on antioxidant-specific gene expression upon oxidative stress, the factors responsible for hepatic oxidative stress, liver response to redox signaling, oxidative stress and redox signaling in various liver diseases, and future aspects.

Positive effects of selenium supplementation on selenoprotein S expression and cytokine status in a murine model of acute liver injury

BACKGROUND

It is a consensus that selenomethionine (SeMet) can protect liver from damage, but the immune mechanism of SeMet in acute liver injury (ALI) is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of SeMet against ALI and to elucidate the possible immune mechanism.

METHODS

Firstly, the role of SeMet in CCl4-induced ALI mice was investigated through survival rate, serum ALT and AST, liver necrosis and apoptosis analysis. The expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the liver and serum of CCl4-induced ALI mice were analyzed by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Then the immune cell phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal imaging. In addition, MDSCs depletion, CXCL12/CXCR4 axis blocking and selenoprotein S (SELENOS) knockdown assays were used to reveal the immune mechanism of SeMet.

RESULTS

We found that SeMet prolonged survival rate, decreased the serum ALT and AST, alleviated liver necrosis and inhibited hepatocytes apoptosis. Prospective, SeMet decreased the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, and increased the expression of IL-10. Interestingly, SeMet decreased the expression of MCP-1, while increased the expression of CXCL12. The immune analysis showed that SeMet decreased the activation of T cells through promoting MDSCs accumulation mediated by CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Furthermore, SeMet increased SELENOS expression in vivo, and knockdown of SELENOS effectively abolished the protective effect of SeMet during ALI.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that SeMet alleviates CCl4-induced ALI by promoting MDSCs accumulation through SELENOS mediated CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Therefore, our study infers that selenium intake may be as a new therapeutic option for management of inflammation-mediated liver injury.

Protective Effects of Selenium and Zinc Against Nickel Chloride-Induced Hormonal Changes and Oxidative Damage in Thyroid of Pregnant Rats

Nickel chloride (NiCl₂) is a heavy metal that may affect the function of the thyroid. Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are essential trace elements involved in thyroid hormone metabolism. However, little is reported about thyrotoxicity during gestation. The current study aimed to investigate the protective effects of selenium and zinc against NiCl₂-induced thyrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar rats. Female rats were treated subcutaneously (s.c.) on the 3rd day of pregnancy, with NaCl 0.9% and served as control, NiCl₂ (100 mg/kg body weight (BW)) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.), ZnCl₂ (20 mg/kg, s.c.), or both of them simultaneously. Oxidative stress parameters, thyroid biomarkers, and histopathological examination were evaluated. Results showed that NiCl₂ exposure caused a significant decrease in maternal body weight and an increase in absolute and relative thyroid weight compared to the controls. NiCl₂ administration also led to decreased plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) with a concomitant significant increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels when compared to that of control. In addition, an overall pro-oxidant effect was associated with a decrease in the reduced glutathione (GSH) and nonprotein thiol (NPSH) contents and the enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA). These biochemical disturbances were confirmed by histological changes. However, the co-treatment of Se and/or ZnCl₂ attenuates NiCl₂-induced changes. Our findings suggested that Se and ZnCl₂ ameliorated NiCl₂-induced thyrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar rats by exhibiting antioxidant effects.

Effect of Telmisartan on Arsenic-Induced (Sub-chronic) Perturbations in Redox Homeostasis, Pro-inflammatory Cascade and Aortic Dysfunction in Wistar Rats

An experimental study was conducted in male Wistar rats to explore the antioxidant potential of telmisartan (an AT₁ receptor blocker) to overcome arsenic ('As')-induced perturbations in redox homeostasis pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin-E₂ levels and aortic dysfunction in Wistar rats. Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of six each. Group-I served as untreated control, while group-II received sodium (meta) arsenite (NaAsO₂) (10 mg/kg b.wt. p.o) for a period of 60 days. Experimental rats in group-III received treatment similar to group-II, but in addition received telmisartan (with 1% aqueous solution of Tween 80) @ 10 mg/kg b.wt. (p.o) for a similar duration, while rats in group-IV received telmisartan alone. Arsenic exposure resulted in significant (p < 0.05) elevation in the levels of superoxide anion ([Formula: see text]) radicals (control: 768.20 ± 126.77 vs group-II: 1232.75 ± 97.85 pmol of NBT reduced/min/mg protein). Telmisartan administration showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in [Formula: see text] generation (815.34 ± 43.41 pmol of NBT reduced/min/mg protein). Sub-chronic exposure to 'As' significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx and GR activity and GSH levels in the aorta, thus induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) measured as measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) called as malondialdehyde (MDA). However, the administration of telmisartan effectively countered the LPO (24.03 ± 1.18 nmol of MDA/g) on account of restoring the levels of aforesaid antioxidant defense system. Telmisartan administration effectively attenuated the 'As'-induced surge in pro-inflammatory cytokines (viz., IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) levels, as well as countered the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX₂) as indicated by a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in PGE₂ level in the aorta. In addition to it, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in plasma angiotensin II (Ang-II) levels in experimental rats receiving telmisartan. Quantitative RT-PCR studies revealed that sub-chronic exposure to 'As' upregulated the Nox₂ mRNA expression, but there was a 1.2-fold reduction in expression level upon co-administration of telmisartan. Histopathological examination revealed marked recovery from 'As'-induced disruption of tunica adventitia and loss of connective tissue in experimental rats receiving telmisartan. The study concludes that telmisartan can overcome aortic dysfunction induced by sub-chronic exposure to arsenic through drinking water in experimental rats through restoration of redox balance, attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators and downregulation of Nox₂ mRNA expression.

Trichoderma and Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: A Review

Due to their unique properties and functionalities, nanomaterials can be found in different activities as pharmaceutics, cosmetics, medicine, and agriculture, among others. Nowadays, formulations with nano compounds exist to reduce the application of conventional pesticides and fertilizers. Among the most used are nanoparticles (NPs) of copper, zinc, or silver, which are known because of their cytotoxicity, and their accumulation can change the dynamic of microbes present in the soil. In agriculture, Trichoderma is widely utilized as a safe biocontrol strategy and to promote plant yield, making it susceptible to be in contact with nanomaterials that can interfere with its viability as well as its biocontrol and plant growth promotion effects. It is well-known that strains of Trichoderma can tolerate and uptake heavy metals in their bulk form, but it is poorly understood whether the same occurs with nanomaterials. Interestingly, Trichoderma can synthesize NPs that exhibit antimicrobial activities against various organisms of interest, including plant pathogens. In this study, we summarize the main findings regarding Trichoderma and nanotechnology, including its use to synthesize NPs and the consequence that these compounds might have in this fungus and its associations. Moreover, based on these findings we discuss whether it is feasible to develop agrochemicals that combine NPs and Trichoderma strains to generate more sustainable products or not.

Effects of Selenium on the Immunotoxicity of Subacute Arsenic Poisoning in Chickens

This study aimed to determine the effects of selenium on the immune toxicity of subacute arsenic poisoning in chickens. Two hundred 8-day-old broilers were randomly divided into 5 groups: the control group (0.1 mg/kg As + 0.2 mg/kg Se), the As group (3 mg/kg As + 0.2 mg/kg Se), As + Se group I (3 mg/kg As + 5 mg/kg Se), As + Se group II (3 mg/kg As + 10 mg/kg Se), and As + Se group III (3 mg/kg As + 15 mg/kg Se). The conclusions were drawn based on the following measurements: 3.0 mg/kg added to feed led to a decrease in the growth performance of the broilers, reduced the level and conversion rate of ANAE, reduced the blood protein content of the broilers but had no effect on the albumin/globulin ratio, and had an inhibitory effect on erythrocyte immunity. Selenium-added of 5 and 10 mg/kg in daily feed leads to increased growth performance, increases the positive rate and conversion rate of ANAE, increases the hemoglobin content of broilers, and promotes erythrocyte immunity, which indicates that the selenium-added reduces the toxic effects of arsenic; 3.0 mg/kg arsenic with 15 mg/kg selenium had the most severe toxic effects. Fifteen milligrams per kilogram of selenium added in daily feed increases the toxicity of arsenic to broilers. The dose of 10 mg/kg selenium showed the best inhibitory effect on subacute arsenic poisoning in the broilers.

4-Phenylselanyl-7-chloroquinoline attenuates hepatic injury triggered by neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate in rats

AIMS

Obesity is associated with a spectrum of hepatic abnormalities that can be experimentally induced by injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in neonatal rodents. We investigated the protective actions of the repeated therapy with 4-phenylselenyl-7-chloroquinoline (4-PSQ), a quinoline derivative containing selenium, on damage to the liver triggered by early postnatal administration of MSG in male Wistar rats.

MAIN METHODS

Neonatal rats received MSG (4 g/kg, subcutaneous route) or saline (1 ml/kg) from 5 to 14 postnatal day (PND) to induce obesity with consequent damages in the liver. 4-PSQ treatment (5 mg/kg) or canola oil (1 ml/kg) was administered from 60 to 76 PND by the intragastric route. On 76 PND, animals were anesthetized for blood and liver collection. Plasma markers of hepatic function, hepatic lipoperoxidation levels and histology analysis of liver tissue were assessed.

KEY FINDINGS

Our data revealed that treatment with 4-PSQ reverted the increase in plasma transaminases activities observed in MSG rats. Treatment with 4-PSQ reduced plasma lactate levels in obese rats. In the liver, MSG elevated the content of lipoperoxidation which was reverted by 4-PSQ administrations. Lastly, 4-PSQ therapy attenuated the histological alterations induced by MSG.

SIGNIFICANCE

Together, the results indicate a hepatoprotective action of repeated treatment with 4-PSQ in obese rats.

Chemoprotective Effect of Daphnetin in Doxorubicin Treated Esophageal Cancer Stem Cell Xenograft Tumor Mouse

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy drugs commonly used for cancer therapy, but chemotherapy has limitation due to side effects. Current studies suggest natural products are reducing the side effects of chemotherapy medicines. In this study, we examined the side effects of doxorubicin (Dox) in esophageal cancer cells (CSCs) derived tumors in vivo.

METHODS

Esophageal cancer cells (YMI) were treated in vitro with daphnetin (DAP) along with DOX. The MTT assay was used for estimating the cell viability and Annexin/7-AAD was used for the determination of apoptosis. Cell cycle arrest was conducted using the PI-staining method. The potential effect of DAP was evaluated by the estimation of oxidative stress such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and body weight in the xenograft mice.

RESULTS

DAP can protect Dox cell toxicity by suppressing cell apoptosis of ESCC. DAP arrest the cells as S-phase. In vivo experimental study showed that Dox simultaneously with DAP decreases the tumor size along with increased body weight in the nude mice compared to Dox alone treated group mice. Dox along with the DAP exhibited less systemic toxicity and reduced oxidative stress fraction circulation.

CONCLUSION

The result suggests that daphnetin may be used as an adjuvant therapy to reduce the systemic toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, such as DOX, in stem cell treatment with ESCC cancer.

Exploration of the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate in mice with arsenic trioxide‑induced acute liver injury

Arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced hepatotoxicity limits the therapeutic effect of acute myelogenous leukemia treatment. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG) is a natural compound extracted from licorice and a hepatoprotective drug used in liver injury. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. The aim of the present study was to identify the protective action and underlying mechanism of MgIG against ATO-induced hepatotoxicity. A total of 50 mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=10/group): Control; ATO; MgIG and high- and low-dose MgIG + ATO. Following continuous administration of ATO for 7 days, the relative weight of the liver, liver enzyme, histological data, antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell apoptosis and changes in Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Keap1-Nrf2) signaling pathway were observed. MgIG decreased liver injury, decreased the liver weight and liver index, inhibited oxidative stress and decreased the activity of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase, production of reactive oxygen species and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Western blotting showed a decrease in Bax and caspase-3. There was decreased cleaved caspase-3 expression and increased Bcl-2 expression. MgIG notably activated ATO-mediated expression of Keap1 and Nrf2 in liver tissue. MgIG administration was an effective treatment to protect the liver from ATO-induced toxicity. MgIG maintained the level of Nrf2 in the liver and protected the antioxidative defense system to attenuate oxidative stress and prevent ATO-induced liver injury.

L-Se-methylselenocysteine sensitizes lung carcinoma to chemotherapy

Objectives

Organic Selenium (Se) compounds such as L‐Se‐methylselenocysteine (L‐SeMC/SeMC) have been employed as a class of anti‐oxidant to protect normal tissues and organs from chemotherapy‐induced systemic toxicity. However, their comprehensive effects on cancer cell proliferation and tumour progression remain elusive.

Materials and Methods

CCK‐8 assays were conducted to determine the viabilities of cancer cells after exposure to SeMC, chemotherapeutics or combined treatment. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid peroxidation levels were assessed via fluorescence staining. The efficacy of free drugs or drug‐loaded hydrogel against tumour growth was evaluated in a xenograft mouse model.

Results

Among tested cancer cells and normal cells, the A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells showed higher sensitivity to SeMC exposure. In addition, combined treatments with several types of chemotherapeutics induced synergistic lethality. SeMC promoted lipid peroxidation in A549 cells and thereby increased ROS generation. Significantly, the in vivo efficacy of combination therapy was largely potentiated by hydrogel‐mediate drug delivery.

Conclusions

Our study reveals the selectivity of SeMC in the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and develops an efficient strategy for local combination therapy.

The Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activity of Greenly Synthesized Selenium and Zinc Composite Nanoparticles Using Ephedra aphylla Extract

The current work aimed to synthesize selenium and zinc nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Ephedra aphylla as a valuable medicinal plant. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, zeta potential, and changes in the phytochemical constituents. Hence, the phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were reduced in the case of the prepared samples of nanoparticles than the original values in the aqueous extract. The prepared extract of Ephedra aphylla and its selenium and zinc nanoparticles showed high potency as antioxidant agents as a result of the DPPH^• assay. The samples were assessed as anticancer agents against six tumor cells and a normal lung fibroblast (WI-38) cell line. The selenium nanoparticles of Ephedra aphylla extract revealed very strong cytotoxicity against HePG-2 cells (inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) = 7.56 ± 0.6 µg/mL), HCT-116 cells (IC₅₀ = 10.02 ± 0.9 µg/mL), and HeLa cells (IC₅₀ = 9.23 ± 0.8 µg/mL). The samples were evaluated as antimicrobial agents against bacterial and fungal strains. Thus, selenium nanoparticles showed potent activities against Gram-negative strains (Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli), Gram-positive strains (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis), and the fungal strain Candida albicans. In conclusion, the preparation of nanoparticles of either selenium or zinc is crucial for improved biological characteristics.

Biogenic selenium nanoparticles synthesized by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 alleviate diquat-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice through their antioxidant activity

Selenium (Se) as an essential micronutrient plays a crucial role in human health. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) possess attractive biological properties, biocompatibility, stability and low-toxicity. This study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of biogenic SeNPs of size 50-80 nm synthesized by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 (L. casei ATCC 393) on diquat-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in C57BL/6 mice and the intrinsic mechanisms. Our results showed that oral administration of SeNPs significantly inhibited the increase of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), diamine oxidase (DAO) and d-lactic acid (d-LA) levels induced by diquat, and increased the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in serum and jejunum. Moreover, SeNPs increased the number of goblet cells, decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), maintained the mitochondrial functions, and improved the expression levels of occludin and claudin-1 in jejunum compared to the diquat-induced oxidative stress model group. In addition, SeNPs activated the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and improved the protein levels of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and NADPH dehydrogenase (NQO)-1 compared to other treatment groups. These results suggested that biogenic SeNPs synthesized by L. casei ATCC 393 can protect the intestinal barrier function against oxidative damage via Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway.

Effects of Selenium on Arsenic-Induced Liver Lesions in Broilers

The aim of the present study was to investigate the abilities of selenium to counteract the toxic damage of arsenic (As). Two hundred 1-day-old healthy male broilers were randomly divided into five groups and fed the following diets: control group (0.1 mg/kg As + 0.2 mg/kg Se), As group (3 mg/kg As + 0.2 mg/kg Se), As + Se group I (3 mg/kg As + 5 mg/kg Se), As + Se group II (3 mg/kg As + 10 mg/kg Se), and As + Se group III (3 mg/kg As + 15 mg/kg Se), respectively. The relative weight of the liver, hepatic protein content, GSH-Px levels, SOD activities, NO contents, iNOS and tNOS activities, and increased malondialdehyde contents, ALT and AST activities, and the apoptotic hepatocytes were analyzed. Adding 3 mg/kg arsenic to the diet caused the growth and development of chicken liver to be blocked, resulting in decrease of protein contents in liver tissue, decrease of SOD and GSH-Px activities, increase of MDA contents, decrease of NO contents, decrease of iNOS and TNOs activities, increase of ALT and AST activities, increase of apoptosis rates of liver cells. Compared to the 3-mg/kg arsenic group, adding 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg selenium, respectively, could repair the liver growth retardation and steatosis caused by arsenic, increase the protein contents in liver tissue, increase the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, reduce the contents of MDA, increase the contents of NO, enhance the activities of iNOS and TNOs, reduce the activities of ALT and AST, and reduce the rates of apoptosis of liver cells, in which the best effects are to add 10 mg/kg selenium. While 15 mg/kg of sodium selenite may induce progression of As-induced hepatic lesions, the results indicated that 5 and 10 mg/kg of sodium selenite supplied in the diet, through mechanisms of oxidative stress and apoptosis regulation, may ameliorate As-induced hepatic lesions in a dose-dependent manner.

Relationships among Inorganic Arsenic, Nutritional Status CpG Methylation and microRNAs: A Review of the Literature

Inorganic arsenic is a naturally occurring toxicant that poses a significant and persistent challenge to public health. The World Health Organization has identified many geographical regions where inorganic arsenic levels exceed safe limits in drinking water. Numerous epidemiological studies have associated exposure to inorganic arsenic with increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Randomized clinical trials have shown that nutritional supplementation can mitigate or reduce exacerbation of exposure-related effects. Although a growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic status influences toxicity, the relationships among environmental exposure to arsenic, nutrition, and the epigenome are not well detailed. This review provides a comprehensive summary of findings from human, rodent, and in vitro studies highlighting these interactive relationships.

Protective efficacy of thymoquinone or ebselen separately against arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity in rat

Arsenic (As) exposure is associated with adverse health outcomes to the living organisms. In the present study, the hepato-protective ability of thymoquinone (TQ), the active principle of Nigella sativa seed, or ebselen (Eb), an organoselenium compound, against As intoxication in female rats was investigated. For this purpose, animals were allocated randomly into control, As (20 mg/kg), TQ (10 mg/kg), Eb (5 mg/kg), As+TQ, and As+Eb groups that were orally administered for 28 consecutive days. Arsenic exposure resulted in hepatic oxidative damage which was evidenced by marked decreases in antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH)) concomitant with high malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Furthermore, As toxicity induced significant elevations in liver accumulation of As, serum hepatic indices (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TB)), and apoptotic marker (B cell lymphoma 2(Bcl2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and caspase 3) levels. Additionally, notable increments in hepatic fibrotic markers (epidermal growth factor (EFG) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)) associated with high nitric oxide, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were noticed following As intoxication. Biochemical findings were well-supported by hepatic histopathological screening. The co-treatment of As-exposed rats with TQ or Eb considerably improved liver function and antioxidant status together with lessened hepatic As content, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. The overall outcomes demonstrated that TQ or Eb ameliorates As-induced liver injury through their favorable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and fibrolytic properties.

Pharmacological Activity of Eriodictyol: The Major Natural Polyphenolic Flavanone

Eriodictyol is a flavonoid that belongs to a subclass of flavanones and is widespread in citrus fruits, vegetables, and medicinally important plants. Eriodictyol has been anticipated to explain the method of its activity via multiple cellular signaling cascades. Eriodictyol is an effective natural drug source to maintain higher health standards due to its excellent therapeutic roles in neuroprotection, cardioprotective activity, hepatoprotective activity, antidiabetes and obesity, and skin protection and having highly analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, antipyretic and antinociceptive actions, antitumor activity, and much more. This review aims to highlight the modes of action of eriodictyol against various diseases via multiple cellular signaling pathways.

Selenium or ozone: Effects on liver injury caused by experimental iron overload

AIMS

Iron is an important metal ion as a biocatalyst on the other hand iron overload causes various diseases. Iron overload can result in fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma with various pathophysiological mechanisms, including oxidative damage in the liver. Therefore; in this study the effects of ozone and selenium -whose antioxidant properties are known- were evaluated in liver injury induced by iron overload.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Iron overload model was provided by intraperitoneal administration of 88 mg/kg iron dextrate for 4 weeks. After iron dextran administration, ozone and selenium administrations were made for 3 weeks. From the obtained blood and tissue samples total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were determined and histopathological examination was performed in liver tissue samples.

KEY FINDINGS

In rats with iron overload, the lowest mean serum TOS was observed in the selenium administration group. The highest tissue TOS means and the lowest tissue TAS means were determined in the group in which ozone and selenium were administrated together. When histopathological data were evaluated, the presence of increased apoptosis in the ozone group compared to the iron group (p = 0.019) and selenium group (p = 0.019) was noted. Similarly, increased periportal inflammation (p = 0.001) and fibrosis (p = 0.005) were observed in the ozone group compared to the selenium group.

SIGNIFICANCE

In iron-induced liver damage, ozone was thought to be effective by decreasing ROS, but contrary to expectations, it was observed that it may negatively affect the picture by showing synergistic effect. However, the effects of selenium on both serum and tissue levels are promising.

Proteus mirabilis Biofilm: Development and Therapeutic Strategies

Proteus mirabilis is a Gram negative bacterium that is a frequent cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Its ability to cause such infections is mostly related to the formation of biofilms on catheter surfaces. In order to form biofilms, P. mirabilis expresses a number of virulence factors. Such factors may include adhesion proteins, quorum sensing molecules, lipopolysaccharides, efflux pumps, and urease enzyme. A unique feature of P. mirabilis biofilms that build up on catheter surfaces is their crystalline nature owing to their ureolytic biomineralization. This leads to catheter encrustation and blockage and, in most cases, is accompanied by urine retention and ascending UTIs. Bacteria embedded in crystalline biofilms become highly resistant to conventional antimicrobials as well as the immune system. Being refractory to antimicrobial treatment, alternative approaches for eradicating P. mirabilis biofilms have been sought by many studies. The current review focuses on the mechanism by which P. mirabilis biofilms are formed, and a state of the art update on preventing biofilm formation and reduction of mature biofilms. These treatment approaches include natural, and synthetic compounds targeting virulence factors and quorum sensing, beside other strategies that include carrier-mediated diffusion of antimicrobials into biofilm matrix. Bacteriophage therapy has also shown successful results in vitro for combating P. mirabilis biofilms either merely through their lytic effect or by acting as facilitators for antimicrobials diffusion.